J Strength Cond Res [JOURNAL]
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200 papers
National Strength and Conditioning Association Position Statement on Strength and Conditioning of Female Athletes. Part II: Training Adaptations and Program Design.
Dabbs NC, Binkley H, Bott C … +6 more , Fragala MS, Herda A, Moeskops S, Moore EWG, Smith-Ryan A, Triplett NT
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42283375 · Publisher ↗
In preparing for competition, athletes and their coaches design and implement strength and conditioning regimens to maximize athletic performance. Males and females exhibit sex-specific physiological differences that may...
In preparing for competition, athletes and their coaches design and implement strength and conditioning regimens to maximize athletic performance. Males and females exhibit sex-specific physiological differences that may result in different needs, rates, or magnitudes of adaptation when implementing strength and conditioning programs. Yet, it should be clear that the basic principles of strength and conditioning remain relevant for all humans (e.g., progressive overload). Despite understanding the similar responses to strength and conditioning programs as male athletes, the provision, resourcing, consistency, and delivery of these programs is still restricted in many ways and fundamentally limits the actual potential of female athletes that is often incorrectly attributed to their biology. The purpose of Part II of this Position Statement is to update the original Position Statement that focused on resistance training of female athletes to be more comprehensive of strength and conditioning practice and to provide a deeper examination of physiology research relevant to the female athlete. Therefore, the Position Statement Part II is separated into four sections: (a) neuroendocrine responses and adaptations, (b) neuromuscular adaptions, (c) metabolic adaptations and, (d) program design.
Impact of an 8-Week Targeted Potentiation Phase in the RAMP Warm-Up Protocol on Agility Performance in Female Police Officers.
Janković D, Kukić F, Radić I … +3 more , Čvorović A, Dawes J, Dopsaj M
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42283338 · Publisher ↗
Janković, D, Kukić, F, Radić, I, Čvorović, A, Dawes, J, and Dopsaj, M. Impact of an 8-week targeted potentiation phase in the RAMP warm-up protocol on agility performance in female police officers. J Strength Cond Res XX...
Janković, D, Kukić, F, Radić, I, Čvorović, A, Dawes, J, and Dopsaj, M. Impact of an 8-week targeted potentiation phase in the RAMP warm-up protocol on agility performance in female police officers. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Physical strength, speed, and endurance are fundamental physical abilities required for female police officers to perform their duties effectively. Given the need for year-round physical readiness, enhancing specific traits such as change of direction speed (CODS) through a comprehensive training program may significantly improve overall conditioning and performance. This study used a quasi-experimental design with a control group to investigate the effects of a specific warm-up protocol on CODS performance in female police officers. The sample included 44 healthy female police officers aged 23-44 years, divided into control and experimental groups (n = 22 each). Change of direction speed was assessed using the T-test under unloaded and loaded (10 kg vest) conditions, at baseline and after an 8-week training intervention. The experimental group performed exercises in a specifically designed potentiation phase as part of a raise-activate-mobilize-potentiate-based warm-up protocol. Movement speed was measured using the BlazePod reactive light system. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant improvement in T-test performance for the experimental group under both unloaded (F = 4.395, p = 0.048, and η2 = 0.173) and loaded (F = 8.577, p = 0.008, and η2 = 0.290) conditions. The control group showed no significant changes for unloaded T-test (F = 0.083, p = 0.776, and η2 = 0.004) and loaded T-test (F = 0.441, p = 0.541, and η2 = 0.021). These findings suggest that an 8-week intervention incorporating specific potentiation exercises within a dynamic warm-up can enhance CODS performance under both unloaded and loaded conditions.
Powering UP: Jump Performance Profiling of International, National, and Regional Level Australian Female Basketball Athletes.
Sherriff PJ, James LP, Vickery-Howe DM … +1 more , Talpey SW
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42275574 · Publisher ↗
Sherriff, PJ, James, LP, Vickory-Howe, DM, and Talpey, SW. Powering up: Jump performance profiling of international, national, and regional level Australian female basketball athletes. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000,...
Sherriff, PJ, James, LP, Vickory-Howe, DM, and Talpey, SW. Powering up: Jump performance profiling of international, national, and regional level Australian female basketball athletes. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The purpose of this study is twofold: first, to establish a performance profile of six distinct jump types across three representative levels of women's basketball in Australia; second, to determine the relationships between the speed-strength qualities from force platform jumps and the performance of standing and running vertical jumps. Twenty-eight female representatives from the international level ( n = 12), the Women's National Basketball League ( n = 7), and the National Basketball League 1 (NBL1) ( n = 9) completed jump testing in a cross-sectional study. Athletes completed jumps on a force platform, including a countermovement jump, squat jump, and drop jump from 30 cm. In addition, three performance vertical jumps using the Yardstick were completed including a stationary vertical jump, a running jump with a two-foot take-off (RVJ2), and a running jump with a one-foot take-off (RVJ1). A one-way analysis of variance determined that the international performers jumped significantly higher than NBL1 athletes across all six jumps ( p < 0.05). Women's National Basketball League athletes jumped significantly higher than NBL1 athletes on the countermovement jump, drop jump from 30 cm, standing vertical jump, RVJ2, and RVJ1 ( p < 0.05). There were large to very large correlations between jump height and reactive strength index measures on the force platforms to the three performance jumps ( r = 0.651-0.838, p < 0.001). These findings provide strength and conditioning practitioners with insights into performance standards recommended for selection at international, national, and regional tiers. Correlations were large to very large across all six jumps; therefore, various training methods can be used to enhance performance across these tests.
