Int J Sports Med [JOURNAL]
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200 papers
A Device-Free Approach to Program Resistance Training in Women: The Level of Effort Method.
Borrego ER, Pallarés JG, Martínez-Cava A … +1 more , Hernández-Belmonte A
Int J Sports Med · 2025 Dec · PMID 40436417 · Publisher ↗
This research analyzed the validity of the level of effort method to practically prescribe relative intensity (%1RM) and velocity loss (%VL) in women. We examined the (i) inter- and intrasubject (test-retest) variabiliti...
This research analyzed the validity of the level of effort method to practically prescribe relative intensity (%1RM) and velocity loss (%VL) in women. We examined the (i) inter- and intrasubject (test-retest) variabilities in the number of repetitions to failure (nRM) at different%1RMs and (ii) the relationship between the repetitions being completed and%VL being incurred. Analyses covered three%1RMs (65-75-85%1RM), two exercises [bench press (BP) and squat (SQ)], and two groups of women with different strength levels (high and low, =12 per group). To analyze the inter- and intrasubject variabilities, women completed two rounds of repetition-to-failure tests against the aforementioned%1RMs. Velocity was monitored to examine the relationship between the repetitions being completed and%VL incurred. For both strength groups, exercises, and%1RMs examined, the nRM showed very low inter- (95% confidence interval≤4 repetitions) and intrasubject (standard error of measurement≤1.7 repetitions) variabilities. Very close fits were found for individual's relationships between the repetitions being completed and the%VL incurred for the low (BP, mean =0.975, SQ, mean =0.938) and high (BP, mean =0.975, SQ, mean =0.934) strength groups. In conclusion, the level of effort method is a technology-free approach to program%1RM and%VL in women.
The Effect of Velocity-Based Training on Inducing Postactivation Performance Enhancement.
Fan Z, Fan Z, Zhao Z … +2 more , Zou Y, Zhang Q
Int J Sports Med · 2025 Nov · PMID 40398842 · Publisher ↗
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of velocity-based training (VBT) conditioning activities (CA) on subsequent athletic performance and explore how different CA types, velocity loss (VL...
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of velocity-based training (VBT) conditioning activities (CA) on subsequent athletic performance and explore how different CA types, velocity loss (VL) thresholds, loads, sets, participants, and rest intervals influence postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE). Six electronic databases were searched. Nine studies were included, reporting 18 effect sizes and comprising 152 participants. We assessed pre- and posttest differences using meta-analysis, conducted subgroup analyses to identify potential moderating factors, and employed nonlinear meta-regression to explore the relationship between rest intervals and the PAPE effect. The results showed that VBT-CA significantly improved athletic performance. Subgroup analyses showed no significant differences; nevertheless, bench press-type CA, CA with VL≤10%, load≥80% one-repetition maximum (1RM), single-set CA, and athlete population exhibited a trend toward larger PAPE effects. Between 5.77 and 12.8 minutes after VBT-CA, a significant PAPE effect was indicated by the meta-regression results, with the optimal time point being 8.96 minutes. Our study suggests that VBT-CA can effectively induce the PAPE effect. Individuals seeking to improve their athletic performance could consider performing a single set of CA with load≥80% 1RM, VL≤10%, 5.8-12.8 minutes before the explosive activity.
Achilles Tendon Echo Intensity Changes Across a 5-Day Training Cycle in Elite Athletes.
Salatkaite Urbone S, Cesanelli L, Kamandulis S … +1 more , Satkunskiene D
Int J Sports Med · 2025 Dec · PMID 40398841 · Publisher ↗
The aim of this study was to determine if a 5-day training cycle in professional sports team athletes caused acute and subacute alterations in Achilles tendon (AT) echo intensity (EI). The study included 24 men and 24 wo...
The aim of this study was to determine if a 5-day training cycle in professional sports team athletes caused acute and subacute alterations in Achilles tendon (AT) echo intensity (EI). The study included 24 men and 24 women of football, handball, and volleyball teams from the top national leagues. During their respective competition periods, eight players from each team were monitored in every training session over a 5-day training cycle. It involved monitoring AT EI, cross-sectional area with ultrasound, subjective feelings of fatigue, and perceived exertion throughout the training cycle. The results revealed a significant acute and subacute effect on EI at distal (<0.001), middle (<0.001), and proximal (<0.001) AT locations. The acute effect had a significant impact on the subacute changes in EI at all locations (<0.001). A significant interaction of athletes' biological sex, the acute effect was only observed in the distal AT (=0.013). The study revealed a significant decrease in AT EI following team sports training sessions for men and women. A consistently reduced EI of the AT during the 5-day training cycle suggests that repetitive loading likely induces structural changes in the tendon.
