American Journal Of Veterinary Research[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
A retrospective analysis of domestic sheep and goat Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis diagnostic results from the Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory.
Bermudez-Koch L, Holahan M, Sihler HE … +4 more , Burbick C, Williams L, Poonsuk K, McConnel CS
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42217462 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To understand Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) diagnostic trends based on small ruminant submissions to the Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory. METHODS: Small ruminant MAP ser...
OBJECTIVE: To understand Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) diagnostic trends based on small ruminant submissions to the Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory. METHODS: Small ruminant MAP serum ELISA and fecal PCR results between May 1, 2015, and June 1, 2024, were obtained from Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory. Prevalence estimates were established for goats and sheep relative to overall sample submissions, individual animals tested, and herds. Species-level differences in prevalence were evaluated based on ELISA manufacturer, age, sex, and breed. RESULTS: A total of 108,092 small ruminant samples were submitted for MAP serum ELISA (n = 98,538 IDEXX Inc; 9,554 VMRD Inc) and 1,090 samples for fecal PCR. For sheep and goats combined, there was an overall 6-fold difference in positive prevalence between the 2 ELISA tests based on submissions (0.9% vs 5.8%), individuals (1.0% vs 5.8%), and herds (3.7% vs 24.2%). In comparison, combined fecal PCR results for sheep and goats indicated positive prevalences of 6.5% for submissions, 6.6% for individuals, and 11.2% for herds. CONCLUSIONS: This study offers valuable insights into the prevalence of MAP infection in domestic sheep and goats across the United States, the preferred diagnostic tests among producers and veterinarians, and variations in ELISA test characteristics. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results highlight the poor alignment between small ruminant MAP diagnostic usage and recommendations to use ELISA tests primarily as a screening tool for control programs in MAP-infected herds with high prevalence (≥ 5% test positive) and fecal PCR or culture-based testing to enhance surveillance, eradication, or confirmation of Johne clinical diagnoses.
Superficial corneal epithelial inclusion cysts treated by simple lancing in 4 dogs.
Park J, Jeong D, Seo K … +1 more , Kang S
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42217461 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To describe a nonsurgical treatment for superficial corneal epithelial inclusion cysts (CEICs) in dogs and to characterize their clinical and diagnostic features using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) and optica...
OBJECTIVE: To describe a nonsurgical treatment for superficial corneal epithelial inclusion cysts (CEICs) in dogs and to characterize their clinical and diagnostic features using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). ANIMALS: 4 client-owned dogs with superficial CEICs. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: Complete ophthalmic examinations and diagnostic imaging using UBM and/or OCT were performed on smooth, fluctuant, painless masses protruding from vascularized corneas. For superficial CEICs, needle lancing was performed under topical anesthesia. RESULTS: All dogs had been previously managed for keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Ultrasound biomicroscopy or OCT revealed superficial intrastromal cystic lesions surrounded by hyperechoic or hyper-reflective stroma, consistent with CEICs. All cysts were located within vascularized corneal stroma, with sufficient posterior stromal thickness and intact Descemet membrane beneath the cysts. Among 6 initially identified cysts, 1 ruptured spontaneously following trauma and was no longer detectable at reexamination. One cyst was excised by superficial keratectomy, and histopathologic examination confirmed CEIC; this cyst subsequently recurred. The remaining 4 cysts were intentionally treated by needle lancing using a 26-gauge needle under topical anesthesia. Cytologic examination of the drained material revealed predominantly extracellular matrix and epithelial cells without evidence of infection, supporting the diagnosis of CEIC. Topical anti-inflammatory agents and antibiotics were prescribed after lancing. None of the lanced cysts recurred during a follow-up period of 17 to 62 months. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Needle lancing may represent a safe, simple, and effective treatment option for superficial vascularized CEICs in dogs. Advanced diagnostic imaging, such as UBM/OCT, may aid in determining cyst depth and guiding treatment selection.
Preoperative parathyroid hormone concentration predicts postoperative hypocalcemia severity in dogs undergoing parathyroidectomy.
