J Strength Cond Res [JOURNAL]
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200 papers
From Test to Task: Relevance of Basic Physical Fitness Metrics in the Context of Military-Specific Performance.
Maleček J, Malíř R, Mašek D … +8 more , Matoušek O, Ojanen T, Oláh V, Omcirk D, Šimsa J, Tufano J, Vágner M, Třebický V
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42348841 · Publisher ↗
Maleček, J, Malíř, R, Mašek, D, Matoušek, O, Ojanen, T, Oláh, V, Omcirk, D, Šimsa, J, Tufano, J, Vágner, M, and Třebický, V. From test to task: Relevance of basic physical fitness metrics in the context of military-speci...
Maleček, J, Malíř, R, Mašek, D, Matoušek, O, Ojanen, T, Oláh, V, Omcirk, D, Šimsa, J, Tufano, J, Vágner, M, and Třebický, V. From test to task: Relevance of basic physical fitness metrics in the context of military-specific performance. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Physical fitness assessments, such as push-ups, sit-ups, and 12-minute runs, remain central to military readiness evaluation; however, their capacity to explain variance in military-specific task performance remains insufficiently understood. This study investigated the relationship between these physical fitness assessments and performance in 6 simulated military-specific tasks. Twenty-nine physically active men (mean age = 22.6 years, SD = 3.0) completed the following fitness tests: maximal oxygen uptake (V̇o2max), body composition, aerobic endurance (12-minute run), anaerobic agility (shuttle run), muscular endurance (push-ups, sit-ups, pull-ups), explosive power (countermovement jump, seated medicine ball throw), grip strength, and maximal strength (1-repetition maximum hexagonal barbell deadlift). In addition, 6 military-specific tasks were performed in standardized 10.4-kg combat gear: 2 km loaded march, casualty drag, maximal single lift of a military pack, repeated lift and carry, modified fire and movement, and water can carry. Among the assessments, the only consistent field predictor was the 12-minute Cooper run, which related to both the 2 km loaded march (β = -0.233, [-0.327 to -0.140]) and repeated lift and carry (β = -0.062, [-0.089 to -0.034]). By contrast, strength and power measures were more task-specific: maximal single lift was associated with the seated medicine ball throw (β = 0.112, [0.046 to 0.179]) and grip strength (β = 0.685, [0.147 to 1.222]), while modified fire and movement time aligned with shuttle-run performance (β = 0.963, [0.204 to 1.721]). These results suggest that military-specific tasks may provide a more valid criterion for occupational performance, with limited added predictive value of traditional tests beyond the Cooper run.
Take-Off Velocity and Trunk Inclination Enhance Countermovement Jump Assessment in Older Women.
Papale O, Di Rocco F, Festino E … +4 more , Capranica L, Picerno P, Cortis C, Fusco A
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42348814 · Publisher ↗
Papale, O, Di Rocco, F, Festino, E, Capranica, L, Picerno, P, Cortis, C, and Fusco, A. Take-off velocity and trunk inclination enhance countermovement jump assessment in older women. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2...
Papale, O, Di Rocco, F, Festino, E, Capranica, L, Picerno, P, Cortis, C, and Fusco, A. Take-off velocity and trunk inclination enhance countermovement jump assessment in older women. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The aims of the study were (1) to analyze different countermovement jump height (CMJ) performance equations to compare the agreement and reliability of these methods and (2) to investigate the influence of forward trunk inclination (Bend@Jump) on take-off velocity (TOV) during CMJ in older women. Twenty subjects (age: 70.6 ± 6.2 years; body mass: 59.1 ± 10.7 kg; height: 159 ± 6.1 cm) were assessed. During the jump trials, TOV, Bend@Jump, and flight time were measured using a wearable inertial measurement unit (IMU) and a photoelectric Optojump (Opto) system to derive 3 CMJ outcomes: jump height estimated from TOV (TOV-CMJ), IMU (IMU-CMJ), Opto (Opto-CMJ). Linear mixed models, intraclass correlation coefficients, Bland-Altman Plots, and Standard Error of Measurements (SEM) were used to assess agreement and reliability. Regression analysis was used to evaluate the influence of Bend@Jump on TOV. Significance level was set at p < 0.05. For each CMJ methodology, means and SDs were calculated (TOV = 1.1 ± 0.2 m·s-1; Bend@Jump = 10.1 ± 7.9°; TOV-CMJ = 8.4 ± 2.9 cm; IMU-CMJ = 10.6 ± 3.6 cm; Opto-CMJ = 7.1 ± 3.8 cm). High intraclass correlation coefficient values emerged (TOV-CMJ = 0.84; IMU-CMJ = 0.88; Opto-CMJ = 0.91). SEM resulted higher in IMU-CMJ (1.24 cm) than TOV-CMJ (1.18 cm) and Opto-CMJ (1.15 cm). A significant (p < 0.0001) relationship (R2 = 0.96) between Bend@Jump and TOV emerged. Jump height estimations based on flight time tend to overestimate performance compared with TOV. Given the high reliability observed across the measurement methods and the strong relationship between Bend@Jump and TOV, IMU-based assessment integrating TOV and Bend@Jump may represent a practical approach for evaluating CMJ in older women.
Squat Performance in Elite Powerlifters: Biomechanical Analyses of Maximal and Near Maximal Lifts.
Andersen V, Petushek EJ, Saeterbakken AH … +2 more , Paulsen G, Krosshaug T
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42342242 · Publisher ↗
Andersen, V, Petushek, EJ, Saeterbakken, AH, Paulsen, G, and Krosshaug, T. Squat performance in elite powerlifters: biomechanical analyses of maximal and near maximal lifts. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The a...