Timing Matters: Effectiveness of Compressive Garments on Recovery in Trail Runners.
Cuniberti GC, Callovini A, Mattivi M … +11 more , Palumbo M, Forrer T, Bettega S, Pedrinolla A, Danese E, Ugel S, Fornasiero A, Zoppirolli C, Schena F, Pellegrini B, Bortolan L
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42269175 · Publisher ↗
Cuniberti, G, Callovini, A, Mattivi, M, Palumbo, M, Forrer, T, Bettega, S, Pedrinolla, A, Danese, E, Ugel, S, Fornasiero, A, Zoppirolli, C, Schena, F, Pellegrini, B, and Bortolan, L. Timing matters: effectiveness of comp...
Cuniberti, G, Callovini, A, Mattivi, M, Palumbo, M, Forrer, T, Bettega, S, Pedrinolla, A, Danese, E, Ugel, S, Fornasiero, A, Zoppirolli, C, Schena, F, Pellegrini, B, and Bortolan, L. Timing matters: effectiveness of compressive garments on recovery in trail runners. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The effectiveness of compressive garments (CGs) for postexercise recovery remains contentious in scientific research. Variability in findings may arise from different garment properties and exercises used to induce fatigue or muscle damage, particularly when tasks involve eccentric actions, such as downhill running. This study investigates the effects of medium compression shorts on recovery after a 26-km trail running race. Fifty-six trail runners (13 women and 43 men, age: 33.9 ± 8.1) were recruited and allocated to 3 groups: wearing CGs during the race (RACE) or during a 48-hour recovery period (REC), and a control group (CON). Inflammatory biomarkers (lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase (CK) and C-reactive protein), neuromuscular (NM) parameters (maximal voluntary contraction, rate of force development, local endurance of the knee extensors, countermovement jump [CMJ], drop jump), and perceptual parameters (perception of delayed-onset muscle soreness) were assessed before, immediately after (POST-0) and 48 hours (POST-48) post-race. Neither relative effort nor total race time differs between groups. Both RACE and REC groups showed attenuated CK increases from POST-0 to POST-48 compared with CON (+16.4%; +9.3%; +107.2%, p < 0.001), but CMJ height performance recovered significantly from POST-0 to POST-48 only in the RACE group (+9.9%, p < 0.001; +3.7%; +9.3% for RACE, REC, and CON). No other significant differences were found. The attenuated CK increase suggests that CGs may reduce muscle microtrauma and enhance metabolic clearance. Using CGs only during the race improved CMJ performance at POST-48, indicating that limiting muscle damage is crucial for promoting neuromuscular recovery after a trail race.
Effects of Complex Training Using Ascending Versus Descending Exercise Sequence on Physical Fitness Measures of Male University Athletes: A Randomized Parallel Group Trial.
Saini P, Halyi N, Gogoi H … +3 more , Kharel A, Baruah J, Thapa RK
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42269172 · Publisher ↗
Saini, P, Halyi, N, Gogoi, H, Kharel, A, Baurah, J, and Thapa, RK. Effects of complex training using ascending versus descending exercise sequence on physical fitness measures of male university athletes: A randomized pa...
Saini, P, Halyi, N, Gogoi, H, Kharel, A, Baurah, J, and Thapa, RK. Effects of complex training using ascending versus descending exercise sequence on physical fitness measures of male university athletes: A randomized parallel group trial. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study compared the effects of 6 weeks of complex-ascending (CAT; ballistic exercises before resistance exercises) vs. complex-descending training (CDT; resistance exercises before ballistic exercises) on physical performance measures. Twenty-five male university athletes were randomly assigned to either the CAT (n = 12) or the CDT group (n = 13). Pre- and postintervention assessments included countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), rebound jump, isometric midthigh pull, isometric squat, 1 repetition maximum squat, linear sprint (10, 20, 30 m), change-of-direction speed, standing long jump, and Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1. The main effect of time was observed for CMJ (i.e., jump height, absolute and relative peak power, reactive strength index, net impulse, unweighing duration, braking duration, propulsion duration, flight time, and take-off velocity), SJ (i.e., jump height, relative net peak force, absolute and relative peak power, net impulse, propulsion duration, flight time, take-off velocity), isometric midthigh pull and isometric squat net peak force, 1 repetition maximum squat, linear sprint times, change-of-direction speed, standing long jump, and Yo-Yo IRL1. Time × group interaction effect was observed only for 1 repetition maximum squat (p = 0.017; ηp2 = 0.252). However, analysis of covariance with preintervention scores as covariates showed no between-group differences for any outcome variable (p = 0.058-0.981), except for CMJ absolute peak force (p = 0.034; g = 0.61), which favored CDT. In conclusion, both CAT and CDT were equally effective in improving CMJ, SJ, maximal dynamic and isometric strength, horizontal muscle power, and intermittent endurance. Practitioners working with male university athletes may select either sequencing based on training goals and logistical considerations.