Daugherty E, Codd C, Howard J
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42208593 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate preoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration as a predictor of moderate to severe postoperative hypocalcemia following parathyroidectomy in dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism. METHODS: R...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate preoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration as a predictor of moderate to severe postoperative hypocalcemia following parathyroidectomy in dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of dogs undergoing parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism and excluding dogs receiving prophylactic calcitriol. Preoperative serum PTH measurement was stratified into groups by multiples of the assay-specific upper limit of normal (ULN). Whole blood ionized calcium (iCa) nadir was used to classify postoperative outcome, with moderate to severe hypocalcemia defined as iCa < 1.00 mmol/L. RESULTS: 92 dogs were included. Moderate to severe hypocalcemia occurred in 36 dogs (39.1%). A graded relationship was identified between PTH strata and moderate to severe hypocalcemia: 9 of 47 dogs (19.1%) with normal PTH, 14 of 27 (51.9%) with > 1 to 2 times ULN, 5 of 10 (50.0%) with > 2 to 3 times ULN, and 8 of 8 (100%) with > 3 times ULN. A PTH cutoff of 1.05 times ULN yielded an area under the curve of 0.76 (95% CI, 0.65 to 0.86), with 72.2% sensitivity and 71.4% specificity. Median time to overall calcium nadir was 65.8 hours (range, 3.7 to 19,794.1), with 40 of 92 dogs (43.5%) reaching nadir after 72 hours. Late nadirs were common in dogs with moderate to severe hypocalcemia (25 of 36 [69.4%]) versus normocalcemia (10 of 44 [22.7%]). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative PTH concentration stratified by ULN multiples demonstrates a graded relationship with postoperative hypocalcemia. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: PTH-based stratification could identify high-risk patients warranting prophylactic therapeutics and extended monitoring.
Short-term effect of sedation on kidney function markers in cats with chronic kidney disease.
Chew ZH, White JD
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42208589 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To determine the short-term effect of sedation on GFR markers in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS: This was a prospective observational study involving client-owned cats with CKD undergoing abdo...
OBJECTIVE: To determine the short-term effect of sedation on GFR markers in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS: This was a prospective observational study involving client-owned cats with CKD undergoing abdominal sonography. Each cat received 50 mg oral gabapentin, 0.3 mg/kg butorphanol, and 0.3 mg/kg midazolam IM followed by 1 mg/kg alfaxalone IV to effect. Presedation blood tests included hematology and biochemistry. A second blood test for GFR markers (symmetric dimethylarginine [SDMA] and creatinine) was collected at the point of maximum sedation (20 cats) or 2 hours after sedation (12 cats). RESULTS: 20 cats had presedation SDMA and creatinine concentrations of 19 µg/dL median (IQR, 15 to 24.5) and 200 µmol/L median (IQR, 147.5 to 260), respectively. These were not significantly different from samples from the point of maximal sedation (SDMA: median, 19 µg/dL; quantile [Q]-1 to Q3, 15 to 24.5; P = .31; creatinine: median, 200 µmol/L; IQR, 147.5 to 255; P = .71). Twelve cats had presedation SDMA and creatinine concentrations of 22 µg/dL median (IQR, 19.5 to 24.5) and 210 µmol/L median (IQR, 165 to 260), respectively. These were not significantly different from samples obtained 2 hours after sedation (SDMA: median, 25 µg/dL; IQR, 20 to 26; P = .51; creatinine: median, 200 µmol/L; Q1 to Q3, 175 to 280; P = .06). The only adverse effect was prolonged sedation in some cats. CONCLUSIONS: Sedation with gabapentin, butorphanol, midazolam, and alfaxalone was an effective protocol for cats with CKD undergoing noninvasive diagnostic procedures and was not associated with short-term changes in GFR markers. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The sedation protocol described is safe and effective in cats with CKD undergoing routine procedures.
Feasibility of a hand-held myotonometry device for measuring biomechanical muscle parameters in horses.
Ribeiro G, Agrícola R, Sanchez MMF … +4 more , Ramos FR, Borges J, Abrantes J, Prazeres J
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42202853 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of a hand-held myotometry device for measuring the biomechanical parameters (frequency, stiffness, and decrement) of the longissimus dorsi muscle in the thoracolumbar region of heal...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of a hand-held myotometry device for measuring the biomechanical parameters (frequency, stiffness, and decrement) of the longissimus dorsi muscle in the thoracolumbar region of healthy horses. METHODS: Data were obtained from 50 adult horses. The biomechanical parameters were measured using a MyotonPRO device in triple-scan mode. Measurements were recorded on both sides, with the horses standing square. The analysis focused on whether there were differences between the sides and correlations between the variables. RESULTS: The mean muscle frequency (hertz) was 21.66 ± 2.88 on the left side and 21.45 ± 2.75 on the right side. The mean stiffness (N/m) was 535.94 ± 82.87 on the left side and 525.41 ± 75.15 on the right side. The mean decrement on the left was 1.68 ± 0.34, and the mean decrement on the right was 1.71 ± 0.26. There were no significant differences between the sides for any parameter, indicating symmetry between them. On the left side, correlations were found between biomechanical parameters and age and body score. CONCLUSIONS: The MyotonPRO device is a tool that can be used to measure muscle tone, stiffness, and decrement in horses. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Validating a portable tool for measuring biomechanical parameters can make muscle assessment in horses more objective and contribute to diagnosis as well as injury prevention and recovery monitoring.
