American Journal Of Veterinary Research[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Use of a heated anesthetic circuit decreases heat loss compared to a nonwarmed circuit in anesthetized New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).
Doden G, Guthrie D, Rudra P … +2 more , McCready JE, Brandão J
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Apr · PMID 42049053 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a commercially available heated anesthetic circuit (HAC; Heated ZDS Qube; Darvall) on body temperature in anesthetized New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). METHODS: Rabb...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of a commercially available heated anesthetic circuit (HAC; Heated ZDS Qube; Darvall) on body temperature in anesthetized New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). METHODS: Rabbits were anesthetized in a research facility over approximately 2 weeks in a randomized, complete crossover design (June 4 to 13, 2024). Each animal was sedated, then anesthetized with isoflurane twice (7-day washout) with a warmed (W) or nonwarmed (NW) HAC. Once intubated, the HAC was connected and preheated (43.3 °C) for W or off (room temperature) for NW events. Temperature (rectal and 2 esophageal modalities) was recorded every 5 minutes under anesthesia. At 60 minutes, anesthesia was discontinued. Once responsive, the animal was moved to an incubator (29.4 °C). Rectal temperature was recorded every 30 minutes until normothermic (≥ 38 °C). Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, paired t tests, and a linear mixed-effects model, with significance at P < .05. RESULTS: 10 healthy approximately 4-month-old intact male rabbits were included. Hypothermia (≤ 37.9 °C) occurred in 10 of 10 NW and 7 of 10 W events. Temperature decreased linearly with anesthesia time in all events. Mean W temperatures were significantly higher than NW at all time points; rectal (regression coefficient, -0.19; 95% CI, -0.26, -0.12), Darvall esophageal (-0.40; 95% CI, -0.49, -0.31), and Vmed esophageal temperature (-0.31; 95% CI, -0.38, -0.23). CONCLUSIONS: This HAC may be useful for minimizing perianesthetic hypothermia in rabbits. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Hypothermia is a common anesthetic complication in rabbits. Determining effective methods to minimize perianesthetic heat loss is critical.
High-flow nasal oxygen therapy reduces work of breathing without altering systemic oxygen delivery or consumption in healthy, anesthetized, spontaneously breathing dogs.
Namgoong B, Seo D, Lee N … +10 more , Lim S, Kim I, Heo S, Kang J, Kim C, Shin H, Park S, Park J, Her J, Kim MS
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Apr · PMID 42044674 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether high-flow nasal oxygen therapy (HFNOT) reduces esophageal pressure-derived work of breathing (WOB) indices and alters systemic oxygen balance in healthy, anesthetized, spontaneously breath...
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether high-flow nasal oxygen therapy (HFNOT) reduces esophageal pressure-derived work of breathing (WOB) indices and alters systemic oxygen balance in healthy, anesthetized, spontaneously breathing dogs. METHODS: In a prospective, randomized, crossover experimental study, 6 healthy adult Beagles received HFNOT at 0 (control), 1, or 2 L/kg/min (fraction of inspired oxygen, 0.21) under alfaxalone total IV anesthesia, with ≥ 7-day washout periods. Measurements were obtained at baseline and 10, 20, and 30 minutes after flow initiation. Primary outcomes were esophageal pressure swing and esophageal pressure-rate product. Oxygen delivery index, oxygen consumption index, and oxygen extraction ratio were calculated using Fick-derived methods and thermodilution cardiac output. RESULTS: At 2 L/kg/min, esophageal pressure-rate product decreased from 134.9 ± 49.7 cm H2O·breaths/min at baseline to 50.6 ± 21.1 cm H2O·breaths/min, 54.6 ± 22.9 cm H2O·breaths/min, and 48.7 ± 23.8 cm H2O·breaths/min at 10, 20, and 30 minutes after initiation, respectively; esophageal pressure swing decreased from 7.1 ± 2.1 cm H2O to 4.7 ± 1.9 cm H2O at 10 minutes after initiation. The respiratory rate decreased during the 1- and 2-L/kg/min sessions. In contrast, oxygen delivery index, oxygen consumption index, oxygen extraction ratio, arterial oxygen saturation of hemoglobin, and mixed venous oxygen saturation of hemoglobin remained stable across flow conditions and time points. CONCLUSIONS: HFNOT at 2 L/kg/min reduced surrogate indices of WOB without altering systemic oxygen delivery or consumption in healthy anesthetized dogs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: HFNOT may reduce respiratory effort independently of changes in oxygen metabolism, supporting its physiological safety and potential role in modulating breathing mechanics in veterinary patients.