Substitutions in Professional Elite Soccer Increase Distance and High-Intensity Actions.
Carpels T, Kelly S, Kemi OJ
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42269149 · Publisher ↗
Carpels, T, Kelly, S, and Kemi, OJ. Substitutions in professional elite soccer increase distance and high-intensity actions. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Physical performance in intense domains including dist...
Carpels, T, Kelly, S, and Kemi, OJ. Substitutions in professional elite soccer increase distance and high-intensity actions. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Physical performance in intense domains including distance covered and high-intensity actions are central for success in soccer. During a match, players need to appropriately distribute their capacity for intense match-play to last the full match. Substitutions may mitigate performance losses. Here, we investigated physical performance by global positioning system-tracked total distance, repeated high-intensity efforts and peak metabolic power, and result score impact, of substitutions in top division male professional elite soccer players (n = 48) in 95 competitive matches over 3 seasons, featuring 253 substitutions. We found that full match-players showed 4% higher maximal oxygen uptake (p < 0.05) versus substitution players. Relative distance covered in match was 50-74% higher (p < 0.01) in players who substituted into the match versus players who played the full match or were replaced during the match. Repeated high-intensity efforts in match was 61-93% higher (p < 0.01) in players who substituted into the match versus those who played the full match or were replaced during the match. These effects occurred in all player positions, and no home and away match differences occurred. Peak metabolic power did not differ between full-match or substitute players. Finally, we found that substitutions were 3-4 times more likely to improve match score than worsen it (p < 0.01), especially substitutions between 60 and 80 minutes of the match. In conclusion, substitutions permit a team to maintain or increase physical performance, including high-intensity actions, during the course of a match.
Male and Female Master Rowers Physiologically Resilient to Repeated Maximal Efforts?
Rios MJ, Cardoso R, Monteiro AS … +3 more , Pyne DB, Vilas-Boas JP, Fernandes RJ
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42269108 · Publisher ↗
Rios, MJ, Cardoso, R, Monteiro, AS, Pyne, DB, Vilas-Boas, JP, and Fernandes, RJ. Male and female master rowers physiologically resilient to repeated maximal efforts? J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-We examined t...
Rios, MJ, Cardoso, R, Monteiro, AS, Pyne, DB, Vilas-Boas, JP, and Fernandes, RJ. Male and female master rowers physiologically resilient to repeated maximal efforts? J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-We examined the integrated physiological responses of master rowers during 3 consecutive maximal 1,000 m efforts, focusing on cardiorespiratory, hemodynamic, metabolic, and neuromuscular responses under limited recovery simulating multirace regatta conditions. Twenty-one experienced rowers (15 males: 48 ± 11 years and 6 females: 50 ± 13 years) completed the trials with 45 minutes of passive recovery between efforts. Males showed a small decline in performance from trial 1 to 2 (202 ± 13 vs. 205 ± 13 seconds, p = 0.02), reduced mean power (354 ± 63 vs. 340 ± 64 W, p < 0.001) and an increased time constant of the oxygen uptake (V̇O2) fast component across trials (18.1 ± 6.1 vs 23.5 ± 7.8 vs. 26.3 ± 6.9 seconds, p < 0.001), whereas females maintained stable performance and cardiorespiratory function. Peak V̇O2 (males 61.9 ± 16.5 ml·kg-1·min-1 and females 58.7 ± 10.0 ml·kg-1·min-1) and heart rate (males 172 ± 9 bpm and females 171 ± 9 bpm) remained consistent across trials. Preexercise blood lactate concentration increased between trials 1-2 (males 2.1 ± 0.6 to 5.1 ± 3.3 mmol·L-1 and females 1.9 ± 0.5 to 5.9 ± 2.1 mmol·L-1). Systolic and diastolic blood pressures increased immediately postexercise and returned to baseline within 30 minutes. Double product rose sharply after exercise across trials (males 110% and females 112%) after exercise and declined during recovery (males 9% and females 11%). Neuromuscular performance was stable, except for a transient ∼3% reduction in power in male rowers in trial 2 (p = 0.005). Master rowers display strong physiological resilience under cumulative stress, maintaining aerobic and neuromuscular performance despite cardiovascular and metabolic strain, with female rowers showing more stable physiological responses across repeated efforts.
Compression Garments and Adaptations to Plyometric Training in Soccer Players: A Randomized-Controlled Study.
Gosset M, Coquart A, Delaval B … +9 more , Catalano J, Huou G, Boufflers M, Bozok D, Bellanger L, Douchet T, Viroux P, Jaffré C, Abaïdia AE
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42263246 · Publisher ↗
Gosset, M, Coquart, A, Delaval, B, Catalano, J, Huou, G, Boufflers, M, Bozok, D, Bellanger, L, Douchet, T, Viroux, P, Jaffré, C, and Abaïdia, A-E. Compression garments and adaptations to plyometric training in soccer pla...
