Curr. Pharm. Des. [JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Digital Health Platforms in Pharmacy: Transforming Patient Engagement and Care.
Bandyopadhyay A, Pal T, Mali S … +3 more , Singh S, Bhagwat DA, Nagime PV
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41919433 · Publisher ↗
Pharmaceutical services have a unique opportunity to expand their clinical role and become actively involved in the future patient-focused/centred system through digital health. The objective of the present study is to i...
Pharmaceutical services have a unique opportunity to expand their clinical role and become actively involved in the future patient-focused/centred system through digital health. The objective of the present study is to illustrate how, in addition to other digital health innovations (e.g., wearables, telemedicine, and mobile health applications as well as AI and other biosensors), these new breakthroughs can converge to enhance patient care, reduce drug delivery timeframes, and improve accessibility of healthcare. These digital tools can innovate, using business models such as telehealth consulting and apps that track drug compliance, to expand offerings while reaching the underrepresented in society and promoting health. There is also discussion of the practical ways in which digital health can be integrated into pharmacy practice, in particular, focused mainly on the requirement for education and learning, partnership with tech and pharma players, and overcoming obstacles, including financial/legislative impediments. Whilst providing specific examples for how chemists might practically utilise digital health tools, the summary of the analysis does suggest that best case, a patient-centred and flexible approach is likely needed to maximise the influence of digital health innovations in practice from pharmacists.
Emerging Roles of Nanofibers and Hydrogels in the Field of Brain Tissue Engineering and Regeneration.
Dey A, Gautam MK, Mondal S … +2 more , Bhattachrjee A, Chakraborty B
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41919432 · Publisher ↗
Neuroplasticity, or brain tissue repair, is the brain's natural ability to adapt to neuronal injury by means of reorganisation and creation of new synaptic connections. Studies done lately show that especially in older p...
Neuroplasticity, or brain tissue repair, is the brain's natural ability to adapt to neuronal injury by means of reorganisation and creation of new synaptic connections. Studies done lately show that especially in older people, neuroplasticity is still present all across the human lifetime, hence it is very important for healing from traumatic brain injuries and various neurological disorders. Effective therapy strategies are greatly hampered by the natural complexity and anatomical complexity of the brain. This challenge emphasises the need of novel biomaterials able to mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) and support tissue regeneration. Nanofibers and hydrogels have become essential biomaterials in the domain of brain tissue engineering. Ranging from high mechanical strength to high surface area-to-volume ratio, nanofibers are the perfect scaffold for cell adhesion and growth. Different kinds of nanofibers, defined by their material makeup and production techniques, have shown great promise in promoting brain regeneration. Hydrogels, hydrophilic polymeric networks that absorb large amounts of water, can be tailored to create physical or chemical gels in situ, hence creating a supportive environment good for cellular growth and tissue regeneration. Improved biocompatibility, better regenerative efficacy, and targeted therapeutic delivery to injury sites have come from a synergistic approach combining nanofibers and hydrogels functionalised with bioactive chemicals including collagen/polyethylene, hyaluronan/PEG/chitosan, and keratin/PNIPAM composites. For those with traumatic brain injuries and other neurodegenerative diseases, this all-encompassing strategy offers great promise in promoting rehabilitation and quality of life.
Exploring Phytoleads and Traditional Herbal Therapies: A Comparative Review on Stress Management.
Rathee S, Sahu A, Soni S … +2 more , Sen D, Jain SK
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41919431 · Publisher ↗
This review offers a thorough examination of stress and the therapeutic use of herbal medicine. Recognizing the ubiquity of stress in modern life, this review discusses the biological mechanisms of stress, especially at...
This review offers a thorough examination of stress and the therapeutic use of herbal medicine. Recognizing the ubiquity of stress in modern life, this review discusses the biological mechanisms of stress, especially at the molecular level, where the presence of phenylpropanoid derivatives has a major regulatory effect. Plant-derived compounds, especially phenylpropanoids, tetracyclic triterpenoids, and lignans, are discussed for their potential use in stress management. Recent clinical trial data confirm the efficacy of these plant-derived compounds in the management of stress symptoms, such as the reduction of anxiety, improvement in mood stability, modulation of cortisol levels, improvement in sleep patterns, and enhancement of mental well-being. Of particular interest is the use of adaptogenic herbs such as Withania somnifera (ashwagandha), which has shown consistent efficacy in enhancing stress resilience and improving quality of life. This review seeks to inform researchers and practitioners of the growing importance of herbal medicine in the management of stress-related health issues.
