J Strength Cond Res [JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Comparing Match-Related Physical Performance Using Arbitrary and Individual Running Speed, Acceleration, and Deceleration Zones in Professional Football Players (Part 1).
Antenucci L, Schmidt C, Malatesta D
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42224062 · Publisher ↗
Antenucci, L, Schmidt, C, and Malatesta, D. Comparing match-related physical performance using arbitrary and individual running speed, acceleration, and deceleration zones in professional football players (part 1). J Str...
Antenucci, L, Schmidt, C, and Malatesta, D. Comparing match-related physical performance using arbitrary and individual running speed, acceleration, and deceleration zones in professional football players (part 1). J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study aimed to compare match-related physical performance and its match-to-match variability using arbitrary (ARB) and individualized (IND) intensity thresholds for running speed, accelerations (ACC), and decelerations (DEC) in a professional football team. Global navigation satellite system data from an entire Swiss first-division season (30 matches) were analyzed for 14 players. The match-related physical performance was assessed across 4 intensity zones for running speed, ACCs, and DECs: low-speed running, high-speed running (HSR), very high-speed running, sprinting and ACC1/2/3/4/DEC1/2/3/4. The distance covered and the number of ACCs/DECs in each zone were recorded through 3 thresholds for both ARB (speed: 14.4/19.8/25.2 km·h-1; ACCs/DECs: 1.0/2.0/3.0 m·s-2) and IND (speed: speed at the second lactate threshold, peak incremental speed, and anaerobic sprint reserve; ACCs/DECs: 25%/50%/75% of maximal ACCs/DECs). Within-player match-to-match variability coefficient of variation was also calculated. Significant differences were found between both methods across all zones (p ≤ 0.033). Running distances were significantly greater in IND than in ARB for all zones (4.5-110.7%) except HSR (-37.0%). Accelerations/DECs were significantly greater in IND for ACC1 (74.7%) and DEC1 (117.9%), but lower for ACC2/3/4/DEC2/3/4 (-16.0% to -96.3%). The number of ACC4/DEC4 was nearly negligible in IND. Coefficients of variation were lower for sprint distance, and greater for ACC4/DEC4 in IND than in ARB. The significant differences between ARB and IND running speed zones suggest that IND method should be used to assess match-related running performance accurately, while ARB method should be used for quantifying the number of ACCs/DECs.
Associations of 2000 m Rowing Ergometer Performance With Load-Velocity Relationship Variables Obtained During Bilateral and Unilateral Prone Bench Pull and Leg Press.
Pérez-Castilla A, Quidel-Catrilelbún MEL, Baena-Raya A … +4 more , Miras-Moreno S, Conceição F, Fernandes JFT, Ramirez-Campillo R
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42223158 · Publisher ↗
Pérez-Castilla, A, Quidel-Catrilelbún, MEL, Baena-Raya, A, Miras-Moreno, S, Conceição, F, Fernandes, JFT, and Ramirez-Campillo, R. Associations of 2000 m rowing ergometer performance with load-velocity relationship varia...
Pérez-Castilla, A, Quidel-Catrilelbún, MEL, Baena-Raya, A, Miras-Moreno, S, Conceição, F, Fernandes, JFT, and Ramirez-Campillo, R. Associations of 2000 m rowing ergometer performance with load-velocity relationship variables obtained during bilateral and unilateral prone bench pull and leg press. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study aimed to determine the associations between rowing performance with load-velocity profile obtained during bilateral and unilateral prone bench pull (PBP) and leg press (LP) exercises. Twenty-one competitive rowers completed a 2,000-m time-trial rowing ergometer test, along with 2 identical experimental sessions to assess bilateral and unilateral PBP and LP load-velocity profile variables: load-axis intercept (L0), velocity-axis intercept (v0), and the area under the load-velocity relationship line (Aline). Spearman's rank correlation coefficients (ρ) were used to examine the associations of load-velocity profile variables and interlimb asymmetries with 2,000 m rowing ergometer performance (total time). The goodness-of-fit of the simple regression models used to determine individual load-velocity profiles was very high for PBP and LP and velocity variables (R2 ≥ 0.794). The bilateral variant showed higher velocities than the unilateral variants performed with self-reported preferred (p ≤ 0.031, ES ≥ -0.48) and nonpreferred sides (p ≤ 0.015, ES ≥ -0.61), except for LP v0. Rowing performance (total time) exhibited moderate to very large negative correlations in 31 out of 36 cases with all load-velocity profile variables obtained from PBP and LP (rs ≥ -0.440, p ≤ 0.046). In contrast, interlimb asymmetries did not correlate with rowing performance (-0.331 ≤ rs ≤ 0.422, p ≥ 0.057), except for LP Aline, which exhibited a significant relationship. In conclusion, load-velocity profiles are specific to the exercise variant and are highly sensitive to rowing performance. Bilateral exercises are recommended, because they more closely reflect the bilateral nature of force production during rowing ergometer performance.
In-Season Assessment of Dietary Intake and Match Demands of Men's Collegiate Rugby Sevens Players.
Horlock CF, Allen LE, Jagim AR … +2 more , Jones MT, Fields JB
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42223156 · Publisher ↗
Horlock, CF, Allen, LE, Jagim, AR, Jones, MT, and Fields, JB. In-season assessment of dietary intake and match demands of men's collegiate Rugby Sevens players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Limited research h...