Two Doppler blood pressure devices and 2 oscillometric blood pressure devices failed American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine validation in conscious dogs.
Quinn KA, Lorge C, Zersen KM … +1 more , Guillaumin J
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42202851 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracy of 2 Doppler and 2 oscillometric devices to invasive blood pressure (IBP) measurements in conscious dogs at 2 cuff locations using the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (...
OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracy of 2 Doppler and 2 oscillometric devices to invasive blood pressure (IBP) measurements in conscious dogs at 2 cuff locations using the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) validation criteria. METHODS: 8 Beagles had dorsal pedal arterial catheters placed under anesthesia on November 13 and 18, 2024. Once conscious, paired non-IBP and IBP measurements were collected at the tail and forelimb for all devices. Bias, SD, percentage of values within 10 and 20 mm Hg of IBP, correlation coefficients, and limits of agreement were calculated for each paired measurement. RESULTS: No device met ACVIM validation criteria at either cuff location. Devices performed better at the tail compared to the forelimb. Doppler devices performed better than oscillometric devices for systolic blood pressure. Oscillometric devices performed best for mean blood pressure (MBP). The MBP measured by the multiparameter monitor at the tail showed the most favorable overall performance, including a bias of 1.75 mm Hg (SD, 8.98); 82% and 96% of measurements within 10 and 20 mm Hg of IBP, respectively; and limits of agreement of -15 to 19. The correlation coefficient threshold was not met by any device. CONCLUSIONS: None of the devices were validated against IBP in conscious adult dogs using ACVIM criteria. Tail placement improved performance across devices. Oscillometric devices appeared more reliable for MBP, whereas Doppler devices provided more reliable systolic blood pressure measurements. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Clinicians should interpret NIBP cautiously in conscious dogs.
Hemoperfusion with a polymer or carbon hemoperfusion column is feasible and safe in goats.
Bandyopadhyay S, Delvescovo B, Forbes J … +3 more , Nelson T, Salakhov H, Hobbs K
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42190713 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and safety of hemoperfusion in goats using polymer-based and carbon-based hemoperfusion columns. METHODS: Healthy adult goats from the Texas A&M research herd underwent hemoperfusio...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility and safety of hemoperfusion in goats using polymer-based and carbon-based hemoperfusion columns. METHODS: Healthy adult goats from the Texas A&M research herd underwent hemoperfusion using either a polymer column (VetResQ) or a carbon column (Cytoclear) from April 2025 through September 2025. Clinical parameters, hematology, biochemistry, and cytokines (IL-1β, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α) were measured before, immediately after, and 24 hours after treatment. RESULTS: In a prospective experimental study, 4 goats completed single hemoperfusion sessions with 2 blood volumes of treatment; 1 of the 4 had a second treatment and completed 1 blood volume processed. Hemoperfusion was well tolerated without major adverse events. An activated clotting time target of 700 to 900 seconds was required for consistent extracorporeal blood flow, higher than reported in other species. Hematology and biochemistry values remained within reference ranges, though decreases in WBC counts and neutrophils were seen at the end of filtration with both columns. All goats returned to baseline hematologic parameters within 24 hours. Total protein, albumin, and potassium decreased moderately but remained within reference ranges. Cytokine concentrations did not increase, and a decrease in both IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α was noted following treatment in all goats. CONCLUSIONS: Hemoperfusion using both polymer-based and carbon-based adsorptive columns is feasible and appears safe in goats, although higher heparin doses are required compared to other species. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These findings support further investigation of hemoperfusion as a therapeutic option in caprine medicine for the removal of circulating toxins or inflammatory mediators.
The pelvic floor of standing, healthy dogs is consistently nearly horizontal, but the orientation of the lumbar spine varies more widely.
Lu M, Picavet PP, Chou PY … +1 more , Marcellin-Little DJ
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42190712 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To characterize lumbar, sacral, and pelvic orientation in dogs in a standardized standing position, quantify interindividual variability, and assess relationships between pelvic geometry and acetabular orienta...