The Effect of upper Extremity Proprioception on Technical Performance in Handball players.
Terzi E, Kayhan R, Çakır Hİ
Int J Sports Med · 2025 Aug · PMID 40393649 · Publisher ↗
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of upper extremity proprioception on free throw accuracy, speed and reaction speed in handball players. Fifteen professional male handball players were selected through...
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of upper extremity proprioception on free throw accuracy, speed and reaction speed in handball players. Fifteen professional male handball players were selected through random sampling. Proprioception was assessed with a goniometer, reaction speed with a light trainer system, and free throw speed with a sport radar. Linear regression analysis was used to determine the effect levels between variables. Our study determined that free throw speed, free throw accuracy, and reaction speed performances improved as proprioceptive sensory acuity increased during shoulder flexion ( =between 0.280 and 0.659; <0.05) and extension ( =between 0.270 and 0.590; <0.05), shoulder external rotation ( =between 0.461 and 0.873; <0.01), elbow flexion ( =between 0.477 and 0.840; <0.01) and extension ( =between 0.275 and 0.574; <0.05). In addition, it was determined that shoulder internal rotation proprioceptive sensory acuity had a positive effect on free throw accuracy and reaction speed performances ( =between 0.338 and 0.415; <0.05) except for free throw speed (>0.05). We conclude that higher proprioceptive acuity enhances motor control of joints, contributing to enhanced athletic performance. Considering the decisive role of technical skills in score production, it is predicted that improving proprioceptive sense may improve the score performance of athletes by improving technical skills.
Postexercise Physical Recovery Methods for Combat Sports: A Scoping Review.
Trybulski R, Kużdżał A, Kawczyński A … +3 more , Klich S, Muracki J, Clemente FM
Int J Sports Med · 2026 Jan · PMID 40378882 · Publisher ↗
This scoping review (1) summarizes postexercise recovery methods for combat sports (CS) athletes and (2) synthesizes their effects on key biochemical, physiological, and physical outcomes. Trained CS athletes were includ...
This scoping review (1) summarizes postexercise recovery methods for combat sports (CS) athletes and (2) synthesizes their effects on key biochemical, physiological, and physical outcomes. Trained CS athletes were included. Studies examined active (exercise) and passive (e.g., compression) recovery methods, comparing them to controls or alternatives. Outcomes-biochemical, physiological, or physical-were measured pre- and postintervention in experimental and quasi-experimental designs. Study quality and risk of bias were assessed using a modified version of the Downs and Black assessment scale. Searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science. This review of 27 articles (554 athletes) found mixed effects of recovery methods on biochemistry. Active recovery aids acute lactate reduction, while compression and dry needling enhance pain threshold, perfusion, and muscle tone at 24-48 hours. Most methods have little impact on immediate performance, with few surpassing passive recovery at 24 hours. Different methods are studied in CS, though benefits for biochemical and physical outcomes appear limited. Active recovery aids lactate clearance, while compression and dry needling offer physiological benefits at 24-48 hours. Coaches may use these methods to improve metabolic and muscle recovery posttraining; however, these approaches should be designed to meet the training demands, athlete preferences, and recovery timelines.
Reliability of the durability concept in professional cyclists: a field-based study.
Mateo-March M, Barranco-Gil D, Hernández-Belmonte A … +5 more , Javaloyes A, Muriel X, Pallarés JG, Lucia A, Valenzuela PL
Int J Sports Med · 2025 Aug · PMID 40373793 · Publisher ↗
Durability is increasingly recognized as a determinant of cycling performance. However, its reliability remains unknown. In this study, we assessed the repeatability of durability (determined as the decline in power outp...