Horlock, CF, Allen, LE, Jagim, AR, Jones, MT, and Fields, JB. In-season assessment of dietary intake and match demands of men's collegiate Rugby Sevens players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Limited research has examined the external workload demands and dietary intake of collegiate men's Rugby Sevens players. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to (a) quantify match demands in Division 1-AA collegiate Rugby Sevens across a competitive season, and (b) assess players' dietary intake relative to sport-specific nutrition guidelines. Division 1-AA men's collegiate Rugby Sevens players (n = 13; age: mass: 87 ± 14 kg; body fat %: 20 ± 4%) wore a global positional system device during all matches (n = 17). External load metrics were total distance (TD) (m), sprint distance (>20.1 km·h-1), high-intensity distance (>18.1-20.0 km·h-1), meters per minute (m·min-1), acceleration efforts (#), deceleration efforts (#), sprint efforts (#), high-speed efforts (#), player load (PL) (arbitrary unit [AU]), PL per minute (AU/min), and estimated energy expenditure (EE) (kcal). Dietary intake was assessed at the start of the season using a 4-day food log. Linear mixed models examined changes in workload parameters across tournament matches. Spearman's rank correlation and linear regression assessed relationships and predictability of EE and external workloads. One-samples t test compared dietary intake relative to established guidelines (p ≤ 0.05). No significant differences in workload metrics were observed across individual matches. Total distance (r = 0.968, p < 0.001), m·min-1 (r = 0.973, p < 0.001), PL (r = 0.912, p < 0.001), and PL/min (r = 0.855, p < 0.001) had the strongest correlations with EE. Players significantly underconsumed calories (p = 0.028) and carbohydrates (p < 0.01). Monitoring external workloads and assessing dietary intake can provide coaches with strategies to optimize sports performance and nutrition support to prepare players for competition demands.
Mechanical, Neuromuscular, and Hypertrophic Adaptations Through Different Velocity Loss Thresholds With Moderate Loads in Full Squat.
Sánchez-Valdepeñas J, Cornejo-Daza PJ, Rodiles-Guerrero L … +4 more , Sánchez-Moreno M, Alegre LM, Alcázar J, Pareja-Blanco F
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42223150 · Publisher ↗
Sánchez-Valdepeñas, J, Cornejo-Daza, PJ, Rodiles-Guerrero, L, Sánchez-Moreno, M, Alegre, LM, Alcázar, J, and Pareja-Blanco, F. Mechanical, neuromuscular, and hypertrophic adaptations through different velocity loss thres...
Sánchez-Valdepeñas, J, Cornejo-Daza, PJ, Rodiles-Guerrero, L, Sánchez-Moreno, M, Alegre, LM, Alcázar, J, and Pareja-Blanco, F. Mechanical, neuromuscular, and hypertrophic adaptations through different velocity loss thresholds with moderate loads in full squat. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study aimed to compare the effects of 4 different velocity loss (VL) thresholds (0, 10, 20 and 40%) on hypertrophic, mechanical, and neuromuscular adaptations during a full-squat (SQ) training program, using loads ranging from 55 to 70% of 1-repetition maximum (1RM). Fifty-one moderately resistance-trained men were randomly assigned to 4 training groups, which differed in the VL threshold achieved within the set (VL0, VL10, VL20, and VL40). Subjects completed 16 SQ sessions (2 per week). Pre- and post-intervention assessments included the following: (a) cross-sectional area (CSA) of the vastus lateralis muscle, (b) countermovement jump, (c) maximal isometric SQ contraction, (d) incremental loading SQ test, and (e) fatigue SQ test. All groups significantly increased muscle CSA (p < 0.01, group × time interaction p = 0.18; effect size: VL0: 0.19; VL10: 0.22; VL20: 0.19; VL40: 0.47). Significant group × time interactions were observed for 1RM (p = 0.03) and the velocity attained against heavy loads (p = 0.02), with VL20 obtaining the greatest gains. Effect sizes in the different strength variables were as follows: VL0: 0.50-1.70; VL10: 0.53-2.34; VL20: 0.81-2.72; VL40: 0.52-0.86. Moderate-load resistance training with moderate VL thresholds elicits the greatest strength gains, whereas higher VL thresholds were associated with greater increases in muscle CSA, despite no significant group × time interaction, and yielded comparatively lower strength improvements, highlighting the need to consider VL when applying velocity-based resistance training.
White Ball Power Hitting: A Comparison of the Anthropometrics and Physical Determinants in County vs. Noncounty Youth Cricketers for Predicting Batting Performance.
Hopkins IE, Patterson SD, Callaghan SJ
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42223145 · Publisher ↗
Hopkins, IE, Patterson, SD, and Callaghan, SJ. White ball power hitting: a comparison of the anthropometrics and physical determinants in county vs. noncounty youth cricketers for predicting batting performance. J Streng...
Hopkins, IE, Patterson, SD, and Callaghan, SJ. White ball power hitting: a comparison of the anthropometrics and physical determinants in county vs. noncounty youth cricketers for predicting batting performance. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The study investigated physical determinants and anthropometrics on bat velocity performance in youth cricketers. Previous research has found bat velocity performance to be an effective predictor of success in other sports: golf, baseball, softball, badminton, and tennis. Fifty-three cricketers (N = 53; age 15.6 ± 1.7; height 176.0 ± 9.9 cm; body mass 65.8 ± 13.4 kg; maturity offset 3.7 ± 1.8) were subdivided into 2 groups (County-Representative [N = 26]; Non-County-Representatives [N = 27]). Cricketers were assessed for isometric lower- and upper-body strength (isometric mid-thigh pull [IMTP]; isometric push up [IPU]), lower-body power (countermovement jump [CMJ]; squat jump [SJ]), rotational power (medicine ball throw [MBT]) and anthropometrics (height, body mass, and seated height), and bat velocity. Anthropometrics were measured to calculate age at peak height velocity. Analysis of variance was used to conclude significance of IMTP, IPU, CMJ, SJ, MBT, and anthropometrics on bat velocity. Linear regression and stepwise regression were used to conduct variance of each test of bat velocity. An alpha value of p < 0.05 was selected to signify statistical significance. County-representatives produced greater bat velocity than noncounty-representatives (p < 0.05). Lower- and upper-body relative strength and jump height were greater than noncounty-representatives (p < 0.05). When controlled for maturity, cricketers further advanced in maturation outperformed lesser advanced cricketers in all jump and lower-body power-related tests (p < 0.05). Linear regression demonstrated that maturity status explained a small amount of variation in bat velocity (3.4%). Stepwise regression displayed jump height during CMJ (63.9%) and relative IMTP (6.8%) explained 70.7% of the variation in bat velocity. Consequently, practitioners should develop relative upper-body strength and lower-body power to maximize bat velocity performance in youth cricketers.