OBJECTIVE: To characterize lumbar, sacral, and pelvic orientation in dogs in a standardized standing position, quantify interindividual variability, and assess relationships between pelvic geometry and acetabular orientation. METHODS: The study was conducted from April 12, 2024, through November 20, 2025. Full-length lateral radiographs of the pelvic limbs were obtained in 17 standing, healthy, client-owned dogs using a standardized positioning technique. Composite images were generated from stitched radiographs. Spinal, pelvic, and hind limb axes were defined using anatomical landmarks, and their orientation relative to the horizontal plane was measured. Descriptive statistics were used to assess variability. Associations between standing acetabular orientation and pelvic parameters were evaluated using univariate linear regression. RESULTS: Standing acetabular orientation was markedly variable across dogs and did not correlate with other postural parameters. In contrast, the ischiopubic symphysis orientation exhibited the lowest interindividual variability and remained consistently nearly horizontal during standing. Lumbar spinal orientation showed substantially greater variability and did not consistently approximate a horizontal reference. The strongest association with standing acetabular orientation was observed for the acetabular-pubic angle (R2=0.70). CONCLUSIONS: Dogs maintain a nearly horizontal pelvic floor when standing but do not consistently maintain a horizontal lumbar spine. Standing acetabular orientation varies widely among dogs and cannot be reliably inferred from other postural parameters. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ischiopubic symphysis may represent a more reliable reference for estimating functional acetabular orientation than the lumbar spine and may improve preoperative planning of acetabular cup positioning in canine total hip replacement.
Pelvic limb joint motion increases with treadmill walking speed in healthy Beagles.
Yoshikawa K, Kitazawa T, Sano T … +2 more , Yamazaki A, Edamura K
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42190710 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of 4 fixed treadmill walking speeds on sagittal-plane pelvic limb joint motion in healthy Beagles and to provide speed-stratified descriptive kinematic values for interpreting treadmil...
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of 4 fixed treadmill walking speeds on sagittal-plane pelvic limb joint motion in healthy Beagles and to provide speed-stratified descriptive kinematic values for interpreting treadmill-based canine gait assessments. METHODS: 8 healthy Beagles underwent 3-D motion analysis during treadmill walking at 1.1 km/h (0.31 m/s), 1.8 km/h (0.50 m/s), 2.5 km/h (0.69 m/s), and 3.2 km/h (0.89 m/s). For each dog at each speed, 10 gait cycles were time normalized and averaged to generate representative waveforms. Peak extension angle, peak flexion angle, and range of motion (ROM) were calculated for the hip, stifle, and tarsus. Linear mixed-effects models were used to assess speed-related changes. Only walk trials were analyzed; for 1 dog, the 3.2 km/h (0.89 m/s) trial was excluded after gait classification identified trot. RESULTS: ROM increased with speed in all 3 joints. For every 1-km/h (0.28 m/s) increase in speed, ROM increased by 6.11° (95% CI, 5.37 to 6.86) at the hip, 5.37° (95% CI, 4.17 to 6.56) at the stifle, and 3.66° (95% CI, 2.41 to 4.90) at the tarsus. At the hip and stifle, the increase in ROM reflected increased peak extension and decreased peak flexion, whereas at the tarsus, it was associated mainly with a decrease in peak flexion angle. CONCLUSIONS: Faster treadmill walking was associated with greater pelvic limb ROM in healthy Beagles, with joint-specific patterns of change. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Walking speed should be standardized or accounted for when interpreting treadmill-derived ROM in canine gait analysis or rehabilitation follow-up.
Right ventricular systolic function in dogs with pulmonary hypertension can be assessed using tissue motion annular displacement.
Silva VBC, Lucina SB, Wolf M … +3 more , Sarraff AP, Franco LFC, Sousa MG
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42190707 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To assess right ventricular (RV) systolic function using conventional echocardiography and advanced techniques, including strain and tissue motion annular displacement (TMAD), in dogs with and without pulmonar...
OBJECTIVE: To assess right ventricular (RV) systolic function using conventional echocardiography and advanced techniques, including strain and tissue motion annular displacement (TMAD), in dogs with and without pulmonary hypertension (PH). METHODS: Dogs with PH and healthy client-owned dogs (control group) evaluated from March 2018 through June 2022 were eligible for inclusion in this case-control study. Dogs in the PH group were classified as having either precapillary or postcapillary PH. All dogs underwent physical examination, blood pressure measurement, electrocardiography, and echocardiographic evaluation, including conventional and speckle-tracking techniques. Right ventricular systolic function was assessed using multiple variables, including TMAD, measured as midpoint displacement (millimeters), midpoint displacement relative to RV length (percentage), and TMAD indexed to body weight (mm/kg) and body surface area (mm/m2). The results were compared among groups and subgroups. RESULTS: There were 46 dogs in the PH group (precapillary PH, n = 27; postcapillary PH, 19) and 44 dogs in the control group. The TMAD values were lowest in dogs with precapillary PH compared with the control group and dogs with postcapillary PH. Tissue motion annular displacement (mm/kg) showed weak to moderate positive correlations with RV structural variables and fractional area change percentage, a weak negative correlation with tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion normalized by body weight, and no significant correlation with peak velocity of systolic tricuspid annular motion as determined by tissue Doppler imaging (S'). CONCLUSIONS: TMAD does not replace conventional techniques for assessing RV systolic function. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The evaluated technique may serve as a supplementary tool for assessing RV systolic function in dogs with PH.
