Curr. Pharm. Des. [JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Reciprocal Mechanisms Linking Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease: Emerging Paradigms in Onco-Cardiology.
Elayaperumal S, Mujeeb Ur Rahman, Lingayat N … +6 more , Chawla JK, Ansari YA, Ferdouse R, Bagade OM, Ansari I, Kumar A
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Apr · PMID 41968670 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: There is a dual causal relationship between cancer and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) due to similar risk factors and overlapping convergent molecular mechanisms. Factors such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipi...
BACKGROUND: There is a dual causal relationship between cancer and Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) due to similar risk factors and overlapping convergent molecular mechanisms. Factors such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, smoking, and inactivity overlap with chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and stromal transformation, coupling atherogenesis with tumour growth. NF- κB and JAK/STAT signalling, as well as the destabilisation of the plaque and angiogenesis, rely on pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), which also facilitate immune escape and fibrotic remodelling. Clonal hematopoiesis (DNMT3A, TET2 defects) is a myeloid inflammation amplifier that links ageing of hematopoiesis to vascular damage and cancer-proneness. Exosomal microRNAs in tumour-derived extracellular vesicles, however, can remodel endothelial tone and immunity, and cancer-induced cachexia hastens cardiac wasting and repair. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to explore the standard molecular mechanisms that underlie CVD-cancer interaction and to describe the diagnostic, imaging, and therapeutic approaches to allow both early diagnosis and effective cardioprotection without undermining anticancer responses. METHOD: This study undertook a narrative literature review by systematically searching the websites of PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science, and ScienceDirect between January 2010 and December 2025 using the keywords and terms shared molecular mechanisms, clinical interactions, and therapeutic, with cardiovascular disease and cancer. RESULTS: Cancer treatment causes cardiovascular risk: anthracycline and trastuzumab damage cardiomyocytes, VEGF-pathway blockers trigger hypertension and endothelial dysfunction, and immune blockers may lead to myocarditis and other adverse outcomes. Epidemiological research makes a bidirectional risk assertion by confirming that cancer survivors are at increased risk of CVD and that heart failure patients are at increased risk of cancer. Multimodality imaging (strain echocardiography, cardiac MRI, PET) and biomarker panels (troponins, natriuretic peptides, cytokines, circulating miRNAs) are used as integrative techniques to detect subclinical injury and cardioprotection and sustain anticancer efficacy. CONCLUSION: Inflammation, metabolic dysregulation, and thrombosis are the intersections between CVD and cancer. Specific approaches to address these pathways, combined with biomarker-based surveillance and the promotion of oncology-cardiology care, could lead to earlier diagnosis, less toxic treatments, and better longterm outcomes.
The Emerging Roles of lncRNA GAPLINC as a Promising Biomarker and Therapeutic Target in Oncology.
Liu H, Pan Y, Liu H … +10 more , Peng Y, Zheng X, Zhang Y, Xu Z, Tang Z, Yan E, Wu Y, He H, Zhou G, Yuan C
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Apr · PMID 41968669 · Publisher ↗
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have garnered significant attention recently since they are fundamental to many biological processes, including gene expression, chromatin remodeling, and cell cycle control. Among these, t...
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have garnered significant attention recently since they are fundamental to many biological processes, including gene expression, chromatin remodeling, and cell cycle control. Among these, the gastric adenocarcinoma-associated positive CD44 regulator, long intergenic non-coding RNA (GAPLINC), plays a crucial role in tumor biology. GAPLINC interacts with microRNAs (miRNAs) and RNA-binding proteins to control important oncogenic pathways, including cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA). GAPLINC's potential as both a prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target is highlighted by its dysregulated expression in cancer tissues, which is associated with poor prognosis and enhanced disease aggressiveness. This review focuses on the interactions of GAPLINC with miRNAs, RNA-binding proteins, and key signaling pathways, and it investigates the molecular routes through which it shapes tumor cell biology. Moreover, GAPLINC's participation in EMT and cancer stem cell control emphasizes its importance in carcinogenesis, disease development, and therapy resistance. GAPLINC has great promise for individualized cancer treatment, given its several functions in the disease. Future studies should seek to confirm GAPLINC's clinical relevance, look at its therapeutic potential, and create focused RNA-based inhibitory techniques. Such initiatives might open the path for better patient outcomes for a variety of cancer types and more efficient therapies.
Bromocriptine Attenuated Ulcerative Colitis and Colonic Inflammation by Inhibiting IL-1β, Likely through NF-κB Down-regulation: Integrated Network Pharmacology and in vivo Experimental Validation.
