Nigerian Quarterly Journal Of Hospital Medicine[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Effect of sub-clinical hypothyroidism on clinical severity in first-ever acute ischemic stroke.
Oshinaike O, Ogbera A, Azenabor A … +2 more , Ojelabi O, Dada A
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2015 · PMID 27295827
BACKGROUND: Subclinical hypothyroidism has been documented to have a positive effect on the clinical presentation and outcome in acute ischemic stroke. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism...
BACKGROUND: Subclinical hypothyroidism has been documented to have a positive effect on the clinical presentation and outcome in acute ischemic stroke. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in first ever ischemic strokes and to evaluate its effect on the clinical presentation. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional study design, 138 patients diagnosed with first ever ischemic stroke within 7 days of onset were included in the study. Each participant had documentation of demographic data, followed by a detailed neurological examination. Stroke severity on admission was recorded using the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and blood samples for free thyroxine (T4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were taken within 24h of onset of symptoms. For analysis, the patients were divided into two groups: those who had elevated TSH level (> 2.5 mlU/L) with normal FT4 level were assigned to the sub-clinical hypothyroidism group whilst those with normal thyroid function were assigned to the control group. All values were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The study population comprised of a total number of 138 participants with mean age of 63.4 +/- 12.9 years. The females were 56 (40.6%) and the males were 82 (59.4%). A total number of 11 (7.9%) had subclinical hypothyroidism whilst 127 participants (92%) had normal thyroid functions. The mean NIHSS score of cases with SCH on admission was significantly lower than that of those with normal thyroid functions (6.73 +/- 3.6 vs. 11.1 +/- 6.3, p=0.025). A significantly higher proportion of patients in the SCH group had mild neurologic deficits on admission compared with the group with normal thyroid functions (81.8% vs 24.4%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Our study has suggested that subclinical hypothyroidism appears to confer a neuroprotective effect in acute ischemic stroke.
Fetal Macrosomia at a Tertiary Care Centre in Lagos, Nigeria.
Adegbola O, Habeebu-Adeyemi FM
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2015 · PMID 27295826
BACKGROUND: Large babies have attracted immense attention as they present obstetric problems with associated increase in perinatal morbidity and mortality. The major risk of fetal macrosomia is trauma to the fetus and mo...
BACKGROUND: Large babies have attracted immense attention as they present obstetric problems with associated increase in perinatal morbidity and mortality. The major risk of fetal macrosomia is trauma to the fetus and mother during vaginal delivery. OBJECTIVE: To compare the outcome of macrosomic babies with babies of normal birth weights. METHODS: This was a retrospective comparative study of deliveries over a period of two years from 1 "August 2005 to 31st July 2007. RESULTS: There were 198 macrosomic babies (6.9%) out of a total of 2,879 deliveries that occurred within the study period. Majority of the mothers were multiparous; para 2 to 4 (47.5% in the study group and 33.7% in the control group). Emergency Caesarean Section (EMCS) rate in the study group was 44.4% while it was 25.3% in the control group and this was statistically significant (p value <0.001). In this study the maternal injuries in the study group were not significantly higher than the control group. The fetal morbidity and mortality in the study group was significantly higher than the control group both with p values <0.001. CONCLUSION: Fetal macrosomia is associated with high morbidity and mortality in this centre, there is a need to identify pregnant women at risk as well as adequate counseling of possible interventions and outcomes.
Exhumation--Providing justice to victims of homicide: The Nigerian experience.
Faduyile FA, Taiwo OJ, Soyemi SS … +1 more , Akinde OR
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2015 · PMID 27295825
Forensic investigations have been embraced in many developed countries to help investigate homicidal cases in their legal system amongst others. It is however still in infancy state in many developing countries, includin...
Forensic investigations have been embraced in many developed countries to help investigate homicidal cases in their legal system amongst others. It is however still in infancy state in many developing countries, including Nigeria, making the use of this very vital tool very limited to prosecute cases. Some of the reasons include the low knowledge base of the investigating officers, to the dearth of Forensic personnel and the inability to use the findings to prosecute the offenders. The few cases where proper investigation is done, anatomic pathologists and sometimes medical officers are usually called to provide the forensic evidence. Often this involves exhumation of corpse. Exhumation of corpses for death investigation is not a common occurrence in Nigeria and we present the findings seen in these cases.