Durability is increasingly recognized as a determinant of cycling performance. However, its reliability remains unknown. In this study, we assessed the repeatability of durability (determined as the decline in power output after accumulated work). We recorded the highest power output values (maximum mean power values) attained by 18 professional cyclists (27±4 y) during training and competition for different effort durations (10 s and 1, 5, 10, and 20 min) after different levels of accumulated work (0-40 kJ/kg) during a cycling season. Repeatability was examined through the standard error of measurement and the intra-class correlation coefficient calculated from the two highest maximum mean power values obtained by each cyclist for each duration and level of accumulated work. A progressive decline of maximum mean power values compared to the non-fatigued state was observed after higher levels of accumulated work, particularly after 20 kJ/kg (<0.001). All maximum mean power values showed high repeatability under fatigue states (all standard error of measurement<5% and intra-class correlation coefficient>0.90), with the lowest repeatability observed for the shortest efforts (10-s maximum mean power). These findings were confirmed separately for training sessions and competitions, albeit with lower repeatability (standard error of measurement<8% and intra-class correlation coefficient>0.80). The measure of durability appears therefore reliable, which might support its validity for monitoring field-based performance in professional cyclists.
Evaluation of Lifting Techniques Using Optoelectronic Systems with Knee Range of Motion Restrictions.
Storari L, Barbari V, Maselli F … +4 more , Nardello F, Zamparo P, Scafoglieri A, Cattrysse E
Int J Sports Med · 2025 Nov · PMID 40368419 · Publisher ↗
This study explored the effect of knee range of motion (ROM) restrictions on lumbar spine kinematics and posterior chain muscle activity during squat and stoop lifting tasks. This relationship reflects the concept of reg...
This study explored the effect of knee range of motion (ROM) restrictions on lumbar spine kinematics and posterior chain muscle activity during squat and stoop lifting tasks. This relationship reflects the concept of regional interdependence, where impairments in one anatomical area may influence others, a key principle in the kinetic chain approach. Fifteen healthy adults performed squat and stoop lifting tasks under three knee ROM conditions (squat: free/0-60°/0-90°; stoop: free/0°/0-30°) using optoelectronic motion capture and electromyographic (EMG) systems. One-way analysis of variance was applied to analyze lumbar spine angles in flexion/extension, side bending, and rotation and to assess muscle activation patterns for five posterior chain muscles. No significant effects of knee ROM restrictions were observed for lumbar flexion/extension or side bending (>0.15), but pelvic rotation differed significantly (=0.0103). EMG analysis showed increased activation of the Gastrocnemius Lateralis and Biceps Femoris (<0.001), while Gluteus Maximus and Latissimus Dorsi activation remained unchanged. Knee ROM restrictions influenced EMG muscle activation in distal posterior chain muscles and altered pelvic rotation, suggesting localized compensatory mechanisms. Results highlight the variation in muscle activation patterns and kinetic adjustments during squat and stoop lifting tasks in healthy individuals simulating knee ROM deficits, osteoarthritis, or low back pain conditions.
Rectus femoris and vastus intermedius muscle asymmetries following ACL reconstruction.
Fasih M, Voskuil C, Rivas C … +4 more , Lee B, Nadolny C, Dietrich L, Carr J
Int J Sports Med · 2025 Dec · PMID 40341497 · Publisher ↗
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction induces deleterious neuromuscular alterations. Musculoskeletal ultrasonography provides an accessible method to quantify muscle size and quality in patients with anterior cruciat...
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction induces deleterious neuromuscular alterations. Musculoskeletal ultrasonography provides an accessible method to quantify muscle size and quality in patients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction who suffer from persistent skeletal muscle atrophy. This study compares rectus femoris and vastus intermedius muscle thicknesses and echo intensities using extended field-of-view ultrasonography in individuals with a history of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction versus non-injured controls. Twenty-six individuals with previous anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and 20 controls were participated in this study. Extended field-of-view ultrasonography was used to analyze the muscle thickness in the proximal, middle, and distal regions of the thigh, while the echo intensity was measured to assess the muscle quality. Findings indicate significant asymmetries in the muscle thickness (<0.01 and =0.312) and echo intensity (=0.024 and =0.111) for the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction group, favoring the uninvolved leg, with no site-specific differences between groups. Results show muscle-specific size differences, with greater vastus intermedius muscle thickness than rectus femoris muscle thickness in controls (<0.01 and =0.609), but no difference between muscles in either leg of the anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction group (>0.05 and =0.094). Overall, these results highlight unique skeletal muscle changes between the biarticular rectus femoris and the monoarticular vastus intermedius following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, likely reflecting postoperative deficiencies in knee extensor function.