Saha S, Mondal S, Chatterjee O … +3 more , Devroy P, Sur D, Bala A
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Apr · PMID 41968668 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Gastrointestinal dopamine (DA) plays a crucial role in maintaining gut homeostasis. In patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), a decrease in DA levels due to changes in the gut microbiome can activate immune...
INTRODUCTION: Gastrointestinal dopamine (DA) plays a crucial role in maintaining gut homeostasis. In patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), a decrease in DA levels due to changes in the gut microbiome can activate immune cells in the colon's mucosal layer, leading to the secretion of various inflammatory mediators and ultimately causing damage to the colonic mucosa. In the present study, we initially analysed integrated network pharmacology and investigated the protective effect of bromocriptine (BRO), a dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) agonist, on acetic acid (AA)-induced UC in rats. METHODS: Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups (N=6/group). The intrarectal administration of AA induced UC. Treatment groups (III-IV) received three doses (2, 5, and 10 mg/kg) of BRO once daily for seven days. Group VI animals were administered mesalamine. On the eighth day, the animals were sacrificed to evaluate the lesion scores, ulcer indices, histopathological findings, nitric oxide (NO) levels, and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Finally, tissue levels of interleukin (IL-1β) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were measured using ELISA. RESULTS: BRO treatment effectively improved the disease severity index (DAI), colonic lesion score, and ulcer index in rats with AA-induced UC. Histopathological studies revealed that treatment with BRO limited mucosal damage and neutrophil extravasation in colonic tissue. Moreover, biochemical assessments of MPO and NO showed a significant decrease in the levels of both inflammatory mediators following treatment with BRO. Additionally, the results indicated a reduction in the expression of IL-1β and NF-κB in colonic tissue, further supporting the amelioration of colonic inflammation caused by BRO. DISCUSSION: The present research demonstrated that BRO exerts a protective effect by influencing the expression of IL-1β and NF-κB in rats with AA-induced UC, thus restricting the activity of immune cells in the colonic mucosa. CONCLUSION: Findings of this research suggest that BRO may be a promising therapeutic agent for the management of UC.
Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Experimental Validation Reveal the Mechanism of Qingfudaotan Formula in PCOS Treatment.
Wang R, Chen Y, Zhu M … +7 more , Jin S, Zhao Y, Miao C, Ren N, Yang L, Fang X, Zhang Q
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Apr · PMID 41968667 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Qingfudaotan Formula (QFDT) is a classical traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compound used for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), yet its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate...
INTRODUCTION: Qingfudaotan Formula (QFDT) is a classical traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compound used for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), yet its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the pharmacological mechanism of QFDT in alleviating PCOS. METHODS: Active ingredients and targets of QFDT, along with PCOS-associated genes, were retrieved from public databases. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, Gene Ontology (GO), and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were employed. Core targets and active ingredients were further validated via molecular docking. A PCOS rat model was utilized for experimental verification. RESULTS: QFDT identified 62 potential PCOS targets, with PPI analysis pinpointing 12 core targets (e.g., AKT1, NFKB1). GO/KEGG enrichment implicated insulin resistance and NF-κB pathways. Molecular docking predicted strong binding (≤-5 kcal/mol) for 5 active ingredients to 5 key targets. In PCOS rats, QFDT significantly reduced body weight and cystic follicles and restored estrous cycles. It notably lowered HOMA-IR (QFDT-H, P<0.05), upregulated ovarian P-PI3K/PI3K and P-AKT/AKT ratios (QFDT-H, P<0.05), and downregulated TLR4/MyD88/p-NFκB, alongside inflammatory markers (LPS, IL-6, TNF-α, etc., QFDT-H, P<0.05). DISCUSSION: Chronic low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance play critically important roles in the pathogenesis of PCOS. This study demonstrates that QFDT, as a traditional Chinese herbal formula, alleviates PCOS by ameliorating insulin resistance via the PI3K/AKT pathway and suppressing inflammation through the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSION: This study identified targets for QFDT in PCOS treatment, helping elucidate the mechanisms of action of this ingredient and its potential clinical applications.
Pomegranate and Its Bioactive Compounds Ellagic Acid and Gallic Acid in Ischemic Stroke: A Review.
Azami S, Hoseini A, Saburi E … +1 more , Forouzanfar F
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41937531 · Publisher ↗
Ischemic stroke is one of the major causes of death and serious long-term impairment worldwide. Over the past few decades, anti-ischemic medicines have made substantial progress. However, ischemic stroke remains an extre...
