Front Integr Neurosci [JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Editorial: Insights in integrative neuroscience: 2021.
Torres EB
Front Integr Neurosci · 2022 · PMID 36518811 · Full text
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Bi-nasal sectors of ganglion cells complex and visual evoked potential amplitudes as biomarkers in pituitary macroadenoma management.
Hernández-Echevarría O, Cuétara-Lugo EB, Pérez-Benítez MJ … +3 more , González-Gómez JC, González-Diez HR, Mendoza-Santiesteban CE
Front Integr Neurosci · 2022 · PMID 36506477 · Full text
The study aimed to evaluate the retinal ganglion cell structure using optical coherence tomography and the visual pathway function employing visual evoked potentials in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with pitui...
The study aimed to evaluate the retinal ganglion cell structure using optical coherence tomography and the visual pathway function employing visual evoked potentials in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with pituitary macroadenoma. A descriptive, cross-sectional, and longitudinal study (3 and 12 months follow-up) was conducted on forty-two patients. Thirty-five age-matched healthy controls were used in the cross-sectional one. Full neuro-ophthalmological evaluation (structural and functional) was carried out including global and segmented retinal nerve fiber layer/ganglion cell complex analysis and amplitude and latency of P100 component in the electrophysiology. Statistical data analysis was conducted with R version 3.6.3 and Python version 3.8. Associations were evaluated using Spearman's correlations. Amplitude sensitivities were 0.999, and bi-nasal sectors of ganglion cell complex thickness specificities were 0.999. This structural parameter had the highest diagnostic value (area under curve = 0.923). Significant associations were found between bi-nasal sectors with amplitude at 12' (rho > 0.7, < 0.01) and median deviation of the visual field (rho > 0.5, < 0.01) at 3 months. Pre-surgical values of bi-nasal sectors and amplitude can predict post-surgically median deviation and amplitude (Oz, 12') at 3 months with > 0.5. Bi-nasal sectors of ganglion cell complex and visual evoked potentials P100 amplitude are efficient biomarkers of visual pathway damage for pituitary macroadenoma patients' management. Pre-surgical values of the bi-nasal sector and visual evoked potentials' amplitude could help to predict the restoration of parvocellular pathway traffic after decompression.
Biological implications and clinical potential of invasion and migration related miRNAs in glioma.
Guo X, Jiao H, Cao L … +1 more , Meng F
Front Integr Neurosci · 2022 · PMID 36479040 · Full text
Gliomas are the most common primary malignant brain tumors and are highly aggressive. Invasion and migration are the main causes of poor prognosis and treatment resistance in gliomas. As migration and invasion occur, pat...
Gliomas are the most common primary malignant brain tumors and are highly aggressive. Invasion and migration are the main causes of poor prognosis and treatment resistance in gliomas. As migration and invasion occur, patient survival and prognosis decline dramatically. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding 21-23 nucleotides involved in regulating the malignant phenotype of gliomas, including migration and invasion. Numerous studies have demonstrated the mechanism and function of some miRNAs in glioma migration and invasion. However, the biological and clinical significance (including diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapy) of glioma migration and invasion-related miRNAs have not been systematically discussed. This paper reviews the progress of miRNAs-mediated migration and invasion studies in glioma and discusses the clinical value of migration and invasion-related miRNAs as potential biomarkers or targeted therapies for glioma. In addition, these findings are expected to translate into future directions and challenges for clinical applications. Although many biomarkers and their biological roles in glioma invasion and migration have been identified, none have been specific so far, and further exploration of clinical treatment is still in progress; therefore, we aimed to further identify specific markers that may guide clinical treatment and improve the quality of patient survival.
The anorexic effect of DL-fenfluramine is dependent on animals' habituation to different food types.
Yi SS, Choi S
Front Integr Neurosci · 2022 · PMID 36467333 · Full text
BACKGROUND: As rates of obesity and diabetes have increased dramatically over the past few decades, the use of anti-obesity drugs has now become a routine therapeutic measure. However, the pharmacological effects of chro...
