Br J Psychol [JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Eyewitness testimony by individuals who stammer: Evidence, experience and perceived credibility.
Maras K, Park S, Grafton P … +11 more , Peat J, Toshniwal N, Haigherty A, Guo K, Franks M, Goodwin H, Sainz VG, Sharma A, Fridman A, Gordon-Ellis L, Howells K
Br J Psychol · 2026 Feb · PMID 40729414 · Full text
Stammering may impede an individual's eyewitness testimony and reduce jurors' perceptions of their credibility through a complex interplay of bio-psycho-social factors. However, no research to date has explored this. Thr...
Stammering may impede an individual's eyewitness testimony and reduce jurors' perceptions of their credibility through a complex interplay of bio-psycho-social factors. However, no research to date has explored this. Three co-produced, mixed-methods studies are reported, investigating the evidential quality, lived experiences and perceived credibility of people who stammer (PWS) as witnesses. In pre-registered Study 1, PWS recalled as much correct information as non-stammering witnesses overall. However, during the free - but not cued - recall interview phase, PWS provided fewer correct details. A reflexive thematic analysis of participants' post-testimony reflections captured how PWS experienced a cyclical relationship between communicative pressure, anxiety over listener misperceptions and stammer severity, which they navigated either by employing avoidance strategies at the expense of testimony or by speaking through their stammer. In pre-registered Study 2, mock jurors rated PWS as less confident yet more likeable and trustworthy than non-stammering witnesses. In Study 3, providing jurors with information about stammering further improved their likeability and trustworthiness but had no impact on perceived confidence. Findings provide new insight into communication disorders in legal contexts - and the unique challenges faced by PWS in particular - demonstrating the need for systemic accommodations and targeted training for legal professionals.
Calling in crisis: How intolerance of uncertainty shaped occupational calling before and during the pandemic.
Yang Q, Wang Y
Br J Psychol · 2026 Feb · PMID 40691129 · Publisher ↗
The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected physical and mental health, while also posing potential challenges to future career prospects. College students are a special group facing the dual dilemma of potential disrup...
The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected physical and mental health, while also posing potential challenges to future career prospects. College students are a special group facing the dual dilemma of potential disruptions to both their academic pursuits and career planning. As yet, little is known about how major stressful events or uncertain situations have influenced the occupational calling of students engaged in job preparation. We explored changes in occupational calling among Chinese college students before and after the COVID-19 outbreak (late 2019 and late 2020, N = 684; Study 1), and during the pandemic (May 2022 to March 2023, N = 460; Study 2). Given the pandemic's inherent uncertainty, individual differences in intolerance of uncertainty (IU) may shape how people perceive and respond to such events. Our findings indicated a significant decline in occupational calling from pre- to post-outbreak (Study 1), but no decline in the third year following the outbreak (Study 2). Interestingly, individuals with lower IU exhibited a steeper decline in occupational calling post-outbreak. These results not only deepen theoretical understanding of how major public crises influence the development of occupational calling, but also provide practical insights for supporting youth career development in an era marked by persistent uncertainty.
Blueprint of a smokescreen: Introducing the validated climate disinformation corpus for behavioural research on combating climate disinformation.
Spampatti T, Brosch T, Mumenthaler C … +1 more , Hahnel UJJ
Br J Psychol · 2025 Jul · PMID 40682248 · Publisher ↗
Behavioural science research has the potential to develop evidence-based strategies to fight disinformation about climate science and climate mitigation action; however, this research has yet to be conducted systematical...