Ischemic stroke is one of the major causes of death and serious long-term impairment worldwide. Over the past few decades, anti-ischemic medicines have made substantial progress. However, ischemic stroke remains an extremely challenging condition. Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruits have been widely used in disease treatment since ancient times. Pomegranate is a nutrient-dense fruit that has a variety of phytochemicals, which are responsible for its antioxidative, antiapoptosis, and anti-inflammatory potential. This review provides evidence from experimental and clinical studies regarding the efficacy of pomegranate and some of its bioactives, like ellagic acid and gallic acid for improving neurological performance, memory performance, and reducing brain injury along with preserving brain DNA integrity, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory in ischemic stroke. These findings now indicate the therapeutic potentials of pomegranate and its derivatives in stroke treatment and also hint at the direction further studies on their clinical applications and mechanisms of action should take.
Ufasomes as Novel Fatty Acid-Based Vesicular Systems for Drug Delivery.
Kapoor S, Kushwaha VK, Singh R … +5 more , Krishna G, Mishra I, Sethi VA, Gupta P, Mishra R
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41937530 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Ufasomes are gaining attention as effective carriers in drug delivery and biomedical applications owing to their biocompatibility, self-assembly characteristics, and capacity to encapsulate both hydrophilic...
INTRODUCTION: Ufasomes are gaining attention as effective carriers in drug delivery and biomedical applications owing to their biocompatibility, self-assembly characteristics, and capacity to encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. The objective of this review was to offer a thorough examination of the structural characteristics, preparation methods, stability, and potential applications of ufasomes. Ufasomes' advantages over traditional vesicular systems and recent formulation developments have also been discussed. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was performed within online databases comprising PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, including studies from 1973 to 2024. Keywords, including "ufasomes", "fatty acid vesicles", and "lipid-based drug carriers", were used. Studies involving preparation, characterization, stability, drug encapsulation efficacy, or pharmaceutical applications of ufasomes were included. Insights were gathered descriptively, with comparative analysis used where needed. RESULTS: Biodegradability, structural flexibility, and improved drug entrapment have been found to be among the benefits of ufasomes. Clotrimazole-loaded ufasomes revealed approximately 84% entrapment efficiency, with vesicle sizes measured at less than 250 nm. Stability and specificity have been found to be enhanced in formulations being pH-sensitive and stimuli-responsive. However, challenges, including vesicle instability, oxidative degradation, and large-scale manufacturing, have been found to persist. DISCUSSION: Chemical crosslinking, antioxidant incorporation, and surfactant hybridisation are proposed strategies to overcome limitations and improve therapeutic efficacy. Ufasomes provide enhanced adaptability and customisable formulations compared to conventional systems. CONCLUSION: Ufasomes present a versatile and efficient drug delivery platform with superior stability, penetration, and bioavailability. Future research must focus on regulatory compliance, targeted delivery, and scalable processes aligned with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) to enhance clinical translation.
A Comprehensive Review on the Growing Potential of Novel Nanocarriers in Psoriasis Therapy.
Garg N, Dhankhar S, Sharma S … +3 more , Kaur A, Singh TG, Dora CP
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41937529 · Publisher ↗
Psoriasis is an immune-mediated disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and abnormal epidermal differentiation on the scalp, nails, elbows, knees, and other body sites, affecting about 2-5% of the world's popul...
Psoriasis is an immune-mediated disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and abnormal epidermal differentiation on the scalp, nails, elbows, knees, and other body sites, affecting about 2-5% of the world's population. Numerous treatment options are available for psoriasis, but none of the therapeutic agents are sufficiently efficacious or patient-friendly. Available agents aim to reduce signs and symptoms rather than provide a complete cure. Moreover, conventional treatments have a low benefit-to-risk ratio, which limits their utility. Novel nanocarrier-based treatments have shown potential to overcome the drawbacks of existing therapies by reducing dose, dose frequency, and associated side effects. Currently, nanoformulations are widely used for the safe treatment of psoriasis. This review focuses on comprehensive treatment approaches, particularly nanoformulations such as lipid-based nanocarriers (niosomes, liposomes, nanostructured lipid carriers, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions), polymeric systems (hydrogels, micelles, nanospheres, nanocapsules), lipid-polymer hybrids (polymer-core lipid-shell systems, polymer-caged liposomes), and metallic nanocarriers (metal oxides, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots). Nanoformulations may serve as future alternatives to conventional psoriasis treatments due to their enhanced penetration, safety, efficacy, and improved patient compliance.
The Role of Oxytocin-Driven Synaptic Plasticity in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Mechanisms, Therapeutic Potential, and Future Directions.
Varman DR, Sivamaruthi BS, Jayakumar FA … +3 more , Rehman N, Raju R, Subramanian B
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41937528 · Publisher ↗
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a significant mental health condition characterized by persistent fear memories and emotional dysregulation, which disrupts synaptic function. Crucial neurobiological mechanisms i...