Acute toxicity effect of Croton penduliflorus (Euphorbiaceae) Seed Oil.
Ojokuku SA, Odesanmi OS, Daramola AO … +1 more , Magbagbeola OA
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2015 · PMID 27295824
BACKGROUND: Croton penduliforus (Euphorbiaceae) is a tropical evergreen plant widely distributed in Africa. Its seeds are used in folklore medicine as laxative, as well as a major component of herbal contraceptive and an...
BACKGROUND: Croton penduliforus (Euphorbiaceae) is a tropical evergreen plant widely distributed in Africa. Its seeds are used in folklore medicine as laxative, as well as a major component of herbal contraceptive and antifibroid decoction. OBJECTIVE: This study is to investigate the oral acute toxicity and histological effects of Croton penduliflorus seed oil in mice. METHODS: Croton penduliflorus seed oil (CPSO) was prepared by Soxhlet extraction of shelled, oven dried, ground seed sample with 40-60 degrees C petroleum ether. Albino mice of both sexes aged 6-7 weeks old were randomly divided into seven groups of five. Graded doses of 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 and 1200 mg/kg body weight of the extract were administered orally to groups 2-7 respectively. The control group was administered with 0.1 ml of Tween 20. The numbers of deaths over a period of 24 hours were recorded. Acute toxicity (lethal dose) was estimated from the graph of % cumulative death against log dose of the extract. The animals that survived after 24 hours were monitored daily for 14 days for appearance of delayed toxicity signs. At the end of 14 days all the animals were sacrificed and blood sample were collected from each animal into a plain sterilized bottle. Internal organs namely kidney, liver, heart and lungs were isolated and fixed in 10 % formal saline for histopathological examination. RESULTS: The LD50 was estimated to be 570 mg/kg body weight. CPSO caused weight loss at doses greater than 600 mg/kg with significant increases in AST and ALP activities and fluctuation of serum electrolytes. CONCLUSION: Croton penduliflorus seed oil is toxic to the kidney and liver of mice.
Chronic ulcers in Ikeja-Lagos, Nigeria: an eighteen month review of infecting bacterial agents and susceptibility pattern.
Fadeyibi IO, Raji MA, Ibrahim NA … +1 more , Ademiluyi S
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2013 · PMID 24579514
BACKGROUND: Chronic ulcers are an important cause of morbidity among surgical and medical patients. Infection in ulcers may delay healing and cause septicemia resulting in mortality. Microbial studies are important for t...
BACKGROUND: Chronic ulcers are an important cause of morbidity among surgical and medical patients. Infection in ulcers may delay healing and cause septicemia resulting in mortality. Microbial studies are important for the appropriate management of these ulcers. OBJECTIVE: The study investigates on eighteen month review of infecting bacterial agents and susceptibility pattern in chronic ulcers in Lagos, Nigeria. METHODS: Details of all patients treated for ulcers that were investigated at the department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja-Lagos, Nigeria between July 1st 2009 and December 31, 2010 were retrieved from the computer database and transferred into the proforma designed for the study. Data collected were demography, date of onset of ulcer, mode of specimen collection, names of isolates and drug sensitivity patterns. RESULTS: A total of 329 cases were seen and reviewed during the study period. Males constituted 50.2%, females 38.3% and the gender of the remaining 11.6% were not indicated. There were 259 (78.7%) adults and 42 (12.8%) children. The ages of 28 cases were not indicated. Microbial growths were obtained in 217 (66.7%) patients. Gram negative (Gn) organisms were isolated in 181(83.5%) and Gram positive (Gp) in 35 (16%). The most common isolates were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.1%) Staphylococcus aureus (9.7%), Proteus mirabilis (7.6%) and Escherichia coil (7.3%). There were widespread resistances by the isolates to the common antibiotics in the study environment. CONCLUSION: The wide spread resistance may be due to lack of an antibiotic use policy. Certain antibiotics should be reserved for second line treatment in the emergency setting
Eventration of the diaphragm--case reports and review of the literature.
Olusoji OO, Thomas MO, Ogunleye EO … +1 more , Adekola OO
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2013 · PMID 24579513
Eventration of the diaphragm can have varied symptomatology. We present three cases that presented with features suggestive of gastric outlet obstruction, productive cough of acute onset, and traumatic diaphragmatic rupt...