Tolvaptan substitution for torsemide is associated with improved renal biomarkers in dogs with advanced myxomatous mitral valve disease and concurrent azotemia.
Park SS, Park J, Hyun C
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 42019541 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and preliminary efficacy of substituting torsemide with tolvaptan on renal biomarkers in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) and concurrent azotemia. METHODS: This retrospec...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and preliminary efficacy of substituting torsemide with tolvaptan on renal biomarkers in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) and concurrent azotemia. METHODS: This retrospective observational study reviewed medical records of dogs with American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine stage C or D MMVD and azotemia. Three 60-day cohorts were analyzed: group 1, torsemide dose reduction (25% to 50%); group 2, 50% replacement of torsemide with tolvaptan; and group 3, complete replacement of torsemide with tolvaptan. Renal biomarkers (BUN, creatinine, and symmetric dimethylarginine [SDMA]) were evaluated at baseline, day 30, and day 60. RESULTS: 41 dogs were included. Groups 2 (50% torsemide replacement with tolvaptan) and 3 (complete replacement) showed significant reductions in BUN, creatinine, and SDMA at days 30 and 60 versus baseline. In group 2, mean creatinine decreased from 2.4 ± 1.5 mg/dL at baseline to 1.6 ± 1.2 mg/dL (day 30) and 1.7 ± 1.0 mg/dL (day 60), whereas SDMA decreased from 29.9 ± 17.5 µg/dL to 21.5 ± 5.7 µg/dL and 23.6 ± 11.1 µg/dL, respectively. No significant changes occurred in group 1 (torsemide reduction). Sodium increased modestly in the tolvaptan groups, potassium remained within reference ranges, and echocardiographic and hepatic parameters remained stable. CONCLUSIONS: Substituting torsemide with tolvaptan was associated with significant improvement in renal biomarkers in dogs with MMVD and azotemia. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These findings suggest that tolvaptan substitution may represent a potential therapeutic option for managing azotemia in dogs with congestive heart failure receiving loop diuretics, although prospective controlled studies are needed to confirm clinical benefit.
Fetal gastric maturation in a rat model: gestational changes in glucose transporter-1, glucose transporter-4, and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor expression.
Coştur Filiz P, Korgun ET
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Apr · PMID 42013909 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between histological maturation of the fetal rat stomach and gestational stage-dependent expression patterns of glucose transporter (GLUT)-1, GLUT-4, and IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R)...
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between histological maturation of the fetal rat stomach and gestational stage-dependent expression patterns of glucose transporter (GLUT)-1, GLUT-4, and IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R). METHODS: Fetal gastric tissues were collected between gestational days 15 and 21 from fetuses obtained from Swiss albino rats (Rattus norvegicus). Histological maturation, including glandular organization, mucosal fold development, and muscular layer differentiation, was evaluated via light microscopy. Expression patterns of GLUT-1, GLUT-4, and IGF-1R were assessed using immunohistochemistry with a semiquantitative scoring system. RESULTS: Advancing gestation was associated with progressive histological maturation and stage-dependent changes in marker distribution. Glucose transporter-1 immunoreactivity was prominent in the epithelium during early gestation but became more restricted with maturation, with relatively higher immunoreactivity observed in the fundus compared to the pylorus. Glucose transporter-4 immunoreactivity was more prominent during later gestational stages and was predominantly localized to muscular compartments. In contrast, IGF-1R immunoreactivity was weak during early development and remained minimal at later gestational stages. CONCLUSIONS: The findings demonstrate spatiotemporal changes in GLUT-1, GLUT-4, and IGF-1R expression during fetal gastric development. These observations are consistent with known developmental patterns; however, they do not provide direct evidence of functional metabolic changes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These findings provide baseline descriptive data on gastric development that may support future investigations of congenital gastric abnormalities in veterinary and comparative medicine.
Novel application of electromagnetic neuronavigation for guided ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement in toy-breed dogs with hydrocephalus: a preliminary descriptive study.
Kim Y, Lim JH, Choi K … +1 more , Ryu Y
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Apr · PMID 41999736 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To describe the feasibility and accuracy of electromagnetic (EM) neuronavigation for intraventricular catheter placement during ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt surgery and to summarize a practical registration...