Andersen, V, Petushek, EJ, Saeterbakken, AH, Paulsen, G, and Krosshaug, T. Squat performance in elite powerlifters: biomechanical analyses of maximal and near maximal lifts. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The aim of this study was to investigate lifting technique and joint loading near maximal and maximal loads in elite powerlifters and to investigate their strategies to maximize performance. Eight elite national powerlifters volunteered to participate in the study. The subjects lifted single repetitions at 3 different loads (90, 95, and 100% of 1-RM). The ascending movement was divided into presticking, sticking, and poststicking regions and analyzed for hip torque, knee torque, and hip/knee torque ratio in addition to barbell displacement, barbell velocity, lifting time, and joint angles. The results indicated a significantly higher hip torque than knee torque across all phases, particularly during the sticking region, where a hip-to-knee torque ratio exceeding 3:1 was observed. This ratio indicates a much larger contribution from the hip extensors in powerlifters than what has previously been reported in recreational lifters. Based on ANOVA and equivalence testing (equivalence bounds: d = ±0.51), the increased barbell loading increased the knee joint torque in the presticking region (8% between 90 and 95% of 1-RM), increased the forward lean toward the end of the sticking region and reduced lifting velocity in the sticking and poststicking region. In conclusion, top-level powerlifters were able to maintain their load distribution across the knee and hip when increasing the loading in the barbell back squat, while increasing the initial thrust from the bottom position with higher knee torques during the heaviest lifts. The high proportion of the load distributed to the hip joint indicates that a powerlifting squat requires substantial hip extensor strength.
Muscle Oxygen Saturation as a Marker of Internal Load in Elite Soccer: A Case Series.
Herzog S, Philippi M, Feldmann A … +5 more , Asian J, Filter A, Requena B, Batterson PM, Bogdanis GC
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42336473 · Publisher ↗
Herzog, S, Philippi, M, Feldmann, A, Asian, J, Filter, A, Requena, B, Batterson, PM, and Bogdanis, GC. Muscle oxygen saturation as a marker of internal load in elite soccer: A case series. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-...
Herzog, S, Philippi, M, Feldmann, A, Asian, J, Filter, A, Requena, B, Batterson, PM, and Bogdanis, GC. Muscle oxygen saturation as a marker of internal load in elite soccer: A case series. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Accurate monitoring of internal and external load during training is essential for optimizing performance and managing fatigue. In soccer, heart rate (HR) is commonly used to assess internal load. This study examined the use of muscle near-infrared spectroscopy, which measures muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2), as a potential alternative to HR by providing real-time insights into local muscular effort. Seventeen elite male professional soccer players (21.2 ± 4.01 years) performed an incremental treadmill test to exhaustion, of whom 14 had complete data sets suitable for threshold analyses. During the test, HR, expired gases, and SmO2 of the vastus lateralis were continuously measured to identify ventilatory, lactate, and SmO2 breakpoints. On a separate day, HR and SmO2 were recorded in a subset of five players during small- and large-sided games (SSG and LSG). A repeated-measures analyses of variance comparing HR corresponding to the three different thresholds indicated that HR at BP2 (178 ± 5 beats·minute-1) was similar with HR at LT2 and VT2 (177 ± 7 beats·minute-1 and 181 ± 6 p = 1.000 and p = 0.0920, respectively). Bland-Altman analysis indicated acceptable agreement between HR thresholds, while SmO2 thresholds showed wider limits of agreement and greater individual variability. During small-sided game and LSG, players spent significantly more time above SmO2-based thresholds compared with HR-based thresholds (p < 0.05), with the largest differences observed during LSG. These findings suggest that SmO2 is more responsive to high-intensity, intermittent activity and may better reflect local muscular demand than HR. Incorporating SmO2 into training and match monitoring may enhance internal load assessment and support more individualized performance and recovery strategies.
Changes in Resting Titin and Irisin Concentrations are Associated with Thigh Muscle Volume in National-level Sprinters: Observations After a 5-month Sprint-based Training Macrocycle.
Nuell S, Bárcena C, Illera-Domínguez V … +4 more , Lloret M, Padulles JM, Cadefau JA, Cosio PL
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42335980 · Publisher ↗
Nuell, S, Bárcena, C, Illera-Domínguez, V, Lloret, M, Padulles, JM, Cadefau, JA, and Cosio, PL. Changes in resting titin and irisin concentrations are associated with thigh muscle volume in national-level sprinters: obse...
Nuell, S, Bárcena, C, Illera-Domínguez, V, Lloret, M, Padulles, JM, Cadefau, JA, and Cosio, PL. Changes in resting titin and irisin concentrations are associated with thigh muscle volume in national-level sprinters: observations after a 5-month sprint-based training macrocycle. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Titin and irisin are muscle-specific biomarkers that have been associated with signaling pathways mediating muscle adaptation and growth. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to analyze the effect of a sprint-based training macrocycle (SBTM) on thigh muscle volume (MV) and associated muscle-specific blood biomarkers in national-level sprinters. Healthy national-level sprinters (6 men, 6 women) completed a 5-month SBTM. Resting levels of muscle-specific biomarkers (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, titin, and irisin) along with individual thigh MVs were analyzed before and after completion of a 5-month SBTM through an ecological follow-up design. The SBTM caused an increase in resting levels of titin (9.5-64.9%, p = 0.013, g = 0.79), and irisin (24.6-46.9%, p < 0.001, g = 1.90), together with an increase in total thigh MV (6.3-13.9%, p < 0.001, g = 1.56) in male and female sprinters. In addition, increases in total thigh MV were significantly correlated with increases in titin (r = 0.80, p = 0.024) and irisin (r = 0.78, p = 0.024). A long-term sprint training program can be a useful approach to promote muscle-specific adaptations in national-level sprinters. Changes in resting levels of titin and irisin are positively correlated with increases in thigh MV, suggesting their potential role as indicators of muscle adaptation.