Eventration of the diaphragm can have varied symptomatology. We present three cases that presented with features suggestive of gastric outlet obstruction, productive cough of acute onset, and traumatic diaphragmatic rupture respectively. They were successfully treated with plication of affected hemidiaphragm. We also reviewed existing literature on the subject with presentation of our findings.
The use of ultrasound guided transvaginal probe on the anterior abdominal wall for follicular aspiration in a patient with inaccessible ovaries by transvaginal ultrasound.
Kemi AI, Olukoya OY, Okeke CC … +4 more , Ogbeche RO, Iloabachie EC, Adewusi AJ, Ashiru OA
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2013 · PMID 24579512
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasound guided tranvaginal probe placed on the anterior abdominal wall for oocyte retrieval in a patient whose ovaries were not visible trans-vaginally. DESIGN: A case repor...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasound guided tranvaginal probe placed on the anterior abdominal wall for oocyte retrieval in a patient whose ovaries were not visible trans-vaginally. DESIGN: A case report SETTING: Medical ART Center, Nigeria- Private IVF clinic with an academic setting PATIENT(S): A 35 yr old woman undergoing IVF treatment with ovaries difficult to visualize trans-vaginally having ovarian stimulation pressure effect. INTERVENTION(S): Ultrasound guided oocyte aspiration through the abdominal wall using the trans-vaginal probe. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of oocytes retrieved. RESULTS: 9 oocytes were successfully aspirated using the ultrasound scan guided probe placed over the anterior abdominal wall. CONCLUSION: Successful oocyte retrieval can be achieved via the abdominal puncture with the aid of a trans-vaginal ultrasound probe placed on the abdominal wall.
Regression equation for estimation of length of humerus from its mophometry in a Nigerian population.
Esomonu UG, Taura MG, Ibeabuchi NM … +1 more , Modibbo MH
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2013 · PMID 24579511
BACKGROUND: While intact long bones are most ideal in estimation of the stature of unidentified individual, in forensic cases as may occur when natural or man-made disasters present bone fragments, regression equations d...
BACKGROUND: While intact long bones are most ideal in estimation of the stature of unidentified individual, in forensic cases as may occur when natural or man-made disasters present bone fragments, regression equations derived from measurements of these bone fragments have been used to determine the length of the intact long bone. OBJECTIVE: The study reports on the morphometry of the humerus and the estimation of its length using regression equations in a Nigerian population. METHODS: The maximum length of the humerus was measured using an osteometric board while theAnatomical neck circumference (ANC), Anatomical neck diameter (AND), mid shaft diameter (MSD), olecranon vertical diameter (OVD), olecranon transverse diameter (OTD), transverse diameter of the inferior articular surface (IASD), transverse trochlea diameter (TTD) proximal point of the caput humeri and collum anatomicum (CHCAD), proximal edge of the fossa olecrani (PEFO) and the most distal point of trochlea humeri (FOTHD) and the biepicondylar width (BEW) of the distal segment were measured using a digital vernier caliper. Partial correlation and Persian regression were used to derive the linear regression equations for the measured parameters that showed correlation with the humeral length. RESULTS: Estimation of the maximum length of the humerus from the measures of its ANC, FOTHD, and MSD was achieved with relative accuracy. In deriving regression equations for the length of the humerus of the right and left sides, irrespective of side, the ANC and MSD were both significant in estimating the maximum length of the humerus; on the right side only the ANC exhibited significant correlation, while on the left side both the ANC and FOTHD exhibited significant correlation. CONCLUSION: These previously unreported findings may help in anthropometric, forensic, and archaeological investigations for the estimation of the stature of the remains of unknown bodies by using regression equations in a Nigerian population.
Clinical investigation of patient related factors in non carious cervical lesions.
Afolabi AO, Shaba OP, Adegbulugbe IC
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2013 · PMID 24579510
BACKGROUND: The majority of the studies on non carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) dealt with characteristics of NCCLs without identifying patient related factors associated with them. OBJECTIVE: The basis of this study to...