Neoadjuvant Strategies for Liver Resection and Transplantation in Hilar and Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma.
Andraus W, Massabki E, Manzi JLL … +8 more , de Martino RB, Santos VR, Haddad LBP, Pinheiro RSN, Lopes LD, Arantes RM, Waisberg DR, Tustumi F
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41919430 · Publisher ↗
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive malignancy with limited curative options, often diagnosed at advanced stages. Even after R0 resection, recurrence rates remain high, prompting interest in neoadjuvant therapies t...
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive malignancy with limited curative options, often diagnosed at advanced stages. Even after R0 resection, recurrence rates remain high, prompting interest in neoadjuvant therapies to improve surgical outcomes. These approaches may enhance resectability, enable liver transplantation for initially unresectable cases, and improve long-term survival. A narrative review was conducted to synthesize the current evidence on neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy protocols for patients with intrahepatic (iCCA) and perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA) undergoing liver resection or transplantation. Twenty-six studies, comprising 1,055 patients (668 iCCA, 387 pCCA), met the inclusion criteria. All patients received neoadjuvant therapy followed by resection (n = 655) or liver transplantation (n = 400). Chemotherapy, most commonly gemcitabine- and platinum-based, was used in most studies, often combined with radiotherapy modalities. Locoregional treatments, such as transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and photodynamic therapy, were used less frequently. Reported median overall survival ranged from 22 to 54 months, with median recurrence-free survival from 7.1 to 55 months. Across studies, the 5-year survival ranged from 24% to 82%, and recurrence rates ranged from 0% to 55%. Heterogeneity in treatment protocols, patient selection, and outcome reporting limited direct comparisons. Neoadjuvant therapy shows promise for selected patients with iCCA and pCCA, improving resectability, enabling transplantation, and potentially enhancing survival. Multimodal regimens combining chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and locoregional treatments can achieve meaningful downstaging, but robust multicenter trials are needed to define optimal strategies.
Network Pharmacology and Multitarget Analysis of Artemisia annua in the Management of the Influenza Virus: A Computational Study.
Ali T, Azeem M, S Sharopov F … +2 more , Junka A, Sun Y
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41919429 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Influenza viruses pose a significant global health threat due to their rapid mutation and resistance to conventional therapies. OBJECTIVES: This study uses network pharmacology and computational approaches to...
BACKGROUND: Influenza viruses pose a significant global health threat due to their rapid mutation and resistance to conventional therapies. OBJECTIVES: This study uses network pharmacology and computational approaches to explore the multitarget antiviral potential of Artemisia annua against influenza. METHODS: Seventeen bioactive compounds from A. annua were screened for drug-likeness and non-toxicity via ADMET/Protox analyses. RESULTS: Using network pharmacology, 194 common targets between A. annua compounds and influenzarelated genes were identified, with hub genes TNF, AKT1, SRC, EGFR, and STAT3 implicated in immune modulation and viral replication. Molecular docking revealed strong binding affinities (docking scores: -6.5 to -15 kcal/mol) between key compounds (e.g., bauerenol, 6-epi-β-bisabolol) and influenza-associated proteins, outperforming controls like baloxavir marboxil. Molecular dynamics simulations over 100 ns demonstrated stable ligand-receptor complexes, with RMSD fluctuations ≤6 Å and favorable MM-GBSA binding energies (-50 to -150 kcal/mol). Findings of this study suggest that A. annua exerts synergistic, multitarget antiviral effects via its bioactive compounds, with several components outperforming conventional therapies in computational assays. A. annua primarily disrupts viral pathogenesis through immunomodulation and direct antiviral mechanisms. CONCLUSION: This study provides robust computational evidence for the therapeutic potential of A. annua against influenza, identifying critical compound-target-pathway interactions. Further experimental validation is recommended to confirm efficacy and translation of insights into clinical applications.
Emerging Technologies and Current Trends in Cosmeceutics: Exploring Nanotechnology and Artificial Intelligence-Aided Approaches.
Kee PE, Jayakrishnan A, Tan VXY … +6 more , Loke YH, Mod Razif MRF, Yee KM, Ming LC, Bostanudin MF, Liew KB
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41919428 · Publisher ↗
Cosmeceuticals, bridging cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, have advanced through nanotechnology And Artificial Intelligence (AI) to overcome the skin penetration and bioavailability challenges faced by conventional formulat...