A Self-Regulated Submaximal Ergometer Training Session as a Field Test to Assess Performance, Aerobic Fitness, and Recovery in Elite Rowers.
Clark JR, McKune AJ, Wood PS
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 42335118 · Publisher ↗
Clark, JR, McKune, AJ, and Wood, PS. A self-regulated submaximal ergometer training session as a field test to assess performance, aerobic fitness, and recovery in elite rowers. J Strength Cond Res 40(7): e736-e745, 2026...
Clark, JR, McKune, AJ, and Wood, PS. A self-regulated submaximal ergometer training session as a field test to assess performance, aerobic fitness, and recovery in elite rowers. J Strength Cond Res 40(7): e736-e745, 2026-Regularly assessing the response to training may be burdensome in high-level athletes, especially during intensified preparation periods. This study investigated whether a self-regulated 6-km submaximal rowing ergometer training session could double as a field test (6SRT) to estimate performance, aerobic fitness, and recovery in elite rowers. In a cross-sectional design, 2-km ergometer time trial (TT) time, lactate threshold power output (LT PO), self-reported total recovery (TR), and 6SRT responses were measured in 44 male open and lightweight category rowers from a national training center. Mean PO and exercise heart rate (HRex) were used to derive the PO:HRex intensity ratio in the 6SRT, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and HR recovery (HRR) were recorded. In 33 subjects, correlation identified clear predictors of 2-km TT time and LT PO, but not TR. Multiple regression models estimating 2-km TT time (R2 = 0.80) and LT PO (R2 = 0.79) were cross-validated in 11 subjects. Measured vs. predicted 2-km TT time (using PO:HRex, RPE, and category) and LT PO (using PO:HRex and category) showed r: 0.93; standard error of estimation (SEE): 5.1 seconds (1.4%); 95% limits of agreement (LOA): -12.4 to 9.6 seconds (-3.3 to 2.6%), and r: 0.85; SEE: 12 W (4.2%); 95% LOA: -22 to 28 W (-5.8 to 7.4%), respectively. Although agreement with measured values is insufficient for detecting small differences, the 6SRT shows potential as a training test set enabling practitioners to reasonably accurately estimate performance and aerobic fitness, but not recovery, in elite rowers.
Improving Base Running Diagnostics With Foot Pod Technology: Intersession Reliability of Linear and Curvilinear Running Performance.
Martínez-Rodríguez JA, Crotin RL, Neville J … +2 more , Barcelo RA, Cronin JB
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 42335117 · Publisher ↗
Martínez-Rodríguez, JA, Crotin, RL, Neville, J, Barcelo, RA, and Cronin, JB. Improving base running diagnostics with foot pod technology: Intersession reliability of linear and curvilinear running performance. J Strength...
Martínez-Rodríguez, JA, Crotin, RL, Neville, J, Barcelo, RA, and Cronin, JB. Improving base running diagnostics with foot pod technology: Intersession reliability of linear and curvilinear running performance. J Strength Cond Res 40(7): e714-e720, 2026-The purpose of this study was to determine the intersession reliability of foot pod technology for quantifying kinematic measures over the 54.7-m straight-line sprint (linear) and home-to-second base sprint (curvilinear). Twelve, trained male high school baseball position players, performed 3 identical sessions separated by at least 2 days. Eight kinematic measures (maximum speed, average speed and right and left ground contact time, stride length, push-off, and impact) were quantified over 2 linear and 2 curvilinear trials, which were divided into segments-home to first, first to second, and home to second, for a total of 60 comparisons across 3 testing occasions. There was no evidence (p > 0.05) of systematic change in any of the variables between sessions, with 91% of the mean percent changes <2%. In terms of absolute consistency, 94% of coefficients of variation (CVs) were under 10%, with 63% of the CVs under 5%. Regarding relative consistency, for the curvilinear segments 1 and 2, and total segment, 80, 56, and 80% of the between-session comparisons had intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) greater than 0.74, respectively. The nonsignificant small percentage changes in the mean, low CVs, and good to excellent reliability of the ICCs for the most part indicate that foot pod technology can be used to reliably quantify linear and curvilinear base running performance measures with confidence. Consequently, this information can be used to better quantify base running efficiency and inform exercise prescription to improve base running performance.
Ischemic Preconditioning Does Not Attenuate Reductions in Rate of Torque Development After Fatiguing Resistance Exercise.
Lubiak SM, Howard MA, Schmidt JT … +5 more , Shah NM, Patel NN, Prajapati AJ, Herring EK, Hill EC
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 42335116 · Publisher ↗
Lubiak, SM, Howard, MA, Schmidt, JT, Shah, NM, Patel, NN, Prajapati, AJ, Herring, EK, and Hill, EC. Ischemic preconditioning does not attenuate reductions in rate of torque development after fatiguing resistance exercise...