BACKGROUND: As rates of obesity and diabetes have increased dramatically over the past few decades, the use of anti-obesity drugs has now become a routine therapeutic measure. However, the pharmacological effects of chronic use of these drugs in humans frequently lead to reduced efficacy in reducing appetite and body weight through as-yet-unidentified mechanisms. An example of this can be found in animal studies where the appetite suppressant DL-fenfluramine (FEN) is chronically administered and its tolerance develops in animals and humans. The appetite effects of FEN are typically measured in several animal studies by the feeding changes in a balanced standard diet. To determine whether FEN differentially altered appetite suppression in animals with long-term expression with different macronutrient diet compositions, its anorexic effects were measured specifically in male rats that had previously been chronically maintained on normal chow (NC) or a high-fat and high-carbohydrate western diet (WD). METHODS: Three experiments were conducted by feeding the animals either NC or WD for 1 month to habituate them with their diet. Animals maintained on either NC or WD were subsequently offered both diet options for a 2- or 7-day adaptation period while receiving daily systemic FEN treatment. RESULTS: The results suggested that long-term habituated food affected the food preference of animals and their appetite even after chronic systemic FEN administration. Therefore, the effectiveness and success or failure of repeated use of chronic anti-obesity drugs may depend on habituated food type. CONCLUSION: The appetite suppressant effect was found to be determined by the palatability of a specific macronutrient and the habituated food rather than by a change in the concentration of the administered FEN. This results in a critical analysis of the rationale for taking medication considering the patient's past dietary habits to achieve successful weight loss.
Neural response to repeated auditory stimuli and its association with early language ability in male children with Fragile X syndrome.
An WW, Nelson CA, Wilkinson CL
Front Integr Neurosci · 2022 · PMID 36452884 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most prevalent form of inherited intellectual disability and is commonly associated with autism. Previous studies have linked the structural and functional alterations in FXS w...
BACKGROUND: Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most prevalent form of inherited intellectual disability and is commonly associated with autism. Previous studies have linked the structural and functional alterations in FXS with impaired sensory processing and sensory hypersensitivity, which may hinder the early development of cognitive functions such as language comprehension. In this study, we compared the P1 response of the auditory evoked potential and its habituation to repeated auditory stimuli in male children (2-7 years old) with and without FXS, and examined their association with clinical measures in these two groups. METHODS: We collected high-density electroencephalography (EEG) data in an auditory oddball paradigm from 12 male children with FXS and 11 age- and sex-matched typically developing (TD) children. After standardized EEG pre-processing, we conducted a spatial principal component (PC) analysis and identified two major PCs-a frontal PC and a temporal PC. Within each PC, we compared the P1 amplitude and inter-trial phase coherence (ITPC) between the two groups, and performed a series of linear regression analysis to study the association between these EEG measures and several clinical measures, including assessment scores for language abilities, non-verbal skills, and sensory hypersensitivity. RESULTS: At the temporal PC, both early and late standard stimuli evoked a larger P1 response in FXS compared to TD participants. For temporal ITPC, the TD group showed greater habituation than the FXS group. However, neither group showed significant habituation of the frontal or temporal P1 response. Despite lack of habituation, exploratory analysis of brain-behavior associations observed that within the FXS group, reduced frontal P1 response to late standard stimuli, and increased frontal P1 habituation were both associated with better language scores. CONCLUSION: We identified P1 amplitude and ITPC in the temporal region as a contrasting EEG phenotype between the FXS and the TD groups. However, only frontal P1 response and habituation were associated with language measures. Larger longitudinal studies are required to determine whether these EEG measures could be used as biomarkers for language development in patients with FXS.
Editorial: Digital health and neuroscience: Recent history, current trends, and future developments.
Pais-Vieira M, Ramakrishnan A, Rocon E … +2 more , Lebedev M, da Cruz-E-Silva OAB
Front Integr Neurosci · 2022 · PMID 36452883 · Full text
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Editorial: Role of the vestibular system in the perception of time and space.
Denise P, Harris LR, Clément G
Front Integr Neurosci · 2022 · PMID 36440179 · Full text
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Reproducing and quantitatively validating a biologically-constrained point-neuron model of CA1 pyramidal cells.
Appukuttan S, Davison AP
Front Integr Neurosci · 2022 · PMID 36424953 · Full text
We have attempted to reproduce a biologically-constrained point-neuron model of CA1 pyramidal cells. The original models, developed for the Brian simulator, captured the frequency-current profiles of both strongly and we...