Isometric Strength Adaptations After Two Consecutive 12-week Strength and Conditioning Programs in U.S. Air Force ROTC Cadets: The STAR Program.
Brojanac AP, Haynes H, Mota J … +9 more , Puleali'i S, Schwarz AV, Johnson MF, Kaylor MG, Addison A, Young T, Klubertanz M, Patton M, Graybeal AJ
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42223144 · Publisher ↗
Brojanac, AP, Haynes, H, Mota, J, Puleali'i, S, Schwarz, AV, Johnson, MF, Kaylor, MG, Addison, A, Young, T, Klubertanz, M, Patton, M, and Graybeal, AJ. Isometric strength adaptations after two consecutive 12-week strengt...
Brojanac, AP, Haynes, H, Mota, J, Puleali'i, S, Schwarz, AV, Johnson, MF, Kaylor, MG, Addison, A, Young, T, Klubertanz, M, Patton, M, and Graybeal, AJ. Isometric strength adaptations after two consecutive 12-week strength and conditioning programs in U.S. Air Force ROTC cadets: The STAR Program. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study evaluated changes in upper and lower body isometric force production during two 12-week implementations of formal strength and conditioning programs in 2 cohorts of male and female Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps cadets. Forty-two cadets in the fall and 39 cadets in the spring semesters completed 2 uniquely structured strength and conditioning interventions as part of the Supporting Tactical Athlete Readiness Program. Isometric mid-thigh pull tests were used to assess lower body force production in the fall, and athletic shoulder tests were used to assess upper body force production in the spring. Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps physical fitness assessments and body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were assessed across both semesters. Significance was set at p ≤ 0.050. Absolute and relative peak force (PF), PF at 300 milliseconds, and leg muscle quality index increased, while rate of force development decreased, after the fall program (p ≤ 0.035). These changes were no longer significant after adjusting for baseline lean soft tissue, which revealed positive associations with change in earlier PF production (p ≤ 0.039). After the spring semester, shoulder girdle muscle quality index, absolute and relative average force (AF), and PF increased, while bilateral PF asymmetry decreased (p ≤ 0.039). These improvements were no longer significant after adjusting for baseline lean soft tissue, which was positively associated with ΔAF and ΔPF (p ≤ 0.033). Improvements in strength can be achieved through structured training programs, though success may be determined by muscular preconditioning. Incorporating field-friendly assessments such as isometric mid-thigh pull and athletic shoulder testing may further support cadet monitoring, reduce injury risk, and support long-term tactical performance.
Acute and Chronic Effects of High-Load Resistance Training With Blood Flow Restriction in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Mckee JR, Selva Raj I, Marston KJ … +6 more , De Marco K, Beere M, Galna B, Peiffer JJ, Nosaka K, Scott BR
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 42223143 · Publisher ↗
Mckee, JR, Raj, IS, Marston, KJ, De Marco, K, Beere, M, Galna, B, Peiffer, JJ, Nosaka, K, and Scott, BR. Acute and chronic effects of high-load resistance training with blood flow restriction in healthy adults: A systema...
Mckee, JR, Raj, IS, Marston, KJ, De Marco, K, Beere, M, Galna, B, Peiffer, JJ, Nosaka, K, and Scott, BR. Acute and chronic effects of high-load resistance training with blood flow restriction in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 40(7): 822-842, 2026-Blood flow restriction (BFR) improves muscle strength and size gains after low-load resistance training, though findings are conflicting for BFR with higher loads (≥60% of maximal strength). This systematic review with meta-analysis investigated whether high-load resistance training with BFR (a) further improves muscle size and strength and (b) increases acute performance, physiologic, and perceptual responses, when compared with conventional high-load resistance training. Six databases were searched to identify studies examining high-load resistance training with BFR in healthy adults. Risk of bias was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal tools. A multilevel meta-analysis using the inverse-variance weighted random effects model was conducted on muscle strength and size outcomes. Acute data were synthesized narratively. Eight chronic studies and 34 acute studies were included. Very-low certainty evidence indicates that high-load resistance training with BFR does not further improve muscle strength ( g = 0.11 [95% confidence intervals -0.11 to 0.33]) or size ( g = 0.08 [95% confidence intervals -0.18 to 0.34]) adaptations compared with conventional high-load resistance training. Acutely, high-load resistance exercise with BFR may increase concentric bar velocity without altering electromyography amplitude, cardiorespiratory, metabolic, and molecular responses. Findings regarding perceptual responses and the number of repetitions completed during high-load resistance exercise with BFR are conflicting. Current evidence suggests that adding BFR to high-load resistance training is not beneficial for enhancing muscle size and strength, likely because of comparable physiologic demands. However, the application of wide cuffs at high pressures may acutely increase concentric bar velocity that could be explored as a potential method for improving muscular power.
The Effect of a High Load Resistance Priming Intervention on Perceptual, Physiological, and Performance Markers in Female Rugby Union Players.
Mason BRJ, McKune AJ, Pumpa KL … +3 more , Mara JK, Kilduff LP, Ball NB
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42223133 · Publisher ↗
Mason, BRJ, McKune, AJ, Pumpa, KL, Mara, JK, Kilduff, LP, and Ball, NB. The effect of a high load resistance priming intervention on perceptual, physiological, and performance markers in female rugby union players. J Str...
