J Strength Cond Res [JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Passive Blood Flow Restriction Accelerates Muscle Recovery After Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Healthy, Recreationally Active Females.
Howard MA, Lubiak SM, Schmidt JT … +8 more , Stray-Gundersen S, Hirsch KR, Trevino MA, Hammer SM, Dinyer-McNeely TK, Bergstrom HC, Keller JL, Hill EC
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42213885 · Publisher ↗
Howard, MA, Lubiak, SM, Schmidt, JT, Stray-Gundersen, S, Hirsch, KR, Trevino, MA, Hammer, SM, Dinyer-McNeely, TK, Bergstrom, HC, Keller, JL, and Hill, EC. Passive blood flow restriction accelerates muscle recovery after...
Howard, MA, Lubiak, SM, Schmidt, JT, Stray-Gundersen, S, Hirsch, KR, Trevino, MA, Hammer, SM, Dinyer-McNeely, TK, Bergstrom, HC, Keller, JL, and Hill, EC. Passive blood flow restriction accelerates muscle recovery after exercise-induced muscle damage in healthy, recreationally active females. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of passive blood flow restriction (pBFR) on indices of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) following a muscle-damaging protocol. Eighteen females completed 6 visits occurring at the same time of day (±2 hours). Muscle damage was elicited by performing 3 sets of 25 maximal, unilateral, isokinetic (60·s-1), concentric-eccentric leg extensions on each leg. Each leg was then randomly assigned to receive pBFR (80% of total arterial occlusion pressure) or sham (20 mmHg) at 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours post-EIMD. Indices of EIMD (muscle soreness [0-10 visual analog scale], limb circumference, range of motion [ROM], pain pressure threshold, and maximal voluntary isometric contraction [MVIC] torque) were assessed before EIMD (baseline) and at 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours. Separate 2 (Condition [pBFR and sham]) × 6 (Time [baseline, 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours]), repeated-measures ANOVAs were performed. Collapsed across Condition, muscle soreness increased post-EIMD and partially recovered at 72 and 96 hours (change from baseline [Δ]; Δ2.3 ± 2.3 au and Δ1.4 ± 1.5 au, respectively). Limb circumference increased in both conditions post-EIMD and recovered by 24 hours (pBFR: Δ0.4 ± 1.8 cm; sham: Δ0.5 ± 2.2 cm). ROM recovered sooner for pBFR (24 hours; Δ-6.1 ± 8.9°) than sham (24 hours; Δ-9.2 ± 9.4°), and ROM was greater for pBFR than sham at 48 hours post-EIMD. Pain pressure threshold was greater, collapsed across Time, for pBFR (4.40 ± 1.62 kgf) than sham (4.12 ± 1.63 kgf). Like ROM, MVIC torque recovered sooner for pBFR (24 hours; Δ-14.9 ± 25.3 Nm) than sham (24 hours; Δ-33.9 ± 22.1 Nm). Applying pBFR after EIMD resulted in a faster rate of return for MVIC and ROM in females, suggesting that pBFR may serve as an effective strategy to facilitate recovery of muscle function.
Understanding Differences in Swimming Velocity and Propulsive Force in the Butterfly Stroke: A Comparison Between Male and Female Butterfly Swimmers Through Discrete and Continuous Variables.
Pinto MP, Neiva HP, Sampaio T … +4 more , Oliveira JP, Barbosa TM, Marinho DA, Morais JE
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42213883 · Publisher ↗
Pinto, MP, Neiva, HP, Sampaio, T, Oliveira, JP, Barbosa, TM, Marinho, DA, and Morais, JE. Understanding differences in swimming velocity and propulsive force in the butterfly stroke: A comparison between male and female...
Pinto, MP, Neiva, HP, Sampaio, T, Oliveira, JP, Barbosa, TM, Marinho, DA, and Morais, JE. Understanding differences in swimming velocity and propulsive force in the butterfly stroke: A comparison between male and female butterfly swimmers through discrete and continuous variables. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The aim of this study was to verify differences in swimming velocity and propulsive force (PF) between male and female swimmers in the butterfly stroke based on discrete variables and Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM-continuous variables). The sample comprised 20 young national-level swimmers (10 boys with 17.9 ± 1.2 years and 10 girls with 15.5 ± 1.4 years). Swimming velocity, intracyclic variation of swimming velocity, stroke frequency, stroke length, stroke index, and PF were measured as discrete variables. Swimming velocity and PF were also measured as continuous variables with SPM. As a discrete variable, swimming velocity presented significant differences between sexes with very large effect sizes (p < 0.001, d = 2.46). The average PF also presented significant differences between sexes with very large effect sizes (p < 0.001, d = 2.01). Male swimmers were faster and generated greater PF than female swimmers. As for SPM, velocity presented significant differences between sexes (t = 3.355, p < 0.001) between ∼31 and ∼56% of the stroke cycle. This corresponds mainly to the end of the pull and most of the push phase. PF followed the same trend, with differences in the same phase of the time series. SPM allowed for identification where, within the stroke cycle, differences between sexes occurred in velocity and PF. Being in the same phase of the time series highlights the existing velocity-PF relationship. SPM can allow researchers and coaches to pinpoint the exact moments within the stroke cycle where differences between swimmers may occur.
Effects of Combined Training on Physical Fitness According to Maturity in Male Youth Soccer Players.
Zghal F, Colson SS, Bouzid MA … +5 more , Elloumi M, Laurencelle L, Behm DG, Granacher U, Chaouachi A
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42213880 · Publisher ↗
Zghal, F, Colson, SS, Bouzid, MA, Elloumi, M, Laurencelle, L, Behm, DG, Granacher, U, and Chaouachi, A. Effects of combined training on physical fitness according to maturity in male youth soccer players. J Strength Cond...