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a significant mental health condition characterized by persistent fear memories and emotional dysregulation, which disrupts synaptic function. Crucial neurobiological mechanisms involve impaired synaptic plasticity in key brain areas like the hippocampus, amygdala, and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The neuropeptide oxytocin has gained attention for its influence on social behavior, emotional processing, and brain development. This review explores the link between oxytocin signaling and neuronal plasticity in PTSD, discussing the distribution of oxytocin receptors, molecular pathways triggered by oxytocin, and its region-specific impacts on excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. Both preclinical and clinical studies show that oxytocin enhances Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) in the hippocampus and reduces amygdala hyperactivity by increasing GABAergic activity. It also strengthens the connection between the mPFC and amygdala, aiding emotional regulation and fear extinction. Although intranasal oxytocin has been tested as an adjunct to exposure therapy, its effectiveness is limited by individual differences, pharmacokinetics, context sensitivity, and an incomplete understanding of underlying mechanisms. The review highlights how genetic, neuroendocrine, and neuroimaging biomarkers could be integrated into personalized treatment approaches to improve outcomes. Future directions include developing targeted delivery systems, refining oxytocin receptor agonists, and combining multimodal therapies. Overall, this review outlines the emerging role of oxytocin in modulating synaptic plasticity related to PTSD, emphasizing its therapeutic potential and significance for translational research.
Semaglutide and Alcohol use Disorder: Breaking Free of Addiction?
Papaetis GS, Picolos MK
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41937527 · Publisher ↗
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronically relapsing disorder characterized by a compulsive alcohol drinking pattern, loss of control over intake, and the emergence of negative emotional states promoting alcohol depende...
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a chronically relapsing disorder characterized by a compulsive alcohol drinking pattern, loss of control over intake, and the emergence of negative emotional states promoting alcohol dependence. It is unquestionably a major public health issue worldwide and a highly stigmatized condition. Unfortunately, AUD remains untreated in a significant number of adults. Since the approval of disulfiram by the FDA in 1951, only two medications (naltrexone and acamprosate) have gained subsequent FDA approval for this disorder. However, even when these medications are administered, the rates of treatment failure and/or relapse after withdrawal remain high. Novel therapeutic approaches are urgently needed to break down the barriers to AUD therapy and achieve positive long-term results. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is produced by the preproglucagon-containing neurons of the brain, while GLP-1 receptors (GLP- 1Rs) are found in several areas of the central nervous system that govern many natural rewards. This paper discusses the current treatment landscape for individuals with AUD and the pathophysiological background supporting the administration of GLP-1R agonists in this setting. It explores in detail all preclinical and clinical evidence on semaglutide and its future perspectives as a therapeutic approach in individuals with AUD.
Advances in Liver Organoid Technology: A Paradigm Shift in Hepatic Research and Therapeutics.
Pentela B, Mazumder R, Mazumder A
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41937526 · Publisher ↗
The liver is essential for maintaining metabolic functions, detoxification, and homeostasis. It is crucial to recognize any malfunction in patients with liver disease/failure. To better understand disease pathology, a co...
The liver is essential for maintaining metabolic functions, detoxification, and homeostasis. It is crucial to recognize any malfunction in patients with liver disease/failure. To better understand disease pathology, a combination of clinical investigation and emerging technologies, such as organoid models, provides powerful tools for advancing disease studies. There are limitations in animal models, and conventional twodimensional (2D) cultures have hindered accurate modeling of liver physiology and pathology. Liver organoids, three-dimensional, self-organizing structures produced using pluripotent or adult stem cells, have increased prominence as advanced in vitro systems that recapitulate the architecture, cellular heterogeneity, and functionality of native liver tissue. This review explores the formation and cellular sources of liver organoids, such as multi-type cell and single-type cell systems, and highlights the role of engineered extracellular matrices and bioactive signaling pathways in their formation. We further address the integration of advanced technologies, for example, CRISPR/Cas9, viral transduction, three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, and a liver-on-achip platform, which have revolutionized the customization and application of liver organoids. Their utility in drug screening, modeling liver diseases, such as genetic, infectious, and fibrotic conditions, and also applications in regenerative medicine are discussed. Liver organoids depict a transformative tool for understanding liver tissue pathophysiology, screening therapeutics, advancing personalized medicine, and tissue engineering.
Nanoparticle-Based Therapeutics for Breast Cancer: Advances, Challenges, and Clinical Perspectives.