Gosset, M, Coquart, A, Delaval, B, Catalano, J, Huou, G, Boufflers, M, Bozok, D, Bellanger, L, Douchet, T, Viroux, P, Jaffré, C, and Abaïdia, A-E. Compression garments and adaptations to plyometric training in soccer players: A randomized-controlled study. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of the chronic use of compression garments (CG) during a 6-week plyometric microcycle training block on training adaptations in soccer players. It was hypothesized that CG would have a beneficial effect on training adaptations, compared with placebo (PLA). Eighteen male soccer players (19.54 ± 1.39 years; 180.45 ± 5.25 cm; 71.14 ± 6.73 kg) from a reserve team of an elite professional club were randomly assigned to receive either CG or PLA for 24 hours after each plyometric session. The players participated in a plyometric training program: 2 sessions per week for 6 weeks. In a fully rested state, the players were tested before and after the training program on the following parameters: countermovement jump performance, One-leg sprint power, knee extensor strength, pennation angle of the calf muscles, creatine kinase levels, and perceived muscle soreness. The results were analyzed using a 2-factor mixed linear model. Countermovement jump performance showed a moderate, significant improvement in the CG group (d = 0.762), and a small, nonsignificant improvement in the PLA group (d = 0.344). One-leg power performance showed a large, significant improvement in the CG group (d = 1.690) and in the PLA group (d = 0.867). The results of this study show that the chronic use of CG for recovery does not negatively affect training adaptations and may improve power following a plyometric training program.
Comparison of Weekly Training Loads in Division I Lacrosse Athletes Using Hormonal Contraceptives Versus Nonusers.
Coleman E, Honeycutt S, Humphries H … +2 more , Gao D, Bunn JA
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42259502 · Publisher ↗
Coleman, E, Honeycutt, S, Humphries, H, Gao, D, and Bunn, JA. Comparison of weekly training loads in Division I lacrosse athletes using hormonal contraceptives versus nonusers. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Ap...
Coleman, E, Honeycutt, S, Humphries, H, Gao, D, and Bunn, JA. Comparison of weekly training loads in Division I lacrosse athletes using hormonal contraceptives versus nonusers. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Approximately half of female collegiate athletes use hormone contraceptives (HC), but little attention has been paid to see if there are effects of HC use on performance. This study explored workload differences among Division I, female lacrosse players' objective performance during the competitive season for those using HC (n = 16) and those not (n = 8). Data were collected on all training days and game days during the 16-week competitive season via global positioning system units. The workload variables used included total distance (m), maximum speed (km·h-1), number of accelerations and decelerations completed at >3 m·s-2, metabolic equivalent distance (m), and meters sprinted at >90% maximum sprint speed (zone 5 distance). Weekly sums for each variable were tabulated for each athlete and used for comparisons. A Bayesian hierarchical linear regression model was used to determine group differences. The results showed no group differences in weekly summed workload across any of the weeks assessed (all p > 0.05). These data suggest that workload differences are not solely related to the use of an HC or not. These results differ from previous literature, warranting more exploration in the role of HC use with athlete performance. An individualized approach to understanding performance differences with HC use is warranted.
Unanticipated Visual Stimulus Negatively Affects Change of Direction Performance and Biomechanical Patterns in Female Football Players.
Miralles-Iborra A, Dos'Santos T, Elvira JLL … +3 more , Vera-Cartagena J, Del Coso J, Moreno-Pérez V
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42259374 · Publisher ↗
Miralles-Iborra, A, Dos´Santos, T, Elvira, JLL, Vera-Cartagena, J, Del Coso, J, and Moreno-Pérez, V. Unanticipated visual stimulus negatively affects change of direction performance and biomechanical patterns in female f...
Miralles-Iborra, A, Dos´Santos, T, Elvira, JLL, Vera-Cartagena, J, Del Coso, J, and Moreno-Pérez, V. Unanticipated visual stimulus negatively affects change of direction performance and biomechanical patterns in female football players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The aim of this study was to explore the effect of anticipation on performance and kinematic patterns during change of direction (COD) in female football players. Thirty-two female amateur football players (mean ± SD for age: 19.4 ± 1.4 years; height: 1.64 ± 0.10 m; body mass: 58.5 ± 9.0 kg) performed a 90° COD during unanticipated (i.e., reactive light stimulus) and anticipated conditions (i.e., preplanned). A 2-D kinematic analysis and the Cutting Movement Assessment Score (CMAS) were used to assess the movement quality of the players in both conditions. Both conditions were compared through paired t test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test and their respective effect size Cohen's d (d) and rank biserial correlation coefficient (rb). Players demonstrated longer COD times (p < 0.001; d = 1.16-1.33) and higher CMAS scores (p ≤ 0.002; rb = 0.69-0.85) during the unanticipated condition compared with anticipated condition. Several COD biomechanical patterns were modified in the unanticipated condition, such as increased lateral trunk flexion toward the stance leg (p ≤ 0.011; d = 0.51-0.70), reduced knee frontal plane projection angle at initial contact (p ≤ 0.002; d = -0.72 to -0.62), increased knee flexion at initial (p = 0.008; d = 0.51) and final contact (p = 0.001; d = 0.63), and increased lateral leg plant distance (p ≤ 0.004; rb = 0.67-0.93). Female football players exhibited impaired performance (i.e., test time) and kinematic changes in the unanticipated COD, particularly in the frontal plane of motion, and could indicate high-risk movement patterns.