Zghal, F, Colson, SS, Bouzid, MA, Elloumi, M, Laurencelle, L, Behm, DG, Granacher, U, and Chaouachi, A. Effects of combined training on physical fitness according to maturity in male youth soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The aim of this study was to investigate whether the adaptations related to combined resistance and plyometric (PLYO)/sprint training on measures of physical fitness differed according to maturity status. Thirty-five young male soccer players were assigned to 2 experimental groups, labeled circa-peak-height-velocity [PHV] (n = 13, age 14.2 ± 0.2 years, predicted from/to age at PHV [PAPHV] = +0.1 ± 0.3 years) and post-PHV (n = 12, age 17.2 ± 0.4 years, PAPHV = +2.9 ± 0.5 years), and an active control group (CONT; n = 10, age 15.8 ± 1.7 years, PAPHV = +1.1 ± 1.3 years). Two weekly sessions of combined resistance training and PLYO/sprint training, or soccer training sessions, were added to the regular soccer-training program for the experimental and CONT groups, respectively. Before and after 7 weeks of training, absolute peak torque, peak torque normalized to thigh volume, and absolute and relative (normalized to peak torque) rate of torque development (RTD) during maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the knee extensors were assessed. In addition, vertical jump (squat [SJ], countermovement [CMJ], drop jump [DJ]), linear sprint (5, 10, 20 m), and change-of-direction (CoD) speed tests (505 test) were performed. An analysis of covariance with group as between-subject comparator and baseline data as a covariate was computed using delta values. Significant differences were observed for absolute peak torque (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.62), peak torque normalized to thigh volume (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.58), absolute RTD (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.64), and relative RTD (p < 0.01; η2 = 0.26), vertical jump performance (SJ: p < 0.001; η2 = 0.54, CMJ: p < 0.001; η2 = 0.66), and linear sprint (5-m: p < 0.001; η2 = 0.55, 10-m: p < 0.001; η2 = 0.36) and CoD speed (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.41) with greater percentage changes for the circa- compared with the post-PHV group. Our results suggest that the extent of adaptations to combined resistance and plyometric (PLYO)/sprint training is influenced by the individuals' maturity status. From a practical perspective, the findings of this study suggest that combined resistance and plyometric/sprint training could be particularly useful when performed around PHV, a maturational status at which greater neuromuscular adaptability may enable further gains in physical fitness.
Comparison of External Load Demands Across Three Competitive Tiers in Spanish Football: A Three-Season Single-Club Study.
Vicens-Bordas J, Colomar J, Altarriba-Bartés A … +6 more , Yeto-Jiménez A, Jiménez A, Carrera-Prat J, García F, Peña J, Beato M
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42190156 · Publisher ↗
Vicens-Bordas, J, Colomar, J, Altarriba-Bartés, A, Yeto-Jiménez, A, Jiménez, A, Carrera-Prat, J, García, F, Peña, J, and Beato, M. Comparison of external load demands across three competitive tiers in Spanish football: A...
Vicens-Bordas, J, Colomar, J, Altarriba-Bartés, A, Yeto-Jiménez, A, Jiménez, A, Carrera-Prat, J, García, F, Peña, J, and Beato, M. Comparison of external load demands across three competitive tiers in Spanish football: A three-season single-club study. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The purpose of this study was to compare the match external load demands experienced by a football team competing for 3 consecutive seasons across various competitive tiers (fourth, third, and second) of Spanish football. Independent variables included player position, match location, and match outcome. A total of 747 individual official match observations from 47 male players were recorded using 10-Hz global positioning system devices. External load metrics (relative to minutes played) included total distance, high-speed running (HSR > 21 km·hour-1), sprint distance (>24 km·hour-1), high metabolic load distance (HMLD > 25.5 W·kg-1), accelerations (>3 m·second-2), and decelerations (<-3 m·second-2). Linear mixed models (significance level set at p < 0.05) assessed the effects of competitive level, position, location, and result, including interaction effects. Cohen's d was also calculated with 95% confidence interval. Results showed that HSR and HMLD differed across competitive levels, with professional (second tier) matches requiring higher HSR demands (medium effects), and fourth tier greater HMLD demands than third tier (small effect). Positional differences were present in all metrics except accelerations, with wide roles (wingers and wide backs) being exposed to greater demands than central positions (medium to large effects). Match location had limited influence, though total distance was slightly higher at home matches (small effect). Winning was consistently associated with higher physical demands, particularly in the second tier, where players covered more distance at high intensities (HSR and sprinting) than when drawing or losing (small to medium effects). Interaction effects indicated that competition level modulated the influence of player position, match location, and result on physical demands. These findings suggest that professional football imposes higher physical demands (although not for all parameters, e.g., accelerations) than semiprofessional football. Coaches and practitioners should consider competition level and contextual factors when designing training and recovery strategies, particularly for wide-position players and during high-stakes matches.
How Different Are Training Sessions From Matches? An Exploratory Study Analyzing Resultant Acceleration Distribution Curves of Portuguese Young Adult Male Soccer Players.
Oliveira P, Baptista I, Moura FA … +4 more , Boullosa D, Pimenta R, Nakamura FY, Afonso J
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42190153 · Publisher ↗
Oliveira, P, Baptista, I, Moura, FA, Boullosa, D, Pimenta, R, Nakamura, FY, and Afonso, J. How different are training sessions from matches? An exploratory study analyzing resultant acceleration distribution curves of Po...