Mason, BRJ, McKune, AJ, Pumpa, KL, Mara, JK, Kilduff, LP, and Ball, NB. The effect of a high load resistance priming intervention on perceptual, physiological, and performance markers in female rugby union players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study investigated the effects of a high load resistance priming session on perceptual, physiological, and performance responses in female rugby athletes. Using a randomized counter-balanced crossover design, 10 highly trained female rugby players (mean ± standard deviation: age 23.4 ± 3.7 years; height 172.1 ± 4.7 cm; mass 86.7 ± 13.9 kg) completed a resistance priming session and control condition. Perceptual and physiological variables were collected at baseline (PRE), immediately post (POST), and 120 minutes post (POST120) intervention, with performance compared between conditions at POST120. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models within the Bayesian framework. Compared with PRE, the priming protocol had a larger increase in physical readiness (maximum a posteriori [MAP] = 14.6, 95% high-density intervals [HDI] = -3.4 to 30.4, PD % = 94, % in region of practical equivalence [ROPE] = 9.9) at POST than the control with no differences between conditions at POST120. There were no meaningful differences between the priming and control conditions for salivary testosterone, cortisol, or the testosterone-to-cortisol ratio at any time points. Priming led to a lower countermovement jump (CMJ) relative peak power output MAP = -3.2, 95% HDI = -6.7 to -0.2, % in ROPE = 3.9) than the control condition at POST120. There were no meaningful differences in CMJ height, isometric mid-thigh pull relative or absolute force, or 5, 10, or 20 m sprint times between the priming and control conditions at POST120. These findings suggest that high load resistance training may not be an effective strategy to improve performance and readiness 2 hours later in female rugby players.
Effects of Complex and Contrast Training on Lower Limb Explosive Power and Eccentric Strength in Elite Male Track and Field Athletes: A 24-Week Randomized Trial.
Xu Z, Lin Y, Zhang F … +5 more , Li Q, Yu L, Lin M, Ning F, Wang X
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42223132 · Publisher ↗
Xu, Z, Lin, Y, Zhang, F, Li, Q, Yu, L, Lin, M, Ning, F, and Wang, X. Effects of complex and contrast training on lower limb explosive power and eccentric strength in elite male track and field athletes: A 24-week randomi...
Xu, Z, Lin, Y, Zhang, F, Li, Q, Yu, L, Lin, M, Ning, F, and Wang, X. Effects of complex and contrast training on lower limb explosive power and eccentric strength in elite male track and field athletes: A 24-week randomized trial. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This 24-week randomized controlled trial compared the effects of complex training (postactivation potentiation) and contrast training (postactivation performance enhancement) on lower-limb explosive power (jump height, push-off power) and eccentric strength (drop height, countermovement impulse) in track and field athletes, while assessing arm swing's role in kinetic chain coordination. Forty-five national-level track and field athletes were randomized into complex training, contrast training, or control groups. Kinetic data were collected using a 3-dimensional force plate. Repeated-measures ANOVA and multivariate regression (ΔR2) analyzed intervention effects under arm-swing and non-arm-swing conditions, with cross-group comparisons. Cross-group analyses showed complex training significantly outperformed contrast training and control in jump height with arm swing (+30.9%, 0.55-0.72 m, P < 0.001 vs. +17.1%, 0.58-0.68 m, P = 0.012 vs. +7.7%, 0.52-0.56 m, P = 0.231) and drop height (+30.4%, 0.46-0.60 m, P < 0.001 vs. +15.2%, 0.46-0.53 m, P = 0.031 vs. +5.2%, 0.46-0.48 m, P = 0.672). Contrast training excelled in reducing push-off time without arm swing (-6.1%, 0.214-0.201 seconds, P = 0.002 vs. +1.2%, P = 0.721 vs. +0.8%, P = 0.821) and increasing push-off power (+17.1%, 122.23-129.02 W·kg-1, P = 0.009 vs. +9.8%, P = 0.041 vs. +2.3%, P = 0.762). Arm swing enhanced eccentric-concentric efficiency, with complex training showing stronger correlations (push-off power vs. jump height: r = 0.527, P < 0.001). Eccentric strength explained 43.1% of jump height variance (R2 = 0.431, P < 0.001). Complex training enhances elastic energy storage, whereas contrast training improves neural coordination. The results support tailored training based on eccentric strength and sport-specific needs.
Comparisons of Lower-Body Muscular Function, Anthropometrics, and Body Composition Between Divisions I and III Collegiate Soccer Players.
Montoye AHK, Przepiora M, Stauffer T … +5 more , Pfeiffer KA, Curtis K, Tolzman J, Harkey MS, Burghardt W
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42213996 · Publisher ↗
Montoye, AHK, Przepiora, M, Stauffer, T, Pfeiffer, KA, Curtis, K, Tolzman, J, Harkey, MS, and Burghardt, W. Comparisons of lower-body muscular function, anthropometrics, and body composition between Divisions I and III c...