Behavioural science research has the potential to develop evidence-based strategies to fight disinformation about climate science and climate mitigation action; however, this research has yet to be conducted systematically with validated sets of climate disinformation stimuli. Here, we present the Climate Disinformation Corpus, a collection of climate disinformation statements designed to systematize experimental research testing future disinformation interventions. Using computational social science techniques, we gathered climate disinformation stimuli from the social media platform Twitter/X. We identified 78 statements containing disinformation about the existence, the causes, the consequences of climate change, the reliability and objectivity of climate scientists, and arguing for the delay of climate policies. The Climate Disinformation Corpus showed good heterogeneity across 15 validation measures (e.g., perceived persuasiveness, perceived trustworthiness, and sharing intentions) in a validation study involving a representative sample of N = 503 British participants. Furthermore, the climate disinformation statements were correlated with four individual differences measures related to belief in climate science and support for climate actions, congruently with theoretical expectations. We conclude with practical suggestions on implementing the Climate Disinformation Corpus in disinformation research according to different research questions.
Choosing to know: Children's decision to actively request social-norm information and their sharing behaviour.
Sabato H, Ritov I
Br J Psychol · 2026 Feb · PMID 40671552 · Full text
We examined the sharing behaviour of children (aged 6-12) when presented with a generous vs. a selfish norm of sharing, or after having a choice of whether or not to request the (same) social-norm information. We found t...
We examined the sharing behaviour of children (aged 6-12) when presented with a generous vs. a selfish norm of sharing, or after having a choice of whether or not to request the (same) social-norm information. We found that with age children shared more overall and were more influenced by the generous norm in their recommendations to others. Moreover, the results show a significant effect of information-seeking on children's behaviour: children who were presented with the choice to request social-norm information and actively chose to request it were significantly more influenced by the information in their own sharing decisions and in their recommendation to others, compared with children who were presented with the same social-norm information without asking for it. The findings highlight the importance of an active search for information, rather than the information content per se, as a key factor in understanding the effect of social-norm information on children's sharing behaviour.
Lonely individuals reveal proximal social avoidance and distal general approach motivation: Evidence from time perception in social and non-social contexts.
Wu C, Guo R, Chen Y … +1 more , Long C
Br J Psychol · 2026 Feb · PMID 40671252 · Publisher ↗
Loneliness is a major public health issue, leading to serious physical and mental health problems. Research has shown that trait-like, chronically lonely individuals exhibit either avoidance or approach behaviour towards...
Loneliness is a major public health issue, leading to serious physical and mental health problems. Research has shown that trait-like, chronically lonely individuals exhibit either avoidance or approach behaviour towards social connections. However, how social avoidance and approach motivation co-occur in trait-like, chronically lonely individuals remains unclear. We hypothesized that loneliness would first induce social avoidance and then approach motivation, given the inherent negative bias of loneliness and the general process model of threat and defence, which asserts that threat first activates avoidance motivation followed by approach motivation. To test this hypothesis, we used sub- and supra-second time bisection tasks in social and non-social contexts based on the motivational dimensional model of time perception. The results showed that high-loneliness (HL) and low-loneliness (LL) individuals had similar sub-second time estimates in non-social contexts. However, HL individuals lengthened time in the sub-second range in social contexts and shortened time in the supra-second range compared to LL individuals, regardless of social or non-social context. These findings suggest that HL individuals exhibit proximal social avoidance and distal general approach as a defence mechanism, which is consistent with the general process model of threat and defence and extends the evolutionary theory of loneliness.
Not so different and not deficient: First- and continuing-generation students' selves and self-discrepancies.
Zhang X, Job V, Bauer C
Br J Psychol · 2026 Feb · PMID 40650438 · Full text
Previous research has often portrayed first-generation college students - students whose parents do not have a four-year university degree - through a deficit lens, depicting them as lacking in skills, knowledge or poten...
Previous research has often portrayed first-generation college students - students whose parents do not have a four-year university degree - through a deficit lens, depicting them as lacking in skills, knowledge or potential compared to continuing-generation students. It, however, remains unknown how first-generation and continuing-generation students perceive themselves with respect to their own goals and obligations. Who do they want to be and to what extent do they think of themselves as meeting their own goals and obligations? To answer these questions, we assessed students' ideal and ought selves, as well as self-discrepancies, based on Higgins's theory (Higgins, 1987), in a relatively large sample of students in the US (N = 1244) across three waves. Overall, we found no significant differences in the content of ideal and ought selves, or perceived self-discrepancies between first-generation and continuing-generation students. Responses were strikingly similar, with both groups mentioning almost identical characteristics for their ideal and ought selves. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in ideal or ought self-discrepancies between the two groups of students. Despite common deficit narratives, first-generation students did not think of themselves as being further away from their aspired selves than continuing-generation students.