Lubiak, SM, Howard, MA, Schmidt, JT, Shah, NM, Patel, NN, Prajapati, AJ, Herring, EK, and Hill, EC. Ischemic preconditioning does not attenuate reductions in rate of torque development after fatiguing resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res 40(7): e676-e683, 2026-The purpose of this investigation was to examine the acute effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on indices of rate of torque development (RTD) and peak torque (PT) after fatiguing resistance exercise. Twelve college-aged females randomly completed 3 cycles of IPC at low (20 mmHg [IPCSHAM]), moderate (80% of total arterial occlusion pressure [IPC80]), and high (220 mmHg [IPC220]) pressures. Each cycle consisted of 5 minutes at the assigned pressure followed by 5 minutes of zero pressure. After IPC, subjects performed one-set to volitional failure of unilateral, isotonic, concentric-only leg extension muscle actions at 30% of 1-repetition maximum. Two maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs) were performed before and immediately after the fatiguing exercise protocol to derive RTD at early (0-100 ms; RTD100), late (0-200 ms; RTD200), and peak (0-peak; RTDPK), as well as PT from the highest pretest and post-test MVIC. Separate 2-way, 3 (Pressure [IPCSHAM, IPC80, and IPC220]) × 2 (Time [Pretest, Post-test]), repeated-measures analysis of variance were performed to examine mean differences. Collapsed across Pressure, RTD100 (-113.9 Nm·s-1; p = 0.045), RTD200 (-94.5 Nm·s-1; p = 0.008), RTDPK (-157.0 Nm·s-1; p = 0.028), and PT (-15.2 Nm; p = 0.002) decreased from pretest to post-test. There were no significant interactions (p = 0.463-0.934) or main effects of Pressure (p = 0.235-0.581). Applying IPC at various pressures did not attenuate reductions in RTD or PT after fatiguing resistance exercise. Thus, coaches and practitioners may consider alternative exercise adjuncts or strategies to attenuate resistance exercise fatigue-induced performance reductions.
Variable Resistance Training Improves Velocity and Power Output by Reducing Concentric Deceleration in the Back Squat.
Chiang YC, Lin WC, Weakley J … +1 more , Chiang CY
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 42335115 · Publisher ↗
Chiang, YC, Lin, WC, Weakley, J, and Chiang, CY. Variable resistance training improves velocity and power output by reducing concentric deceleration in the back squat. J Strength Cond Res 40(7): e663-e669, 2026-Free-weig...
Chiang, YC, Lin, WC, Weakley, J, and Chiang, CY. Variable resistance training improves velocity and power output by reducing concentric deceleration in the back squat. J Strength Cond Res 40(7): e663-e669, 2026-Free-weight resistance training (FWT) presents constant resistance, potentially causing a sticking region that negatively affects velocity and power outputs. We aimed to compare FWT with 15, 25, and 35% variable resistance training (VRT) using elastic bands on back squat kinetics and kinematics in the concentric phase. Twenty resistance-trained men performed back squats at 90% of their one-repetition maximum across the 4 conditions in a counterbalanced order in a single session. Resistance in VRT conditions was normalized to ensure the average resistance was equivalent to the FWT condition. Kinetic and kinematic data in the concentric phase were recorded using force plates and linear position transducers. One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance with Bonferroni post hoc comparisons compared dependent variables between conditions. Significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. No significant differences were found between conditions for peak velocity, peak power, peak force, or mean force in the concentric phase. However, a dose-response relationship was observed for other variables. Increasing the VRT percentage led to a significant reduction in sticking region duration, particularly at 25% and 35%VRT, and a significant decrease in force at zero velocity. Conversely, mean concentric velocity, velocity at sticking region onset, and mean concentric power all increased with higher VRT percentages. In conclusion, VRT enhances back squat concentric mean velocity and power output by reducing force at zero velocity and increasing velocity at sticking region onset, representing an effective alternative to FWT for improving these specific performance characteristics.
Relationships Between Isometric Midthigh Pull, Body Mass, Countermovement Jump, Upper-Body Muscular Endurance, and Intermittent Running With Job Task Performance in Firefighter Trainees.
Lockie RG, Dawes JJ, Campana T … +3 more , Kramer J, Orr RM, Romero M
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 42335114 · Publisher ↗
Lockie, RG, Dawes, JJ, Campana, T, Kramer, J, Orr, RM, and Romero, M. Relationships between isometric midthigh pull, body mass, countermovement jump, upper-body muscular endurance, and intermittent running with job task...
Lockie, RG, Dawes, JJ, Campana, T, Kramer, J, Orr, RM, and Romero, M. Relationships between isometric midthigh pull, body mass, countermovement jump, upper-body muscular endurance, and intermittent running with job task performance in firefighter trainees. J Strength Cond Res 40(7): 815-821, 2026-Maximal strength is essential for firefighters but may be challenging to measure in this population because of time constraints, injury risk, and ability variations. The isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) could provide a safe and expedient strength measure. Retrospective analysis of data from 47 firefighter trainees (41 men, 6 women) was used to examine relationships between body mass, IMTP, and other general fitness tests (countermovement jump, hand release push-ups, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 [YYIRT1]) with job-specific tasks. In addition to the general fitness tests, trainees completed the job-specific tests of the 40-m, 100.5-kg manikin drag, 10.67-m ladder extension, and 5-lap stair climb wearing a 12.9-kg self-contained breathing apparatus while carrying a 24.9-kg, 30.5-m long hose pack. Pearson's correlations derived relationships between body mass, and general fitness and job-specific tests (p < 0.05). Stepwise regression derived predictive relationships between body mass and the general and job-specific fitness tests (p < 0.05). Body mass (r = -0.517), IMTP (r = -0.622), and YYIRT (r = -0.384) significantly correlated with the manikin drag. Body mass (r = -0.392) and IMTP (r = -0.560) significantly correlated with the ladder extension. The manikin drag was significantly predicted by IMTP, body mass, and YYIRT1, with ∼52% explained variance. The ladder extension was significantly predicted by the IMTP (∼30% explained variance). The stair climb had no significant relationships. Maximal strength is needed for the manikin drag and ladder extension and could be especially important for lighter firefighters to move absolute loads. The IMTP could help predict performance in firefighter job tasks, although other factors such as technique would be important.