OBJECTIVE: To describe the feasibility and accuracy of electromagnetic (EM) neuronavigation for intraventricular catheter placement during ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt surgery and to summarize a practical registration workflow in toy-breed dogs with hydrocephalus. ANIMALS: 11 client-owned toy-breed dogs diagnosed with hydrocephalus. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: Medical records from a single referral center were reviewed retrospectively (from September 2019 through May 2024). Dogs were included if they underwent VP shunt placement using EM neuronavigation (StealthStation S8; Medtronic). Dogs were 2 to 9 years old (median, 5 years) and weighed 1.3 to 4.0 kg (median, 2.9 kg). Presenting signs included seizures, head turning, ataxia, and tetraparesis. RESULTS: Hydrocephalus was diagnosed based on clinical signs and MRI. We placed the dynamic reference frame, which served as the patient position reference, in 1 of the following locations: the rostral hard palate, dorsal muzzle, sublingual rostral mandible, or ventral mandible. Accurate catheter tip placement was assessed by postoperative CT. We could confirm the direction and depth of the intraventricular catheter in real time while inserting the catheter during surgery. The anatomical setup of the device enabled accurate navigation between the EM navigation-displayed images and the actual coordinates. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The EM navigation system provides excellent guidance for VP shunt surgery in small dogs and has potential applications in various cranial neurosurgical procedures in veterinary medicine.
Lumbosacral junction pedicle-probing technique for implant corridors in cats: feasibility and limitations.
Mullins RA, Marirrodriga Larrocha I, Ortega Jusdado C … +3 more , Hoey S, Kraus KH, Guevar J
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 41999729 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To describe a pedicle-probing technique for determining safe implant corridors at the seventh lumbar vertebra (L7)-first sacral vertebra (S1) in cats and evaluate the feasibility, safety, positioning, and traj...
OBJECTIVE: To describe a pedicle-probing technique for determining safe implant corridors at the seventh lumbar vertebra (L7)-first sacral vertebra (S1) in cats and evaluate the feasibility, safety, positioning, and trajectory of drill tracts created with this technique. METHODS: CT of lumbosacral spine was performed in 13 feline cadavers to determine safe pedicle corridors. Using the pedicle-probing technique, drill tracts were created in the pedicles of L7 and S1 with a blunt probe followed by a drill bit. Postoperative grading of pedicle drill tracts for canal breach was performed on CT using a 4-point classification. Drill tract positioning, trajectory, and proximity to ventral S1 foramina were also evaluated. RESULTS: At L7, 20 of 26 drill tracts (76.9%) were fully contained within the pedicle, 3 (11.5%) had > 50% of their diameter within the pedicle, 1 (3.8%) had < 50% of its diameter within the pedicle, and 2 (7.7%) were fully within the vertebral canal. At S1, 24 drill tracts (92.3%) were fully contained within the pedicle, and 2 (7.7%) had > 50% of their diameter within the pedicle. CONCLUSIONS: The pedicle-probing technique was associated with a high rate of vertebral canal breach at L7, whereas a greater proportion of drill tracts at S1 were fully contained within the pedicles. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The pedicle-probing technique can facilitate safe implant corridors at L7-S1 in cats; however, a high rate of breaches at L7 and variations in drill tract positioning and trajectory emphasize technical difficulty.
Retrospective evaluation of outpatient management following parathyroidectomy for treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism in dogs.
Duke SM, Prpich CY
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 41999727 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To describe outcomes following outpatient management of dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism treated with parathyroidectomy between 2015 and 2025. METHODS: The medical records of 43 client-owned dogs with pri...
OBJECTIVE: To describe outcomes following outpatient management of dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism treated with parathyroidectomy between 2015 and 2025. METHODS: The medical records of 43 client-owned dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism treated with parathyroidectomy at a private specialty hospital (2015 to 2025) were observationally, retrospectively analyzed. Pre- and postoperative variables examined included demographics, biochemical markers (ionized calcium [iCa], parathyroid hormone, and parathyroid hormone-related protein), imaging and histopathology findings, postoperative iCa nadir and time to nadir, and incidence of hypocalcemia and supplementation. Data were compared between clinically hypocalcemic, nonclinically hypocalcemic, and normocalcemic groups. Morbidity and mortality over a 14-day follow-up period were reported. Feline patients, those without accessible medical records, and those hospitalized for unrelated illnesses were excluded. RESULTS: No variables were significantly correlated with or predictive of clinical postoperative hypocalcemia. Dogs presenting with gastrointestinal upset (n = 6) had a significantly higher preoperative iCa than those without (37). The mean iCa nadir was significantly lower in dogs receiving supplementation (0.92; 95% CI, 0.85 to 0.98; n = 8) than those that did not (1.19; 95% CI, 1.15 to 1.23; 35). Three of 8 supplemented dogs demonstrated clinical signs before supplementation. One dog received emergent IV calcium. No mortality was reported over the 14-day follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Outpatient postparathyroidectomy management was not associated with mortality over 14 days. Hypocalcemia-related morbidity was transient, manageable, and infrequent. No predictive variables for clinical postoperative hypocalcemia were identified. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Select postoperative parathyroidectomy patients can be managed on an outpatient basis.