Toward creating "caninized" mice: reconstitution of canine immune cells in immunodeficient mice.
Stokol T, Demeter EA, Cockey JR … +4 more , Leifer CA, Puri R, Butler S, Byron M
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42190701 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To generate "caninized" mice that could be used for investigating canine diseases and testing new therapies. METHODS: In this experimental study, canine hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) were isolated from bone...
OBJECTIVE: To generate "caninized" mice that could be used for investigating canine diseases and testing new therapies. METHODS: In this experimental study, canine hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) were isolated from bone marrow mononuclear cells from donor dogs using immunomagnetic sorting and an anti-canine CD34 antibody. Fresh or overnight-cultured HSCs were administered IV into sublethally irradiated immunodeficient mice (NOD scid γ strain) 4 to 20 hours after irradiation (median dose, 2.0 X 105 cells; n = 120) with noninjected irradiated controls (30). Engraftment was assessed by serum canine immunoglobulin M (IgM) measurement and flow cytometric analysis for canine leukocytes and immunohistochemical staining for T and B cells. RESULTS: HSCs were enriched after sorting (median CD34+ cells, 87.6% vs 2.5% in bone marrow mononuclear cells). Canine IgM was measurable in sera of 49% of 94 surviving injected mice 19 to 42 weeks after irradiation (median IgM, 310 ng/mL; range, 18 to > 8,400 ng/mL). Higher serum canine IgM concentrations were detected in mice injected with fresh versus overnight-cultured HSCs. Low numbers of canine leukocytes and T and B cells were identified in the spleen and bone marrow with flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS: NOD scid γ mice can be engrafted with canine immune cells. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The creation of "caninized" mice is feasible, but efficiency of engraftment was low and requires further optimization before these mice can be used to model canine disease.
A video guide to stabilization of canine hip luxation by intra-articular reconstruction of the round ligament using a synthetic implant.
Buttin P, Crumière A, Goin B
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42173147 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To provide video guidance on performing intra-articular repair of the round ligament with a synthetic implant to stabilize the coxofemoral joint following hip luxation in dogs. ANIMALS: Dogs of any size with h...
OBJECTIVE: To provide video guidance on performing intra-articular repair of the round ligament with a synthetic implant to stabilize the coxofemoral joint following hip luxation in dogs. ANIMALS: Dogs of any size with hip luxation associated with rupture of the round ligament. METHODS: With the dog in lateral recumbency, a femoral tunnel is drilled from the base of the greater trochanter to the fovea capitis. A second femoral tunnel is drilled caudocranially, distal and perpendicular to the first one, midway between the medial and lateral cortices of the proximal femoral metaphysis. This tunnel is compacted with an interference screw intended for implant fixation. A third tunnel is drilled through the acetabulum at the footprint of the round ligament. An ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) implant preassembled with a cortical button is inserted through the acetabular tunnel, such that the button lies against the medial wall of the acetabulum. The implant is passed through the femoral tunnels, tensioned, and secured in the second femoral tunnel with the use of an interference screw inserted caudocranially. RESULTS: This technique provides immediate stabilization and restores physiological mobility of the hip. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Hip luxation is a common traumatic lesion in small animals. The choice of surgical treatment depends on the type of hip luxation, which usually occurs in a craniodorsal direction and more rarely in a caudodorsal or caudoventral direction. Intra-articular repair replaces the torn round ligament with a biocompatible UHMWPE implant to restore the stability and mobility of the joint. This technique allows for treatment of all luxation types.
New guidelines for hemoperfusion in treating toxicities.
Cribb A
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42167307 · Publisher ↗
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Intravenous lidocaine administered in the dorsal occipital sinus was ineffective for euthanasia of Asian box turtles (Cuora spp).
Kunzman H, Tovar-Lopez G, Stilwell J … +2 more , Kleinschmidt L, Hawkins S
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42161309 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Determine the ability of IV lidocaine and pentobarbital to induce rapid euthanasia. METHODS: In this blinded, randomized study, Asian box turtles (Cuora spp) designated for euthanasia were sedated with alfaxal...