Oliveira, P, Baptista, I, Moura, FA, Boullosa, D, Pimenta, R, Nakamura, FY, and Afonso, J. How different are training sessions from matches? An exploratory study analyzing resultant acceleration distribution curves of Portuguese young adult male soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This exploratory study examined the continuous distribution of acceleration (Acc) loads across a weekly microcycle in elite male youth soccer players, comparing training sessions with competitive match demands. Raw Acc data were processed to generate continuous distribution curves representing the frequency and magnitude of Acc across all sessions. Statistical Parametric Mapping was used to compare these distributions between match day (MD) and training days separately (MD-1 to MD-4). The results indicated that MD-3 and MD-4 showed the greatest similarity to match play, differing by only 0 and 134 points, respectively, on a 1,000-point scale, while MD-1 displayed the greatest divergence, consistent with its intended tapering function. The observed data suggest that MD-3 and MD-4 were the most physically demanding training sessions, closely replicating match demands, while the remaining days imposed lower Acc loads than match play. The continuous Acc approach provided detailed and context-specific evidence into how training sessions replicate or differ from competitive demands, overcoming the limitations of traditional threshold-based methods relying on arbitrary cutoffs. From a practical perspective, using continuous Acc values for intraindividual rather than interindividual comparisons may help strength and conditioning professionals to improve the precision of workload monitoring and support more individualized training adjustments based on intraindividual variability.
Effects of Contrast Training Using Holding Isometric and Ballistic Exercises on Physical Performance of Youth Male Soccer Players: A Randomized Controlled Study.
Ramchiary SK, Prasad S, Meto H … +3 more , Dele G, Jarosz J, Thapa RK
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42190152 · Publisher ↗
Ramciary, S, Prasad, S, Meto, H, Deley, G, Jarosz, J, and Thapa, RK. Effects of contrast training using holding isometric and ballistic exercises on physical performance of youth male soccer players: a randomized control...
Ramciary, S, Prasad, S, Meto, H, Deley, G, Jarosz, J, and Thapa, RK. Effects of contrast training using holding isometric and ballistic exercises on physical performance of youth male soccer players: a randomized controlled study. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study aimed to compare the effects of a 12-week complex-contrast training (CT) intervention, combining both holding isometric and ballistic exercises, on the physical performance of male youth soccer players. Thirty (age: 17.7 ± 0.6 years) Tier 2 (developmental or trained) male soccer players were randomly assigned to the CT (n = 15) or control group (n = 15). Sprint force-velocity profile, 10- and 30-m sprint times, countermovement jump, change-of-direction speed, isometric mid-thigh pull, Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1, kicking distance, and kicking velocity were collected at baseline and post-12-week intervention. A 2-by-2 mixed analysis of variance and analysis of covariance with the baseline scores as covariate and Bonferroni-corrected post hoc analysis revealed significant improvements in 10- and 30-m times, sprint Pmax (i.e., relative peak power), sprint ratio of forces for the first 10 m (i.e., average ratio of force for the first 10 m), change-of-direction speed, countermovement jump, isometric mid-thigh pull, kicking distance, and kicking velocity for the CT group compared with the control group (p < 0.001-0.028, ηp2 = 0.18-0.56). The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 similarly improved in both groups. In contrast, no improvements were observed for maximal sprint velocity and slope of the linear decrease in the ratio of force as sprint velocity increases (i.e., the slope of linear decrease in ratio of force as sprint velocity increased). In conclusion, CT using holding isometric and ballistic exercises has the potential to induce neuromuscular adaptations and improve the physical performance of male youth soccer players. This CT method could be particularly relevant for soccer players without gym access and/or for nonresistance-trained players who may be reluctant to lift heavy weights.
Chronic Comparison of Short Recovery Stress Scale in Trained Individuals Completing Traditional or Accentuated Eccentric Loading.
Lis R, Long A, Goode N … +8 more , McDowell K, Nelson D, Mizuguchi S, Duca M, Baur M, Wagle JP, Fry AC, Stone MH
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42190137 · Publisher ↗
Lis, R, Long, A, Goode, N, McDowell, K, Nelson, D, Mizuguchi, S, Duca, M, Baur, M, Wagle, JP, Fry, AC, and Stone, MH. Chronic comparison of short recovery stress scale in trained individuals completing traditional or acc...
Lis, R, Long, A, Goode, N, McDowell, K, Nelson, D, Mizuguchi, S, Duca, M, Baur, M, Wagle, JP, Fry, AC, and Stone, MH. Chronic comparison of short recovery stress scale in trained individuals completing traditional or accentuated eccentric loading. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The purpose of this study was to compare and monitor psychological stress induced by accentuated eccentric training (AEL) compared with traditional resistance training (TRAD). The only difference between groups was AEL used weight releasers for the bench press (BP) and back squat (BS) every 2 repetitions with 15 seconds of rest. Recreationally trained subjects (males: n = 12, age: 22.75 ± 4 years, BW: 89.42 ± 21.09 kgs, BP 1RM: 104.67 ± 23.58 kgs, relative BP 1RM: 1.19 ± 0.22, BS 1RM: 140.75 ± 39.17 kgs, relative BS 1RM: 1.59 ± 0.34, females: n = 6, age: 23.6 ± 4.5 years, BW: 64.3 ± 10.8 kgs, BP 1RM: 51.7 ± 13.4 kgs, relative BP 1RM: 0.80 ± 0.13, BS 1RM: 93.7 ± 18 kgs, relative BS 1RM: 1.47 ± 0.30) completed 4 weeks of strength endurance training. Resistance training occurred 3 times per week (M, W, F), and speed and agility were trained twice per week (T & R). Subjects completed the short recovery stress scale (SRSS) before their warm-ups every single day of training. Results showed a statistical significance for an interaction of muscular stress between groups over days (p < 0.05). Physical performance capability and overall recovery increasing over days, whereas overall stress decreasing in both groups. We conclude that AEL does not create any major differences compared with TRAD when assessed via the SRSS. Practitioners may use AEL to obtain certain qualities without the expense of greater stress and somewhat lower recovery rates compared with TRAD.