BACKGROUND: The majority of the studies on non carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) dealt with characteristics of NCCLs without identifying patient related factors associated with them. OBJECTIVE: The basis of this study to identify these factors and to see if there are any association with the findings. METHOD: This study was conducted among 34 patients referred to the conservative clinic of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-araba, Lagos. Questions regarding patient's complaints, dietary habits and toothcleaning techniques were asked and correlated with the occurrence and severity of NCCLs clinically. RESULT: Over a third, (41.2%) of the subjects presented with dentine sensitivity resulting in pain. Fifty percent (50%) of the patients were on one form of medication or the other. Out of this number, 50% habitually chewed vitamin C tablets. With respect to diet, 61.8%, 58.8% and 47.1% of the patients were on diet rich in fruits, soft drinks and fruit juices respectively. The degree of severity(extensiveness) of lesions significantly increases with age of patient (p = 0.001). Tooth cleaning habits played an important role in the occurrence, distribution and pattern of NCCLs. There was association between the tooth cleaning technique used and the extensiveness and distribution of the lesions. The horizontal technique accounted for 54.7% of lower jaw lesions while 63.7% and 55.8% of lesions found in the vertical and mixed (circular) techniques respectively were found in the upperjaw. CONCLUSION: Awareness of the multifactorial etiology in noncarious cervical lesions may help the clinician to formulate an appropriate treatment plan and preventive strategies in the management of NCCLs.
Histolopathological patterns of cervical carcinoma seen at a radiotherapy centre in Ibadan, Nigeria.
Abdus-salam AA, Eriba LO, Abdus-Salam RA … +1 more , Dawotola DA
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2013 · PMID 24579509
BACKGROUND: The treatment of cervical carcinoma is dependent on many factors including histological types and degree of differentiation. Degree of differentiation is an important consideration in determining the prognost...
BACKGROUND: The treatment of cervical carcinoma is dependent on many factors including histological types and degree of differentiation. Degree of differentiation is an important consideration in determining the prognostic outcome. OBJECTIVE: The study investigates the histological pattern and grades of cervical cancer tumours seen at a radiotherapy centre in Ibadan, Nigeria. PATIENTS AND METHOD: This retrospective study was carried out within Radiotherapy Department of University College Hospital, Ibadan. The records of patients diagnosed of cervical cancer seen between July 2008 and June 2010 were analysed. Data pulled out included age, disease stage at presentation, histological variant and degree of differentiation. RESULTS: 206 patients were seen during the period of which 196 had complete data. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was seen in 178 patients (i.e. 90.8%) while 14 patients (7.1%) had adenocarcinoma. One patient each had adenoid cystic carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma and mucinous carcinoma. Majority of the patients, 99 (50.5%) had poorly differentiated tumours, 64 (32.7%) had well differentiated tumours, while the rest 33 (16.8%) had moderately differentiated tumours. Of the SCC tumours, 95 (53.4%) were poorly differentiated, 58 (32.6%) well differentiated while the remaining 25 (14%) were moderately differentiated. In comparison only 3 of the 14 adenocarcinoma cases (21.4%) were poorly differentiated, 5 cases (35.7%) were well differentiated, while 6 (42.9%) were moderately differentiated. The difference in the degree of differentiation between squamous histology and adenocarcinoma was statistically significant (p value = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma remains the leading variants of cervical cancer seen in our environment.
Changes in blood glucose, lipid profile and antioxidant activities in trained and untrained adult male subjects during programmed exercise on the treadmill.
Awobajo FO, Olawale OA, Bassey S
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2013 · PMID 24579508
BACKGROUND: Exercise is a physical activity that maintains physical fitness and optimum health of an individual. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine changes in redox-oxidative status, lipid profile, c...
BACKGROUND: Exercise is a physical activity that maintains physical fitness and optimum health of an individual. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine changes in redox-oxidative status, lipid profile, cortisol, testosterone and fasting blood glucose (FBG) in trained and untrained male subjects during a programmed exercise session. METHODS: Twenty (20) trained and twenty (20) untrained young healthy male subjects (age 21.75 +/- 1.15 years, height 1.74 +/- 0.02 m and weight 65.25 +/- 1.46 kg) participated in the study. Their weights, heights, waist and hip circumferences were measured. Subjects who have fasted for 12 hours exercised on the treadmill for 20 minutes at 1.5 km/hr after a warm-up period of exercising at 0.5 km/hr. for 3 minutes. Blood samples (1.5 ml) were withdrawn from the cubital vein before and immediately after the exercise session. Blood samples were analyzed for FBG, lipid profile, testosterone, cortisol and oxidative enzymes activities. Blood pressure and pulse rate were also measured before and after the exercise. RESULTS: There was a significant decrease in rate of glucose disappearance in the trained subjects compared with the untrained subjects. The low density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol), TC, TC:HDL and LDL:HDL ratios were significantly higher in the untrained subjects both before and after the exercise while the trained subjects recorded significantly low cholesterol level. Testosterone and cortisol were significantly higher in untrained subjects before the exercise while its level balanced up with that of the trained subjects after the exercise. There was a significant increase in pulse pressure and diastolic pressure in untrained subjects after the exercise compared with trained subjects. Results of antioxidant assay showed that basal GPx and catalase were significantly higher in the trained subjects while GSH and SOD significantly increased in untrained subjects after the programmed exercise. Trained subjects expressed efficient energy utilization with better preparedness to handle oxidative stress better than untrained subjects. CONCLUSION: Exercise improves body lipid profile, cardiovascular system and antioxidant status, thus providing better accommodative adjustment to changes without any significant change to blood pressure parameters during exposure to exercise training.