Cosmeceuticals, bridging cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, have advanced through nanotechnology And Artificial Intelligence (AI) to overcome the skin penetration and bioavailability challenges faced by conventional formulations. This review discusses technological progress, clinical applications, and regulatory and market perspectives, aiming to highlight how these approaches enhance efficacy, safety, and personalization in cosmeceutical development. Recent studies were reviewed on nanocarrier systems, including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, micelles, and hydrogel-based carriers, and AI-driven tools for predictive modeling, formulation optimization, and personalized skincare. Complementary technologies such as 3D printing and microneedles were also examined. Nanocarriers enhance stability, penetration, and controlled release of active ingredients, addressing limitations of conventional formulations. AI enables predictive analysis and consumer-specific design by integrating dermatological data and machine learning. The combined use of nanotechnology and AI supports customized, high-performance cosmeceuticals. Applications include antiaging, anti-wrinkle, acne, and hyperpigmentation therapies, with evidence of improved outcomes compared to traditional products. Nanotechnology and AI are reshaping cosmeceutical development, offering innovative delivery, personalization, and higher consumer confidence. Their integration signals a shift toward nextgeneration cosmeceuticals, but continued innovation, regulatory adaptation, and market translation are required to achieve widespread clinical and commercial success.
A Novel Anti-CD22 Camelid Immunotoxin Fused to Diphtheria Toxin for Targeted B-Cell Malignancy Therapy.
Erfani A, Kazemi-Lomedasht F, Ziaei V … +4 more , Mohammadkhani S, Ghazizadeh L, Motamed SM, Habibi-Anbouhi M
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41919427 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Hematologic malignancies, particularly of B-cell origin, represent approximately 6.5% of all cancers. While conventional therapies remain first-line treatments, targeted therapies such as immunotoxins (ITs)...
INTRODUCTION: Hematologic malignancies, particularly of B-cell origin, represent approximately 6.5% of all cancers. While conventional therapies remain first-line treatments, targeted therapies such as immunotoxins (ITs) offer promising alternatives, especially in relapsed or refractory cases. ITs are fusion proteins combining a targeting ligand with a potent toxin. CD22, a B-cell surface marker with restricted expression and rapid internalization, is an attractive target for IT development. METHODS: We developed a recombinant immunotoxin (rIT) by fusing a camelid-derived anti-CD22 nanobody (Nb22, ~15 kDa, ~400 bp) to a truncated diphtheria toxin (DT386, ~43 kDa, ~1,158 bp) via a human IgA1 hinge linker (~32 amino acids). The resulting fusion protein (~62 kDa, ~1,700 bp) was expressed in E. coli WK6 and characterized by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. Binding affinity to CD22 was evaluated by ELISA and flow cytometry. Cytotoxicity was assessed using MTT assays on Raji and Daudi (CD22⁺) and MOLT-4 (CD22⁻) cells. RESULTS: The rIT exhibited high binding affinity to CD22 (Kaff ≈ 9.4 nM). Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated selective killing of Raji cells at low concentrations (1.6 nM), while MOLT-4 cells remained unaffected. In contrast, DT alone displayed non-specific toxicity only at high doses. DISCUSSION: The selective cytotoxicity of the rIT demonstrates the potential of nanobody-based immunotoxins to target CD22⁺ cells while sparing non-target cells, highlighting an advantage over conventional toxin approaches. These results support further in vivo evaluation and optimization of Nb22-DT386 as a targeted therapy for B-cell hematologic malignancies. CONCLUSION: The developed rIT is a promising candidate for targeted therapy of CD22⁺ hematologic malignancies, offering high specificity, potent cytotoxicity, and potential for reduced off-target effects.
Regulatory Frameworks for the Integration of Quantum Computing in Pharmaceutical R&D: Implications for Drug Development and Compliance Monitoring.
Nayan S, Chauhan SB, Singh I … +1 more , Jain C
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41919426 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Quantum computing (QC) is rapidly developing as an enabling technology that could potentially have major impacts in pharmaceutical drug research and development, but also faces significant challenges in terms...