OBJECTIVE: Determine the ability of IV lidocaine and pentobarbital to induce rapid euthanasia. METHODS: In this blinded, randomized study, Asian box turtles (Cuora spp) designated for euthanasia were sedated with alfaxalone before euthanasia with lidocaine (20 mg/kg) or pentobarbital (200 mg/kg) IV in the dorsal occipital sinus over a 3-day period. The sinus was located by ventral flexion of the head with needle insertion ventral to the supraoccipital crest. Time to loss of cardiorespiratory and neurologic function was documented. Supplemental doses were administered at 30-, 60-, and 90-minute time points if the heartbeat persisted. Pentobarbital was administered regardless of treatment group at the 90-minute time point. RESULTS: 15 Asian box turtles were assigned to lidocaine (8) and pentobarbital (7) treatment groups. Intravenous injections were successfully administered in the dorsal occipital sinus. Turtles given lidocaine had cessation of heartbeat at varying time points but had spontaneous return of heartbeat; all required pentobarbital 90 minutes after initial injection to induce permanent cardiac arrest. The majority of the pentobarbital group (5 of 7) had a permanent loss of heartbeat. CONCLUSIONS: The dorsal occipital sinus was reliable and easily accessible for high-volume injections. Lidocaine IV, even at high doses, was ineffective for euthanasia. In contrast, pentobarbital IV produced repeated rapid loss of detectable heartbeat. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study highlights the successful administration of IV medications through a more easily accessed venipuncture site, the dorsal occipital sinus. Pentobarbital is reliable and efficient for euthanasia; however, higher doses than the current published guidelines are recommended for rapid cardiac arrest in reptiles.
Molecular profiling of virulent, multidrug-resistant Campylobacter jejuni isolates from broiler flocks in Ismailia, Egypt.
El-Tarabili RM, Mustafa MSE, Youssef F … +3 more , Abdel-Raheem SM, Meligy AMA, Enany M
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42161308 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Campylobacter jejuni is a leading zoonotic pathogen, with broiler chickens as a primary reservoir and source of human campylobacteriosis. This study investigated prevalence, phenotypic and genotypic antimicrob...
OBJECTIVE: Campylobacter jejuni is a leading zoonotic pathogen, with broiler chickens as a primary reservoir and source of human campylobacteriosis. This study investigated prevalence, phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance, and virulence genes in C jejuni from broiler chicken samples at Egyptian slaughterhouses. METHODS: 100 samples were randomly taken from slaughterhouses, comprising drippings (n = 50), neck skin (25), and cecal swabs (25). Campylobacter isolates were identified by 23S rRNA and mapA gene. RESULTS: C jejuni was isolated from 18 of 100 samples (18%). The C jejuni isolates exhibited resistance against tetracycline (TE; 100%), amoxicillin (AMX; 83.3%), sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT; 72.2%), and erythromycin (E; 66.7%). Meanwhile, the recovered isolates were found to be sensitive to meropenem (100%). There were 5 phenotypic resistance profiles: AMX, SXT, E, and TE (44.4%); AMX, E, and TE (22.2%); AMX, TE, and SXT (16.7%); TE and SXT (11.1%); and TE (5.6%). C jejuni strains harbored the tet(O) (100%) and blaOXA-61 (83.3%) genes. There were 2 genotypic resistance profiles, blaOXA-61 and tet(O) (83.3%) and tetO (16.7%). C jejuni harbored cadF, dnaJ, flaA, and cdtB virulence genes with a prevalence of 100%, 100%, 44.4%, and 22.2%, respectively. There were 3 virulence profiles: cadF+, dnaJ+, flaA+, and cdtB+ (22.2%); cadF+, dnaJ+, flaA+, and cdtB- (27.8%); and cadF+, dnaJ+, flaA-, and cdtB- (50%). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that multidrug-resistant C jejuni harboring key virulence/resistance genes in broilers is a significant concern for both public health and poultry production. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The detection of multidrug-resistant, virulent C jejuni underscores a substantial risk of carcass contamination and foodborne campylobacteriosis in humans.
Standardized neurological examinations in Sonoran Desert toads (Incilius alvarius) demonstrate species-specific guidelines compared to another toad species.