Montoye, AHK, Przepiora, M, Stauffer, T, Pfeiffer, KA, Curtis, K, Tolzman, J, Harkey, MS, and Burghardt, W. Comparisons of lower-body muscular function, anthropometrics, and body composition between Divisions I and III collegiate soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study compared anthropometric characteristics, lower-body muscular function, and body composition outcomes in collegiate Division I (DI) and Division III (DIII) men's and women's soccer players. Cross-sectional testing was conducted in 49 men and 43 women from 2 National Collegiate Athletic Association DI and DIII teams. Outcome measures included anthropometrics (height, weight), muscular function (countermovement jump height and power, eccentric hamstring maximal force, hip abduction, and adduction maximal force), and body composition (women only; total and regional bone mineral density, fat mass, lean mass). Two-way analysis of variance compared outcomes between divisions and across player positions. DI women were taller (∼1.7 cm) than DIII women, but no other anthropometric measures differed between divisions. DI women had significantly greater countermovement jump height (∼8 cm; 35%), absolute and relative jump power (∼12%), hip abduction strength (∼37%), and torso lean mass and lower body fat (23.6 vs. 28.4%) than DIII women. DI women had significantly lower bone mineral density in the arms and ribs and a lower Z-score (0.8 vs. 1.4), though all values were within healthy ranges. DIII men had higher absolute and relative jump power (∼5-9%) than DI men, particularly because of defender-specific differences, while other muscular function measures did not differ by division. In summary, some division- and position-level differences existed in lower-body muscular function and body composition, particularly among women. These findings highlight the importance of evaluating athletic performance alongside health-related indicators and support sex- and position-specific approaches to athlete monitoring across collegiate divisions.
The Effect of Habitual Caffeine Use on Strength, Power, and Muscular Endurance Performance in Collegiate Athletes.
Jump IP, Hsu HS, Roberts MD … +1 more , Oliver GD
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42213969 · Publisher ↗
Jump, IP, Hsu, H-S, Roberts, MD, and Oliver, GD. The effect of habitual caffeine use on strength, power, and muscular endurance performance in collegiate athletes. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Caffeine has be...
Jump, IP, Hsu, H-S, Roberts, MD, and Oliver, GD. The effect of habitual caffeine use on strength, power, and muscular endurance performance in collegiate athletes. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Caffeine has been shown to increase strength, power, and muscular endurance performance in trained athletes, but individual variation can persist. One belief for this variation is the habituation of caffeine, which may influence how individuals respond to an acute caffeine dose. The current research on this topic is sparse and has produced mixed findings. The purpose of this study was to investigate how habituation to caffeine influences the ergogenic effects on strength, power, and muscular endurance. Twenty-one NCAA Division III baseball players completed a double-blind, randomized, within-participant crossover design (age = 20 ± 1 years old; mass = 87.2 ± 8 kg). Three weeks before testing, subjects completed daily caffeine intake questionnaire. Subjects were classified as habitual or nonhabitual users using a sample mean split. Each subject completed 2 experimental trials, separated by 72 hours, consisting of a vertical jump, trap bar deadlift 1 repetition maximum (1RM), bench press 1RM, and a pull-up test to failure. Trials followed identical procedures under 2 conditions: ingestion of caffeine (3 mg·kg-1) or placebo. Performance outcomes were analyzed using two 2 × 2 mixed ANOVAs to test the main effects of the condition and the condition × group interaction. Linear regression analyses examined average caffeine intake as a predictor of standardized performance change. Significant was set to p ≤ 0.05. Caffeine had no significant effect on performance, and no condition × group interaction was detected. Lower dose caffeine supplementation did not enhance performance outcomes in college male athletes, and habituation to caffeine did not influence these null effects.
Passive Heating Via Heating Pads Improves Vertical Jump and Agility Performance in NCAA Division III Soccer Players.
Jiwan NC, DeKuiper KJ, Sysol LA … +2 more , Chabala GE, Costa PA
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42213968 · Publisher ↗
Jiwan, NC, DeKuiper, KJ, Sysol, LA, Chabala, GE, and Costa, PA. Passive heating via heating pads improves vertical jump and agility performance in NCAA Division III soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 202...
Jiwan, NC, DeKuiper, KJ, Sysol, LA, Chabala, GE, and Costa, PA. Passive heating via heating pads improves vertical jump and agility performance in NCAA Division III soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Passive heating may enhance performance by increasing blood flow, improving nerve conduction, and stimulating calcium release. Although most studies focus on saunas or hot water immersion, research on heating pads (HP) remains limited. Thus, this study aims to investigate the effect of HP on athletic performance in soccer players. Nineteen male (n = 10) and female (n = 9) soccer players completed 2 identical testing sessions in a randomized, counterbalanced design. HP was applied to both thighs and set to 66°C in the passive heat treatment (PHT) and maintained at body temperature in the sham condition. Skin temperature was taken before (Pre) and after (Post) HP application. After heating, subjects completed 3 performance tests: passing accuracy, vertical jump, and agility t test. Peak power was derived from vertical jump height (VJH). The alpha level was set at p ≤ 0.05. PHT significantly increased thigh skin temperature, improved VJH, peak power, and agility times, while no differences were observed for passing accuracy. PHT improved VJH and agility times in soccer players, supporting HP as an accessible and effective preactivity strategy to enhance performance.
Effects of Menstrual Cycle Phases on Neuromuscular Performance in Elite Adolescent Female Team Sport Athletes.
Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe A, Milà-Villarroel R, Pujol-Marzo M … +4 more , Casadevall-Sayeras P, Nieto-Guisado A, Nevot-Casas O, Peña J
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42213965 · Publisher ↗
Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A, Milà-Villarroel, R, Pujol-Marzo, M, Casadevall-Sayeras, P, Nieto-Guisado, A, Nevot-Casas, O, and Peña, J. Effects of menstrual cycle phases on neuromuscular performance in elite adolescent female t...
Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A, Milà-Villarroel, R, Pujol-Marzo, M, Casadevall-Sayeras, P, Nieto-Guisado, A, Nevot-Casas, O, and Peña, J. Effects of menstrual cycle phases on neuromuscular performance in elite adolescent female team sport athletes. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Hormonal fluctuations across the MC may influence neuromuscular performance in female athletes; however, evidence in adolescent populations remains limited. This study aimed to examine the effects of 3 MC phases-early follicular (EFP), late follicular, and late luteal-on vertical jump performance and upper-body strength endurance in elite adolescent female team sport athletes. Thirty-two eumenorrheic basketball and volleyball athletes (mean age = 16.1 ± 1.3 years) were assessed across 3 consecutive natural MCs. Neuromuscular performance was evaluated in each phase using countermovement jump (CMJ; mean and maximum height) and bench press repetitions at 80% of 1-repetition maximum. Linear mixed-effects models were used to account for repeated observations nested within MCs and subjects. The menstrual phase was included as a fixed effect, with random intercepts for subjects and cycles nested within subjects. Significant main effects of phase were observed for CMJ mean height (p < 0.001), CMJ maximal height (p < 0.001), and bench press repetitions at 80% 1-repetition maximum (p = 0.001), with lower performance during the EFP compared with later phases. These results suggest that the EFP, concurrent with menstruation, is associated with reduced neuromuscular performance in adolescent athletes. Practical applications include the importance of MC tracking and individualized training adjustments to optimize performance and potentially reduce injury risk during vulnerable phases.
Teeth Clenching Improves Selective Response and Shortens Reaction Time.
Sugai N, Hirabayashi R, Okada Y … +7 more , Yoshida Y, Okouchi T, Yokota H, Ishigaki T, Komiya M, Sakamoto K, Edama M
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42213914 · Publisher ↗
Sugai, N, Hirabayashi, R, Okada, Y, Yoshida, Y, Okouchi, T, Yokota, H, Ishigaki, T, Komiya, M, Sakamoto, K, and Edama, M. Teeth clenching improves selective response and shortens reaction time. J Strength Cond Res XX(X):...
Sugai, N, Hirabayashi, R, Okada, Y, Yoshida, Y, Okouchi, T, Yokota, H, Ishigaki, T, Komiya, M, Sakamoto, K, and Edama, M. Teeth clenching improves selective response and shortens reaction time. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-In sports, rapid decision making and quick reactions are vital for optimal performance. Enhancing reaction time in choice to respond, task-based tasks require efficient cognitive processing and motor output. This study examined the effects of teeth clenching and clenching balance on reaction time. Teeth clenching has been shown to boost muscle activity and cognitive function; however, imbalanced clenching between the left and right sides may negatively affect performance. Twenty-two right-handed subjects with normal occlusion and 28 or more teeth completed a forward stepping task under 3 clenching conditions: no clenching without dental contact (No-CL), moderate clenching (Moderate-CL), and maximal clenching (Max-CL). Reaction time was assessed through the soleus muscle (Sol) activity, including Sol reaction time, release time, and grounding time. Results showed significantly shorter Sol reaction, release, and grounding times under Moderate-CL and Max-CL conditions than under no-CL (p < 0.05). In subjects with balanced clenching, all 3 measures improved significantly under clenching conditions (p < 0.05). However, those with clenching imbalance showed improvement only in Sol reaction time (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was found between clenching imbalance and changes in reaction time, particularly for release time and overall reaction time under clenching conditions (r > 0.37, p < 0.05). These findings suggest that clenching can enhance spinal excitability and cognitive performance through activation of the locus coeruleus, potentially improving reaction ability in sports and daily life. However, clenching imbalance may limit these benefits, highlighting the importance of considering clenching balance in future research and performance strategies.
Physiologic Responses and Energy System Contributions in Competitive Short Track Speed Skating Across Race Distances.
Kıyıcı F, Ulupınar S, Gençoğlu C … +4 more , Atasever G, Seren K, Çiydem Ç, Özbay S
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42213907 · Publisher ↗
Kıyıcı, F, Ulupınar, S, Gençoğlu, C, Atasever, G, Seren, K, Çiydem, Ç, and Özbay, S. Physiologic responses and energy system contributions in competitive short track speed skating across race distances. J Strength Cond R...
Kıyıcı, F, Ulupınar, S, Gençoğlu, C, Atasever, G, Seren, K, Çiydem, Ç, and Özbay, S. Physiologic responses and energy system contributions in competitive short track speed skating across race distances. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study aimed to quantify and compare the physiologic responses and energy system contributions across 3 standard race distances in elite short track speed skaters. Nine national-level elite male short track speed skaters performed maximal-effort time trials for 500, 1000, and 1,500 m, in randomized order and with full recovery between sessions. Oxygen uptake (V̇o2) was continuously measured using a portable gas analyzer, while blood lactate concentration ([BLa]) was sampled at rest and at multiple time points postexercise. Energy contributions from phosphagen, glycolytic, and aerobic pathways were calculated using validated equations based on V̇o2, EPOC kinetics, and [BLa]. Total energy expenditure increased with distance (500 m: 123.8 ± 16.5 kJ; 1,000 m: 163.1 ± 19.2 kJ; 1,500 m: 201.9 ± 19.6 kJ). Aerobic energy rose significantly from 27.2 ± 2.4 kJ at 500 m to 57.3 ± 4.9 kJ at 1,000 m and 89.1 ± 7.9 kJ at 1,500 m. Glycolytic energy was 50.6 ± 11.5 kJ at 500 m and 55.4 ± 10.6 kJ at 1,000 m, and increased to 60.3 ± 11.5 kJ at 1,500 m. Phosphagen energy also increased with distance (45.7 ± 9.4 kJ; 50.3 ± 10.3 kJ; 52.8 ± 11.2 kJ). In relative terms, aerobic contribution rose from 22.2% at 500 m to 35.3% at 1,000 m and 44.3% at 1,500 m, whereas glycolytic contribution declined from 40.9 to 33.9% and 29.8%, and phosphagen contribution from 36.9 to 30.8% and 26% (all p < 0.05). The findings demonstrate a clear shift from anaerobic to aerobic dominance as race distance increases in short track speed skating. The PCr-La-O2 approach offers detailed insights into metabolic demands across competition distances, supporting tailored training and recovery strategies. The observed nonlinear patterns in glycolytic and phosphagen contributions highlight the importance of distance-specific conditioning in elite speed skating performance.