Effects of Repeated-Sprint Training Set Structure on Sprint Performance, Force-Velocity Profile, and Repeated-Sprint Ability in Youth Soccer Players.
Fernández-Penedo D, Padrón-Cabo A, Costa PB … +1 more , Rey E
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42259356 · Publisher ↗
Fernández-Penedo, D, Padrón-Cabo, A, Costa, PB, and Rey, E. Effects of repeated-sprint training set structure on sprint performance, force-velocity profile, and repeated-sprint ability in youth soccer players. J Strength...
Fernández-Penedo, D, Padrón-Cabo, A, Costa, PB, and Rey, E. Effects of repeated-sprint training set structure on sprint performance, force-velocity profile, and repeated-sprint ability in youth soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study compared the effects of 2 repeated-sprint training (RST) protocols of equal total volume, differing in the number of sprint repetitions per set-low (RST-LRS: 4-6 reps) vs. high (RST-HRS: 8-16 reps)-on sprint performance, horizontal force-velocity (F-V) profile, and repeated-sprint ability (RSA) in youth male soccer players. Nineteen under-16 players were randomly assigned to 1 of the protocols, with both groups completing 12 RST sessions over 6 weeks. Sprint times (5-30 m), F-V profile variables (F0, V0, Pmax, RFmax, and DRF), and RSA indices (average time, fastest time, total time, and % decrement) were assessed pre- and post-training. Significant improvements were observed in 20-m (-2.3%, p = 0.041) and 30-m (-2.1%, p = 0.026) sprint times, in Pmax (+7.2%, p = 0.037), and in RSA metrics (-3.8% to -4.7%, p < 0.01), with no significant group × time interactions for any variable. These findings indicate that both RST protocols are effective for enhancing sprint performance, maximal horizontal power, and RSA in young soccer players. From a practical perspective, coaches may select either protocol, depending on time constraints and training context, as both produced comparable adaptations when total sprint volume was equalized.
Protective Effect of Lower Limb Strength on Lower Limb Injuries Within International Sixes Lacrosse Players: A Nine-Month Prospective Study.
Ripley NJ, Collier M, Fahey JT … +1 more , Comfort P
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42234511 · Publisher ↗
Ripley, NJ, Collier, M, Fahey, JT, and Comfort, P. Protective effect of lower limb strength on lower limb injuries within international sixes lacrosse players: A nine-month prospective study. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 0...
Ripley, NJ, Collier, M, Fahey, JT, and Comfort, P. Protective effect of lower limb strength on lower limb injuries within international sixes lacrosse players: A nine-month prospective study. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The aim of this study was to prospectively determine whether lower limb strength, assessed through the isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), offers a protective effect to future lower limb injury in international men's sixes lacrosse players. Nineteen elite nonprofessional men's sixes lacrosse players from the British Men's Lacrosse team (25.4 ± 4.1 years, 1.8 ± 0.1 m, 88.9 ± 6.8 kg) performed 3 trials of the IMTP at the start of a 9-month competitive period, with injuries and injury mechanisms recorded by the lead physiotherapist. Noncontact injury and overload injuries were ran as dependent variables in 2 separate Bayesian logistic regressions where IMTP relative net peak force was the independent variable, with odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) calculated to determine the risk of the injury outcome. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to determine a threshold for relative net peak force and future injury risk. Relative net peak force had a protective effect for noncontact injuries (OR = 0.33 [95% CI = 0.28-0.38]) and overload injuries (OR = 0.67 [95% CI = 0.49-0.86]), with a strong-very strong level of evidence, based on the Bayes factor. Receiver operating characteristic curves indicated relative net peak force values of 31.3 and 28.7 N/kg resulted in the highest combined sensitivity and specificity for future noncontact injury and overload injuries. Practitioners should prioritize the development of lower limb strength, aiming for a minimum relative net peak force of 31.3 N/kg to reduce the risk of future lower limb injuries.
Testing Practices and Applications of Flywheel Resistance Technologies-Implications for Performance Assessment and Injuries From a Survey Study.
Mak MCW, Beato M, De Keijzer K … +3 more , Turner A, Weldon A, Bishop C
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42234097 · Publisher ↗
Mak, MCW, Beato, M, De Keijzer, K, Turner, A, Weldon, A, and Bishop, C. Testing practices and applications of flywheel resistance technologies-Implications for performance assessment and injuries from a survey study. J S...