Immediate Responses to Trunk Muscle Coordination Cueing on Maximal Isometric Lifting Force, Low Back Postural Displacement, Lumbar Spine Rotational Stiffness, and Trunk Muscle Co-Contraction.
Pinto BL, Beach TAC, Howarth SJ … +1 more , Callaghan JP
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42190132 · Publisher ↗
Pinto, BL, Beach, TAC, Howarth, SJ, and Callaghan, JP. Immediate responses to trunk muscle coordination cueing on maximal isometric lifting force, low back postural displacement, lumbar spine rotational stiffness, and tr...
Pinto, BL, Beach, TAC, Howarth, SJ, and Callaghan, JP. Immediate responses to trunk muscle coordination cueing on maximal isometric lifting force, low back postural displacement, lumbar spine rotational stiffness, and trunk muscle co-contraction. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Cueing trunk muscle bracing has the potential to reduce the risk of injury by stiffening the spine to prevent motion. However, the effects on force production in high-demand tasks such as deadlifting are unpredictable. In addition, various approaches have been used in research and practice settings to cue trunk muscle coordination, ranging from simple verbal directives to detailed coaching. However, the efficacy of these approaches to immediately modify spine stiffness has not been compared. The objective of this investigation was to compare the immediate effects of a simple verbal directive to "activate your core" and detailed trunk muscle bracing coaching on maximal isometric lifting force production, low back postural displacement, muscular contributions to spine rotational stiffness, and trunk muscle agonist-antagonist co-contraction. Forty subjects (50% women) performed maximal isometric lifting exertions across 3 conditions (baseline, directive, and coached). Data were assessed with linear mixed-effects models ( α = 0.05). Postural displacement decreased and rotational stiffness increased in the coached, but not the directive condition. However, both cueing approaches decreased maximal lifting force to a similar extent, which was not solely explained by agonist-antagonist co-contraction, as co-contraction only increased in the coached condition. Decreases in lifting force may instead be attributable to the cognitive effort and attentional focus imposed by the cues. Thus, cueing trunk muscle coordination for the first time can decrease force production, and simple verbal directives are insufficient at modifying trunk muscle coordination. Instead, detailed coaching with practice may ensure the acquisition and implementation of new muscle coordination patterns.
Momentum-Based Load Prescription Profiling for Weighted Jumps in Men's and Women's Collegiate Basketball Players.
Harry JR, Agnew C, Park S
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 42190127 · Publisher ↗
Harry, JR, Agnew, C, and Park, S. Momentum-based load prescription profiling for weighted jumps in men's and women's collegiate basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 40(7): e746-e754, 2026-The jump squat exercise is a...
Harry, JR, Agnew, C, and Park, S. Momentum-based load prescription profiling for weighted jumps in men's and women's collegiate basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 40(7): e746-e754, 2026-The jump squat exercise is a useful exercise for stimulating jump-related adaptations in basketball players. However, it is difficult to determine the ideal load an athlete should use during jump squats. The momentum-based approach for jump squat load selection is promising, but different populations present with different momentum profiles across jump squat loads, challenging application of empirical data to basketball players. The purpose of this technical report was to explain the utility and practical implications of momentum-based profiling and provide jump squat momentum profiles for 22 NCAA Division 1 Men's ( n = 12; 20 ± 1 year; 1.93 ± 0.08 m; 91.45 ± 14.00 kg) and Women's ( n = 10; 21 ± 2 years; 1.78 ± 0.08 m; 76.67 ± 10.04 kg) basketball players. Each player performed three jump squat trials on a dual force platform system with a hexagonal barbell using the following loads relative to their estimated 1 repetition maximum (1RM) back squat: 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60%. The data indicated on average that men's and women's players should consider using 45% of the 1RM back squat when performing jump squats, as 58% of the men's players and 83% of the women's players created the most momentum with that load (men's: 245 ± 70.42 kgm·s -1 ; women's: 192 ± 73.13 kgm·s -1 ). The 15% load coincided with the greatest momentum created in three men's players. One men's and one women's player did so with 30%. Eight men's and one women's player did so with the 45% load, whereas one men's and one women's player did so with the 60% loaded jumps. Each of the loads explored here should produce positive jump adaptations because each player created more momentum with those loads compared with their 0% jumps. For practitioners without access to appropriate tracking technologies, jump squats with a load equal to 45% of the 1RM back squat seems to be an ideal starting place for the average men's and women's basketball player. However, the inconsistency across player-specific momentum profiles suggests that each player's ideal training load can only be determined by assessing their own profile instead of the group average results.
Kinetic and Kinematic Changes Induced by Performance of Accentuated Eccentric Overload in Competitive Weightlifters: An Exploratory Study.
Roderick K, Comfort P, Suchomel T … +2 more , Swinton PA, Schoenfeld BJ
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42190122 · Publisher ↗
Roderick, K, Comfort, P, Suchomel, T, Swinton, PA, and Schoenfeld, BJ. Kinetic and kinematic changes induced by performance of accentuated eccentric overload in competitive weightlifters: an exploratory study. J Strength...