We have attempted to reproduce a biologically-constrained point-neuron model of CA1 pyramidal cells. The original models, developed for the Brian simulator, captured the frequency-current profiles of both strongly and weakly adapting cells. As part of the present study, we reproduced the model for different simulators, namely Brian2 and NEURON. The reproductions were attempted independent of the original Brian implementation, relying solely on the published article. The different implementations were quantitatively validated, to evaluate how well they mirror the original model. Additional tests were developed and packaged into a test suite, that helped further characterize and compare various aspects of these models, beyond the scope of the original study. Overall, we were able to reproduce the core features of the model, but observed certain unaccountable discrepancies. We demonstrate an approach for undertaking these evaluations, using the SciUnit framework, that allows for such quantitative validations of scientific models, to verify their accurate replication and/or reproductions. All resources employed and developed in our study have been publicly shared the EBRAINS Live Papers platform.
Risk of dementia or Parkinson's disease in the presence of Sjögren's syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Wang ZZ, Liu MS, Sun Z … +4 more , Zhang XL, Zhang ML, Xiong K, Zhou F
Front Integr Neurosci · 2022 · PMID 36420122 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: Evidence from observational studies suggests that Sjögren's syndrome (SS) may contribute to an elevated risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia. However, few studies have been undertaken to summarize and...
OBJECTIVE: Evidence from observational studies suggests that Sjögren's syndrome (SS) may contribute to an elevated risk of Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia. However, few studies have been undertaken to summarize and assess the consistency of the data quantitatively. Therefore, we evaluated the risk of dementia and PD in SS patients through a systematic review and meta-analysis approach. METHODS: Two reviewers independently conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases (updated to February 14, 2022) to identify published literature on the association between SS and dementia or PD. The risk estimates of dementia or PD in patients with SS were pooled using fixed or random-effects models. RESULTS: Of the 631 studies initially searched, 10 were eventually included. Pooled results suggested that the risk of developing dementia significantly increased in patients with SS (HR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.15-1.33, < 0.001), and such risk in females with SS was similar to that in males. The risk of PD was 1.36 times higher in SS (HR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.23-1.50, < 0.001). The association between SS and PD risk appeared to occur primarily in female patients (female: HR = 1.28, 95% CI: 1.21-1.35; < 0.001 vs. male: HR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.87-1.16, = 0.962, respectively). No significant effect of age was observed on the risk of developing PD and dementia in SS patients. CONCLUSION: Our study supports that people with SS are at higher risk of PD and dementia than the general population. Further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and to assess whether interventions for SS have the potential to affect dementia and PD development.
Determination of pain intensity, pain-related disability, anxiety, depression, and perceived stress in Polish adults with temporomandibular disorders: A prospective cohort study.
Wieckiewicz M, Jenca A, Seweryn P … +6 more , Orzeszek S, Petrasova A, Grychowska N, Winocur-Arias O, Emodi-Perlman A, Kujawa K
Front Integr Neurosci · 2022 · PMID 36407294 · Full text
BACKGROUND: There is a need to assess a relationship between the psychoemotional state of patients and the occurrence and the intensity of pain and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in relation to a Polish population. Th...
BACKGROUND: There is a need to assess a relationship between the psychoemotional state of patients and the occurrence and the intensity of pain and temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in relation to a Polish population. There are no such precision data in the literature relating to the population of big Eastern European country. The study conducted by the authors refer to a large group of male and female adult patients of the Polish population in a different age profile. As a result, this study provides a picture of the situation that also takes into account population characteristics that may affect the clinical situation of patients. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to assess the pain intensity, pain-related disability, anxiety, depression, and perceived stress among Polish adults with TMD as well as the association between psychosocial impairment and TMD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective cohort study included 219 adult patients from the Outpatient Clinic for Temporomandibular Disorders at the Academic Dental Polyclinic in Wroclaw. The patients completed validated questionnaires, and received a TMD diagnosis based on a standardized examination (Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders) performed by a qualified dentist. A statistical analysis was carried out on the collected data. RESULTS: Myalgia was the most commonly diagnosed condition among the TMD patients. Furthermore, the prevalence of perceived stress, anxiety, and depression was high in the studied sample. Females showed more depression symptoms than males, while the level of anxiety and stress was similar in both groups. The most statistically significant correlation was observed between the group of masticatory muscle disorders and the level of depression, stress, pain intensity, and pain-related disability. CONCLUSION: Due to the high prevalence of increased levels of anxiety, depression, and perceived stress, it is essential to screen the psychosocial status of Polish TMD adult patients. Psychosocial status may have an impact on a studied patient's response to treatment and pain intensity, and pain-related disability. Therefore, Polish TMD adult patients should be provided with management based on an interdisciplinary approach. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: [https://clinicaltrials.gov/], identifier [NCT05183503].