Mak, MCW, Beato, M, De Keijzer, K, Turner, A, Weldon, A, and Bishop, C. Testing practices and applications of flywheel resistance technologies-Implications for performance assessment and injuries from a survey study. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study explores current practices and applications associated with flywheel resistance technologies in performance assessment, asymmetry, and injury risk. A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among sports scientists, strength and conditioning coaches, and medical professionals. The findings showed that monitoring and testing frequency among practitioners (n = 42) are low, with 70% (n = 29) conducting it less than once a month. Monitoring and testing are crucial for adjusting training modalities, allowing practitioners to make informed decisions to condition athlete performance. Currently, practitioners reported using 2.38 ± 0.87 familiarization sessions and 29.0 ± 21.8 (range:3-75) maximal intent repetitions. It is recommended to continuously assess reliability to ensure the data remains reliable and valid, because the actual familiarization period can be influenced by various factors. The flywheel squat was the most commonly used exercise (89.9% with rotary encoders), while practitioners suggested hamstring-focused exercises (e.g., straight leg hip extensions) as having high potential for injury risk assessment. The most commonly used metrics for monitoring and testing include (a) eccentric (E) peak power, (b) concentric (C) peak power, and (c) the E: C ratio. Overall, the findings suggest that flywheel testing is still underexplored in practice; there is a clear need for standardized, evidence-based protocols to bridge the gap between its potential and current implementation. Future research directions should focus on (a) testing reliability at higher moments of inertia (>0.15 kg·m2), (b) evaluating the feasibility of assessing asymmetry through the flywheel, (c) investigating predictive links between flywheel metrics and field performance, and (d) developing validated assessment protocols for a broader range of exercises.
Impact of Two Soccer Seasons on the Magnitude and Direction of Interlimb Asymmetry in Elite Youth Male Players.
Ribeiro N, Gonzalo-Skok O, Loureiro N … +4 more , Ferreira R, Araújo JP, Bishop C, Tavares F
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42228853 · Publisher ↗
Ribeiro, N, Gonzalo-Skok, O, Loureiro, N, Ferreira, R, Araújo, JP, Bishop, C, and Tavares, F. Impact of two soccer seasons on the magnitude and direction of interlimb asymmetry in elite youth male players. J Strength Con...
Ribeiro, N, Gonzalo-Skok, O, Loureiro, N, Ferreira, R, Araújo, JP, Bishop, C, and Tavares, F. Impact of two soccer seasons on the magnitude and direction of interlimb asymmetry in elite youth male players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study examined the influence of 2 competitive seasons on the magnitude and direction of interlimb asymmetry across countermovement jump (CMJ), change of direction (COD) speed, and isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) in elite male youth soccer players. A total of 60 academy players (U14-U17) were assessed at 6 time points across 2 seasons. Performance testing included unilateral CMJ, the 505 COD test, and unilateral IMTP. Biological maturation was estimated as the percentage of the predicted adult height. The magnitude of asymmetry was calculated using the standard percentage difference equation, and directional consistency was evaluated using Cohen's kappa coefficients. COD asymmetry displayed moderate-to-almost-perfect directional consistency between the first 2 time points (κ = 0.55-0.66), but the agreement declined to poor-to-fair levels across later assessments (κ = -0.15 to 0.32; TP3-TP6). By contrast, CMJ and IMTP demonstrated predominantly poor-to-slight directional agreement across all time points (κ = -0.33 to 0.40), indicating substantial instability in limb dominance. Throughout the longitudinal period, maturation did not meaningfully influence asymmetry magnitude in any performance measure. Interlimb asymmetry in elite youth soccer players is dynamic, task-specific, and largely independent of the task. COD asymmetry showed brief early season directional stability, whereas CMJ and IMTP asymmetry directions fluctuated considerably over time. These findings underscore the need for repeated task-specific monitoring and caution against overinterpreting small asymmetries or assuming maturational effects on interlimb differences.
Acute Effect of Intracontrast Rest Redistribution Within Complex-Contrast Training Set Strategies on Vertical Jump Propulsive Force.
Houlton LJ, Moody JA, Bampouras TM … +1 more , Esformes JI
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42228849 · Publisher ↗
Houlton, LJ, Moody, JA, Bampouras, TM, and Esformes, JI. Acute effect of intracontrast rest redistribution within complex-contrast training set strategies on vertical jump propulsive force. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000...
Houlton, LJ, Moody, JA, Bampouras, TM, and Esformes, JI. Acute effect of intracontrast rest redistribution within complex-contrast training set strategies on vertical jump propulsive force. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Complex-contrast training (CCT), whereby high-load conditioning activities (CA) and low load explosive activities are alternated set-by-set, enhances explosive performance through postactivation performance enhancement (PAPE). However, intracontrast rest periods (ICRP) typically required for PAPE to manifest are too lengthy in practice. This study, therefore, assessed the effect of rest redistribution (RR) of the ICRP on subsequent propulsive force application during countermovement jumps and squat jumps. Seventeen male subjects completed 5 interventions per jump type across 5 data collection sessions in a counterbalanced, cross-sectional design. Interventions consisted of 5 total contrast rest periods (TCRP; 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 seconds). Each TCRP was defined as the sum of ICRP and RR. Thus TCRPs were partitioned as 30, 90, 150, 210, 270 seconds ICRP respectively, and 30 seconds of redistributed rest, partitioned between CA repetitions. Within interventions, subjects performed a control condition consisting of 1 set of vertical jumps (BASELINE), the assigned ICRP, then a second set of jumps (PRE-BS). This was followed by an experimental condition consisting of a high-load CA (3-repetition maximum back squats), performed with 15 seconds between repetitions, followed by the ICRP, then a final set of jumps (POST-BS). Vertical jump propulsive impulse (JPROP) and related force-time components were assessed. Results showed no meaningful change in JPROP, suggesting overall jump performance was unaffected. However, increases in propulsion time, with POST-BS being higher than PRE-BS (g = 1.045, p < 0.001), and significant negative effects on rate of force development with POST-BS being lower than PRE-BS (g = 0.703, p = 0.009), suggest the combination of CCT and RR may negatively affect vertical jump propulsion strategies and limit PAPE manifestation. Practitioners may use RR to maintain vertical jump JPROP within CCT in time-limited scenarios, but should consider other CCT set configurations to enhance rate of force development.