Kumar R, Pradhan T, Mishra V … +5 more , Aljabali AAA, Kumar S, Sahoo P, Kumar V, Mishra Y
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41937525 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently recognized fatal carcinoma, accounting for the majority of deaths among women worldwide. Approximately 2.3 million women worldwide are affected by BC each year, and...
INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently recognized fatal carcinoma, accounting for the majority of deaths among women worldwide. Approximately 2.3 million women worldwide are affected by BC each year, and the disease causes about 670,000 deaths. Molecular heterogeneity, frequent intrinsic/acquired resistance, non-specific toxicity, and poor efficacy in aggressive or late-stage disease are the limitations of conventional methods of cancer treatment. METHODS: Potentially relevant literature to get the latest developments and updated information related to nanoparticles (NPs)-based BC therapeutics, different NP platforms, passive vs active targeting strategies, preclinical and clinical progress, along with safety, delivery, regulatory, and translational hurdles in BC treatment has been obtained from Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed portals. RESULTS: When treating BC, NP-based approaches such as liposomes, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), micelles, and solid lipid particles (SLP) provide targeted administration, improved bioavailability, and decreased systemic toxicity. DISCUSSION: Conventional therapies are not very effective due to limited biological availability, poor cellular absorption, adverse toxic effects, and the emergence of drug resistance. Thorough screening, along with progressive and leading treatment modalities, has decreased the risk of BC mortality. NPs in cancer therapy are engineered nanoscale agents-metallic, polymeric, or lipid-based-that enhance drug delivery by improving precision, uptake, and overcoming resistance mechanisms. These NPs can be coupled with imaging agents for theranostic applications and functionalized for active targeting. CONCLUSION: Through imaging-guided or stimuli-responsive systems, NPs in BC therapy enable targeted drug distribution, reduced systemic toxicity, and the overcoming of multidrug resistance. Scalable production, enhanced safety and biodistribution, and regulatory clarity are warranted to transition cancer nanotherapeutics from the lab to the clinic, as well as the development of tailored theranostics using multi-omics profiling.
A Review of Immunomodulatory Properties of Paraprobiotics and Their Mechanisms.
Sivamaruthi BS
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41937524 · Publisher ↗
Paraprobiotics, non-viable microbial cells or their components, are attracting interest as a safer alternative to live probiotics for immune support. This narrative review synthesizes evidence on (i) preparation methods...
Paraprobiotics, non-viable microbial cells or their components, are attracting interest as a safer alternative to live probiotics for immune support. This narrative review synthesizes evidence on (i) preparation methods of paraprobiotics (thermal, high-pressure, irradiation/UV, ohmic heating), (ii) mechanistic links between microbe-associated molecular patterns and host pattern-recognition receptors, and (iii) functional outcomes across in vitro, animal, and early human studies. Preparation methods influence biological activity: conditions that preserve or expose key surface structures (S-layer proteins, lipoteichoic acids, peptidoglycans, β-glucans) modulate molecular and immune signaling and cytokine profiles. Paraprobiotics frequently increased macrophage phagocytosis and nitric oxide production, altered pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, improved epithelial barrier markers, and enhanced resistance to pathogens. Several research gaps remain, including limited mechanistic studies, inconsistent reporting of processing kinetics and cell integrity, nonstandard dose units, and variability in immune responses. The literature indicates that pattern recognition receptor- mediated immunomodulation by paraprobiotics requires further rigorous investigation. Overall, this review underscores paraprobiotics as a safe and promising adjunct for modulating immune function, particularly for immunocompromised individuals and for use in food-based applications.
The Characteristics of Centrally Acting Non-opioid Analgesics in the Management of Acute Pain and Neuropathic Pain Syndromes.
Ozkaya B, Ozturk GA, Akman C … +3 more , Erturk N, Ekingen E, Karcioglu O
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41937523 · Publisher ↗
Treatment of acute pain primarily aims to provide effective analgesia with negligible untoward effects while preventing the development of chronic pain. Opioid-sparing analgesic techniques can reduce the risk of numerous...
Treatment of acute pain primarily aims to provide effective analgesia with negligible untoward effects while preventing the development of chronic pain. Opioid-sparing analgesic techniques can reduce the risk of numerous adverse effects, including postoperative nausea and vomiting, dependency, histamine release, hypotension, and respiratory depression. As rich literature data indicate the hazards of opioids, the medical community has long been searching for opioid-sparing analgesic techniques that may alleviate these untoward outcomes. Centrally acting non-opioid analgesics (CANOAs) were launched as alternative agents to opioids. CANOAs modulate pain perception at the central level without interacting with opioid receptors, making them particularly valuable in multimodal analgesia strategies. CANOAs generally have a rapid onset and sustained duration of action. Their unique mechanisms of action enable them to alleviate both nociceptive and neuropathic pain components. Clinicians should consider the specific characteristics, indications, and drawbacks of each agent in different clinical situations. Most professional organizations have issued algorithms and guidelines to guide clinicians on the uses, limitations, and drawbacks of these agents. Although CANOAs may be used as effective agents in pain treatment in various clinical settings, more population-based, controlled studies will further enlighten their role in the evolving management of pain.