Roderick, K, Comfort, P, Suchomel, T, Swinton, PA, and Schoenfeld, BJ. Kinetic and kinematic changes induced by performance of accentuated eccentric overload in competitive weightlifters: an exploratory study. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-In this 8-week exploratory study, investigators compared the effects of accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) and traditional loading on the dip and propulsive phases of the split jerk, as well as on countermovement jump (CMJ) kinetics and kinematics. Eighteen subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 parallel groups: an AEL group that performed the split jerk using weight releasers that disengaged at the end of the dip phase, or a traditional loading (TLT) group that executed the split jerk with the same load for both eccentric and concentric phases and also performed jerk dips. Both groups trained the split jerk twice weekly using 5 working sets per session. Primary outcome measures included kinetic and kinematic variables obtained during the split jerk one-repetition maximum and the CMJ. Results showed that both interventions elicited small improvements across most jerk-related variables, including slight reductions in braking duration and potentially moderate-to-large decreases in unweighting duration. The estimated group differences in most of the kinetic and kinematic variables for the jerk showed little difference between the TLT and AEL groups, as reflected in the pooled average treatment at midintervention (-0.12; 95% CrI: -0.36 to 0.12; Pr [SMD > 0] = 0.155) and postintervention (0.02; 95% CrI: -0.24 to 0.28; Pr [SMD > 0] = 0.569). In conclusion, applying AEL to the split jerk produced adaptations in jerk and CMJ kinetics and kinematics that were comparable with those observed with traditional training that incorporated the jerk dip, with most changes attributable to adaptations occurring during the dip phase.
Comparison Between Eccentric-Concentric and Eccentric-Only Dumbbell Arm Curl Exercise for the Number of Repetitions to Failure Over Five Sets.
Shibata K, Yamaguchi T, Takizawa K … +1 more , Nosaka K
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42190119 · Publisher ↗
Shibata, K, Yamaguchi, T, Takizawa, K, and Nosaka, K. Comparison between eccentric-concentric and eccentric-only (ECC-only) dumbbell arm curl exercise for the number of repetitions to failure over five sets. J Strength C...
Shibata, K, Yamaguchi, T, Takizawa, K, and Nosaka, K. Comparison between eccentric-concentric and eccentric-only (ECC-only) dumbbell arm curl exercise for the number of repetitions to failure over five sets. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-We compared eccentric-concentric (ECC-CON) and ECC-only dumbbell arm curl exercises for the number of repetitions to failure (RF) over 5 sets with 1- and 3-minute rest between sets. Twelve healthy male university students participated in 3 sessions. In session 1, one-repetition maximum (1-RM) of ECC-CON for one arm and ECC-only for the other arm was assessed. In sessions 2 and 3, the number of RF over 5 sets of ECC-CON and ECC-only at 80% of respective 1-RM load until failure in each set was investigated. The rest interval between sets was 1-minute or 3-minute in a pseudo-randomized order in the 2 sessions. The number of RF in ECC-only (17.5 ± 7.1 for 1-minute, 18.4 ± 7.9 for 3-minute rest) was greater (p < 0.01) than that in ECC-CON (9.8 ± 2.0, 10.3 ± 2.2) in the first set. The number of RF decreased greater (p < 0.01) for ECC-only (-13.1 ± 6.4, -13.9 ± 6.4) than ECC-CON (-6.2 ± 2.1, -3.8 ± 1.7) from the first to the second set. The number of RF was smaller (p < 0.01) for ECC-only than ECC-CON in the third to the fifth sets in 3-minute rest condition (e.g., 3.2 ± 1.0 vs. 0.8 ± 1.3 in the fifth set) and was greater (p < 0.01) in 3-minute than in 1-minute rest condition for ECC-CON alone (e.g., 3.2 ± 1.0 vs. 1.3 ± 1.0 in the fifth set). These results suggest that the less fatigable characteristics in ECC-only were limited to the first set, and ECC-only induced greater decrease in the number of RF over sets. Prolonging the rest interval between sets did not increase the number of RF in ECC-only.
Establishing Expert Consensus on Athletic Movement Quality Assessment Components.
Wijekulasuriya GA, Woods CT, Kittel A … +1 more , Larkin P
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42190114 · Publisher ↗
Wijekulasuriya, GA, Woods, CT, Kittel, A, and Larkin, P. Establishing expert consensus on athletic movement quality assessment components. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The literature lacks a unified athletic...
Wijekulasuriya, GA, Woods, CT, Kittel, A, and Larkin, P. Establishing expert consensus on athletic movement quality assessment components. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The literature lacks a unified athletic movement quality assessment containing movement skills thought to be related to performance in physical fitness tests. Considering this, the aim of this study was to use expert consensus to define the components of a new athletic movement quality assessment. Subjects with experience assessing athletic movement quality in athletes completed a 3-stage Delphi study. Stage 1 sought to establish consensus regarding the movements included within the assessment. Stages 2 and 3 determined the procedural instructions and scoring criteria for each movement, respectively. In total, 32 subjects met the inclusion criteria and completed stage 1, with 20 subjects completing all 3 stages (n = 2 academics; n = 18 practitioners; attrition rate: 38%). Results demonstrated expert consensus (>70% agreement) for every component of the assessment. Experts agreed on the inclusion of 6 movements within the athletic movement quality assessment: (a) an active straight leg raise, (b) shoulder mobility test, (c) squat, (d) push up, (e) lateral bound, and (f) triple hop. Movement quality was assessed using a 5-point Likert scale, with scoring criteria anchored around range of motion and movement control. The attainment of expert consensus for this movement quality assessment provides a foundation for future research into its application in athletic populations. Future research should establish the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the assessment, its association with physical fitness attributes, and discriminant validity.
Agreement between results of the Lamberts and Lambert Submaximal Cycle Test and heart rate variability to indicate training-induced load in elite road cyclists.