Congenital lobar emphysema in a Nigerian neonate: a rare cause of neonatal respiratory distress.
Ogunleye EO, Thomas MO, Ojo J … +4 more , Olubanjo E, Falayi O, Osunkoya A, Adebayo A
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2013 · PMID 24579507
Congenital lobar emphysema (CLE) is a notable cause of respiratory distress in neonates, however it remains a diagnostic challenge due to inadequate facilities and low level of experience. The management of this conditio...
Congenital lobar emphysema (CLE) is a notable cause of respiratory distress in neonates, however it remains a diagnostic challenge due to inadequate facilities and low level of experience. The management of this condition also is a bigger challenge due to paucity of expertise and relatively non-existent well-equiped neonatal intensive care unit in this part of the world. Here we present the case of a 5- day old baby who presented at Lagoon Hospital, Apapa with history of severe respiratory distress since birth. CT scan of the chest confirmed an emphysematous left upper lobe with contralateral mediastinal shift. The baby had a left posterolateral thoracotomy with left upper lobectomy and thereafter was electively ventillated for forty eight hours in the neonatal intensive unit. He had an uneventful postoperative course and was discharged from the hospital within one week forfollow-up in the clinic.
Hypercholesterolaemia in schoolchildren in Lagos, Nigeria: an indication of a growing threat of cardiovascular disease?
Awogbemi OT, Okoromah CA, Roberts AA
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2013 · PMID 24579506
BACKGROUND: There is growing burden of cardiovascular disease in developing countries and the pathogenesis of artherosclerotic damage starts in childhood OBJECTIVE: The study is to examine the prevalence of hyperlipidaem...
BACKGROUND: There is growing burden of cardiovascular disease in developing countries and the pathogenesis of artherosclerotic damage starts in childhood OBJECTIVE: The study is to examine the prevalence of hyperlipidaemia in schoolchildren in Lagos, as it relates to both socio-demographic and anthropometric correlates METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out among urban and rural adolescent schoolchildren aged between 10 and 19 years in Eti-Osa Local Government Area (EOLGA) of Lagos State. A structured questionnaire was used to get information relating to socio-demographic characteristics, family history of cardiovascular disease, lifestyle habits and socio-economic class, and the students were examined for height, weight and cholesterol levels. RESULTS: Two hundred and eighty eight subjects in the urban region and 72 subjects in the rural region of Eti-Osa LGA participated in the study. The mean age was 15.6 +/- 2.2 years with a range of 10 to 18.9 years. The mean serum total cholesterol was 148.1 mg/dl with a range of 100 to 254 mg/dl. There was significant correlation between serum cholesterol and gender only in the 12-13.9 year group. Neither place of residence nor age had any significant correlation to serum cholesterol. Thirteen (3.6%) students had elevated serum total cholesterol of e"200 mg/dl. Four subjects had BMls above the 95th centile, giving a prevalence rate of 1.1%. They were females, living and schooling in the urban area and three-quarters were of high socio-economic class. CONCLUSION: Strengthening pre-enrollment medical and physical examinations, regular measurement of weight, height and BMI and laying emphasis on important lifestyle modifications early in the formative years are important to prevent development of non-communicable disease later in life.
Enhanced urinalysis in the detection of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy.
Aigere EO, Okusanya BO, Eigbefoh JO … +1 more , Okome GB
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2013 · PMID 24579505
BACKGROUND: Detection and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) in pregnancy is important to avert the attendant maternal and fetal morbidity. Other than urine culture, no other screening test is unequivocal. OBJEC...