Familiar faces facilitate perspective-taking in children.
Wu X, Wen M, He J … +1 more , Gao X
Br J Psychol · 2025 Nov · PMID 40635370 · Publisher ↗
Familiar faces elicit more confident and interactive behaviour in adults than unfamiliar faces. However, it remains unclear whether familiarity influences children's social functioning. Here, we investigated how face fam...
Familiar faces elicit more confident and interactive behaviour in adults than unfamiliar faces. However, it remains unclear whether familiarity influences children's social functioning. Here, we investigated how face familiarity would affect 9- to 11-year-old children's perspective-taking ability. We assessed perspective-taking ability with an adapted version of the Director Task where the Director's face was a picture of a familiar peer or a stranger. In Study 1 (N = 34), children showed a higher perspective-taking ability when facing a familiar peer than a stranger. In Study 2 and Study 3 (N = 30 respectively), children built up familiarity with originally unfamiliar faces through either social interaction or person knowledge learning. Face familiarity developed through social interaction but not person knowledge learning promoted children's subsequent perspective-taking ability. Based on these findings, we propose a link between face familiarity and social functioning, which can quickly set the mind to different socially prepared states.
Clinical and cost-effectiveness of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for treatment and prevention of post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Simpson E, Carroll C, Sutton A … +5 more , Forsyth J, Rayner A, Ren S, Franklin M, Wood E
Br J Psychol · 2025 Nov · PMID 40616777 · Full text
The objective was to provide up-to-date clinical and cost-effectiveness evidence investigating eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for treatment or prevention of adult post-traumatic stress disorder (PTS...
The objective was to provide up-to-date clinical and cost-effectiveness evidence investigating eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for treatment or prevention of adult post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cost-effectiveness studies assessing PTSD symptoms in adults, published since the NICE 2018 guidelines. EMDR was compared with trauma-focused-cognitive behavioural therapy (TF-CBT), waitlist or usual care. Six databases were searched in September 2023. Risk of bias was assessed. Data synthesis included Bayesian meta-analyses of standardized mean differences if sufficient data were available from at least three RCTs. From 2038 records, 17 studies met the eligibility criteria. One modelling-based study reported cost-effectiveness, finding EMDR the most cost-effective intervention compared to 10 others, including TF-CBT. Sixteen RCTs (n = 1031) providing clinical PTSD outcome data were identified. Most studies had small sample sizes, and all but one was at high/moderate risk of bias. Additionally, 13 RCTs from NICE 2018 guidelines contributed to meta-analyses. EMDR treatment was generally of shorter duration with a lower burden on patient time. Meta-analyses found EMDR was statistically significantly better than waitlist/usual care. There was no significant difference in treatment effect between EMDR and TF-CBT, both reported significantly improved PTSD symptoms.
The necessity of motoric engagement in enhancing route memory.
Sivashankar Y, He P, Tsapoitis P … +2 more , Skorski E, Fernandes MA
Br J Psychol · 2025 Nov · PMID 40608362 · Full text
The relative contribution of decision-making and motor engagement at encoding, on route memory, was examined using virtual reality (VR). During encoding, participants explored 12 virtual environments for 40 s each. Navig...