Visagie N, Coetzee B, Kramer M
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42190109 · Publisher ↗
Visagie, N, Coetzee, B, and Kramer, M. Agreement between results of the Lamberts and Lambert Submaximal Cycle Test and heart rate variability to indicate training-induced load in elite road cyclists. J Strength Cond Res...
Visagie, N, Coetzee, B, and Kramer, M. Agreement between results of the Lamberts and Lambert Submaximal Cycle Test and heart rate variability to indicate training-induced load in elite road cyclists. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The aim of this study was to assess the agreement between the Lamberts and Lambert submaximal cycle test (LSCT) results and heart rate variability (HRV) to indicate training-induced load in road cyclists. Weekly LSCT tests and daily HRV morning readings of 13 elite, male road cyclists (aged 22.63 ± 3.31 years) were monitored over a seven-week precompetitive training period. In addition, a repeated measures correlation analysis (RMCorr) was used to evaluate the overall common intraindividual associations between the LSCT-related and HRV-related variables. As such, a significant moderate positive relationship was identified between Total HRV and stage 3 mean power output (W) (RMCorr = 0.41, p = 0.000), with weaker relationships observed between Total HRV and stages 2 (RMCorr = -0.23, p = 0.029) and 3 mean exercise HR (b·min -1 ) (RMCorr = 0.32; p = 0.002). Similarly, significant weak, negative correlations were identified between NN50, pNN50 (%), and the rate of perceived exertion of stages 2 (RMCorr = -0.30, p = 0.004; RMCorr = -0.25, p = 0.016) and 3 (RMCorr = -0.39, p = 0.000; RMCorr = -0.27, p = 0.008). Furthermore, significant weak negative and positive relationships, respectively, were obtained between NN50, absolute (b·min -1 ) (RMCorr = -0.27, p = 0.008), and relative HRR 90 (%) (RMCorr = 0.28, p = 0.007). In conclusion, although HRV parasympathetic nervous system indicators predict responses of the LSCT performance and load indicators; the low practical significance of results challenges the notion of using morning HRV parameters as proxies for the outcome measures of the LSCT.
Characterization of Sports Science Professionals Working in the Premier League, Bundesliga, La Liga, Australian A-League, and Major League Soccer.
Jones A, Hatfield D, Peñailillo L … +4 more , Kraemer WJ, Rehbein CO, Swift J, Earp J
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42190108 · Publisher ↗
Jones, A, Hatfield, D, Peñailillo, L, Kraemer, WJ, Rehbein, CO, Swift, J, and Earp, J. Characterization of sports science professionals working in the Premier League, Bundesliga, La Liga, Australian A-League, and Major L...
Jones, A, Hatfield, D, Peñailillo, L, Kraemer, WJ, Rehbein, CO, Swift, J, and Earp, J. Characterization of sports science professionals working in the Premier League, Bundesliga, La Liga, Australian A-League, and Major League Soccer. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Sport science (SS) is an evolving field dedicated to enhancing athlete performance and health through implementation of evidence-based practices and integration with technical coaching and medical staff. Despite numerous advances in this field, SS integration is not standardized across professional soccer. The present study compares functional roles of SS stakeholders working across five international soccer leagues and how educational background varies by role. Stakeholders (n = 358) from the Premier League (PL), Bundesliga (BL), La Liga (LL), Major Soccer League (MLS), and Australian A-League (AA-L) were identified from club websites and media releases. Stakeholder roles were classified by job title as sports scientist, performance director, data analyst, or performance coach, and comparisons were made between leagues. Level of education and area of study was available for 75% of stakeholders and was compared between positions by role. Overall, PL (5.32 ± 2.98 stakeholders/club) and BL (5.72 ± 2.42 stakeholders/club) employed more (p < 0.05) stakeholders than LL (2.68 ± 1.67 stakeholders/club), MLS (2.61 ± 1.47 stakeholders/club), and AA-L (2.50 ± 1.00 stakeholders/club). The relative number of stakeholders with each role differed between leagues (F = 2.74-13.91, p = 0.001-0.034). Notably, PL employed more sports scientists than BL and LL, whereas BL employed more analysts and performance coaches than LL, MLS, and AA-L (p < 0.05). In addition, sports scientists were more likely to have a sports-science degree (80%) than data analysts (44%) or performance coaches (72%) and on average possessed more advanced degrees (p = 0.001-0.002). Overall integration of SS differed between soccer leagues in the number of stakeholders employed, their primary job responsibilities, and educational background.
Position-Dependent External Load Management in Professional Football: An Exploratory Observational Study on the Effects of Microcycle Length.
Galiano C, Nakamura FY, Ribeiro J … +2 more , Asín-Izquierdo I, Asian-Clemente JA
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42172430 · Publisher ↗
Galiano, C, Nakamura, FY, Ribeiro, J, Asín-Izquierdo, I, and Asian-Clemente, JA. Position-dependent external load management in professional football: an exploratory observational study on the effects of microcycle lengt...
Galiano, C, Nakamura, FY, Ribeiro, J, Asín-Izquierdo, I, and Asian-Clemente, JA. Position-dependent external load management in professional football: an exploratory observational study on the effects of microcycle length. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The literature shows that professional football players face different external loads during matches based on their playing positions, but it remains unclear whether their weekly accumulated load reflects their specific roles or remains consistent regardless of position. The objectives of this study were to analyze how microcycle length affects the external load ratio across different playing positions in professional football players, and to examine differences in the ratio values depending on players' specific positions and microcycle length. Global Positioning System-based metrics from a professional football club were collected for 2 consecutive seasons, covering a total of 92 matches (68 regular season, 12 European competitions, and 12 national cup). The external load ratio was defined as the accumulated load in the microcycle/match load in competition. The results of the study show that, in most cases, longer microcycles are associated with higher external load ratios across all playing positions and variables analyzed (p < 0.001). However, except for total distance, all external load variables showed similar ratios between 3-day and 4-day microcycles. Furthermore, the ratios between positions remained similar across all playing positions and microcycle lengths evaluated, except for high decelerations in 3- and 6-day microcycles (p < 0.040) and high accelerations in 3-day microcycles (p < 0.001). In conclusion, longer microcycles increase external load ratios across all playing positions, with training loads generally aligned with match demands regardless of position or microcycle length. Effective load monitoring and individualization are essential to optimize performance and reduce injury risk in professional football.