BACKGROUND: Detection and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) in pregnancy is important to avert the attendant maternal and fetal morbidity. Other than urine culture, no other screening test is unequivocal. OBJECTIVE: The use of enhanced urinalysis test to detect ASB in pregnancy was investigated. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study which compared enhanced urinalysis with dipstick tests and urine culture. Clean catch midstream urine specimen was collected from 150 consecutive asymptomatic pregnant women. Tests of validity were used for comparison. RESULTS: Enhanced urinalysis detected bacteriuria as much as urine culture (4% vs. 4.7%). Itwas 57.1% sensitive and 98.6% specific. It had a false negative rate of 42.9% and was 96.7% accurate when compared to urine culture. Enhanced urinalysis took 1-2 hours to be done and required skills to use the microscope and was more expensive than dipstick urinalysis. CONCLUSION: The accuracy of enhanced urinalysis and its ability to detect ASB as much as urine culture connotes that it can be used to detect asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy albeit only in secondary and tertiary health centres because of the cost and technicality involved.
Perception of graduating medical students on child and maternal oral health in a selected tertiary institution in the southern part of Nigeria.
Eigbobo JO, Umanah AU
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2013 · PMID 24579504
BACKGROUND: Oral health care imparts on the quality of life and general health outcomes, therefore essential for the knowledge of graduating medical students OBJECTIVE: To assess the knowledge of graduating medical stude...
BACKGROUND: Oral health care imparts on the quality of life and general health outcomes, therefore essential for the knowledge of graduating medical students OBJECTIVE: To assess the knowledge of graduating medical students on child and maternal oral health METHODS: A cross sectional survey was undertaken among the graduating medical students of the University of Port Harcourt using an anonymous structured questionnaire with open and closed ended questions. Participants' knowledge about aetiology of dental caries, gingivitis and preventive oral health care and behaviours associated with early childhood caries (ECC) were assessed. Information gathered was collated and analyzed using a statistical software-SPSS Version 17. RESULTS: There were 166 participants with a mean age of 25.4 (+/- 3.0) years, range 20-45 years. Over 80% knew the roles of diet and bacteria in aetiology of dental caries. Regarding ECC, 59% agreed that breast milk and infant formula may be harmful to the teeth and 41.4% were aware that a mother can transmit cariogenic bacteria to the child. The importance of dental check up in pregnancy and the association between oral diseases in pregnant women and infant health was known by 63.3% and 51.8% respectively. Also, the importance of age at first visit and frequency of routine dental visits in a child was known to 40.4% and 54.8% respectively. Only 12.7% of participants knew that a carious primary tooth should be restored. Over 90% agreed that they needed to increase their knowledge on child oral health. CONCLUSION: The knowledge base of graduating medical students on the subject of maternal and child oral health was inadequate. A curriculum review that accommodates clinical exposure to child and maternal oral health during undergraduate and postgraduate medical residency training in Paediatrics is advised to increase their knowledge.
Citalopram and fluoxetine affects blood chemistry, hematology and brain serotonin in rats.
Ebuehi OA, Akinbode AA, Erinfolami AR … +3 more , Badaru AA, Yusuf MA, Ojajuni MO
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2013 · PMID 24579503
BACKGROUND: Depression is caused as a result of combination of genetic, biochemical, environmental, and psychological factors. Citalopram and fluoxetine are antidepressants which are considered the current standard for d...