Relationship Between Velocity Loss and Repetitions Completed During the Bench Press Exercise: Comparative Effect of Generalized vs. Individualized Load-Velocity Relationship to Determine Relative Load.
Puente-Alcaraz C, Herrera-Bermudo JC, Yáñez-García JM … +3 more , Rojas-Jaramillo A, González-Badillo JJ, Rodríguez-Rosell D
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42213906 · Publisher ↗
Puente-Alcaraz, C, Herrera-Bermudo, JC, Yáñez-García, JM, Rojas-Jaramillo, A, González-Badillo, JJ, and Rodríguez-Rosell, D. Relationship between velocity loss and repetitions completed during the bench press exercise: C...
Puente-Alcaraz, C, Herrera-Bermudo, JC, Yáñez-García, JM, Rojas-Jaramillo, A, González-Badillo, JJ, and Rodríguez-Rosell, D. Relationship between velocity loss and repetitions completed during the bench press exercise: Comparative effect of generalized vs. individualized load-velocity relationship to determine relative load. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the load-velocity equation used to determine the relative load (generalized vs. individualized) on (a) the variability in the maximal number of repetitions (MNR) performed against different relative loads; (b) the relationship between the percentage of velocity loss (%VL) in the set and the percentage of repetitions completed (%REP) with respect to the maximum that can be completed; (c) the degree of postexercise fatigue. A secondary objective was to examine the influence of the relative strength ratio (RSR) and wingspan (WP) of the subjects on the aforementioned variables. Twenty trained men performed 12 testing sessions (3-4 days apart): 2 progressive loading tests and 10 MNR tests, in a random order, using 5 different loads (50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% 1 repetition maximum) and 2 procedures for determining relative load (generalized vs. individualized load-velocity relationship). No significant differences were observed between generalized and individualized relative load determination in the MNR completed, the intersubject variability of the MNR completed, the relationship between the %VL and the %REP completed in the set, and the pre-post fatigue after the MNR tests. Furthermore, it was observed that the RSR and WP of the subjects had no effect on the number of repetitions completed, velocity loss, or postexercise fatigue. These findings, specific to the bench press exercise, suggest that the high variability in the number of repetitions completed for a given relative load and the relationship between the %VL and the %REP completed in the set are not conditioned by how the relative load (i.e., initial velocity of the set) is determined.
A Comparison of the Consistency of Adaptive Changes in Biomotor Abilities Induced by Interval Training Individualized Using the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test Vs. Time-Matched Small-Sided Games in Well-Trained Soccer Players.
Lyu L, Wu XM, Li Z … +2 more , Qin XM, He Y
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42213903 · Publisher ↗
Lyu, L, Wu, X-M, Li, Z, Qin, X-M, and He, Y. A Comparison of the consistency of adaptive changes in biomotor abilities induced by interval training individualized using the 30-15 intermittent fitness test vs. time-matche...
Lyu, L, Wu, X-M, Li, Z, Qin, X-M, and He, Y. A Comparison of the consistency of adaptive changes in biomotor abilities induced by interval training individualized using the 30-15 intermittent fitness test vs. time-matched small-sided games in well-trained soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Adaptive changes from specific interventions are typically assessed by looking at the average responses of a group, with the assumption that these averages represent the adaptations of each individual. However, in practice, athletes exhibit varying responses to a given intervention. This study aimed to compare the effects of interval interventions prescribed using fixed reference intensities and small-sided games (SSG) on the homogeneity of adaptive responses in biomotor abilities in well-trained soccer athletes. Thirty national-level players were equally randomized to 2 high-intensity interval intervention groups individualized using 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (G-VIFT [2 sets of 5- to 8-minute intervals, comprising 15 seconds of running at 95% of VIFT followed by 15 seconds of passive recovery]), and time-matched SSG (4 sets of 2.5-4 minutes 3 v 3 efforts), and an active control group (CON), each of 10. Biomotor abilities including linear sprint speed, change of direction, jumping ability, muscular endurance, Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 2 test, and anaerobic power were evaluated before and after an 8-week training period. Interindividual variability was examined using residual changes and coefficients of variation. Our results indicated that both G-VIFT and SSG groups significantly enhanced measures of biomotor abilities over the training period (p < 0.05). Comparative analysis indicated G-VIFT results in more homogenous adaptations in average power output and the subjects' ability to repeatedly perform and recover from intense exercise compared with SSG. Overall, individualizing high-intensity interval training using VIFT promotes more consistent adaptations in measures of anaerobic power and exercise tolerance compared with SSG.
The Effect of High-Velocity Elastic Band Training on Physical Performance in Youth Soccer Players.
Bartusevičius D, Stanislovaitienė J, Kamandulis S … +1 more , Conte D
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42213901 · Publisher ↗
Bartusevičius, D, Stanislovaitienė, J, Kamandulis, S, and Conte, D. The effect of high-velocity elastic band training on physical performance in youth soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The purpose...
Bartusevičius, D, Stanislovaitienė, J, Kamandulis, S, and Conte, D. The effect of high-velocity elastic band training on physical performance in youth soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a high-velocity elastic band training (HVEBT) program in youth soccer players. Eighteen male outfield players (age = 15.5 ± 0.4 years, stature = 175.1 ± 6.1 cm, body mass = 68.9 ± 7.3 kg, training experience = 9.9 ± 1.1 years, maturity offset = 1.8 ± 0.4 years) were recruited for the study. Players were randomly assigned to the experimental (HVEBT) and control groups. The study lasted 20 weeks (2 times per week) and consisted of 6 lower limb exercises targeting the main lower limb muscle groups (i.e., knee and hip flexors, extensors, and hip adductors) performed before the regular soccer training session; the control group did no additional activity. Before and after the experimental period, players' lower limb peak concentric torque measured with an isokinetic dynamometer at 180°·s-1, Y-balance composite score for dominant (YBT.D) and nondominant (YBT.ND) leg, countermovement jump (CMJ) height, the 10 and 30 m linear sprint time, ball-kicking velocity for dominant (BKV.D) and nondominant (BKV.ND) legs were assessed. Results revealed time*group interaction for YBT.D, YBT.ND, CMJ, 10-m sprint time, and BKV.ND (ηp2 =0.438-0.523, moderate), with post hoc within-group changes only in the HVEBT group, ranging from moderate to very large (g = -2.22 to 1.85). Furthermore, within-group changes for BKV.D in both control (g = -3.04 [-4.64 to -1.44]) and HVEBT groups (g = -2.52 [-3.88 to -1.15]) were very large. Our findings suggest that a 20-week in-season HVEBT exercise program, in addition to regular soccer training, is effective in improving sprinting, jumping, ball-kicking, and dynamic balance performance in postpubertal youth soccer players.