From the origins to the stream of consciousness and its neural correlates.
Yurchenko SB
Front Integr Neurosci · 2022 · PMID 36407293 · Full text
There are now dozens of very different theories of consciousness, each somehow contributing to our understanding of its nature. The science of consciousness needs therefore not new theories but a general framework integr...
There are now dozens of very different theories of consciousness, each somehow contributing to our understanding of its nature. The science of consciousness needs therefore not new theories but a general framework integrating insights from those, yet not making it a still-born "Frankenstein" theory. First, the framework must operate explicitly on the stream of consciousness, not on its static description. Second, this dynamical account must also be put on the evolutionary timeline to explain the origins of consciousness. The Cognitive Evolution Theory (CET), outlined here, proposes such a framework. This starts with the assumption that brains have primarily evolved as volitional subsystems of organisms, inherited from primitive (fast and random) reflexes of simplest neural networks, only then resembling error-minimizing prediction machines. CET adopts the tools of critical dynamics to account for metastability, scale-free avalanches, and self-organization which are all intrinsic to brain dynamics. This formalizes the stream of consciousness as a discrete (transitive, irreflexive) chain of momentary states derived from critical brain dynamics at points of phase transitions and mapped then onto a state space as neural correlates of a particular conscious state. The continuous/discrete dichotomy appears naturally between the brain dynamics at the causal level and conscious states at the phenomenal level, each volitionally triggered from arousal centers of the brainstem and cognitively modulated by thalamocortical systems. Their objective observables can be entropy-based complexity measures, reflecting the transient level or quantity of consciousness at that moment.
Acute unilateral vestibular neuritis contributes to alterations in vestibular function modulating circumvention around obstacles: A pilot study suggesting a role for vestibular signals in the spatial perception of orientation during circumvention.
Allum J, Rust HM, Honegger F
Front Integr Neurosci · 2022 · PMID 36339968 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Walking among crowds avoiding colliding with people is described by patients with vestibular disorders as vertigo-inducing. Accurate body motion while circumventing an impeding obstacle in the gait pathway is...
BACKGROUND: Walking among crowds avoiding colliding with people is described by patients with vestibular disorders as vertigo-inducing. Accurate body motion while circumventing an impeding obstacle in the gait pathway is dependent on an integration of multimodal sensory cues. However, a direct role of vestibular signals in spatial perception of distance or orientation during obstacle circumvention has not been investigated to date. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined trunk yaw motion during circumvention in patients with acute unilateral vestibular loss (aUVL) and compared their results with age-matched healthy controls (HCs). Subjects performed five gait tasks with eyes open two times: walk 6 m in total, but after 3 m, circumvent to the left or right, as closely as possible, a cylindrical obstacle representing a person, and then veer back to the original path; walk 6 m, but after left and right circumvention at 3 m, veer, respectively, to the right, and left 45 deg; and walk 6 m without circumvention. Trunk yaw angular velocities (YAVs) were measured using a gyroscope system. RESULTS: Yaw angular velocity peak amplitudes approaching to, and departing from, the circumvented object were always greater for patients with aUVL compared to HCs, regardless of whether passing was to the aUVLs' deficit or normal side. The departing peak YAV was always greater, circa 52 and 87%, than the approaching YAV for HCs when going straight and veering 45 deg ( ≤ 0.0006), respectively. For patients with aUVL, departing velocities were marginally greater (12%) than approaching YAVs when going straight ( < 0.05) and were only 40% greater when veering 45 deg ( = 0.05). The differences in departing YAVs resulted in significantly lower trajectory-end yaw angles for veering trials to the deficit side in patients with aUVL (34 vs. 43 degs in HCs). CONCLUSION: The results demonstrate the effects of vestibular loss on yaw velocity control during the three phases of circumvention. First, approaching an obstacle, a greater YAV is found in patients with aUVL. Second, the departing YAV is found to be less than in HCs with respect to the approaching velocity, resulting in larger deficit side passing yaw angles. Third, patients with UVLs show yaw errors returning to the desired trajectory. These results could provide a basis for rehabilitation protocols helping to avoid collisions while walking in crowded spaces.