BACKGROUND: Depression is caused as a result of combination of genetic, biochemical, environmental, and psychological factors. Citalopram and fluoxetine are antidepressants which are considered the current standard for depression treatment. There are little or no reports as to whether these antidepressants affect blood chemistry and haematological parameters in humans. OBJECTIVE: The effects of citalopram and fluoxetine on blood chemistry, hematology and brain serotonin in rats were investigated. METHODS: Forty-five Sprague Dawley male albino rats (140.69 +/- 5.86g) were divided into 3 equal groups. The first group of rats were orally administered 2 ml of 0.25 mg/ml of citalopram, the second group was administered 2 ml of 0.25 mg/ml of fluoxetine and the third group was administered 2 ml of saline (0.89% NaCl) daily for 4 weeks. The body weights and feed intake of rats were recorded every other day throughout the duration of drug administration. Five rats from each group were sacrificed by cervical dislocation after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of drug administration. Blood was taken intravenously into lithium heparinized tubes and brain excised. Blood chemistry and hematology were determined by auto analyzer, while brain serotonin levels were determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Serum levels of creatinine, urea, albumin, protein, glucose and activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine amino transferase (ALT) were determined in rats administered citalopram, fluoxetine and saline. The packed cell volume, white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets of rats administered the respective drugs were determined. RESULTS: There was no significant (P > 0.01) difference in the mean body weight of rats administered fluoxetine, citalopram or saline for 2 weeks. There were no significant differences in the hematological parameters of rats. The results of the study showed that citalopram increase the body weight of rats in the third and fourth week and was reduced in fluoxetine administered rats. The drugs also affected brain serotonin level, lipid profile of rats and increased levels of albumin, glucose and activities of liver enzymes; aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. CONCLUSION: Data of the study indicate that oral administration of citalopram and fluoxetine in rats for 4 weeks daily affected blood chemistry and do not affect haematological parameters.
A ten year review of diabetic retinopathy at the Guinness Eye Centre, Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Idi-Araba, Lagos.
Rotimi-Samuel A, Akinsola FB, Aribaba OT … +1 more , Onakoya AO
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2013 · PMID 24579502
BACKGROUND: Diabetic retinopathy is an important complication of diabetes mellitus, which may lead to blindness. OBJECTIVE: The study is to analyze posterior segment lesions in Diabetes Mellitus patients seen in Guinness...
BACKGROUND: Diabetic retinopathy is an important complication of diabetes mellitus, which may lead to blindness. OBJECTIVE: The study is to analyze posterior segment lesions in Diabetes Mellitus patients seen in Guinness Eye Centre, Lagos University Teaching Hospital in relation to the number, duration and severity. METHODS: All the case files of Diabetes Mellitus patients seen during the period of study were retrieved and data extracted from them were analyzed. Such information included age, sex, duration of Diabetic Retinopathy and its severity. RESULTS: A total of 84 case files were reviewed. There were 47 males and 37 females with a male to female ratio of 1.3:1. No diabetic patient was seen in the age group 30 years and below. Fifty-five (65%) patients who presented themselves did so very late. Of the 35 patients found to have diabetic retinopathy at presentation, 16 had the disease bilaterally. The most common form of Diabetic Retinopathy was clinically significant macula oedema. The study shows that a high proportion of the patients (41.6%) had Diabetic Retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with DM should be referred early for eye examinations. Physicians Residents should be made to rotate through eye Departments for a period of at least 2 weeks so they can learn fundoscopy. Diabetic patients should be educated on the eye complications that may arise from their condition. Regular eye screening with fundus camera and laser therapy should be part of the routine management of Diabetics in Nigeria as is done in advanced countries.
Autopsy study of prostatic weight and lesions in LUTH: a 12 month prospective study.
Erinomo OO, Anunobi CC, Orah NO
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2013 · PMID 24579501
BACKGROUND: Diseases of the prostate are common among adult Nigerians with some, clinically asymptomatic during life. OBJECTIVE: The study is to determine the prostatic weight and document the histopathologic patterns, f...
BACKGROUND: Diseases of the prostate are common among adult Nigerians with some, clinically asymptomatic during life. OBJECTIVE: The study is to determine the prostatic weight and document the histopathologic patterns, frequency, and age distribution of clinically asymptomatic prostatic lesions seen at autopsy in LUTH, Lagos, Nigeria over a 12 month period (January to December 2009). METHODS: Consisted of hospital case files and prostate glands harvested en bloc from all autopsies in men aged 20 years and above who died of other causes other than clinically diagnosed prostate disease in LUTH within the study period. After en block removal, the prostate glands were fixed in formalin, weighed, sectioned at 3-5mm intervals, processed and embedded in paraffin. Whole mount serial sections were stained with H& E and examined. RESULTS: Only 145 prostate glands were suitable for histological evaluation. There was an increasing prostatic weight with age. The distribution of identified prostatic lesions showed 75 (51.7%) having no histological diagnosis. Acute and chronic prostatitis accounted for 2 (2.9%) each, benign prostatic hyperplasia alone, 52 (74.2%) while benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) associated with chronic prostatitis accounted for 7 (10%). Latent prostate cancerwas found in 7 (10%) of the cases. CONCLUSION: Prostate weight increased with age. Acute prostatitis was found to be commoner in the younger age groups, particularly below 50 years while chronic prostatitis was seen more in the older men and was largely associated with BPH. BPH was found to be the commonest lesion. Latent carcinoma showed a prevalence of 10%, which is significant and in keeping with similar studies done elsewhere.