Fast-Acting Caffeine: Does Caffeinated Chewing Gum Enhance Muscular Strength, Endurance, and Jumping Performance? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Varovic D, Grgic J
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42228847 · Publisher ↗
Varovic, D and Grgic, J. Fast-acting caffeine: Does caffeinated chewing gum enhance muscular strength, endurance, and jumping performance? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-C...
Varovic, D and Grgic, J. Fast-acting caffeine: Does caffeinated chewing gum enhance muscular strength, endurance, and jumping performance? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Caffeine delivered through chewing gum is rapidly absorbed, making it a practical ergogenic aid for athletes. We aimed to conduct a systematic review and a multilevel meta-analysis exploring the effects of caffeinated chewing gum on muscular strength, endurance, and jump height. We searched 4 databases to find relevant studies. Meta-analyses of standardized mean differences (SMD) examined the effects of caffeinated chewing gum on muscular strength, endurance, and jumping performance. Subgroup analyses were performed by test type for muscular strength (dynamic and isometric tests) and jump height (countermovement jump [CMJ] and squat jump [SJ] tests). Twenty-one studies were included in the meta-analysis. An ergogenic effect of caffeinated chewing gum was found for muscular strength (SMD = 0.21; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.14-0.27). Subgroup analysis found ergogenic effects of caffeinated chewing gum for dynamic (SMD = 0.26; 95% CI: 0.12-0.40) and isometric (SMD = 0.18; 95% CI: 0.08-0.27) strength. There was no significant difference between caffeinated chewing gum and placebo for muscular endurance (SMD = 0.19; 95% CI: -0.18 to 0.56). An ergogenic effect of caffeinated chewing gum was found for jump height (SMD = 0.16; 95% CI: 0.06-0.26). Subgroup analysis found an ergogenic effect of caffeinated chewing gum for CMJ (SMD = 0.16; 95% CI: 0.05-0.27), but not SJ (SMD = 0.18; 95% CI: -0.06 to 0.42). Caffeinated chewing gum consumed shortly before exercise (∼5-25 minutes) confers a positive, but small ergogenic effect on dynamic and isometric muscular strength and jump height.
Neuromuscular and Subjective Recovery Responses to Day and Night Fixtures During Congested and Noncongested Microcycles in Professional Soccer Players.
Mukandi I, Turner A, Bishop C … +1 more , Beato M
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42228843 · Publisher ↗
Mukandi, I, Turner, A, Bishop, C, Beato, M. Neuromuscular and subjective recovery responses to day and night fixtures during congested and noncongested microcycles in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X...
Mukandi, I, Turner, A, Bishop, C, Beato, M. Neuromuscular and subjective recovery responses to day and night fixtures during congested and noncongested microcycles in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study investigated and compared the impact of day and night fixtures during congested and noncongested microcycles on countermovement jump (CMJ) performance and subjective self-reported measures 40 hours postcompetitive match play in professional soccer players. Twenty-eight players completed CMJ baseline assessment during preseason. Assessment 40 hours postmatch was limited to players who played ≥60 minutes. Baseline measures for subjective self-reported measures were collected 24 hours prematch. Congested microcycles were classified as 3-5 days between fixtures and noncongested microcycles ≥7 days between fixtures. Across all 4 fixture contexts, significant reductions (p < 0.05) with small-to-moderate effects (δ = -0.47 to 0.30) were observed for all CMJ metrics, except for eccentric mean force that showed nonsignificant, trivial effects for congested microcycles and night fixtures. Statistically significant reductions in sleep quality, mood, muscle soreness, and a composite score of all 3 measures were observed for both congested and noncongested microcycles as well as day fixtures (p < 0.05) (δ = -0.59 to 0.11). For night fixtures, nonsignificant changes were observed for sleep quality and mood. No significant differences were observed between day and night fixtures as well as congested and noncongested microcycles for all CMJ metrics. For subjective self-reported measures, significant trivial to small differences with a bias toward night fixtures were observed for muscle soreness, mood, and composite score. No significant differences were observed among the global positioning system metrics between congested and noncongested microcycles. Significant differences were observed between high-speed running and sprint distance between day and night fixtures with a bias toward day fixtures, while nonsignificant differences were found for total distance, distance per minute, accelerations, and decelerations. Monitoring both objective and subjective self-reported measures provides a holistic approach to understanding player fatigue and recovery, allowing for informed decision making in congested periods.
Comparisons of National Hockey League Edge Data for Playoff Versus Nonplayoff Teams.