Relationship Between Vertical Force-Velocity Metrics and Sprinting Performance in Female Rugby Union Athletes.
Agar-Newman DJ, Tsai MC, Phillips K … +2 more , Patterson R, Klimstra M
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 42335113 · Publisher ↗
Agar-Newman, DJ, Tsai, M-C, Phillips, K, Patterson, R, and Klimstra, M. Relationship between vertical force-velocity metrics and sprinting performance in female rugby union athletes. J Strength Cond Res 40(7): 769-775, 2...
Agar-Newman, DJ, Tsai, M-C, Phillips, K, Patterson, R, and Klimstra, M. Relationship between vertical force-velocity metrics and sprinting performance in female rugby union athletes. J Strength Cond Res 40(7): 769-775, 2026-Sprinting is important across field sports and research in women is deficient; therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between gym-based vertical force-velocity profile (v-FVP) metrics and 40 m time in female rugby athletes. Data from 50 athletes, mean (± SD) age 20.30 ± 2.02 years, mass 74.86 ± 12.10 kg, height 1.69 ± 0.05, and 40 m time 6.15 ± 0.36 seconds were sampled. First, Pearson correlation coefficients were examined between 40 m time and v-FVP metrics, and second, v-FVP variables were input into a linear mixed model to examine their effect on 40 m time, accounting for individual differences (random effects). There were significant correlations (p < 0.01) between 40 m time and several v-FVP metrics, leading to the inclusion of Maximal Mechanical Power (pMax, W·kg-1) and the Slope of the Force-Velocity Relationship (SFV, N·s·m-1·kg-1) in the linear mixed model. The linear mixed model showed pMax (β = -0.09) and SFV (β = 0.02) as significant predictors (p < 0.01) of 40 m time. The model explained a substantial proportion of the variance (conditional R2 = 0.93), with fixed effects accounting for 46.79% of the variance. Correlations of the fixed effects indicated a strong negative relationship between pMax and baseline 40 m times, while SFV showed a low positive correlation with baseline 40 m times. These results suggest that practitioners using a v-FVP in their test battery should seek to improve and monitor changes in pmax and SFV for the purposes of improving sprint performance over 40 m.
The Adaptive Spiral of Collegiate Basketball Performance: A Multiseason Framework Integrating Load, Recovery, and Return-to-Performance.
Hudy A, Kraemer WJ, Shah J … +6 more , Burland JP, Glaviano NR, Huggins RA, Fields JB, Baldwin AJ, Casa DJ
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42329189 · Publisher ↗
Hudy, A, Kraemer, WJ, Shah, J, Burland, JP, Glaviano, NR, Huggins, RA, Fields, JB, Baldwin, AJ, and Casa, DJ. The adaptive spiral of collegiate basketball performance: a multiseason framework integrating load, recovery,...
Hudy, A, Kraemer, WJ, Shah, J, Burland, JP, Glaviano, NR, Huggins, RA, Fields, JB, Baldwin, AJ, and Casa, DJ. The adaptive spiral of collegiate basketball performance: a multiseason framework integrating load, recovery, and return-to-performance. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Basketball performance emerges from dynamic interactions among mechanical load, tissue remodeling, neuromechanical regulation, and psychological readiness. Traditional load-management and return-to-play models provide structural guidance but often lack integration across biological and contextual systems within season-dense environments. The purpose of this manuscript is to present and operationalize the Adaptive Spiral (AS) and Return-to-Performance (RTPerf) framework as a monitoring-informed model of readiness regulation in NCAA Division I women's basketball. Across three competitive seasons, longitudinal external-load metrics (e.g., PlayerLoad·min-1, monotony), neuromechanical indices (e.g., countermovement jump variability, sway velocity), and perceptual measures were integrated within NCAA seasonal constraints to examine phase-based adaptation. The AS conceptualizes readiness as a recursive process unfolding through Restore, Build, Prime, Compete, and Recalibrate phases, whereas RTPerf operationalizes daily regulation of capacity, resilience, and performance expression. Longitudinal patterns demonstrated sustained high-intensity exposure with stabilized monotony and reduced neuromechanical variability across competitive phases, reflecting improved alignment between load progression, recovery distribution, and competitive readiness. These findings support a history-dependent model in which protection and performance are coregulated rather than sequential. By integrating objective monitoring, perceptual readiness, and contextual demands, the AS/RTPerf framework provides a structured approach for synchronizing adaptation within season-dense collegiate basketball environments, shifting performance management from reactive adjustment to proactive regulation.
Does Grip Influence Isometric Force Production in Competitive Weightlifters? A Comparison of Snatch and Clean Grips at the Starting Position and Midthigh Pull.
Flores FJ, Kipp K, Haff GG … +4 more , Comfort P, Lama-Arenales J, Jiménez-Ormeño E, Soriano MA
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42329046 · Publisher ↗
Flores, FJ, Kipp, K, Haff, GG, Comfort, P, Lama-Arenales, J, Jiménez-Ormeño, E, and Soriano, MA. Does grip influence isometric force production in competitive weightlifters? A comparison of snatch and clean grips at the...