BACKGROUND: Quantum computing (QC) is rapidly developing as an enabling technology that could potentially have major impacts in pharmaceutical drug research and development, but also faces significant challenges in terms of regulation in drug development and drug control contexts. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this review is to assess different ways that existing pharmaceutical regulations, both within and outside regions such as the EU and US, enable, limit, or necessitate modification for applications throughout the drug development process. METHODS: A regulatory science-based analytical approach was used to examine how existing regulatory instruments, such as the FDA's Emerging Technology, EMA's DARWIN EU, and ICH, measure up to the validation, transparency, and reproducibility imperatives it is believed would emerge from drug development involving quantum technology. Relevant case studies were reviewed to provide context for new governance structures and global regulatory precursors. RESULTS: Although regulators have implemented various flexible pathways-including regulatory sandboxes, model-informed drug development, and adaptive licensing-these mechanisms currently still fail adequately to address the challenges of verification and auditability and the integrity of quantum algorithms for molecular modeling, pharmacogenomics, and pharmacovigilance. The main gaps were identified in ethical oversight, cybersecurity, and model validation standards. CONCLUSION: Coordinated regulatory science will help enable the safe, effective, and regulatory-acceptable use of quantum computing for pharmaceutical R&D. The combination of established standards in guidelines such as ICH E6(R3), GAMP 5, and GDPR with quantum-specific validation and governance pathways could enable responsible innovation while maintaining patient safety, data integrity, and public trust.
Genotoxic Chemotherapy in Li-Fraumeni Syndrome: Molecular Mechanisms, Clinical Consequences, and Alternative Therapeutic Strategies.
Ruggiero A, Attinà G
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41919425 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Li-Fraumeni syndrome is an extremely rare autosomal dominant hereditary cancer predisposition disorder that is brought about by pathogenic germline TP53 variants. Insiders are unusually susceptible to malig...
INTRODUCTION: Li-Fraumeni syndrome is an extremely rare autosomal dominant hereditary cancer predisposition disorder that is brought about by pathogenic germline TP53 variants. Insiders are unusually susceptible to malignancies of various organ systems and may also suffer from increased toxicity to DNA, damaging cytotoxic agents as a result of defective cellular damage response pathways. This study aims to analyze the DNA-damaging effects of commonly used cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents in an LFS population, reveal the molecular pathophysiology underlying treatment, related secondary cancer development, and determine the clinical applicability of alternative non-DNA-damaging therapeutic options. METHODS: We searched PubMed and MEDLINE for studies published from 1969 up to January 2025. We focused on articles in English that discussed Li-Fraumeni patients, treatment outcomes, and the biology behind their cancer risks. Articles about non-TP53 hereditary syndromes and purely preclinical studies without clinical relevance were excluded. The narrative synthesis method brings together various types of studies (case series, cohort studies, clinical trials, molecular studies) for a clinical context that is not suitable for a systematic review methodology, thus presenting a more comprehensive picture. RESULTS: Clinical evidence reveals an increased risk of secondary malignancy in Li-Fraumeni syndrome patients, especially after radiation therapy. There is less data on the risks of chemotherapy, but both clinical observations and preclinical models indicate an increased likelihood of secondary malignancies. The size of the risk depends on the type, stage, and patient age, as well as the treatment used. Therapeutic agents such as p53 pathway modulators that do not damage DNA, precision, targeted drugs, and immune-based therapies offer both therapeutic efficacy and reduced carcinogenic exposure potential. DISCUSSION: Li-Fraumeni syndrome requires a personalized risk assessment to balance the risk of cure with the likelihood of secondary malignancies. Among all treatments, radiation therapy has shown the strongest and most consistent association with the development of subsequent cancers. On the other hand, the risks from chemotherapy, specific treatments are still not well understood because of the limitations of the methodologies used when studying rare diseases. Aggressive malignancies should be treated first and foremost with treatment efficacy in mind, and non-genotoxic treatments should be considered mainly in cases where they are equally effective as other options, especially in pediatric patients who have a longer lifetime cancer risk. CONCLUSION: Therapeutic management of Li-Fraumeni syndrome should be based on individualized riskbenefit analysis, weighing the potential for cure against the possibility of long-term risks. Treatment with radiation therapy has been more frequently and consistently linked to the development of secondary malignancies, but the treatment efficacy should usually be given priority even over chemotherapy-related theoretical concerns, particularly in cases of aggressive or life-threatening malignancies. Intensified surveillance protocols allow for earlier detection of cancer, and new non-genotoxic drugs thus far represent viable therapeutic options for certain patients and tumor types.