The impact of sports participation on medication costs among adolescents: ABCD growth study.
von Ah Morano AE, Malek da Silva J, Montezori Costa LJ … +6 more , Minacca Osco K, Dalarme Tanganini B, Pereira Ramirez A, Sanches Codogno J, Fernandes RA, Castanho Araujo MY
Int J Sports Med · 2025 Sep · PMID 40306717 · Publisher ↗
The economic impact of physical activity has been extensively investigated among adults, but few studies have analyzed this issue in pediatric populations. To analyze the relationship of costs attributed to medicine use...
The economic impact of physical activity has been extensively investigated among adults, but few studies have analyzed this issue in pediatric populations. To analyze the relationship of costs attributed to medicine use with the time spent in different intensities of physical activity and sports participation among adolescents. A sample of 92 adolescents were tracked for 28 weeks. The main outcome was the overall cost attributed to medicine use (assessed weekly [US$]). Independent variables were moderate-to-vigorous physical activity outside sports and sportive moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, assessed in three time points (baseline, 14 weeks and 28 weeks) using accelerometers (min/day). A total of 53 boys and 39 girls, with a mean age of 14.54 (1.96) years, were evaluated. Sedentary time (rho=0.217 [95%CI: 0.006 to 0.420]) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity+Sportive moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (- 0.250 [95%CI:-0.447 to-0.130]) were related to costs attributed to medicine use. When the multivariate model considered sedentary time as a covariate, the relationship between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity+Sportive moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and costs attributed to medicine use became non-significant (beta=- 0.007 [95%CI:-0.017 to 0.004]; -value=0.206). The time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was inversely related to the medication costs accumulated through the follow-up period, while sedentary time appears to counteract these benefits.
Sex- and sport-specific differences among elite strength and physique competitors.
Hulmi JJ, Ojala J, Lappi VM … +3 more , Cronin NJ, Törmäkangas T, Ahtiainen JP
Int J Sports Med · 2025 Oct · PMID 40300761 · Publisher ↗
We aimed to characterize and compare elite strength athletes and physique athletes and to investigate potential sex differences and the contribution of muscle size to strength in this unique population. We examined male...
We aimed to characterize and compare elite strength athletes and physique athletes and to investigate potential sex differences and the contribution of muscle size to strength in this unique population. We examined male and female strength athletes (=12), physique athletes (=13) and non-trained controls (=14). Anthropometry, maximal strength and strength endurance, and muscle cross-sectional area (ultrasound) were measured. Statistical significance was set at <0.05. Although strength athletes excelled in their own sports, generic dynamic (leg press and arm curl one repetition maximum) or isometric knee extension torque did not differ compared to physique athletes. However, strength athletes had better muscle power in vertical jumps, while the cross-sectional area of biceps brachii was higher and body fat was lower in physique athletes. Males were more muscular and stronger, whereas females performed more repetitions in a multiple-set leg press protocol. Athletes had better strength/cross-sectional area ratios than controls only in complex tasks, but not in simple strength tasks. Partial correlation analysis with sex and training background as covariates showed that the cross-sectional area moderately explained the variance in maximal strength. In conclusion, strength athletes and physique athletes differ in sport-specific muscle size and power. In these athletes, the muscle size contributes to muscle strength. Finally, females have better strength endurance than males, independent of the training background.
Feeding Tolerance to a Running Gut-Challenge Protocol: a Cross-Sectional Exploration.
Martinez IG, Biesiekierski JR, Rauch CE … +1 more , Costa RJS
Int J Sports Med · 2025 Jun · PMID 40288407 · Publisher ↗
This study examined gastrointestinal function, substrate utilization, and exercise performance differences in response to a gut-challenge between (1) female and male athletes, (2) young adult versus masters athletes, and...