Nussbaum J, Kunzman H, McFarland J … +3 more , Moyer K, Bartner L, Tovar-Lopez G
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42161305 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the application of published standard clinical neurological examination techniques in Puerto Rican crested toads (PRCTs; Peltophryne lemur) in Sonoran Desert toads (Incilius alvarius) and to establ...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the application of published standard clinical neurological examination techniques in Puerto Rican crested toads (PRCTs; Peltophryne lemur) in Sonoran Desert toads (Incilius alvarius) and to establish expected species-specific results for the selected neurologic tests. METHODS: A research population of healthy Sonoran Desert toads at Oklahoma State University was used in July 2025. A prospective experimental study design was utilized to perform neurological examinations. Standard tests described in PRCTs were performed on each individual and evaluated for feasibility, and expected results were compared to other species. RESULTS: 19 toads were available, with 3 excluded due to mild pododermatitis. Sixteen toads were included for evaluation. Multiple tests were inconsistent or produced absent responses in this species, including menace response (0 of 16 [0%]), facial stimulation (5 of 16 [31%]), physiologic nystagmus (0 of 16 [0%]), withdrawal reflex (0 of 16 [0%]), myotatic reflexes (0 of 16 [0%]), vent tone (0 of 16 [0%]), tactile placing (5 of 16 [31%]), proprioceptive placement (0 of 16 [0%]), and hopping (4 of 16 [25%]). The tests that were consistent and reproducible across individuals (ie, 100% positive response) were the righting reflex, wheelbarrowing, pupil symmetry, pupillary light reflex, corneal reflex, and palpebral reflex. CONCLUSIONS: Expected responses during neurologic examinations differed in Sonoran Desert toads compared to PRCTs, with a notable difference being that Sonoran Desert toads did not show a withdrawal reflex, proprioceptive placement, and hopping as well as facial stimulation that was seen in PRCTs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The findings demonstrated that neurological examinations in amphibians should be evaluated against species-specific parameters.
Effective ultrasonography protocol for investigating muscular structures of the canine dorsolateral hip region with comparative magnetic resonance imaging.
Ellis KM, Frye CW, Miller AV … +1 more , Todd-Donato AB
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42161304 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To develop an ultrasonography protocol for identifying muscles of the dorsolateral hip region that contribute to joint stability, with verification by MRI and gross dissection. METHODS: Muscles of the dorsolat...
OBJECTIVE: To develop an ultrasonography protocol for identifying muscles of the dorsolateral hip region that contribute to joint stability, with verification by MRI and gross dissection. METHODS: Muscles of the dorsolateral hip region were investigated using 3-Tesla MRI followed by high-frequency B-mode ultrasonography in 5 skeletally mature canine cadavers (n = 10) from September 1, 2024, through August 30, 2025. The origins, insertions, and anatomical relationships of the musculature were documented. The accuracy of structure identification was confirmed using ultrasonography-guided injections of dye placement followed by gross dissection. RESULTS: Ultrasonography and MRI images of the middle gluteal, deep gluteal, superficial gluteal, piriformis, biceps femoris, internal obturator, gemelli, and quadratus femoris were acquired. The appearance of the sacrotuberous ligament and sciatic nerve was also documented as relevant landmarks for muscle identification. The approach for ultrasonographic identification of each structure was documented. Ultrasonography-guided dye placement into all 8 muscles was performed separately by 2 diplomates (American College of Veterinary Radiology and American College of Veterinary Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation). Upon dissection, dye injections accurately identified all 8 structures consistently between diplomates. CONCLUSIONS: This study documents an effective ultrasonography protocol for investigating the structures of the dorsolateral hip region, consistent with comparative MRI and gross dissection. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study advances knowledge of normal ultrasonographic anatomy of the dorsolateral hip region, allowing for improved identification, monitoring, and treatment of soft tissue injury.
Two digital electrocardiographs and their computer-based analysis programs produce clinically significant differences in values and reference intervals for dog electrocardiograms.
Constable P, Jones T, Wilson C … +3 more , Hernandez M, Jacob T, Nelson S
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42161299 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To compare measured ECG intervals and amplitudes obtained using electrocardiographs adapted for veterinary or human use and to develop ECG reference intervals for endurance-trained dogs. METHODS: Standard limb...