Circadian and ultradian oscillations in bilateral rhythms of the crayfish chelipeds.
Viccon-Pale JA
Front Integr Neurosci · 2022 · PMID 36339967 · Full text
Circadian systems are composed of multiple oscillatory elements that contain both circadian and ultradian oscillations. The relationships between these components maintain a stable temporal function in organisms. They pr...
Circadian systems are composed of multiple oscillatory elements that contain both circadian and ultradian oscillations. The relationships between these components maintain a stable temporal function in organisms. They provide a suitable phase to recurrent environmental changes and ensure a suitable temporal sequence of their own functions. Therefore, it is necessary to identify these interactions. Because a circadian rhythm of activity can be recorded in each crayfish cheliped, this paired organ system was used to address the possibility that two quasi-autonomous oscillators exhibiting both circadian and ultradian oscillations underlie these rhythms. The presence of both oscillations was found, both under entrainment and under freerunning. The following features of interactions between these circadian and ultradian oscillations were also observed: (a) circadian modal periods could be a feature of circadian oscillations under entrainment and freerunning; (b) the average period of the rhythm is a function of the proportions between the circadian and ultradian oscillations; (c) the release of both populations of oscillations of Zeitgeber effect results in the maintenance or an increase in their number and frequency under freerunning conditions. These circadian rhythms of activity can be described as mixed probability distributions containing circadian oscillations, individual ultradian oscillations, and ultradian oscillations of Gaussian components. Relationships among these elements can be structured in one of the following six probability distributions: Inverse Gaussian, gamma, Birnbaum-Saunders, Weibull, smallest extreme value, or Laplace. It should be noted that at one end of this order, the inverse Gaussian distribution most often fits the freerunning rhythm segments and at the other end, the Laplace distribution fits only the segments under entrainment. The possible relationships between the circadian and ultradian oscillations of crayfish motor activity rhythms and between the probability distributions of their periodograms are discussed. Also listed are some oscillators that could interact with cheliped rhythms.
Neuromimesis: Picturing the Humanities Picturing the Brain.
Reilly C
Front Integr Neurosci · 2022 · PMID 36310715 · Full text
What do neuroscientific visualizations of mental functioning depict? This article argues that neuroscientific imaging from Santiago Ramón y Cajal's pen and ink drawings onward falls within the mimetic tradition, that dea...
What do neuroscientific visualizations of mental functioning depict? This article argues that neuroscientific imaging from Santiago Ramón y Cajal's pen and ink drawings onward falls within the mimetic tradition, that dealing with the artistic representation of reality. Cajal's iconic images of pyramidal neurons and glial cells surprisingly suggest a non-realist approach to picturing the brain and the mind that opens a new methodological link between humanities and neurosciences. In it, aesthetic works offer a perspective on mimetic practices in neurosciences, providing insight into representational strategies that make otherwise invisible psychic phenomena observable. This approach draws needed attention to the role of metaphor in neuroscientific research. It also reimagines how interdisciplinary scholarship might engage with works of art. While it is a common practice to read humanities objects featuring the brain and/or the mind in terms of their neuroscientific content, films like (La mujer sin cabeza, dir. Martel, 2008), explored here, show that doing so can easily inhibit interpretations with greater explanatory bearing. Together, Cajal's images and Martel's film help elaborate a fresh methodological paradigm-distinct from that of neuropsychoanalysis-that situates aesthetic objects as a long-neglected tool for studying the brain by virtue of (not despite) their imaginative investments.
Learning and replaying spatiotemporal sequences: A replication study.