This study examined gastrointestinal function, substrate utilization, and exercise performance differences in response to a gut-challenge between (1) female and male athletes, (2) young adult versus masters athletes, and (3) athletes with or without exercise-associated gastrointestinal symptom history (Ex-GIS). Fifty-three endurance athletes (43 males and 10 females) completed a gut-challenge involving a 2-hour run (60% O) with 90 g/h carbohydrate intake, followed by a 1-hour self-paced distance test (DT) with water. Blood and breath samples were collected pre- and post-exercise. Blood glucose and substrate utilization during exercise were measured, while Ex-GIS and feeding tolerance were assessed pre-, during, and post-exercise. Interest in food and appetite during exercise was lower in symptomatic athletes than asymptomatic athletes (<0.05). Females had a higher blood glucose concentration during exercise (=0.037) and immediately after exercise (=0.003) and a lower whole-body fat oxidation rate during exercise (=0.009). Exercise performance did not differ based on the biological sex, age, and Ex-GIS history. Overall, gastrointestinal functional markers were comparable between groups, while feeding tolerance and substrate availability and utilization appear to be influenced by the Ex-GIS history and biological sex, respectively. Tailored management of gastrointestinal issues in athletes should be based on an individual basis as opposed to general demographic characteristics.
Muscle Damage and the Repeated-bout Effect After a Typical Nordic Hamstring Exercise Session.
Coratella G, Cè E, D'Orlando A … +5 more , Steri E, Padovan R, Spina O, Esposito F, Longo S
Int J Sports Med · 2025 Sep · PMID 40280182 · Publisher ↗
The present study investigated muscle damage and the repeated-bout effect after a typical Nordic hamstring exercise session. Thirteen trained male adults were recruited. Muscle damage was monitored through eccentric stre...
The present study investigated muscle damage and the repeated-bout effect after a typical Nordic hamstring exercise session. Thirteen trained male adults were recruited. Muscle damage was monitored through eccentric strength, passive range of motion, muscle soreness, and muscle swelling. Assessments were performed at baseline and 1 (day 1), 2 (day 2), 3 (day 3), and 4 (day 4) days after 24 Nordic hamstring exercise repetitions. The procedures were replicated after 4 weeks to examine the repeated-bout effect. After the first bout, the hamstring eccentric strength decreased up to day 3 (effect size range:-2.28/-1.95). The passive range of motion decreased up to day 4 (effect size range:-1.62/-0.64), while the muscle soreness increased on day 2 (effect size=1.63) and day 3 (effect size=1.53). No change in muscle swelling was observed. After the second bout, the hamstring eccentric strength (effect size=- 1.20) decreased only on day 1. The passive range of motion decreased up to day 3 (effect size=- 0.85/-0.34). These changes were by a smaller magnitude compared to the first bout. The first Nordic hamstring exercise bout impaired hamstring strength and passive range of motion, with muscle soreness also perceived, while the second bout reduced muscle damage symptoms and shortened the time to recovery. While recovery is needed when a Nordic hamstring exercise session is performed for the first time, following Nordic hamstring exercise sessions may scarcely interfere with the training routine.
Distance Capacity Above the Critical Speed and Speed Reserves: are they Related?
Lanzarini LV, Borszcz FK, Dalla Lana I … +4 more , Turnes T, Ventura TP, McGawley K, de Lucas RD
Int J Sports Med · 2025 Aug · PMID 40280181 · Publisher ↗
The aim of this study was to correlate the anaerobic speed reserve and the maximal speed reserve with the distance capacity above the critical speed ('), derived from four different mathematical models, in a group of end...
The aim of this study was to correlate the anaerobic speed reserve and the maximal speed reserve with the distance capacity above the critical speed ('), derived from four different mathematical models, in a group of endurance runners. Twenty-two runners performed an incremental treadmill test to exhaustion, an all-out 40-m sprint and three time trials (800, 1,500 and 3,000 m) on an outdoor running track to determine an anaerobic speed reserve, a maximal speed reserve and '. ' was determined using linear distance-time ('linear -), linear velocity-time ('linear 1/), 2-parameter hyperbolic ('2-hyp) and 3-parameter hyperbolic ('3-hyp) models. A high correlation was observed between the anaerobic speed reserve and 'linear 1/ (=0.77; <0.001), while moderate correlations were observed between the anaerobic speed reserve and 'linear - (=0.69; <0.001) and '2-hyp (=0.63; <0.003). The anaerobic speed reserve was not significantly correlated with '3-hyp. High correlations were detected between the maximal speed reserve and 'linear 1/, 'linear - and '2-hyp (=0.74 to 0.76; <0.001) and a moderate correlation was detected between the maximal speed reserve and '3-hyp (=0.58; =0.01). These moderate- to high correlations with ', especially when derived from models using two parameters, suggest the existence of similar mechanisms underpinning the variables.