Next-Generation Drug Targets for Fighting Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria: A Review.
Saiffi A, Alam S, Kumar D … +2 more , Kumar A, Kumar M
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41937522 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The global rise in antibiotic resistance poses a serious threat to public health by undermining the effectiveness of standard antimicrobial therapies. The rapid rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial s...
INTRODUCTION: The global rise in antibiotic resistance poses a serious threat to public health by undermining the effectiveness of standard antimicrobial therapies. The rapid rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains has created an urgent demand for the identification of novel drug targets and the development of innovative therapeutic approaches. METHODOLOGY: The methodology for this review was based on an extensive literature search using databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science, covering studies from 1998 to 2025. Articles focusing on novel drug targets, antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, and next-generation therapeutic strategies were screened and selected based on their scientific quality and contribution to the field. Data from clinical trial registries and reputable websites were also incorporated to provide comprehensive insights into emerging approaches against multidrug-resistant bacteria. RESULTS: The review identifies several promising approaches for combating MDR pathogens. These include targeting bacterial virulence factors, cell wall synthesis enzymes (Mur ligases, Lipid II, and C55-PP), and proteins that mediate resistance. Additionally, advanced drug delivery systems, such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, exosomes, and biomimetic carriers, enhance antibiotic bioavailability and site-specific action. Pharmacogenomic approaches further personalize treatment regimens, potentially improving outcomes and reducing the emergence of resistance. DISCUSSION: The review highlights that multidrug-resistant bacteria continue to pose a significant threat, necessitating the development of innovative therapeutic approaches. Although novel molecular targets and nanocarrier-based delivery systems offer substantial promise, their clinical translation is limited by challenges such as off-target effects, biological barriers to delivery, and regulatory hurdles. Overcoming these obstacles will require the integration of advanced technologies with pharmacogenomics and host-targeted therapeutic strategies. CONCLUSION: Combating antibiotic resistance requires an integrated approach combining novel drug targets, advanced delivery systems, and tailored therapeutic approaches. Innovations in nanotechnology, immunotherapy, and pharmacogenomics offer viable solutions to this escalating crisis. Strategic interdisciplinary collaboration is critical for developing sustainable antimicrobial treatments and preserving the efficacy of existing antibiotics.
Optimizing Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles with Peppermint Oil Nanoemulsion Using Response Surface Methodology: An Effective Antimicrobial, Antifungal, and Antioxidant Approach.
Nouri J, Hossaini Sadr M, Mohammadi-Aghdam S
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41937521 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The synthesis of silver nanoparticles in an environmentally sustainable method is becoming more and more crucial for uses in food safety and medicine. In this work, a peppermint essential oil nanoemulsion (...
INTRODUCTION: The synthesis of silver nanoparticles in an environmentally sustainable method is becoming more and more crucial for uses in food safety and medicine. In this work, a peppermint essential oil nanoemulsion (PEON) is used to optimize the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) employing response surface methodology (RSM). METHODS: PEON was utilized as the reducing and stabilizing agent in the synthesis of AgNPs. Silver nanoparticles were generated under ideal conditions (1 mM AgNO₃, 85.75 minute reaction time, 61.41°C heating temperature, 5.28 mL PEON, and 5.36 mL AgNO₃), and their formation, size, stability, and capping by plant-derived compounds were validated by UV-Vis spectroscopy (λmax = 415 nm), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (mean particle size = 15.73 nm), zeta potential (ζ = +16.7 mV), PDI (0.2031), and FT-IR analysis. RESULTS: The improved process produced a consistent, stable, and uniformly distributed sample of AgNP, which has been produced through the refinement of synthesis. The synthesis of NPs was validated via a UVVis spectrophotometer, indicating the formation of AgNPs at about 415 nm. The PEON-derived AgNPs showed high levels of antioxidant activity (38.99%), antifungal properties, and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (12.3 mm zone of inhibition). Therefore, these AgNPs may potentially have applications in the pharmaceutical or food safety industries. DISCUSSION: An efficient platform for the environmentally friendly synthesis of AgNPs is provided by PEON, and RSM allows for the optimization of synthesis parameters. The resultant NPs show potential for industrial development because of their relevant physicochemical characteristics and bioactivity. To enable wider functional use, more research should investigate scalability, long-term stability, and expanding applications. CONCLUSION: Employing PEON, RSM effectively improved the green synthesis of bioactive, stable AgNPs. These results exhibit the potential of an environmentally friendly strategy for upcoming advancements in food safety and pharmaceuticals.