Oberländer J, Bouhadjar Y, Morrison A
Front Integr Neurosci · 2022 · PMID 36310714 · Full text
Learning and replaying spatiotemporal sequences are fundamental computations performed by the brain and specifically the neocortex. These features are critical for a wide variety of cognitive functions, including sensory...
Learning and replaying spatiotemporal sequences are fundamental computations performed by the brain and specifically the neocortex. These features are critical for a wide variety of cognitive functions, including sensory perception and the execution of motor and language skills. Although several computational models demonstrate this capability, many are either hard to reconcile with biological findings or have limited functionality. To address this gap, a recent study proposed a biologically plausible model based on a spiking recurrent neural network supplemented with read-out neurons. After learning, the recurrent network develops precise switching dynamics by successively activating and deactivating small groups of neurons. The read-out neurons are trained to respond to particular groups and can thereby reproduce the learned sequence. For the model to serve as the basis for further research, it is important to determine its replicability. In this Brief Report, we give a detailed description of the model and identify missing details, inconsistencies or errors in or between the original paper and its reference implementation. We re-implement the full model in the neural simulator NEST in conjunction with the NESTML modeling language and confirm the main findings of the original work.
Characteristic columnar connectivity caters to cortical computation: Replication, simulation, and evaluation of a microcircuit model.
Schulte To Brinke T, Duarte R, Morrison A
Front Integr Neurosci · 2022 · PMID 36310713 · Full text
The neocortex, and with it the mammalian brain, achieves a level of computational efficiency like no other existing computational engine. A deeper understanding of its building blocks (cortical microcircuits), and their...
The neocortex, and with it the mammalian brain, achieves a level of computational efficiency like no other existing computational engine. A deeper understanding of its building blocks (cortical microcircuits), and their underlying computational principles is thus of paramount interest. To this end, we need reproducible computational models that can be analyzed, modified, extended and quantitatively compared. In this study, we further that aim by providing a replication of a seminal cortical column model. This model consists of noisy Hodgkin-Huxley neurons connected by dynamic synapses, whose connectivity scheme is based on empirical findings from intracellular recordings. Our analysis confirms the key original finding that the specific, data-based connectivity structure enhances the computational performance compared to a variety of alternatively structured control circuits. For this comparison, we use tasks based on spike patterns and rates that require the systems not only to have simple classification capabilities, but also to retain information over time and to be able to compute nonlinear functions. Going beyond the scope of the original study, we demonstrate that this finding is independent of the complexity of the neuron model, which further strengthens the argument that it is the connectivity which is crucial. Finally, a detailed analysis of the memory capabilities of the circuits reveals a stereotypical memory profile common across all circuit variants. Notably, the circuit with laminar structure does not retain stimulus any longer than any other circuit type. We therefore conclude that the model's computational advantage lies in a sharper representation of the stimuli.
Editorial: An approach of brain derived extracellular vesicles in diagnosis and prognosis of brain pathologies.
Qadri S, Parray AS, Ahmed I
Front Integr Neurosci · 2022 · PMID 36310712 · Full text
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"Natural Laboratory Complex" for novel primate neuroscience.
Iriki A, Tramacere A
Front Integr Neurosci · 2022 · PMID 36274659 · Full text
We propose novel strategies for primate experimentation that are ethically valuable and pragmatically useful for cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychiatric research. Specifically, we propose or , which are a combinatio...
We propose novel strategies for primate experimentation that are ethically valuable and pragmatically useful for cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychiatric research. Specifically, we propose or , which are a combination of indoor-outdoor structures for studying free moving and socially housed primates in natural or naturalistic environment. We contend that are pivotal to improve primate welfare, and at the same time to implement longitudinal and socio-ecological studies of primate brain and behavior. Currently emerging advanced technologies and social systems ( recent COVID-19 induced "remote" infrastructures) can speed-up cognitive neuroscience approaches in freely behaving animals. Experimental approaches in natural(istic) settings are not in competition with conventional approaches of laboratory investigations, and could establish several benefits at the ethical, experimental, and economic levels.
Quantitative evaluation of diaphragmatic motion during forced breathing in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients using dynamic chest radiography.
Chen J, Zhong Z, Wang W … +3 more , Yu G, Zhang T, Wang Z
Front Integr Neurosci · 2022 · PMID 36274658 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: To quantitatively evaluate the bilateral diaphragmatic motion difference during forced breathing between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and healthy individuals using dynamic chest radiog...