Effects of Dry-Land Versus In-Water Resistance Priming Exercise on Performance Parameters of Young Female Water Polo Players.
Brisola GMP, da Cruz AL, Belorio LGDS … +5 more , Grossi JP, De Poli RAB, Zagatto AM, Esco MR, Mendes OC
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42172427 · Publisher ↗
Brisola, GMP, da Cruz, AL, Belorio, LGdS, Grossi, JP, De Poli, RAB, Zagatto, AM, Esco, MR, and Mendes, OdC. Effects of dry-land versus in-water resistance priming exercise on performance parameters of young female water...
Brisola, GMP, da Cruz, AL, Belorio, LGdS, Grossi, JP, De Poli, RAB, Zagatto, AM, Esco, MR, and Mendes, OdC. Effects of dry-land versus in-water resistance priming exercise on performance parameters of young female water polo players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The primary purpose of this study was to determine the effects of resistance priming exercises performed on dry-land with power stimuli (PEdry-land) or in-water with sport-specific actions (PEin-water) on subsequent readiness-to-perform and performance parameters 6 hours postintervention in female water polo players. The secondary purpose was to investigate whether the strength levels influence the responsiveness to the priming exercises. Sixteen young female water polo players were assessed in subjective readiness-to-perform, free throw ball velocity, 5-second maximal tethered eggbeater water polo test, and the repeated sprint ability test (RSA) 6 hours after performing either PEdry-land, PEin-water, or a control condition in a randomized order. In addition, subjects completed a one-repetition maximum (1RM) back squat test to determine relative strength level. Group-level analysis showed no significant differences in any measured variables across conditions (p ≥ 0.193). However, when stratified by strength levels, the higher strength group demonstrated superior absolute values in the worst time of the RSA test compared with lower strength level group (p = 0.01) and the control condition (p = 0.004). Furthermore, relative 1RM back squat strength provided moderate correlations with the delta of RSA mean time (r = -0.515, p = 0.041) and worst time (r = -0.586; p = 0.017) after PEdry-land, as well as with peak force (r = 0.540, p = 0.031) and mean force (r = 0.570, p = 0.021) of the 5-second maximal tethered eggbeater test after PEin-water. In conclusion, this study showed that priming exercise did not improve performance when water polo players were analyzed as a whole group. Furthermore, strength level seems to have little impact on the ergogenic response, as stronger athletes experienced small performance gains after PEdry-land condition, with RSA performance improving by approximately 2% on average.
Postactivation Performance Enhancement With Low-Load Upper-Body Exercise Using Blood Flow Restriction or Electrical Muscle Stimulation in Volleyball.
Akçay N, Kamiş O, Keskin K … +5 more , Özmen T, Sofuoğlu C, Süpürgeci N, Rolnick N, Montoye A
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42172426 · Publisher ↗
Akçay, N, Kamiş, O, Keskin, K, Özmen, T, Sofuoğlu, C, Süpürgeci, N, Rolnick, N, and Montoye, A. Post-activation performance enhancement with low-load upper-body exercise using blood-flow restriction or electrical muscle...
Akçay, N, Kamiş, O, Keskin, K, Özmen, T, Sofuoğlu, C, Süpürgeci, N, Rolnick, N, and Montoye, A. Post-activation performance enhancement with low-load upper-body exercise using blood-flow restriction or electrical muscle stimulation in volleyball. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study aimed to compare the acute effects of low-load resistance exercise (LL-RE) performed alone, with blood flow restriction (BFR), or with electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) on handgrip strength and serve speed during single- and multijoint upper-body exercises in well-trained male volleyball players. Fifteen collegiate volleyball players (age: 20.9 ± 2.8 years, height: 180.1 ± 6.4 cm; body mass: 83 ± 5.7 kg) completed 6 randomized sessions at 72-hour intervals. Bench press and triceps push-down were performed 30% of 1RM for 4 sets (30, 15, 15, and 15 repetitions), with 30 seconds of rest between sets in 3 conditions: LL-RE alone, LL-RE + BFR (50% arterial occlusion pressure), and LL-RE + EMS (75 Hz). Only one exercise was performed per experimental session; therefore, 3 sessions involved the bench press and 3 sessions involved the triceps push-down. Handgrip strength and serve speed were assessed 5 minutes postexercise. After bench press, handgrip strength was significantly greater after LL-RE with BFR (Δ = +3.7 kg, p = 0.043, d = 0.77) and LL-RE + EMS (Δ = +3.4 kg, p = 0.036, d = 0.79) compared with baseline, with no differences compared with LL-RE alone. After the triceps push-down, LL-RE combined with EMS elicited significantly greater improvements in handgrip strength than LL-RE alone (Δ = +2.1 kg, p = 0.029, d = 0.86), while all 3 conditions showed significant increases compared with baseline (LL-RE alone: +4.4 kg, p = 0.010; BFR: +5.9 kg, p = 0.002; EMS: +6.5 kg, p < 0.001, d = 1.02-1.39). Serve speed did not differ significantly across conditions (p > 0.05). These findings demonstrate that LL-RE combined with BFR or EMS can modestly enhance acute handgrip strength, particularly during single-joint exercise; however, volleyball serve speed did not differ across all 6 experimental conditions. For coaches and athletes, incorporating LL-RE with BFR or EMS as part of a warm-up routine may provide small but meaningful acute improvements in upper-body strength performance.