Traumatic brain injury clinical score (TBICS) predicts survival outcomes in dogs and cats with acute traumatic brain injury.
Levy A, Rapoport K, Klainbart S … +3 more , Yagil-Kelmer E, Shamir MH, Chai O
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 41999725 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To describe the Traumatic Brain Injury Clinical Score (TBICS), assess its prognostic accuracy in dogs and cats hospitalized with acute TBI, and compare its performance with the modified Glasgow Coma Scale (MGC...
OBJECTIVE: To describe the Traumatic Brain Injury Clinical Score (TBICS), assess its prognostic accuracy in dogs and cats hospitalized with acute TBI, and compare its performance with the modified Glasgow Coma Scale (MGCS). METHODS: Cases were identified at the Koret School of Veterinary Medicine Teaching Hospital retrospectively (from 2017 through 2019) and prospectively (from 2019 through 2020). Animals were included if injury occurred within the preceding 24 hours and TBICS could be calculated from the neurological examination recorded within 24 hours after injury. The outcomes were survival to hospital discharge and survival ≥ 6 months. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated, and the areas under the curve (AUCs) were compared between the TBICS and MGCS. RESULTS: Short-term survival rates were 65.8% in dogs (25 of 38) and 64.5% in cats (20 of 31). In dogs, TBICS AUCs were 0.846 (short term) and 0.892 (long term); a cutoff of ≤ 8 yielded sensitivity/specificity of 80%/69.2% and 90.5%/73.3%, respectively. The MGCS AUCs were 0.812 and 0.873 with a cutoff of ≥ 14 (sensitivity/specificity, 60.0%/92.3% and 66.7%/93.3%, respectively). In cats, TBICS AUCs were 0.861 and 0.929; a cutoff of ≤ 7 yielded sensitivity/specificity of 70%/81.8% and 71.4%/88.9%. The MGCS AUC was 0.775 for short-term survival (cutoff, ≥ 13; sensitivity/specificity, 80%/63.6%). CONCLUSIONS: TBICS demonstrated good predictive accuracy for short- and long-term survival in dogs and cats with TBI and produced slightly higher AUC values than the MGCS in this cohort. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: TBICS is an effective clinical tool for evaluating prognosis that can be completed within minutes of admission.
Practice ownership aspirations among veterinary students and recent graduates are influenced by autonomy, perceived responsibility, and career interests.
Compton L, Vroegindewey G, Wisnieski L
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 41990838 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To identify factors influencing veterinary students and recently graduated veterinarians in the desire to pursue practice ownership. METHODS: This observational cross-sectional study distributed a 28-item onli...
OBJECTIVE: To identify factors influencing veterinary students and recently graduated veterinarians in the desire to pursue practice ownership. METHODS: This observational cross-sectional study distributed a 28-item online survey via social media and email from June to December 2024 to veterinary students and recent graduates (< 5 years) in the US. Participants ranked factors influencing practice ownership, and logistic regression analyses assessed associations with demographic characteristics, education, and previous experiences. RESULTS: We analyzed responses from 282 participants. Overall, 50.4% of participants aspired to own a practice. Among aspiring practice owners, the most frequently ranked reason was freedom to practice medicine how they desire, followed by job satisfaction and leadership opportunities. Conversely, among participants not interested in practice ownership, the most frequently ranked factor was the responsibility of practice ownership, followed by back-office tasks, liability and legal responsibilities, and stress/burnout. Logistic regression analyses revealed that men, Veterinary Business Management Association members, and those interested in/currently working in mixed-animal practice had higher odds of interest in practice ownership. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 50% of participants reported an interest in practice ownership, a proportion higher than reported in profession-wide surveys. Consistent with prior research, barriers to practice ownership included the responsibilities associated with ownership and concerns about work-life balance. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study highlights the need to integrate more comprehensive practice management education into the veterinary curriculum. Experiential learning opportunities, such as externships focused on practice management or ownership, may help bridge gaps between clinical training and business skills.
Long-term sacubitril/valsartan is well tolerated in dogs with heart failure and myxomatous mitral valve disease and suggests excellent survival benefits.