A Critical Review of the Biological Significance and Synthesis Challenges of Phytonutrients.
Nelson VK, Nuli MV, Peddha CP … +8 more , Kanna S, Gogu P, Kotha KK, Birudala G, Nemalapalli Y, Suryadevara PR, Guduru KK, Fareed M
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41937520 · Publisher ↗
These nutraceuticals are bioactive molecules derived from foods that are valuable for human and animal health. They are easy to find, inexpensive, and have fewer side effects than allopathic medicine, and are thus used t...
These nutraceuticals are bioactive molecules derived from foods that are valuable for human and animal health. They are easy to find, inexpensive, and have fewer side effects than allopathic medicine, and are thus used to treat many diseases. Modern lifestyles, characterized by the high consumption of processed foods, alcohol use, and sedentary behavior, are primary drivers of chronic conditions, including diabetes, obesity, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Even present modern medical therapies have not been able to get rid of side effects and mortality due to therapy. Plant-rich diets, especially fruits and vegetables, are an important part of the development of these compounds, mostly as enhancers of immunity and overall well-being. Nutrition supplements are perceived as having a healthy profile, with safe, easy, and routine incorporation into everyday diets, driven by their growing popularity, rising public awareness, and scientific validation. Nonetheless, the extraction of bioactive compounds from natural sources has faced challenges such as low yields, seasonality, geographic dependence, and the extensive time required for cultivation. In addition, traditional extraction and purification methods for such compounds are slow, resource-intensive, and extremely damaging to the environment through the overuse of solvents and overharvesting of plants, endangering biodiversity. Emerging methods that leverage synthetic and semi-synthetic techniques are increasingly seeking to address challenges in the extraction of bioactive compounds for the large-scale production of high-quality, highly bioactive molecules. This review discusses nutraceutical compounds from various perspectives, including their biological significance and the challenges of extraction and synthesis. Nevertheless, limitations exist, including expensive production costs, complexity of synthesis, and difficulties in replicating natural structures and their activities.
Citrus Flavanones as Anti-Breast Cancer Agents: A Review and in Silico Study Targeting Aromatase.
Nickavar B
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41937519 · Publisher ↗
Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies in women worldwide, with challenging treatment. A large number of breast cancer cases are estrogen-dependent; thus, aromatase, which plays a central role in estroge...
Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies in women worldwide, with challenging treatment. A large number of breast cancer cases are estrogen-dependent; thus, aromatase, which plays a central role in estrogen synthesis, is a key target for therapeutic strategies. Several aromatase inhibitors are currently used in clinical practice. Plants are rich sources of various compounds with valuable biological activities, including flavonoids. Flavonoids are a diverse group of phytoconstituents exhibiting aromatase-inhibitory properties. Among the flavonoid subclasses, flavanones exhibit a pronounced ability to inhibit aromatase; however, their natural distribution is limited, with citrus fruits as the richest sources. This study reviews the characteristics of aromatase, its role in breast cancer, the application of aromatase inhibitors in treatment, and the mechanisms underlying drug resistance. It also examines flavonoids and their subclasses, along with the flavonoid content of citrus fruits, with an emphasis on flavanone composition and anti-aromatase activity. Molecular docking simulations and virtual pharmacokinetic evaluations were conducted to assess the binding affinities and interactions between citrus flavanones and aromatase, and to compare their ADME properties. The findings from in silico analyses suggest that pinocembrin, a flavanone aglycone, could be a candidate for further examination of its anti-aromatase activity. Nevertheless, further studies are required to substantiate the effectiveness of pinocembrin.
Nanofibers as a Delivery System for Bioactive Compounds in Tissue Regeneration.
da Silva Soares IL, Alves Nunes AM, Dantas de Mendonça Y Araújo SE … +4 more , Lima Roberto A, Martins Nicolau Costa K, Guimarães Lima K, Oshiro-Junior JA
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41937518 · Publisher ↗
Nanofibers are nanosystems known to have a three-dimensional structure similar to that of the extracellular matrix (ECM), and they present excellent capacity to incorporate active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Among...