Effects of Sprint Interval Training With Blood Flow Restriction on Short-Term High Intensity Cycling Performance.
Dall'Agnol C, Orcy RB, Formalioni A … +2 more , Siqueira GM, Del Vecchio FB
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42172344 · Publisher ↗
Dall'Agnol, C, Orcy, RB, Formalioni, A, Siqueira, GdM, and Del Vecchio, FB. Effects of sprint interval training with blood flow restriction on short-term high intensity cycling performance. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000...
Dall'Agnol, C, Orcy, RB, Formalioni, A, Siqueira, GdM, and Del Vecchio, FB. Effects of sprint interval training with blood flow restriction on short-term high intensity cycling performance. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Sprint interval training (SIT) elicits rapid metabolic and performance adaptations, but whether adding blood flow restriction (BFR) during recovery intervals enhances short-term cycling performance is unclear. This study compared physiological responses and performance after 2 weeks of SIT with BFR applied during recovery (GBFR) versus SIT alone (GCON) in recreationally trained cyclists. Sixteen male subjects were randomized (n = 8 per group); 12 completed and were included in the final analyses (GCON n = 7; GBFR n = 5). Both groups performed 6 SIT sessions consisting of 4-6 30-second Wingate bouts separated by 4 minutes of passive recovery. In GBFR, cuffs were inflated bilaterally at the proximal thighs during recovery only (0 mm Hg during sprints). Pre- and post-testing included a 30-second Wingate test, graded exercise test peak power output, and time to exhaustion at peak power output (TTE). Change-score comparisons (Post minus Pre) favored GBFR for Wingate maximal anaerobic power (Δdifference = 48.1 W; Hedges g = 0.88) and mean anaerobic power (Δdifference = 28.6 W; g = 0.95), although between-group differences in change were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Peak power output and TTE showed no clear between-group differences in change. During training, GBFR exhibited higher postexercise blood lactate in the final session and slower heart-rate recovery, indicating greater cardiometabolic strain. Applying BFR during recovery intervals may be considered as an experimental strategy to increase training strain during short-term SIT, but larger trials are needed to determine whether it provides a consistent additional performance benefit over SIT alone.
Reliability and Validity of Critical Force Estimated From a 3-Minute All-Out Squat Test.
Yang YR, Wang HJ, Lin CY … +2 more , Lin YD, Cheng CF
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42172310 · Publisher ↗
Yang, Y-R, Wang, H-J, Lin, C-Y, Lin, Y-D, and Cheng, C-F. Reliability and validity of critical force estimated from a 3-minute all-out squat test. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study aimed to develop a 3-...
Yang, Y-R, Wang, H-J, Lin, C-Y, Lin, Y-D, and Cheng, C-F. Reliability and validity of critical force estimated from a 3-minute all-out squat test. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study aimed to develop a 3-minute all-out squat test (3MST) to determine critical force (CF) in the squat exercise and to evaluate its reliability and validity. Fifteen trained men participated in the study and completed a maximal strength test, 3 repetitions-to-exhaustion tests to estimate CF and F', and 2 3MSTs to assess end-test force (EF) and work above EF (WEF). Heart rate (HR) and changes in deoxyhemoglobin concentration (Δ[HHb]) were recorded during the 3MSTs. Blood lactate concentration ([La]) was collected 5 minutes after the 3MSTs. Both EF (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.975-0.980, p < 0.05) and WEF (ICC = 0.767-0.882, p < 0.05) demonstrated good-to-excellent reliability. Critical forces, derived from the 3 mathematical models, exhibited strong relationships and high agreement with EF (r = 0.783-0.913, p < 0.05), and did not differ significantly from EF (p > 0.05). However, WEF was significantly greater than F' estimated from the 3 models (p < 0.05). In addition, both HR and Δ[HHb] reached a plateau during the 3MST, with no significant differences observed between the first and second trials (p > 0.05), as did [La]. These results indicated that the 3MST is a valid and reliable tool for estimating CF in squat exercise and may be used to identify anchor intensity before prescribing a resistance training program.
Relative Contributions of Body Height and Leg Power to Maximum Walking Speed in Water.
Fukusaki C
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42172308 · Publisher ↗
Fukusaki, C. Relative contributions of body height and leg power to maximum walking speed in water. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study aimed to identify the factors influencing maximum walking speed in w...
Fukusaki, C. Relative contributions of body height and leg power to maximum walking speed in water. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study aimed to identify the factors influencing maximum walking speed in water and to quantify their relative contributions. A total of 132 young adult women participated in a 10-m walking test on land and in water at both their preferred and maximum speeds. Multiple regression analysis using the forced entry method was conducted to assess the independent effects of leg extension power, height, and body mass index on maximum and preferred walking speeds in both environments. The analysis revealed that height and leg extension power significantly predicted maximum walking speed in water (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively), with height exhibiting a larger standardized regression coefficient (β = 0.342) than leg extension power (β = 0.257). Leg extension power was the only significant predictor of maximum walking speed on land (β = 0.293, p < 0.001). No significant association was observed between preferred walking speed and independent variables in either environment. These findings suggest that maximum walking speed in water is primarily associated with height, followed by leg extension power, and highlight the importance of height when designing and implementing water-based walking exercises for therapeutic or training purposes. Shorter individuals are less likely to achieve higher walking speeds in water, potentially reducing exercise intensity and effectiveness.
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