Physiological, Physical and Technical Demands During Sided Soccer Game Formats: a Review.
Clemente FM, Martinho DV, Silva R … +5 more , Trybulski R, Sánchez-Sánchez J, Rodríguez-Fernández A, Beato M, Afonso J
Int J Sports Med · 2025 Sep · PMID 40250450 · Publisher ↗
This meta-analysis aimed to compare the acute physiological, physical, and technical demands in soccer players during different sided game formats (1v1 to 10v10). This review included studies on soccer players with a com...
This meta-analysis aimed to compare the acute physiological, physical, and technical demands in soccer players during different sided game formats (1v1 to 10v10). This review included studies on soccer players with a competitive or developmental level, focusing on games with at least one comparison of sided formats. Outcomes assessed included physiological parameters (e.g., heart rate and blood lactate levels), physical demands (e.g., distance and accelerations), and technical actions (e.g., passes). The risk of bias assessment tool for nonrandomized studies of interventions (RoBANS 2) and (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) were used to evaluate the risk of bias and the certainty of evidence. The search across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science identified 2,545 records, of which 72 studies were included. Meta-analyses found that 2v2 and 3v3 formats were more physiologically intense, showing higher perceived exertion and blood lactate levels, with 3v3 also having higher heart rates. The 4v4 and 3v3 formats resulted in greater physical demands compared to the 2v2 format, with increased distances covered at various speeds, although differences were minimal beyond the 4v4 format. Smaller formats promoted ball possession, while the 3v3 format resulted in more successful shots, dribbles, and passes. In conclusion, small-sided games (< 3v3) were more physiologically demanding, mid-sized formats (> 4v4) increased locomotor demands, and smaller formats improved technical skills, although the findings should be interpreted cautiously due to study limitations.
Photobiomodulation before blood flow restriction exercises: a randomized clinical trial.
Ferlito JV, Ferlito MV, Rolnick N … +4 more , Ferreira DM, Leal-Junior EP, De Marchi T, Branco CS
Int J Sports Med · 2025 Jun · PMID 40250416 · Publisher ↗
This study investigate the effects of photobiomodulation therapy applied before exercises with blood flow restriction during low-load or high-load exercises on muscle adaptations, muscle damage, and redox status. Forty-f...
This study investigate the effects of photobiomodulation therapy applied before exercises with blood flow restriction during low-load or high-load exercises on muscle adaptations, muscle damage, and redox status. Forty-five untrained men were randomly assigned to four groups: photobiomodulation therapy-blood flow restriction (30% of maximal isometric voluntary contraction), placebo-blood flow restriction (30% of maximal isometric voluntary contraction), photobiomodulation therapy-high-load exercise (80% of maximal isometric voluntary contraction), and placebo-high-load exercise (80% of maximal isometric voluntary contraction). Elbow flexion exercises were performed twice weekly for 8 weeks, followed by a 4-week detraining period. After 8 weeks, photobiomodulation therapy-blood flow restriction, photobiomodulation therapy-high-load exercises, and placebo-blood flow restriction groups significantly increased muscle strength (<0.05) with non-significant increases in the placebo-high-load exercise group. The photobiomodulation therapy-blood flow restriction group demonstrated a superior magnitude of effects compared to the placebo-high-load exercise (+10.2%) and placebo-blood flow restriction (+7%; <0.008) groups. Only the placebo-blood flow restriction group reduced the fatigue index post-intervention. During the detraining period, both blood flow restriction groups maintained superior muscle strength compared to baseline levels. The placebo-high-load exercise group exhibited higher creatine kinase activity post-exercise compared to the other groups. No significant changes were observed in nitric oxide, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, carbonylated proteins, or total antioxidant capacity immediately post-exercise. However, the total antioxidant capacity levels were increased in all groups after 8 weeks of exercise and following a 4-week detraining period. Overall, the photobiomodulation therapy-blood flow restriction group promoted greater gains in muscle strength compared to the placebo-high-load exercise and placebo-blood flow restriction groups.
The Impact of Bruxism on Athletic Performance: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Okshah A, Vaddamanu SK, Khalid I … +3 more , Kota MZ, Udeabor SE, Baig FAH
Int J Sports Med · 2025 Dec · PMID 40233820 · Publisher ↗
Bruxism, an involuntary clenching or grinding of teeth, is increasingly prevalent among athletes due to elevated stress, performance anxiety, and intense training. This systematic review analyzed 11 studies (2000-2023) o...