Flores, FJ, Kipp, K, Haff, GG, Comfort, P, Lama-Arenales, J, Jiménez-Ormeño, E, and Soriano, MA. Does grip influence isometric force production in competitive weightlifters? A comparison of snatch and clean grips at the starting position and midthigh pull. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The aim of this study was to explore the associations between peak force in the isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) and the isometric starting position pull (ISPP) assessments, using the snatch and clean grip variations, with the snatch and clean and jerk performances. Thirty-two male (n = 19, age: 19.0 ± 1.3 years) and female (n = 13, age: 19.1 ± 2.0 years) competitive weightlifters participated. Weightlifting performance was evaluated as the heaviest successful snatch and clean and jerk during competition. Absolute and relative forces during the ISPP and IMTP with the snatch and clean grips were measured using a force plate system in 2 testing sessions. Paired sample t-tests were conducted to explore any differences between the snatch and clean grips for the ISPP and IMTP positions. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between weightlifting and isometric performance. Weightlifters had a significantly (p ≤ 0.002) lower performance when using the snatch compared with the clean grip during the ISPP and IMTP, with trivial effect sizes (Cohen's g = 0.1). Isometric performance using the snatch and clean grips had very strong to nearly perfect correlations (p < 0.001, r = 0.83-0.96) with weightlifting performance. Fisher's r-z transformation indicated that the differences between correlation coefficients obtained across grip configurations and pull positions were not statistically significant (p > 0.006). The ISPP and IMTP, using the clean or snatch grip, are valuable tools for identifying specific strength deficits and guiding training in weightlifting.
Scheduling Repeated-Sprint Training on Different Microcycle Days in Professional Soccer Players: A Randomized Crossover Study.
García-Santamaría A, Padrón-Cabo A, Fernández-Penedo D … +2 more , Costa PB, Rey E
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42329031 · Publisher ↗
García-Santamaría, A, Padrón-Cabo, A, Fernández-Penedo, D, Costa, PB, and Rey, E. Scheduling repeated-sprint training on different microcycle days in professional soccer players: A randomized crossover study. J Strength...
García-Santamaría, A, Padrón-Cabo, A, Fernández-Penedo, D, Costa, PB, and Rey, E. Scheduling repeated-sprint training on different microcycle days in professional soccer players: A randomized crossover study. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study compared the acute neuromuscular, mechanical, and perceptual responses to repeated-sprint training (RST) performed on match day minus 4 (MD-4) vs. match day minus 3 (MD-3) in professional soccer players. Seventeen male outfield players completed 2 experimental microcycles using a randomized, counterbalanced crossover design. Each player performed a high-volume RST protocol (3 × 10 × 30 m) on either MD-4 or MD-3, with a 1-week washout in between. External (GPS) and internal (rating of perceived exertion) loads were recorded during RST. Countermovement jump, muscle mechanical properties (MyotonPRO), and perceptual markers (total quality recovery, Hooper Index) were assessed pre- and postintervention (MD-2). No significant differences were found in training load between conditions (p > 0.05). Countermovement jump performance decreased significantly after RST (p = 0.031), with no interaction effect. Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and fatigue increased in both conditions, but DOMS was significantly higher after MD-3 RST (p = 0.030). Total quality recovery scores also decreased (p = 0.003), with no change in muscle tone, stiffness, or elasticity. These results suggest that although RST elicits similar load regardless of day, performing it closer to match day may increase residual soreness. Coaches are advised to schedule high-intensity RST earlier in the microcycle to optimize recovery and match-day readiness.
Balancing the Game: The Relationship of Lower-Limb Asymmetry With Youth Soccer (Football) Performance - Laboratory vs. Field Insights.
Bartusevičius D, Stanislovaitienė J, Conte D
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42328927 · Publisher ↗
Bartusevičius, D, Stanislovaitienė, J, and Conte, D. Balancing the game: the relationship of lower-limb asymmetry with youth soccer (football) performance - laboratory vs. field insights. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-0...
Bartusevičius, D, Stanislovaitienė, J, and Conte, D. Balancing the game: the relationship of lower-limb asymmetry with youth soccer (football) performance - laboratory vs. field insights. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study aimed to assess the relationships between: (a) laboratory- and field-based leg symmetry indexes (LSIs); (b) laboratory- and field-based LSIs and physical and ball-kicking velocity (BKV) performances; (c) physical and BKV performances. Twenty-nine male youth outfield soccer (football) players (age = 14.9 ± 0.9 years, stature = 177.1 ± 7.2 cm, body mass = 64.9 ± 9.8 kg, maturity offset = 1.6 ± 0.9 years) were recruited for the study. Laboratory-based testing included concentric peak torque of the knee extensors and flexors using an isokinetic dynamometer at 60 and 180°·s-1. Field-based testing encompassed the Y-balance test, single-leg countermovement jump, single-leg long jump, countermovement jump, 10- and 30-m sprints, and BKV. LSIs were calculated for both laboratory- and field-based tests using unilateral tasks. The relationships were assessed using Pearson's (r) and Spearman's rank correlation (ρ). Results showed trivial-to-small (p > 0.05) relationships between laboratory- and field-based LSIs. Furthermore, laboratory- and field-based LSIs showed trivial-to-moderate relationships with physical and BKV performances (p > 0.05). Moreover, BKV showed large positive relationships with countermovement jump (r = 0.531-0.572) and single-leg countermovement jump (r = 0.594-0.649), a moderate-to-large relationship with single-leg long jump (r = 0.488-0.646), and a large negative relationship with 30-m sprint (r = -0.503 to -0.536). Our findings suggest laboratory and field-based LSIs cannot be used interchangeably, and LSI should not be relied upon as an indicator of physical and technical performance. Coaches should focus on enhancing lower-limb explosiveness, given its strong association with BKV performance among youth soccer players.