The relative contribution of decision-making and motor engagement at encoding, on route memory, was examined using virtual reality (VR). During encoding, participants explored 12 virtual environments for 40 s each. Navigation strategy during encoding was manipulated within-subjects. On Active trials, participants made decisions about their route of travel. On Guided trials, they followed a pre-determined path overlaid on the road, removing the need for decision-making. On Passive trials, participants simply viewed a set route, without initiating decision-making nor engaging movement during encoding. Following exploration of each environment, participants were asked to 're-trace their steps' using the exact route they had just travelled. We also manipulated type of VR implementation (Desktop VR, Headset VR) between subjects. Movement in a Desktop-VR group was controlled via keyboard input, limiting motoric engagement. Movement in a Headset-VR group occurred using a VR-compatible steering wheel, requiring relatively greater motoric engagement. We found an effect of navigation strategy only in the Headset-VR group: route memory was significantly better following Active and Guided relative to Passive trials. Memory did not differ following Active relative to Guided trial types, suggesting that decision-making does not underlie the memory benefit. We suggest route memory is enhanced when initiating physical movement during encoding.
Autistic adults form first impressions from voices in similar ways to non-autistic adults.
Cai CQ, Ma R, Ng TH … +2 more , White SJ, Lavan N
Br J Psychol · 2025 Nov · PMID 40608061 · Full text
In everyday life, listeners spontaneously and rapidly form first impressions from others' voices. Previous research shows that, compared to non-autistic people, autistic people show similarities and differences in how th...
In everyday life, listeners spontaneously and rapidly form first impressions from others' voices. Previous research shows that, compared to non-autistic people, autistic people show similarities and differences in how they evaluate others based on their faces. However, it remains unclear whether autistic people form first impressions from voices in the same way as non-autistic people. We asked both autistic and non-autistic listeners to rate an inferred characteristic (trustworthiness) and an apparent characteristic (age) from voice recordings to establish how they form first impressions from voices. Non-autistic and autistic listeners formed first impressions for age and trustworthiness in similar ways. Specifically, both groups showed comparable overall ratings of age and trustworthiness of voices. Further, both autistic and non-autistic listeners required similar amounts of information to form an impression. Finally, when comparing trait impressions within- and across-groups, we again found no systematic evidence of impression formation differing between autistic and non-autistic people. These findings indicate that first impression formation is potentially a relative social strength in autism. This suggests that the social challenges encountered by autistic people may be confined to specific areas of social perception rather than being universally pervasive.
Anti-social learning: The impact of language on mentalizing.
Payne B, Bird G, Catmur C
Br J Psychol · 2025 Nov · PMID 40598807 · Full text
Theories of cultural evolution suggest that humans may learn to represent others' minds through cultural practices including verbal instruction. It has been demonstrated that humans use less sophisticated mental state wo...
Theories of cultural evolution suggest that humans may learn to represent others' minds through cultural practices including verbal instruction. It has been demonstrated that humans use less sophisticated mental state words when describing out-group members compared to in-group members, but whether this impacts on how out-group members' minds are represented has not yet been determined. The media is one of the main ways in which information about out-groups is shared; therefore, across three experiments we explored whether the language used in the media to describe out-groups, specifically language about mental states, shapes how recipients represent the minds of out-group members. All three experiments measured the extent to which participants represented out-group members as individuals with distinctive minds. Experiment 1 compared language in a left-leaning versus a right-leaning UK news source. Experiment 2 tested the effect of including or omitting mental states or first-person language, while Experiment 3 examined the impact of varying the amount of mental state language. We show that participants are more prone to take into account each out-group member's mind when inferring their mental states when mental state language is used to introduce them. This demonstrates the clear role of cultural learning on how people think about others' minds.
Red meat, reactance and political party: Defensive processing of empathy-based meat reduction appeals.
Truelove HB
Br J Psychol · 2025 Nov · PMID 40568796 · Publisher ↗
Reduction of red meat consumption is urgently needed, but there is concern that meat-reduction appeals may lead to reactance. Across three studies (total N = 2978), two of which were preregistered, participants were show...