OBJECTIVE: To quantitatively evaluate the bilateral diaphragmatic motion difference during forced breathing between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and healthy individuals using dynamic chest radiography technique. METHODS: This prospective study included the COPD patients (n: 96, f/m: 17/79, age: 66 ± 8 years old) and healthy individuals (n: 50, f/m: 42/8, age: 53 ± 5 years old) that underwent dynamic chest radiography with a flat panel X-ray detector system during forced breathing in a standing position. After analyzing the excursions, duration and velocity of diaphragmatic motion were automatically calculated using the postprocessing software. The parameters of diaphragmatic motion including excursion, duration, velocity, inhalation/exhalation times were assessed in all subjects for both diaphragms. The correlation between lung function parameters and diaphragmatic motion excursions were further evaluated. RESULTS: The excursions of diaphragmatic motion in COPD patients were significantly decreased in COPD patients compared with healthy individuals during forced breathing ( < 0.05). The excursion in COPD patients was 35.93 ± 13.07 mm vs. 41.49 ± 12.07 mm in healthy individuals in the left diaphragm, and 32.05 ± 12.29 mm in COPD patients vs. 36.88 ± 10.96 mm in healthy individuals in the right diaphragm. The duration of diaphragmatic motion significantly decreased in COPD patients, compared with the healthy individuals ( < 0.05). The inhalation time in COPD patients was 2.03 ± 1.19 s vs. 2.53 ± 0.83 s in healthy individuals in the left diaphragm and 1.94 ± 1.32 s in COPD patients vs. 2.23 ± 1.21 s in healthy individuals in the right diaphragm. The exhalation time was 4.77 ± 1.32 s in COPD patients vs. 6.40 ± 2.73 s in healthy individuals in the left diaphragm and 4.94 ± 3.30 s in COPD patients vs. 6.72 ± 2.58 s in healthy individuals in the right diaphragm. The peak velocity of diaphragmatic motion showed no significant difference between COPD and healthy groups. The excursions of bilateral diaphragmatic motion showed moderate correlation with FEV1/FVC ( = 0.44, < 0.001). Multi-linear regression analysis showed that the excursions of bilateral diaphragm are significantly associated with COPD occurrence ( < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The excursions and duration of diaphragmatic motion during forced breathing are significantly decreased in COPD patients, compared with healthy individuals. Our study showed that precise bilateral diaphragmatic motion activity can be evaluated by dynamic chest radiography.
Neural synchrony in cortical networks: mechanisms and implications for neural information processing and coding.
Gansel KS
Front Integr Neurosci · 2022 · PMID 36262373 · Full text
Synchronization of neuronal discharges on the millisecond scale has long been recognized as a prevalent and functionally important attribute of neural activity. In this article, I review classical concepts and correspond...
Synchronization of neuronal discharges on the millisecond scale has long been recognized as a prevalent and functionally important attribute of neural activity. In this article, I review classical concepts and corresponding evidence of the mechanisms that govern the synchronization of distributed discharges in cortical networks and relate those mechanisms to their possible roles in coding and cognitive functions. To accommodate the need for a selective, synchronization of cells, I propose that synchronous firing of distributed neurons is a natural consequence of spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) that associates cells repetitively receiving temporally coherent input: the "synchrony through synaptic plasticity" hypothesis. Neurons that are excited by a repeated sequence of synaptic inputs may learn to selectively respond to the onset of this sequence through synaptic plasticity. Multiple neurons receiving coherent input could thus actively synchronize their firing by learning to selectively respond at corresponding temporal positions. The hypothesis makes several predictions: first, the position of the cells in the network, as well as the source of their input signals, would be irrelevant as long as their input signals arrive simultaneously; second, repeating discharge patterns should get compressed until all or some part of the signals are synchronized; and third, this compression should be accompanied by a sparsening of signals. In this way, selective groups of cells could emerge that would respond to some recurring event with synchronous firing. Such a learned response pattern could further be modulated by synchronous network oscillations that provide a dynamic, flexible context for the synaptic integration of distributed signals. I conclude by suggesting experimental approaches to further test this new hypothesis.
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