Hybrid Systems of Exosomes and Synthetic Nanocarriers in Breast Cancer Therapy: Bridging Natural and Synthetic Approaches.
Kumari P, Aiyar A, Dang S
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41919424 · Publisher ↗
Breast cancer therapy faces persistent challenges such as drug resistance, systemic toxicity, and limited targeting efficiency. Exosomes, with their intrinsic biocompatibility and ability to deliver biomolecules across b...
Breast cancer therapy faces persistent challenges such as drug resistance, systemic toxicity, and limited targeting efficiency. Exosomes, with their intrinsic biocompatibility and ability to deliver biomolecules across biological barriers, offer unique advantages but are constrained by low yield and scalability issues. Synthetic nanocarriers, though versatile, often suffer from stability and safety limitations. This review aims to explore the integration of exosomes with synthetic nanocarriers to create hybrid delivery systems that combine natural targeting potential with enhanced drug loading, stability, and controlled release. The objective is to critically assess recent strategies for hybridization, functionalization, and therapeutic applications, while outlining key translational challenges and future prospects. Such hybrid systems hold promise as nextgeneration platforms for precise and effective breast cancer therapy.
Exploring The Multifaceted Medicinal Benefits of Phyllanthus niruri: Insights into Its Antiurolithic, Hepatoprotective and Anti-Diabetic Activities.
Viswambharan VL, Halagali P, Seenivasan R … +2 more , Tippavajhala VK, Lobo R
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41919423 · Publisher ↗
Phyllanthus niruri L., (p. niruri) commonly known as the 'Stone breaker plant', has been widely used worldwide as a typical remedy of nature for a long time, for the treatment of kidney health and urinary diseases mainly...
Phyllanthus niruri L., (p. niruri) commonly known as the 'Stone breaker plant', has been widely used worldwide as a typical remedy of nature for a long time, for the treatment of kidney health and urinary diseases mainly. According to the given ethnomedicine and traditional uses of the herb, it can have various therapeutic applications for classes of human diseases. This exhaustive review first of all concentrates on the food values, phytochemical profile, antidiabetic, antiurolithic, hepatoprotective activities, and formulation studies, and also checks the safety, toxicity, and clinical trials of P. niruri. P. niruri has yielded a total of 120 phytoconstituents. The major biologically active compounds identified are alkaloids, tannins, coumarins, sterols, phenolic acid, flavonoids, and lignans. These compounds are the major reason for the huge pharmacological activities of the plant, which comprise antiviral, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antiurolithic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer, antifungal, and tranquilizing effects. P. niruri highlights a wonderful perspective, especially with its antidiabetic, antiurolithic, and hepatoprotective properties, showing its potential application in future therapy regimens. In multiple clinical trials, P. niruri remains a treatment option of great value for patients irrespective of their ages, and additionally, it is a safe and efficacious alternative.
Advances in in-situ Gels for Ophthalmic Drug Delivery: Formulation Aspects, Mechanisms of Drug Release, and Therapeutic Application.
Azmi A, Akhtar J, Ansari MJ … +4 more , Ahmad M, Badruddeen, Khan MI, Islam A
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41919422 · Publisher ↗
In situ gels have become a promising approach for ophthalmic drug delivery because they overcome the major limitations of conventional eye drops, such as rapid drainage of the drug, poor bioavailability, and poor patient...
In situ gels have become a promising approach for ophthalmic drug delivery because they overcome the major limitations of conventional eye drops, such as rapid drainage of the drug, poor bioavailability, and poor patient compliance. These formulations are liquid before administration and undergo sol-gel transition in response to ocular stimuli such as temperature, pH, or tear ions, thus extending the time of precorneal residence and allowing controlled release. This review summarizes the existing progress in the design and use of ophthalmic in-situ gels, with a special focus on their mechanistic basis, formulation parameters, and clinical progress. Ion-activated gellan gum systems, such as the marketed gel-forming solution of timolol, have shown clinical viability, while pH- and thermosensitive systems have shown promising preclinical and early clinical results. Recent developments have involved the incorporation of polymers with nanoparticles, hybrid gel systems, and new excipients to improve stability, ocular penetration, and patient tolerability. This article offers a contemporary review of the therapeutic potential of ophthalmic in-situ gels and the ability of these gels to enhance the management of pathologies such as glaucoma, dry eye disease, and ocular infections by synthesizing evidence from preclinical and clinical research.