Reduction of red meat consumption is urgently needed, but there is concern that meat-reduction appeals may lead to reactance. Across three studies (total N = 2978), two of which were preregistered, participants were shown a meat-reduction appeal that was paired with an image that linked meat to its animal origins, a meat-only image or no image to test whether different message characteristics affected how messages were processed. Results show that reactance mediates the relationship between empathy and meat-related attitudes and intentions. Additionally, results provide some evidence that Democrats (vs. Republicans) are more likely to have indirect effects of message condition (seeing a meat-animal association image vs. a meat-only image or a no image condition) on meat-related attitudes and intentions through empathy and reactance. Results have implications for the design of meat reduction appeals as they may elicit both empathy and reactance, leading to opposing effects on persuasion.
Investigating the gaze-driven reversed congruency effect in the spatial Stroop task: A distributional approach.
Ponce R, Lupiáñez J, González-García C … +2 more , Casagrande M, Marotta A
Br J Psychol · 2025 Nov · PMID 40542485 · Full text
This study investigated how social (faces and eyes) and non-social (arrows) stimuli modulate attentional orienting in a spatial Stroop task, using a distributional approach. Data from 11 studies (N = 705) were analysed t...
This study investigated how social (faces and eyes) and non-social (arrows) stimuli modulate attentional orienting in a spatial Stroop task, using a distributional approach. Data from 11 studies (N = 705) were analysed through cumulative distribution functions (CDF), delta functions, and polynomial trend analyses. Three models were applied: (1) a reaction time (RT) model comparing social (faces and eyes) vs. non-social stimuli under congruent and incongruent conditions, (2) a delta model assessing conflict effects across quantiles, and (3) a trend model identifying specific delta function patterns. Non-social targets produced a standard congruency effect (SCE), with faster responses in congruent trials but no consistent conflict reduction across the distribution. In contrast, social stimuli exhibited a reversed congruency effect (RCE), with faster responses in incongruent trials, emerging from the second quantile onward and minimal conflict among the fastest responses. Social targets exhibited comparable reaction times in the RT model and similar early delta plot patterns, suggesting shared initial perceptual and attentional mechanisms between faces and eyes. However, faces eventually induced a larger RCE, possibly due to their more complex configuration. These findings highlight distinctive patterns between social and non-social processing in the spatial Stroop task.
Inconsistent yet unyielding: Persistence of contradictory beliefs and strategies for their reconciliation.
Petrović MB, Žeželj I
Br J Psychol · 2025 Nov · PMID 40462380 · Publisher ↗
To better understand how inconsistent beliefs persist and whether the tendency to endorse them (labelled doublethink) is malleable, we conducted five preregistered studies and a qualitative follow-up (total N = 1635 Serb...
To better understand how inconsistent beliefs persist and whether the tendency to endorse them (labelled doublethink) is malleable, we conducted five preregistered studies and a qualitative follow-up (total N = 1635 Serbian participants). We first found and replicated that doublethink was robustly related to both a more intuitive, superficial information processing style and a lack of ability to spot contradictions (r = .20 and r = .21, ps < .001). We next tested three progressively more direct interventions to reduce doublethink, all unsuccessful - the first one tried to increase sensitivity to contradictions in irrelevant material, the second pushed respondents to reconcile pairs of newly provided inconsistent beliefs and the third made them cross-reference their own inconsistent beliefs. When asked to elaborate on their inconsistencies in semi-structured interviews, respondents did not evaluate them negatively, but instead employed circumvention strategies - attributing incompatibility to the response format or diluting the content of the claims. The most commonly used strategy was to rely on adding additional logical conditions to the beliefs (in 34% of the cases). Although these strategies could reflect rational belief safeguarding mechanisms, they also might allow for moral relativization, double standards or incompatible expectations from others (e.g. posing irreconcilable standards for minority groups).
The method of loci in the context of psychological research: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Ondřej J
Br J Psychol · 2025 Nov · PMID 40457944 · Full text
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate (1) the effectiveness of the method of loci (MoL) in enhancing recall in adults, (2) its underlying cognitive mechanisms, and (3) its neurobiological correlates....