OBJECTIVE: To compare measured ECG intervals and amplitudes obtained using electrocardiographs adapted for veterinary or human use and to develop ECG reference intervals for endurance-trained dogs. METHODS: Standard limb lead ECG recordings were obtained simultaneously in February and early March of 2021 using 2 digital electrocardiographs and a convenience sample of 121 endurance-trained sled adult dogs. Visually verified computer-based ECG measurements for the 2 electrocardiographs were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Deming regression, and Bland-Altman plots. We assigned acceptable median values for differences (effect sizes) of < 10 milliseconds for P-wave duration, PQ interval, QRS duration, JT interval, and QT interval and < 10% for P-, Q-, R-, S-, and T-wave amplitudes. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences between the 2 electrocardiographs existed for the majority (7 of 9) of global ECG indices and the majority (10 of 15) of lead I-, II-, and III-wave amplitudes. Clinically important differences based on assigned effect sizes were identified for lead II and III Q- and R-wave amplitudes, which the veterinary electrocardiograph measured 11% to 23% higher. The veterinary electrocardiograph identified a higher proportion of dogs that may have left or right ventricular enlargement. Reference intervals developed for 7 of 9 global ECG indices were narrower for the veterinary electrocardiograph. CONCLUSIONS: The low-pass filter on the veterinary electrocardiograph attenuates higher frequencies on the canine ECG to a lower extent than the human electrocardiograph. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Reference intervals for dog ECGs depend on the digital electrocardiograph, its high-frequency filtering characteristics, and its computer-based analysis program.
Passive liquefaction and colloidal centrifugation demonstrate improved semen quality following liquefaction of semen collected in the bonobo (Pan paniscus).
Dziubinski M, Olds J, Stricklin OE … +2 more , Skiba SA, Beachler TM
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42140278 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate different processing methods on the liquefaction of the coagulum from semen collected in the bonobo (Pan paniscus). METHODS: In this experimental cross-sectional study, ejaculates voluntarily colle...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate different processing methods on the liquefaction of the coagulum from semen collected in the bonobo (Pan paniscus). METHODS: In this experimental cross-sectional study, ejaculates voluntarily collected were divided among 4 processing methods and evaluated for subjective total and progressive motility, numbers of total and progressively motile spermatozoa per ejaculate, and morphology. Data were assessed for normality using a Shapiro-Wilk test and subsequently tested for between-group differences using a Kruskal-Wallis test, with significance set at P < .05. RESULTS: A total of 22 ejaculates collected from 3 males were divided among 4 groups: passive liquefaction (PL; n = 6), HEPES-balanced salt solution (4), trypsin enzymatic digestion (6), and colloidal centrifugation (CC; 6). The PL and CC groups showed the highest subjective mean total (43.3 ± 31.25% and 51.7 ± 32.81%) and progressive motility (35.0 ± 28.28% and 45.8 ± 30.07%), both of which were significantly greater than the HEPES-balanced salt solution group (0%). No method significantly surpassed the others in either the total or the progressively motile number of spermatozoa. The PL and CC groups also showed significantly higher percentages of normal morphology (60.67 ± 9.65% and 58.67 ± 13.97%, respectively) compared to the trypsin enzymatic digestion group (30.5 ± 8.87%). CONCLUSIONS: PL and CC processing methods produced ejaculates with the highest subjective total and progressive motility and normal morphology upon microscopic evaluation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study suggests that the processing methods of passive liquefaction and colloidal centrifugation may be most efficacious for preserving bonobo spermatozoa motility and morphology.
Macroscale and microscale mechanical and biochemical properties of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon are regionally dependent.
Watson SL, Davis ZG, Koch DW … +4 more , Connard SS, Brown AC, Schnabel LV, Fisher MB
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 42140271 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: To examine regional mechanical and biochemical differences across the length of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT). METHODS: Equine SDFTs were collected postmortem from 9 donors and divided in...
OBJECTIVE: To examine regional mechanical and biochemical differences across the length of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT). METHODS: Equine SDFTs were collected postmortem from 9 donors and divided into proximal, middle, and distal regions based on the location of the musculotendinous and osteotendinous junctions. Tensile testing was performed on samples to obtain macroscale mechanical properties, and atomic force microscopy was done to obtain microscale mechanical properties. Biochemical assays and histological staining were done to assess glycosaminoglycan (GAG), collagen, and DNA content in each region. RESULTS: Regional differences were present in macroscale mechanical properties and biochemical properties. Differences were primarily seen between the middle and distal region, with the distal region having a 3-fold increased GAG content (Δ14.15 µg GAG/mg sample; 95% CI, -0.32 to 28.62) and a 1.67-fold decreased macroscopic tensile modulus (Δ-68.2 MPa; 95% CI, -107.9 to -28.5). A more disorganized collagen fibril matrix was seen in the distal region through histological staining. CONCLUSIONS: Mechanical, biochemical, and histological regional differences exist with the equine SDFT. In particular, the distal region showed a disorganized matrix with higher GAG content and decreased modulus in comparison to the proximal and middle regions. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our data provide information that helps better understand normal SDFT function and presentation of tendinopathy by providing regional structural and biochemical and mechanical information within the SDFT.
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