Exploring Potential Treatments - Research Progress on Natural Product Alkaloids Against Gout.
Liu Y, Wu H, Hua C … +4 more , Wang M, Hei D, Lv X, Li M
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41919421 · Publisher ↗
Gout is a metabolic rheumatic disease that can affect the kidneys and the cardiovascular system. With changes in lifestyle and dietary structure, the number of people with gout has been increasing annually, with a tenden...
Gout is a metabolic rheumatic disease that can affect the kidneys and the cardiovascular system. With changes in lifestyle and dietary structure, the number of people with gout has been increasing annually, with a tendency toward younger patients. Owing to the limitations of first-line drugs for treating gout and non-standard medications, gout frequently recurs. Therefore, it is necessary to identify safe, effective, and long-term medications for the treatment of gout. Various alkaloids, including colchicines, are commonly used to treat gout. The anti-gout effect of alkaloids is mainly achieved through anti-inflammatory, uric acidlowering, and antioxidant actions involving different signaling pathways. At present, there is a lack of systematic reviews and summaries of research on alkaloids for the treatment of gout. In this review, we aimed to search and screen commonly used alkaloid treatments for gout and retrieve relevant experimental studies exploring the mechanisms by which these substances exert their effects. These results support the efficacy of some alkaloids in treating gout; however, translating these findings into clinical practice poses significant challenges. Systematic research in this area remains in the preliminary phase. The conclusion drawn is that natural product alkaloids can treat gout by regulating inflammatory responses and inhibiting xanthine oxidase activity. The findings suggest that natural product alkaloids are potential drug candidates for the treatment of gout.
Pharmaceutical Formulations for Topical Use Containing Copaiba Oil: A Scoping Review.
Passos JTG, Ricci-Junior E, Maciel de Matos CA … +3 more , da Veiga-Junior VF, Faria de Freitas ZM, Pereira Dos Santos E
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41919420 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Brazil has the greatest biodiversity on the planet, and a rich ethnic and cultural diversity, which provides a variety of medicinal plants for use in the development of new therapies. Among the various specie...
BACKGROUND: Brazil has the greatest biodiversity on the planet, and a rich ethnic and cultural diversity, which provides a variety of medicinal plants for use in the development of new therapies. Among the various species found in Brazil, copaiba (Copaifera L.) has been used since the 16th century as an antiinflammatory and curative agent, as well as for esoteric purposes such as aphrodisiacs and contraceptives. OBJECTIVE: This review aimed to map and characterize pharmaceutical systems containing copaiba oil for topical uses that provide therapeutic benefits. METHODS: The Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines were followed in this scoping review. Several databases were investigated, and studies containing different pharmaceutical systems were included, regardless of their language, design, or year. The selection of the studies and data extraction were performed independently by the reviewers. RESULTS: Twenty-two studies met the eligibility criteria and were analyzed for the pharmaceutical systems developed and the therapeutic effects assessed. Nine different pharmaceutical dosage forms and six therapeutic effects were investigated, with antimicrobial action being the most common research target. CONCLUSION: Copaiba oil can be used in different pharmaceutical formulations and has the potential to exert different topical therapeutic effects.
Nanotechnology for Transdermal Drug Delivery for the Treatment of Hypertension.
Bahadur S, Arya M, Rawal T
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41919419 · Publisher ↗
Hypertension has been considered a prevalent cardiovascular disorder and remains a significant public health concern worldwide. Despite advancements in pharmacotherapy, challenges persist in achieving optimal drug delive...
Hypertension has been considered a prevalent cardiovascular disorder and remains a significant public health concern worldwide. Despite advancements in pharmacotherapy, challenges persist in achieving optimal drug delivery and efficacy, as well as potential adverse effects. Nanomedicine offers a promising approach for revolutionizing drug delivery strategies, particularly through transdermal routes in hypertension management. It explores the potential of nanotechnology in addressing the limitations of conventional drug delivery systems for antihypertensive drug delivery. Nanoparticles with their controlled physicochemical properties facilitate enhanced drug encapsulation, prolonged circulation, and targeted delivery to specific sites with enhanced therapeutic outcomes. Transdermal delivery enabled by novel carriers such as microneedles, liposomes, micelles, and ethosomes offers several advantages, including non-invasiveness, sustained release kinetics, and avoidance of first-pass metabolism. Additionally, surface modification techniques by different polymers can enhance skin permeation and drug penetration, optimizing therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, the present manuscript highlights the various novel formulation-based approaches for the treatment of hypertension through transdermal drug delivery systems. Furthermore, recent patents have been enlisted.