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate (1) the effectiveness of the method of loci (MoL) in enhancing recall in adults, (2) its underlying cognitive mechanisms, and (3) its neurobiological correlates. Studies on adult populations were included from multiple databases. Risk of bias was assessed, and the GRADE approach and RoBMA were used for qualitative and quantitative synthesis. The MoL showed strong evidence for a large effect on immediate serial recall compared with rehearsal (d = 0.88, 95% CI [0.47, 1.25], P(M|data) = 0.994, BF = 161.94) in adult populations. Its general effectiveness is supported by multiple cognitive mechanisms, all of which align with the levels of processing framework. Neuroimaging studies have shown consistent activation of brain regions primarily associated with spatial memory and navigation - namely, the hippocampus, parahippocampus, and retrosplenial cortex. MoL training also induces structural and functional brain changes. However, the evidence is rated as low to very low quality, mainly due to the high risk of bias and other limitations. The MoL is a powerful mnemonic for enhancing recall in adults, grounded in robust cognitive and neural mechanisms, though more rigorous studies are needed.
Higher-pitched voices are perceived as financially trustworthy.
O'Connor JJM
Br J Psychol · 2025 Nov · PMID 40457593 · Full text
Previous research is mixed as to whether listeners perceive higher- or lower-pitched voices as more financially trustworthy. These mixed results may be owing to variation in the degree of risk implied in the scenarios us...
Previous research is mixed as to whether listeners perceive higher- or lower-pitched voices as more financially trustworthy. These mixed results may be owing to variation in the degree of risk implied in the scenarios used to measure perceptions of financial trustworthiness. I tested whether the degree of risk in the type of trust game used to elicit such perceptions (i.e., potential profit/loss versus equal/unequal division of money) and/or perceptions of financial risk-taking clarifies the influence of voice pitch on perceptions of financial trustworthiness. I found that listeners preferred partners with higher- rather than lower-pitched voices, regardless of the degree of risk involved in the trust game. Listeners also sent more money to both proposers and responders with higher-pitched voices. In contrast, listeners perceived lower-pitched voices as more likely to take financial risks and as more generally trustworthy. Perceptions of financial trustworthiness were positively associated with perceptions of general trustworthiness but were not related to perceptions of financial risk-taking. These findings suggest that speakers with higher-pitched voices are perceived as relatively financially trustworthy, independently of implied or perceived financial risk.
Object space is embodied.
Xu S, Feng X, Li Y … +1 more , Liu J
Br J Psychol · 2025 Nov · PMID 40457581 · Publisher ↗
The perceived similarity between objects has often been attributed to their physical and conceptual features, such as appearance and animacy, and the theoretical framework of object space is accordingly conceived. Here,...
The perceived similarity between objects has often been attributed to their physical and conceptual features, such as appearance and animacy, and the theoretical framework of object space is accordingly conceived. Here, we extend this framework by proposing that subjective object space may also be defined by embodied features, specifically action possibilities that objects afford to an agent (i.e. affordance) and their spatial relation with the agent (i.e. situatedness). To test this proposal, we quantified the embodied features with a set of action atoms. We found that embodied features explained the subjective similarity among familiar objects along with the objects' visual features. This observation was further replicated with a separate set of novel objects. Our study demonstrates that embodied features, which place objects within an ecological context, are essential in constructing object space in the human visual system, emphasizing the importance of incorporating embodiment as a fundamental dimension in our understanding of the visual world.
Distinguishing perfectionism and excellencism in graduate students: Contrasting links with performance satisfaction, research self-efficacy, burnout, and dropout intentions.
Gaudreau P, Benoît A
Br J Psychol · 2025 Nov · PMID 40439999 · Full text
Research on perfectionism in graduate school found inconsistent associations between perfectionistic standards and psychological outcomes. Such unanticipated results led to the Model of Excellencism and Perfectionism (ME...