Bruxism, an involuntary clenching or grinding of teeth, is increasingly prevalent among athletes due to elevated stress, performance anxiety, and intense training. This systematic review analyzed 11 studies (2000-2023) on bruxism prevalence, underlying factors, and its impact on athletic performance. Data were extracted on prevalence, strength, endurance, coordination, reaction time, psychological stress, sleep quality, and injury risk. Random-effects models calculated pooled prevalence, standardized mean differences, and odds ratios. Bruxism prevalence among athletes ranged from 15 to 70%, with a pooled estimate of 38% (95% confidence interval: 25-52%), significantly higher than the general population's 8-20%. Combat sports (58%) and weightlifting (50%) showed the highest rates. Athletes with bruxism exhibited reduced strength (standardized mean difference=- 0.48), endurance (standardized mean difference=- 0.41), coordination (standardized mean difference=- 0.45), slower reaction times (standardized mean difference=- 0.33), elevated anxiety (standardized mean difference=0.62), poorer sleep quality (standardized mean difference=- 0.56), and a 2.5-fold higher injury risk (odds ratio=2.5). Bruxism poses significant challenges for athletes, compromising oral health, sleep, and performance. Further research should clarify sport-specific risk factors and develop targeted management strategies to safeguard athletes' health and competitive outcomes.
Association of Phase Angle with Exercise Performance in Adolescent Female Basketball Players.
Shiose K, Yamamoto T, Hide T … +6 more , Tanoue Y, Tomiga-Takae R, Yamashita A, Michishita R, Higaki Y, Uehara Y
Int J Sports Med · 2025 Oct · PMID 40233819 · Publisher ↗
The phase angle measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis is a potential indicator of exercise performance. Owing to the lack of studies on adolescent female athletes, this study aimed to investigate the relationship...
The phase angle measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis is a potential indicator of exercise performance. Owing to the lack of studies on adolescent female athletes, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between whole-body and regional phase angles and exercise performance in adolescent female basketball players. Forty-five female basketball players (aged 16.6±0.6 y) participated in this study. Lean soft tissue and phase angles for the whole-body, upper limb, and lower limb were assessed using the bioelectrical impedance analysis method. Participants performed maximal isometric knee extension and flexion strength, 20-m sprint, a vertical jump, an agility -test, and a 20-m shuttle run test. The phase angle for the whole-body and the phase angle for the upper limb, but not the phase angle for the lower limb, were significantly correlated with the 20-m sprint and endurance capacity (all <0.01). Even after adjusting for age and lean soft tissue in multiple regression analysis, the phase angle for the whole-body and the phase angle for the upper limb remained a significant predictor of these parameters (all <0.05). The phase angle for the upper limb, combined with age and lean soft tissue, explained endurance capacity similarly to the phase angle for the whole-body (adjusted : 0.24 vs. 0.23) but was better for the 20-m sprint (adjusted : 0.26 vs. 0.11). Both whole-body and regional phase angles are associated with sprint and aerobic performance in adolescent female basketball players. However, the regional phase angle can be an equivalent or superior predictor of these performance parameters compared with the whole-body phase angle.
Exploring the load-velocity profile with sprint swimming performance and sex differences.
Ruiz-Navarro JJ, Born DP, Febles-Castro A … +5 more , Gay A, López-Belmonte Ó, Morales-Ortíz E, López-Contreras G, Arellano R
Int J Sports Med · 2025 Jul · PMID 40216396 · Publisher ↗
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the load-velocity profile and sprint swimming performance and kinematics, explore the inter-relationships of the load-velocity profile variables and blood lactate...