Velocity-Based Monitoring Lacks Both Accuracy and Applicability for Estimating Repetitions in Reserve During the Hexagonal Bar Deadlift.
Chen W, Zhang H, Li R … +4 more , Chen Z, Zheng J, Zhang X, Li Z
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42328880 · Publisher ↗
Chen, W, Zhang, H, Li, R, Chen, Z, Zheng, J, Zhang, X, and Li, Z. Velocity-based monitoring lacks both accuracy and applicability for estimating repetitions in reserve during the hexagonal bar deadlift. J Strength Cond R...
Chen, W, Zhang, H, Li, R, Chen, Z, Zheng, J, Zhang, X, and Li, Z. Velocity-based monitoring lacks both accuracy and applicability for estimating repetitions in reserve during the hexagonal bar deadlift. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study evaluated the accuracy and applicability of using barbell mean velocity (MV) to predict repetitions in reserve (RIR) in the hexagonal bar deadlift (HBD). After RIR-MV relationship modeling, 19 well-trained males completed 2 randomized sessions consisting of 4 sets to failure at either 65% or 85% of their 1-repetition maximum load. Methodological accuracy and applicability were rigorously defined by 3 concurrent criteria: a median absolute error ≤2 repetitions, and a minimum probability of 75% for both acceptable estimation (absolute error ≤2 repetitions) and the occurrence of expected velocity thresholds (i.e., the probability that the target RIR-specific MV actually manifests). Our results demonstrate that no experimental condition successfully satisfied all 3 criteria. Predictive performance was significantly compromised by load intensity, the RIR-MV relationship model, and the set number. Crucially, the low probability of threshold occurrence across most conditions renders these models functionally obsolete for real-time monitoring. Therefore, despite the prevalence of velocity-based training, the RIR-MV relationship lacks the requisite precision and reliability for monitoring HBD training. Practitioners should exercise caution when applying general or even individual velocity thresholds to HBD.
Individualized Z-Score Classification of Jump Load and Its Association With Countermovement Jump Performance Throughout a Division I Volleyball Season.
Sanders GJ, Stampley J, Parker B … +2 more , Skodinski S, Peacock CA
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42302193 · Publisher ↗
Sanders, GJ, Stampley, J, Parker, B, Skodinski, S, and Peacock, CA. Individualized Z-score classification of jump load and its association with countermovement jump performance throughout a Division I volleyball season....
Sanders, GJ, Stampley, J, Parker, B, Skodinski, S, and Peacock, CA. Individualized Z-score classification of jump load and its association with countermovement jump performance throughout a Division I volleyball season. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The countermovement jump (CMJ) is commonly used to assess neuromuscular performance, yet it remains unclear whether day-to-day deviations in jump-derived workload meaningfully influence next-day CMJ outcomes in volleyball. This study examined whether individualized z-score classifications, reflecting how daily Player Load and jump counts deviated from each athlete's typical workload, were associated with changes in next-morning CMJ performance across an NCAA Division I female volleyball season. Fourteen Division I female volleyball athletes (20.6 ± 1.1 years, 182.3 ± 8.2 cm) were monitored throughout a competitive season. External workloads were collected during all practices and matches, and CMJ performance was assessed using dual force plates. Z-scores were calculated for player load and low, medium, high, and total jump counts, then categorized as low (z < -0.5), moderate (-0.5 ≤ z ≤ 0.5), or high (z > 0.5). Z-score binning significantly differentiated workload exposure (P ≤ 0.045 for all), with large effect sizes for Player Load (ηp2 ≥ 0.17) and total jump counts (ηp2 ≥ 0.161) and other jump intensity count categories. By contrast, all CMJ variables including demonstrated trivial effect sizes (ηp2 < 0.015) and no significant differences across workload classifications. Correlations between workload z-scores and CMJ metrics were uniformly not significant (P ≥ 0.130). Individualized z-score classifications of jump-based workloads were not associated with next-day CMJ performance changes in Division I female volleyball athletes, suggesting typical in-season workload variation may be insufficient to disrupt neuromuscular status detectable by CMJ testing.
Does Hypoxic Training Improve Running Economy and Performance of Elite and Competitive Middle- and Long-Distance Runners? A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
Schwalm LC, Pilat C, Nolte S … +3 more , Gatterer H, Krüger K, Hollander K
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42302183 · Publisher ↗
Schwalm, LC, Pilat, C, Nolte, S, Gatterer, H, Krüger, K, and Hollander, K. Does hypoxic training improve running economy and performance of elite and competitive middle- and long-distance runners? A systematic review wit...
Schwalm, LC, Pilat, C, Nolte, S, Gatterer, H, Krüger, K, and Hollander, K. Does hypoxic training improve running economy and performance of elite and competitive middle- and long-distance runners? A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Altitude training (AT) is used to improve endurance performance in competitive running. The aim of this systematic review was to determine whether hypoxic training interventions affect running economy (RE) and performance of competitive runners compared with training under normoxic conditions. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included if they (a) consisted any exposure to hypoxia over a period of ≥3 weeks while performing an endurance exercise training during the same period, and (b) included RE, time trial (TT), time-to-exhaustion (TTE) tests or V̇o2max under normoxic conditions, and (c) included competitive distance runners. Sixteen RCTs were included in the review and 13 in the meta-analysis. The number of subjects in the included studies were n = 182 (11% women) for RE, n = 95 (19% women) for V̇o2max, n = 134 for TT (14% women), and n = 81 (4% women) for TTE. The meta-analysis showed no impact of AT on RE (standardized mean difference (SMD): -0.2; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.58-0.19; p = 0.31; I2 = 33%). No impact was found for V̇o2max (SMD: 0.33; 95% CI: -0.72 to 1.37; p = 0.54; I2 = 82%) and TT (SMD: -0.34; 95% CI: -0.80 to 0.13; p = 0.16; I2 = 42%). Altitude training showed superiority in improving TTE compared with normoxic training (SMD: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.12- 1.66; p = 0.02; I2 = 56%). Available RCTs do not support an improvement in RE, V̇o2max, and TT when AT was compared with normoxic training. Future RCTs should specifically investigate effects of AT on RE in elite athletes.