Clinical evaluation of 16% and 35% carbamide peroxide as in-office vital tooth whitening agents.
Onwudiwe UV, Umesi DC, Orenuga OO … +1 more , Shaba OP
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2013 · PMID 24579500
BACKGROUND: Tooth bleaching (whitening) is a conservative and cost effective treatment of discoloured teeth. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of 16% and 35% carbamide...
BACKGROUND: Tooth bleaching (whitening) is a conservative and cost effective treatment of discoloured teeth. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of 16% and 35% carbamide peroxide as in-office bleaching agents. METHODS: Thirty adult subjects who desired to whiten their discoloured teeth were enrolled in the study. Carbamide bleaching agents, in concentrations of 16% and 35%, were used to whiten their teeth employing the spilt-arch technique/half-mouth design using vacuum formed half-arch matrix seated over the maxillary teeth for a one-hour session per week for two weeks. Outcome was monitored with Vita shade guide and photographs. RESULTS: Twenty females and ten males, ages 18-43 years, with mean age 27.83 years, participated in the study. Tooth whitening was obtained in all subjects. Shade tab movement of 2-4 shades and 4-6 shades was recorded at first sessions then 3-5 and 5-9 shades at second sessions for 16% and 35% concentrations of carbamide peroxide respectively. The bleaching outcome was significantly better with the 35% concentration of carbamide peroxide while transient tooth sensitivity was observed in both concentrations ofthe bleaching agents. CONCLUSION: Carbamide peroxide in 16% and 35% concentration are effective and safe for bleaching discoloured vital teeth, however, 35% concentration gave significantly more lightening effect without additional side effects compared to 16% concentration.
Preliminary Anti-Fungal Activity of the Aqueous Bark Extract of Calotropis procera (ASCLEPIADACEAE).
Olaitan OJ, Wasagu SU, Adepoju-Bello AA … +2 more , Nwaeze KU, Olufunsho A
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2013 · PMID 27276766
BACKGROUND: Calotropis procera is a species of flowering plant which belongs to the Asclepiadaceous family. Its other names are Apple of Sodom, Giant Milkweed and Swallow-wort. It's native to Africa and Asian countries w...
BACKGROUND: Calotropis procera is a species of flowering plant which belongs to the Asclepiadaceous family. Its other names are Apple of Sodom, Giant Milkweed and Swallow-wort. It's native to Africa and Asian countries where they exist as a spreading shrub or small tree with height of about 4m. They. exude copious milky sap when cut or broken. It has a broad grey-green leaves with a pointed tip, two rounded basal lobes and no leaf stalk. Their flowers are waxy white. The different part of this plant has been used for different medicinal purposes such as cure of leprosy, eczema, inflammation, cutaneous infections, syphilis, malarial and low hectic fevers, and as abortifacient. OBJECTIVE: The extract of the bark of the plant Calotropis procera used locally by people in Sokoto to treat ringworm infection was investigated for the claimed activity by subjecting the extract collected to both phytochemical and antifungal screening. METHODS: The extracts of water, n-hexane, petroleum ether and chloroform of the bark of the plant Calotropis procera were evaluated for the presence of alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, saponins, steroids and flavonoids. And the water extract which is often used by the local people was tested for antifungal activity using Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) in Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method developed by Kirby et al. Fulcin tablet was used as a standard and two petridishes that does not contain the extracts were used as control. RESULTS: In the phytochemical study using extracts of n-hexane, petroleum ether, chloroform and water, the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins and steroids (cardiac glycoside) were confirmed. Also, for the antifungal activity of the plant, there was a complete inhibition of Microsporum specie and Trichophyton specie in the sample after 10 days of inoculation when water extract at different concentrations (i.e. 20 mg/L, 30 mg/L and 40 mg/L) were applied. The tablet only completely inhibited Trichophyton specie. Epidermophyton specie was not found in the sample. The inhibitory effect of this extract was significant (p < 0.05) when compared with fulcin tablet. CONCLUSION: The research confirmed that the extract of the bark of the plant Calotropis procera has some antifungal activity.
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