Gillen ZM
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42224095 · Publisher ↗
Gillen, ZM. Comparisons of national hockey league edge data for playoff versus nonplayoff teams. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The purpose of this study was to compare NHL EDGE data between playoff and nonplay...
Gillen, ZM. Comparisons of national hockey league edge data for playoff versus nonplayoff teams. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The purpose of this study was to compare NHL EDGE data between playoff and nonplayoff teams during the 2024-2025 season. These data were used to examine potential differences between playoff (n = 16) vs. nonplayoff (n = 16) teams. Therefore, the independent variable in this study was playoff status. Data for NHL EDGE was taken from sensors embedded within pucks and individual jerseys and is publicly accessible. Variables were classified into the following categories based on the data repository: skating speed, skating distance, shot speed, shot location, and zone time. All data were taken as the team average. Independent samples t-tests were performed for all variables to examine differences between playoff and nonplayoff teams. Playoff teams had greater 22+ mph bursts, 20-22 mph bursts, offensive zone time percent, even strength offensive zone time percent, penalty kill neutral zone time percent, goals, shots on goal, shooting percent, high-danger shots on goal, high-danger goals, and mid-danger goals (p ≤ 0.038). Defensive zone time percent and even strength defensive zone time percent were greater for nonplayoff teams (p ≤ 0.041). These results suggest that high-intensity skating capabilities, tactical zone control, and shot placement seem to enhance overall team performance. This demonstrates unique potential for further developing practice and game strategies that could further enhance team success.
Effects of Advanced Footwear Technology in Trail Running Shoes on Running Economy.
Joubert DP, Sanders J
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42224084 · Publisher ↗
Joubert, DP and Sanders, J. Effects of advanced footwear technology in trail running shoes on running economy. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Advanced footwear technology (AFT) in both road racing shoes and tra...
Joubert, DP and Sanders, J. Effects of advanced footwear technology in trail running shoes on running economy. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Advanced footwear technology (AFT) in both road racing shoes and track spikes improves running economy (RE). AFT features are now used in trail running shoes, but the efficacy has not been determined. Our purpose was to measure the effect of AFT trail shoes on RE over trail surfaces. Eight trail runners completed a single outdoor trail running session consisting of 4 × 1,500-m trials at self-selected 50 k race effort wearing both an AFT trail shoe and a control trail shoe with a 5-minute rest between trials. Shoes were tested in a duplicate, mirrored order in either an ABBA or BAAB sequence, counterbalanced across subjects. Oxygen consumption (V̇O2) was measured with a portable metabolic device, and the average values of the final 1000 m of each 1500-m trial were calculated. RE was calculated as V̇O2 expressed as cost of transport (CoT; ml·kg-1·km-1) to normalize for running speed. RE was compared between shoes with a dependent sample t test. There was a significant difference in RE between shoes (p = 0.036, dz = 0.92) with AFT (219.5 ± 15.4 ml·kg-1·km-1) offering a 1.1 ± 1.1% RE benefit relative to control (221.9 ± 16.9 ml·kg-1·km-1). Average running speed across all trials was 11.5 ± 0.7 km·h-1. Although the RE benefit of AFT in trail shoes was significant, it was smaller than RE benefits of AFT previously observed in road racing shoes when tested at faster speeds on a treadmill. Nonetheless, the RE benefits of AFT should result in meaningful performance improvements in trail races.
In-Season Individualized Resisted Sprint Session Improves In-Situ Acceleration-Speed Profile in Professional Rugby Backs.
Maviel C, Vercruyssen F, Duché P … +3 more , Bourdin S, Morin JB, Couderc A
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42224070 · Publisher ↗
Maviel, C, Vercruyssen, F, Duché, P, Bourdin, S, Morin, J-B, and Couderc, A. In-season individualized resisted sprint session improves in-situ acceleration-speed profile in professional rugby backs. J Strength Cond Res X...
Maviel, C, Vercruyssen, F, Duché, P, Bourdin, S, Morin, J-B, and Couderc, A. In-season individualized resisted sprint session improves in-situ acceleration-speed profile in professional rugby backs. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study aimed to evaluate how resisted sprint training sessions with individualized load calibration influence the in-situ acceleration-speed profile in professional rugby. Recent findings highlight the importance of individualized load prescription based on the force-velocity profile and horizontal propulsive power, both closely linked to sprint performance in rugby. Two groups of professional rugby backs were examined: a control group (CG, n = 11, 2023-2024 season) and an experimental group (EG, n = 17, 2024-2025 season). The CG completed standard in-season training with no resisted sprint work, whereas the EG performed a resisted sprint protocol using the 1080 Sprint system calibrated to 50% of each player's maximal sprint velocity (S0), derived from the preintervention in-situ acceleration-speed profile. Sprint sessions were performed once per week and consisted of four 15 m resisted sprints at a constant target velocity. Significant improvements were observed in the EG for propulsive power (4.5 ± 3.0%, p < 0.001), S0 (2.7 ± 2.1%, p < 0.001), and maximal acceleration (1.8 ± 2.7%, p = 0.03), whereas no significant changes were found in the CG. These findings suggest that implementing individualized resisted sprint training sessions is a promising strategy to improve in-situ sprint mechanical outputs during the competitive season.
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