Curcumin for The Management of Skin Diseases: A Review of the Results of Preclinical and Clinical Trials and Nanoformulations.
Sivamaruthi BS, Suganthy N, Chaiyasut C … +3 more , Khongtan S, Fukngoen P, Kesika P
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41919418 · Publisher ↗
Curcumin, one of the major bioactive compounds of Curcuma longa L., has been considerably studied for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties. Despite its promising therapeutic pot...
Curcumin, one of the major bioactive compounds of Curcuma longa L., has been considerably studied for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties. Despite its promising therapeutic potential in dermatology, including the management of conditions such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, vitiligo, acne, radiation dermatitis, and photoaging, its clinical use is limited by poor aqueous solubility, instability, and low bioavailability. Recent developments in nanotechnology, employing formulations such as solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, nanoemulsions, and polymeric nanogels, have successfully addressed these barriers by enhancing curcumin's stability, improving its penetration, and controlling its release kinetics. Clinical studies suggest that these enhanced formulations can effectively reduce inflammatory cytokines, strengthen skin barrier function, and alleviate symptoms in chronic skin disorders. Preclinical studies revealed its role in modulating critical inflammatory pathways, specifically NF-κB and Nrf2, as well as mitigating oxidative stress. Early clinical trials showed that minimal adverse effects generally accompanied therapeutic benefits. In conclusion, curcumin-based nanoformulations represent an auspicious and tactical approach to make use of the bioactivities of curcumin for effective, targeted dermatological therapies, though large-scale, well-designed randomized controlled trials are necessary to develop optimal formulations, dosing regimens, and long-term safety.
Pyrimidine-Based Third-Generation Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective.
Zayed MF
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41919417 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The emergence of resistance to conventional treatments signifies a critical challenge in oncology. 3rd-Gen Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TGTKIs) were driven by the need to overcome this resistance. The object...
INTRODUCTION: The emergence of resistance to conventional treatments signifies a critical challenge in oncology. 3rd-Gen Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TGTKIs) were driven by the need to overcome this resistance. The objective of this study is to explore the medicinal chemistry advancements underpinning TGTKIs, with a focus on key pyrimidine-derived inhibitors, including osimertinib, lazertinib, almonertinib, furmonertinib, rezivertinib, and rociletinib. Additionally, it discusses their structural optimizations, selectivity profiles, and clinical performance, and addresses emerging resistance mechanisms and future directions in EGFR-targeted therapy. METHODS: A comprehensive search of major medical databases was conducted to recognize and integrate related literature. RESULT: Pyrimidine-based EGFR TKIs, which have emerged as an efficient structural class, possess potent inhibition with improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics. DISCUSSION: TGTKIs selectively target mutant EGFR to overcome the resistant mutation T790M, a major clinical challenge against first- and second-generation TKIs. They have specific molecular designs and pharmacokinetic properties supporting their action. CONCLUSION: TGTKIs have transformed the therapeutic concept for mutant NSCLC patients and have offered unprecedented efficacy and durability compared to earlier-generation inhibitors.
Development and Characterisation of Bacillus coagulans-containing Oral Fast Melt Film for Oral Health Maintenance.
Ying Tan VX, Tan CS, Loke YH … +8 more , Phang HC, Mohamad N, Chew YL, Lee SK, Mohamad S, Wan Kamal WHB, Kee PE, Liew KB
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41879461 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Oral fast melt films (OFMF) present a convenient and user-friendly delivery system that supports oral health maintenance, improves patient compliance, and promotes accessible preventive care. Bacillus coagu...