Nanofibers are nanosystems known to have a three-dimensional structure similar to that of the extracellular matrix (ECM), and they present excellent capacity to incorporate active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Among them, bioactive compounds such as essential oils, plant extracts, growth factors, and proteins have demonstrated desirable pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiseptic, and healing actions. This study aims to present information on the impact of incorporating bioactive compounds into nanofibers applied to the treatment of tissue lesions. To this end, searches were carried out in journals such as "LILACS", "Periódico CAPES", "Science Direct" and "PubMed/ Medline", resulting in 348 articles that met the criteria defined in the first analysis and, after rigorous application of the exclusion and inclusion criteria, a total of 98 articles were selected as the scientific basis for the composition of this study. Thus, the results showed that there was a predominance of studies focused on epithelial tissue (59.54%), compared to connective tissue (19.04%), muscle tissue (14.28%), and nervous tissue (7.14%). In addition to that, there was a higher frequency of applications of bioactive compounds of plant origin (47.61%), compared to the use of proteins (9.52%) and growth factors (7.14%), among other bioactive agents. Of all the techniques used to produce the nanofibers, electrospinning was predominant. However, additional in vivo studies and clinical trials are needed, since most current research remains limited to the development, physicochemical characterization, and in vitro evaluation of the synthesized nanomaterials, and this knowledge is fundamental to understanding nanofibers and their applications.
Multifunctional Electrospun Nanofibers for Plant-Based Bioactive Compounds: An In-Depth Review.
Thakur GS, Rathee S, Patil UK
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41937517 · Publisher ↗
Electrospun nanofibers have emerged as a promising platform for drug delivery, particularly in the treatment of skin disorders, chronic wounds, and oral ulcers. Their high surface area, porosity, and structural resemblan...
Electrospun nanofibers have emerged as a promising platform for drug delivery, particularly in the treatment of skin disorders, chronic wounds, and oral ulcers. Their high surface area, porosity, and structural resemblance to the extracellular matrix (ECM) offer excellent drug-loading capacity, controlled release, and tissue integration. This review uniquely emphasises the integration of plant-derived bioactive compounds, such as curcumin, quercetin, hesperidin, and Aloe vera, into multifunctional electrospun nanofiber systems. Unlike existing reviews that focus on either nanofiber fabrication or herbal therapeutics, this work bridges the two by exploring advanced techniques such as coaxial and emulsion electrospinning, smart stimuli-responsive systems, and hybrid polymer matrices. It also discusses the synergistic role of natural (e.g., chitosan, silk fibroin) and synthetic polymers (e.g., PVA, PLA, PVP) in enhancing therapeutic outcomes, mechanical strength, and bioavailability. Furthermore, it identifies key challenges such as dual-drug compatibility, stability, regulatory barriers, and translational gaps. Finally, it explores prospects including biosensor integration, nanocarrier embedding, and personalized therapy, thereby offering a comprehensive and forward-looking perspective on plant-based nanofiber technologies in modern medicine.
Machine Learning and AI in Pharmaceutical Analysis: A New Era of Precision and Efficiency.
Bhui U, Das J, Chakraborty GS … +4 more , Sen S, Nayak S, Kumar B, Bandopadhyay S
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41937516 · Publisher ↗
Artificial Intelligence (AI), including Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL), is transforming pharmaceutical analysis by bringing greater precision and efficiency across multiple areas. The acquisition and proces...
Artificial Intelligence (AI), including Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL), is transforming pharmaceutical analysis by bringing greater precision and efficiency across multiple areas. The acquisition and processing of complex datasets in pharmaceutical sciences rely on fundamental AI techniques such as neural networks, Support Vector Machines (SVM), and Random Forests (RF). Big data analytics has further increased reliance on AI to make better decisions throughout drug development processes. AI accelerates drug discovery and development by helping identify new candidates and predict molecular interactions. AI-based predictive modeling aids formulation design by predicting the behavior and stability of the drug. AIpowered real-time monitoring systems enhance quality control and assurance by ensuring compliance with stringent regulatory standards. This ultimately has helped improve analysis through the interpretation of spectroscopic and chromatographic data. For example, applications of AI in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry have enabled faster and more efficient data processing. Complex spectroscopic data, such as Ultraviolet (UV), Infra-Red (IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Raman spectra, have been interpreted using deep learning models like Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) to improve the accuracy of compound identification. AI models can also be used to predict drug release profiles and shelf-life in dissolution and stability studies, thereby supporting better product development. By enabling real-time quality monitoring, AI helps maintain Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and regulatory compliance. However, challenges still remain regarding data quality, integration complexity, and ethical considerations. Therefore, future trends point towards broader implementation of AI, especially DL models, in personalized medicines and adaptive clinical trials with the potential to transform pharmaceutical analysis. This review examines AI and ML in the context of pharmaceutical analysis, focusing on current applications, challenges, and future prospects.
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