A Comparison of Fixed Percentage of One-Repetition Maximum, Rating of Perceived Exertion, and Last Repetition Velocity-Based Training Load Prescription on Muscular Adaptations in Older Adults.
Hickmott LM, Bristol AR, Davidson CE … +4 more , Chaudry A, Ko J, Butcher SJ, Chilibeck PD
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42297625 · Publisher ↗
Hickmott, LM, Bristol, AR, Davidson, CE, Chaudry, A, Ko, J, Butcher, SJ, and Chilibeck, PD. A Comparison of fixed percentage of One-Repetition Maximum, rating of perceived exertion, and last repetition velocity-based tra...
Hickmott, LM, Bristol, AR, Davidson, CE, Chaudry, A, Ko, J, Butcher, SJ, and Chilibeck, PD. A Comparison of fixed percentage of One-Repetition Maximum, rating of perceived exertion, and last repetition velocity-based training load prescription on muscular adaptations in older adults. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The purpose of this pilot study was to compare fixed (percentage-based training; PBT), subjectively autoregulated (rating of perceived exertion-based training via repetitions in reserve; RBT), and objectively autoregulated (last repetition velocity-based training via individualized last repetition average concentric velocities; LRVBT) resistance training (RT) load prescription on muscular adaptations in older adults (mean age: ∼62 years). A total of 18 males and 18 females were randomized into one of the load prescription groups with matching for baseline strength and administered a 12-week RT intervention. Significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. There was a significant group × time interaction for four-repetition maximum (4RM) bench press (p = 0.042). Change in 4RM bench press was greater with LRVBT (12.2 ± 4.9 kg) compared to PBT (6.8 ± 4.5 kg), while change for RBT (8.5 ± 4.4 kg) did not differ from the other groups. There was no significant group × time interaction for 4RM back squat (p = 0.106); however, all groups significantly increased 4RM back squat from baseline (p < 0.001; PBT: 17.9 ± 10.6 kg; RBT: 22.3 ± 10.4 kg; LRVBT: 28.5 ± 10.9 kg). Change in knee extensor muscle thickness was significantly greater (p = 0.020) in LRVBT (0.71 ± 0.43 cm) than RBT (0.21 ± 0.42 cm). All groups similarly improved functional performance (i.e., 5-times chair sit-to-stand, timed up-and-go, 6-meter fast gait speed, and stair-climb power test). LRVBT may be superior for increasing bench press strength, but not back squat strength, power, and functional performance in older adults.
Exogenous Ketones Preserve Rate of Force Development in Young Adults.
Stoner JT, Buga A, Crabtree CD … +6 more , Robinson BT, Decker DD, Sapper TN, Kackley ML, Kraemer WJ, Volek JS
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42294671 · Publisher ↗
Stoner, JT, Buga, A, Crabtree, CD, Robinson, BT, Decker, DD, Sapper, TN, Kackley, ML, Kraemer, WJ, and Volek, JS. Exogenous ketones preserve rate of force development in young adults. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000,...
Stoner, JT, Buga, A, Crabtree, CD, Robinson, BT, Decker, DD, Sapper, TN, Kackley, ML, Kraemer, WJ, and Volek, JS. Exogenous ketones preserve rate of force development in young adults. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Few studies have examined the relationship between ketones and anaerobic neuromuscular performance, especially maximal strength and explosive power. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether exogenous ketone supplementation can enhance countermovement jump (CMJ) and isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) performance. Twenty, college-aged, active men and women (n = 10/10) were randomized and counterbalanced to consume 50 g of ketone precursors in the form of bis-octanoyl (R)-1,3-butanediol (BO-BD) or an isocaloric/flavor-matched placebo (PL) supplement during 2 experimental visits separated by a 3 to 7-day washout. Subjects completed 3 sets of 3 CMJ and IMTP repetitions at baseline, 60, and 120 minutes. Primary outcomes included CMJCMP, CMJPPP, CMJJH, and CMJPF, IMTPRFD, IMTPPF, IMTPRFD-FI, and IMTPPF-FI. Capillary beta-hydroxybutyrate (R-BHB), blood glucose, and heart rate were measured in 30-minute increments after supplement consumption. Capillary R-BHB concentrations rose incrementally post-BO-BD ingestion and peaked at 120-minutes (BO-BD vs. PL: 2.2 ± 0.7 vs. 0.3 ± 0.1 mM; p < 0.001), coinciding with lower blood glucose values (-24% vs. -3% mg·dl-1; p < 0.001), and elevated heart rate (13.3 vs. 3.6 bpm; p < 0.001). BO-BD preserved 8% higher RFD values 60-minutes post-ingestion relative to the PL (p = 0.022). CMJ performance was not influenced by either consuming condition. Consuming exogenous ketone precursors before peak strength attempts demonstrated a rate-of-force development preservation effect between sets, suggesting that nutritional ketosis may delay fatigue during repeated, high-intensity strength bouts.
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