Research on perfectionism in graduate school found inconsistent associations between perfectionistic standards and psychological outcomes. Such unanticipated results led to the Model of Excellencism and Perfectionism (MEP), which differentiates between people pursuing excellence and those pursuing perfection. Recent studies with undergraduate students have shown that excellencism and perfectionism are distinct constructs, differentially associated with achievement and psychological outcomes. In this study, we aimed to offer the first empirical test of the MEP in graduate school with a sample of 376 graduate students (i.e. 81% masters, 19% doctoral). Results of confirmatory factor analyses on the Scale of Perfectionism and Excellencism provided evidence for the conceptual separation of excellencism and perfectionism. Results of multiple regression showed that perfection strivers (compared to excellence strivers) reported higher research self-efficacy and satisfaction with their research productivity. When accounting for satisfaction with research productivity, perfection strivers experienced more academic burnout and dropout intentions. Perfectionistic students also used more perfectionistic self-presentation strategies when interacting with their supervisors. Perfectionism was associated with both beneficial and harmful outcomes, which suggests that perfectionism in graduate school is paradoxical and operates like a double-edged sword. These findings are interpreted in light of the need to help graduate students strike a balance between their academic achievements and psychological adjustment.
Caregivers' time poverty, parenting styles and children's growth mindset.
Yang S, Sun X
Br J Psychol · 2025 Nov · PMID 40400164 · Publisher ↗
Time poverty is increasingly prevalent in contemporary society, particularly among working parents. This research, consisting of three studies, investigated the impact of caregivers' time poverty on parenting styles and...
Time poverty is increasingly prevalent in contemporary society, particularly among working parents. This research, consisting of three studies, investigated the impact of caregivers' time poverty on parenting styles and its subsequent association with children's growth mindset regarding intelligence. Study 1a (N = 149 caregivers) revealed that priming caregivers' perceptions of time poverty resulted in lower autonomy-supportive parenting and higher controlling parenting. Study 1b (N = 224 children) demonstrated that manipulating children's perceptions of low autonomy-supportive and high controlling parenting resulted in a lower growth mindset and more negative mindset meaning system indexes, including higher negative effort belief, performance-avoidance goal, helpless attribution and lower challenge-seeking and resilient attribution. Study 2 (N = 1060 caregiver-child dyads) used a two-wave, multi-source design to test the entire model. Results indicated that caregivers experiencing higher levels of time poverty were more likely to exhibit less autonomy-supportive and more controlling parenting styles, which, in turn, were associated with their children reporting a lower growth mindset and a more negative mindset meaning system. These relationships held after controlling for caregivers' subjective socioeconomic status and their perception of children's math competence. The findings highlight the detrimental effects of caregivers' time poverty on parenting practices and children's developmental outcomes.
The state of modelling face processing in humans with deep learning.
Phillips PJ, White D
Br J Psychol · 2026 May · PMID 40364689 · Full text
Deep learning models trained for facial recognition now surpass the highest performing human participants. Recent evidence suggests that they also model some qualitative aspects of face processing in humans. This review...
Deep learning models trained for facial recognition now surpass the highest performing human participants. Recent evidence suggests that they also model some qualitative aspects of face processing in humans. This review compares the current understanding of deep learning models with psychological models of the face processing system. Psychological models consist of two components that operate on the information encoded when people perceive a face, which we refer to here as 'face codes'. The first component, the core system, extracts face codes from retinal input that encode invariant and changeable properties. The second component, the extended system, links face codes to personal information about a person and their social context. Studies of face codes in existing deep learning models reveal some surprising results. For example, face codes in networks designed for identity recognition also encode expression information, which contrasts with psychological models that separate invariant and changeable properties. Deep learning can also be used to implement candidate models of the face processing system, for example to compare alternative cognitive architectures and codes that might support interchange between core and extended face processing systems. We conclude by summarizing seven key lessons from this research and outlining three open questions for future study.
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