Acute Effect of Extrinsic Foot Muscles Fatigue on Plantar Fascia and Achilles Tendon Stiffness: A Case-Crossover Design.
Dönmez S, Varol F
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42213898 · Publisher ↗
Dönmez, S and Varol, F. Acute effect of extrinsic foot muscles fatigue on plantar fascia and Achilles tendon stiffness: A case-crossover design. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The extrinsic foot muscles (EFMs)...
Dönmez, S and Varol, F. Acute effect of extrinsic foot muscles fatigue on plantar fascia and Achilles tendon stiffness: A case-crossover design. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The extrinsic foot muscles (EFMs) originate in the leg and insert into the foot, providing dynamic support and movement. Extrinsic foot muscles are anatomically and functionally related to the plantar fascia (PF) and Achilles tendon (AT); therefore, the tissues may exhibit differential mechanical loading characteristics due to increased stresses in the foot. This study aimed to determine the acute effect of fatigue induced in the EFMs on the PF and AT biomechanical properties. Nineteen healthy young subjects were included in this study. The primary outcome measures were stiffness, measured using MyotonPRO at baseline and immediately after the fatigue task. Fatigue was induced by a protocol consisting of unilateral heel raise (UHR), closed chain-resisted foot adduction (CC-RFA), and a combination of these 2 exercises performed on the dominant lower limb in different weeks. Significant increases were found in the stiffness of the PF after fatigue induced by UHR and CC-RFA (p < 0.05). Achilles tendon stiffness did not significantly change after the exercises (p > 0.05). No significant difference was found between exercise types before and after fatigue (p > 0.05). In conclusion, exercise-induced fatigue of the EFMs results in a significant increase in PF stiffness and alters foot biomechanics. Practically, incorporating active recovery or myofascial release techniques following high-intensity EFM loading may help reduce PF tension and the risk of potential overuse injuries. From a preventive perspective, understanding these acute stiffness changes is essential for designing effective conditioning and rehabilitation programs that optimize performance and minimize injury risk.
Multidimensional Physiologic Adaptations to a 14-Day Detraining Period in Elite Powerlifters: Neuromuscular, Morphological, and Hormonal Responses.
Yılmaz U, Buzdağlı Y, Bilgin S … +6 more , Sepil Y, Ozan M, Bağaçlı UH, Şıktar E, Baygutalp F, Kılıç Baygutalp N
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42213892 · Publisher ↗
Yılmaz, U, Buzdağlı, Y, Bilgin, S, Sepil, Y, Ozan, M, Bağaçlı, UH, Şıktar, E, Baygutalp, F, and Kılıç Baygutalp, N. Multidimensional physiologic adaptations to a 14-day detraining period in elite powerlifters: Neuromuscu...
Yılmaz, U, Buzdağlı, Y, Bilgin, S, Sepil, Y, Ozan, M, Bağaçlı, UH, Şıktar, E, Baygutalp, F, and Kılıç Baygutalp, N. Multidimensional physiologic adaptations to a 14-day detraining period in elite powerlifters: Neuromuscular, morphological, and hormonal responses. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Short-term detraining has been associated with alterations in neuromuscular performance and hormonal regulation; however, its combined effects on neural activation, muscle morphology, and endocrine responses in elite strength athletes remain incompletely characterized. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a 14-day detraining period on neuromuscular performance, electromyographic activity, muscle morphology, and hormonal-biochemical responses in elite male powerlifters. Twenty trained powerlifters completed all assessments before and after the detraining period. Neuromuscular performance was evaluated using the countermovement jump (CMJ), isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), and a 20 m sprint test. Surface electromyography was used to quantify muscle activation parameters, including root mean square (RMS) amplitude, median frequency, and antagonist coactivation. Muscle morphology was assessed by ultrasonography, while serum creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase, interleukin-6 (IL-6), cortisol, testosterone, and the testosterone-to-cortisol (T/C) ratio were analyzed to characterize biochemical and hormonal responses. After detraining, several neuromuscular performance variables demonstrated statistically significant declines, including CMJ reactive strength index, IMTP rate of force development, and sprint performance. These changes were accompanied by alterations in electromyographic activation patterns, characterized by reduced quadriceps RMS amplitude and increased hamstring coactivation. In contrast, changes in muscle thickness and cross-sectional area did not reach statistical significance, although a small increase in muscle echo intensity was observed. Biochemically, CK and IL-6 concentrations increased, cortisol levels rose, testosterone declined, and the T/C ratio decreased, indicating a transient shift in endocrine balance. In conclusion, a 14-day detraining period was associated with measurable changes in neuromuscular performance, electromyographic activation, and hormonal-biochemical markers in elite powerlifters, while structural muscle adaptations remained inconclusive. Although the findings suggest that early detraining-related performance impairments may be more closely related to functional and regulatory adaptations than to clearly detectable morphologic changes, this interpretation should be considered tentative within the limitations of the study design and statistical framework.
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