INTRODUCTION: Oral fast melt films (OFMF) present a convenient and user-friendly delivery system that supports oral health maintenance, improves patient compliance, and promotes accessible preventive care. Bacillus coagulans, a probiotic known for its dental health benefits, holds promise in addressing the global burden of oral diseases. This study aims to develop and characterise OFMF incorporating Bacillus coagulans for daily oral health support. METHODS: Nineteen OFMF formulations were prepared using varying ratios of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), along with PEG 400 and glycerine, via solvent casting followed by freeze-drying. The optimised PVA-based film was enriched with Bacillus coagulans, sucrose, citric acid, and mint water. Films were characterised using SEM, DSC, and PXRD, and evaluated for physicochemical, mechanical, disintegration, and probiotic viability. RESULTS: The final OFMF formulation exhibited smooth morphology, average weight of 0.139 ± 0.00076 g, thickness of 0.4 ± 0.011 mm, tensile strength of 0.016 ± 0.00064 MPa, extension strain of 69.6 ± 16.84%, Young's modulus of 0.024 ± 0.0060 MPa, folding endurance >100 folds, pH of 6, and rapid disintegration time of 3 ± 0.52 seconds. DISCUSSION: The formulation demonstrated excellent mechanical integrity, rapid disintegration, and sustained probiotic viability. These findings support its potential for daily oral health maintenance, though further in vivo validation is warranted. CONCLUSION: The developed OFMFs provide a stable, effective, and user-friendly platform for delivering Bacillus coagulans, with strong potential for routine oral health supplementation.
Ubiquitin in Human Diseases: Pathophysiology, Dysfunction and Treatment.
Jamal A, Husein A, Azhar Kamal M … +5 more , Alqurashi YE, Naiyer MM, Al-Malki ES, Hussain SA, Hattiwale HM
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41879460 · Publisher ↗
Ubiquitin machinery is an essential regulatory system that maintains protein stability, degradation, and signalling by balancing ubiquitination and deubiquitination. In addition to its classical function in protein taggi...
Ubiquitin machinery is an essential regulatory system that maintains protein stability, degradation, and signalling by balancing ubiquitination and deubiquitination. In addition to its classical function in protein tagging for proteasomal degradation, ubiquitin has several essential cellular functions, including cell-cycle regulation, DNA repair, immunomodulation, intracellular signalling, and cellular stress responses. Abnormal regulation of this highly ordered system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, infectious diseases, metabolic dysfunction, and autoimmunity. Recent developments in structural biology, chemical biology, and proteomics have increased our understanding of ubiquitin signalling and identified new therapeutic targets by revealing context-specific interactions within nodes of the ubiquitinproteasome system. Future approaches to restore proteostasis involve selective inactivation of proteasomal subunits, E3 ligases, and deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), as well as novel modalities such as proteolysistargeting chimeras (PROTACs) and molecular glues that redirect ubiquitin-dependent degradation of diseaserelevant proteins. Although preclinical and early clinical studies have demonstrated target specificity, longterm safety remains a challenge for clinical translation. This review provides an overview of ubiquitin's pathophysiological functions in key human diseases, therapeutic interventions, and the potential of ubiquitin-based therapeutic strategies for precision medicine and targeted drug therapy.
Co-crystallization: An Emerging Approach to Improve Performance Characteristics of Phytotherapeutic Agents.
Sakure K, Thakur AS, Badwaik H … +1 more , Pradhan M
Curr Pharm Des · 2026 Mar · PMID 41879459 · Publisher ↗
Nature remains a prolific source of therapeutically valuable compounds; however, the potential of many herbal bioactives remains underexploited due to inadequate formulation strategies. Challenges such as poor aqueous so...
Nature remains a prolific source of therapeutically valuable compounds; however, the potential of many herbal bioactives remains underexploited due to inadequate formulation strategies. Challenges such as poor aqueous solubility, limited bioavailability, and instability have created significant barriers to the successful development of phytochemical-based medicines. In recent years, pharmaceutical co-crystallization has surfaced as a promising method to address these issues by altering the physicochemical, mechanical, and biopharmaceutical characteristics of phytoconstituents while preserving their pharmacological efficacy. This review highlights recent advancements and innovative approaches in co-crystallization for enhancing the solubility, stability, and therapeutic performance of herbal molecules. It also discusses the current status of phytochemical co-crystals, their potential as coformers, and the key challenges in their development. The article also addresses the recent progress in phytochemical co-crystal screening-encompassing conceptual, in silico, and thermal methods-which have expedited the discovery of appropriate coformers and refined crystallization conditions. Furthermore, the paper underscores the need for standardized regulatory frameworks to facilitate the transition of phytochemical co-crystals from laboratory research to clinically approved therapeutic products. Future progress in co-crystal design and scalable manufacturing is expected to yield novel patentable technologies, strengthening the industrial and commercial potential of this emerging field.
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