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the load-velocity profile and sprint swimming performance and kinematics, explore the inter-relationships of the load-velocity profile variables and blood lactate concentrations [La] and dry-land strength (pull-ups), and examine sex-based differences. Twenty-seven swimmers (15 males: 19.2±3.7 y; 50 m front-crawl 550±70 World Aquatics points; 12 females: 17.7±2.4 y; 50 m front-crawl 552±63 World Aquatics points) underwent a 50 m front-crawl all-out swim test, a load-velocity profile test, and a pull-up test. Theoretical maximum velocity was associated with sprint swimming performance (>0.863 and <0.001), but not the theoretical maximum load ( ) or the slope (>0.05) for both sexes. An association between kinematics during the load-velocity profile test and free swimming was weakened as the load increased, with the correlation coefficient () decreasing from 0.929 to 0.403. Theoretical maximum velocity and theoretical maximum load were primarily associated with both sexes with the first (>0.950 and <0.001) and last (>0.849 and <0.001) semi-tethered trials, respectively. Only in females [La] was associated with the theoretical maximum load and slope (>0.573 and <0.05). Males exhibited greater values than females in all the assessed variables (<0.05) except for stroke rates and [La]. The load-velocity profile is a valuable tool for assessing performance in both sexes. Kinematic parameters were related between semi-tethered and free swimming; however, association diminished with increasing load.
Unlocking the power of set pieces in men's professional football - a scoping review.
Sarmento H, Afonso J, Clemente FM … +6 more , Gouveia ÉR, Ordoñez-Saavedra N, Silva JR, Barrera J, Field A, Martinho DV
Int J Sports Med · 2025 Jul · PMID 40216395 · Publisher ↗
Set pieces represent a crucial moment in football analysis but have yet to receive as much attention as other football moments or physical and physiological elements. This systematic review summarized the literature surr...
Set pieces represent a crucial moment in football analysis but have yet to receive as much attention as other football moments or physical and physiological elements. This systematic review summarized the literature surrounding set-pieces in professional football players. The studies were included if the sample comprised adult male football players competing in tiers 3-5, and set pieces were examined (i.e., penalties, corners, free kicks, and throw-ins). A total of 95 studies met the eligibility criteria. Most studies investigated penalties (44%) and corners (20%), while free-kicks and throw-ins have not yet been examined extensively. Characteristics of penalty kickers, penalty placement, goalkeepers' actions and contextual factors affected the accuracy of penalties. Corners' success was dependent on the type of delivery (i.e., inswing or outswing), the number of players in the penalty area and contextual factors. Constraints associated with the task, individual and environment were associated with the execution of free kicks. Throw-ins seemed essential to keep the ball in possession, although the literature was scarce. The characteristics of set pieces should take into account the defensive organization of the opposing team, as they are particularly important for creating goal-scoring opportunities and influencing the match result.
Effect of Exercise Training on Apolipoproteins: Meta-analysis and Trial Sequence Analysis.
Downes D, Goodman S, van der Touw T … +4 more , Ahmed K, Neto MG, Wolden M, Smart NA
Int J Sports Med · 2025 Oct · PMID 40203891 · Publisher ↗
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of exercise training on common lipid subunits. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library of Controlled Trials for randomiz...
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of exercise training on common lipid subunits. We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library of Controlled Trials for randomized, controlled trials of exercise training versus sedentary controls that reported lipid subunits including apolipoprotein-AI, apolipoprotein-AII, apolipoprotein-B, high density cholesterol-2, high density cholesterol-3 and lipoprotein (a) up until January 31, 2024. Our search identified 2,363 potential studies. We included 25 studies with 34 intervention groups, and a total of 1,429 participants, 775 exercise training and 654 control. We found significant favourable anti-atherogenic changes in apolipoprotein-AI with a mean difference of 8.17 mg/dL and a 95% confidence interval of 5.80-10.55, lipoprotein (a) with a mean difference of -2.52 mg/dL and a 95% confidence interval of -4.33 to -0.72), apolipoprotein-B with a mean difference of -0.11 mg/dL and a 95% confidence interval 0f -0.19 to -0.04, and high density cholesterol-2 with a mean difference of 1.28 mg/dL and a 95% CI of 0.28-2.28. Our trial sequence analysis showed that futility was achieved for apolipoprotein-AI, but not for lipoprotein (a), apolipoprotein-B and high density cholesterol-2. The minimal clinically important differences for apolipoprotein-AI, lipoprotein (a), apolipoprotein-B and high density cholesterol-2 were 0.76, 0.46, 0.02 and 0.26 mg/dL, respectively. Analyses of apolipoprotein-AII and high density cholesterol-3 were not significant and these trial sequence analyses failed to show futility. Exercise training produces significant improvements in apolipoprotein-AI, lipoprotein (a), apolipoprotein-B and high density cholesterol-2, with the minimal clinically important differences being achieved. The effect of exercise training on apolipoprotein-AII and high density cholesterol-3 is unclear.
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