Carlson JA, Stern JA
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Apr · PMID 41985537 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety and survival data for dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF) and myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) treated chronically with sacubitril/valsartan. METHODS: A retrospective cohort...
OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety and survival data for dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF) and myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) treated chronically with sacubitril/valsartan. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was completed by identifying dogs with CHF from MMVD and a prescription for sacubitril/valsartan over a 2.8-year period (from February 2023 to December 2025). Dogs that had surgical intervention, left atrial decompression, or an adverse event that necessitated discontinuation of sacubitril/valsartan therapy were removed from survival analysis. RESULTS: 50 dogs with CHF and MMVD, treated with sacubitril/valsartan (mean ± SD dosage, 18.1 ± 5.4 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h) were identified. Five dogs were removed prior to survival analysis. The median survival time after the first episode of CHF was 577 days (range, 431 to 751) for 45 dogs. The survival time in 28 stage D MMVD-affected dogs, 446.5 days (283; 619), was lower than that of 17 stage C MMVD-affected dogs, who had a median survival time of 1,149 (570; infinity) days. Three dogs (6%) had adverse events, suggesting that adverse events secondary to sacubitril/valsartan were rare in this population. After initiation of sacubitril/valsartan and titration to the target dose, the most common improvements were in energy level and exercise capacity (83% of dogs). CONCLUSIONS: Sacubitril/valsartan therapy in dogs appears safe and suggests median survival times that eclipse those of prior canine MMVD stage C or D CHF studies. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study reports a dosing schedule and clinical tolerance of sacubitril/valsartan. It further provides important data for planning future prospective studies.
Enucleations performed by the ophthalmology service have lower complication rates when compared to enucleations performed by the emergency service.
Byrne SH, Pumphrey S, Rozanski EA … +1 more , Berlin N
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 41985523 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To compare patient characteristics, surgical techniques, and outcomes of enucleations performed by emergency service (ES) versus ophthalmology service (OPH) clinicians at a veterinary teaching hospital. METHOD...
OBJECTIVE: To compare patient characteristics, surgical techniques, and outcomes of enucleations performed by emergency service (ES) versus ophthalmology service (OPH) clinicians at a veterinary teaching hospital. METHODS: Medical records over a 5-year period were reviewed for signalment, indication, surgeon affiliation, surgical technique, perioperative management, and complications. RESULTS: Records from 576 dogs and cats (468 OPH cases and 118 ES cases) were identified for review. Emergency service enucleations were more often performed after hours (16.1% vs 1.3%) and on weekends (37.3% vs 3.3%) and were primarily performed by rotating interns and ES residents, whereas OPH cases were typically performed on weekdays by ophthalmology residents or specialty interns or faculty. Common ES indications were proptosis (24.6%) and perforated corneal ulcers (39.0%), whereas OPH cases most often involved glaucoma (21.4%), uveitis (18.8%), or neoplasia (11.6%). Cases from ES were significantly less likely to receive preoperative bloodwork, intraoperative antibiotics, or local anesthetic blocks. Intraoperative hemorrhage occurred in 14.4% of ES versus 0.4% of OPH cases. Postoperative complications, including dehiscence (6.8%), infection (6.8%), and draining tracts (2.5%), were also significantly more frequent in ES cases (16.9% vs 0.7%). Financial limitations were commonly cited as the reason for ES enucleations. CONCLUSIONS: Patient and procedure characteristics differed between ES and OPH cases. Dogs and cats enucleated by ES experienced significantly more intraoperative and postoperative complications. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Findings support the need to train ES clinicians to perform enucleations. Specific training focusing on circumstances surrounding ES cases can potentially mitigate complications and improve outcomes.
Atropine induces narrowing of the superior and inferior iridocorneal angle and ciliary cleft in normal horse eyes.
Priester VC, Knickelbein KE
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 41956118 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of atropine on the iridocorneal angle (ICA) and ciliary cleft (CC) of normal equine eyes using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM). METHODS: 12 normal adult horses underwent measurement o...
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of atropine on the iridocorneal angle (ICA) and ciliary cleft (CC) of normal equine eyes using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM). METHODS: 12 normal adult horses underwent measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP), vertical and horizontal pupil diameter, and UBM of the superior, temporal, inferior, and nasal ICA/CC in both eyes. Measurements were repeated 2 hours following ophthalmic atropine 1% solution application. Measurements of the ICA and CC, including pectinate ligament distance (PLD), CC length (CCL), height of opening distance (HOD), CC area (CCA), and pectinate ligament angle (PLA) were performed. RESULTS: Mean IOP significantly decreased following atropine administration (14.17 ± 2.34 mm Hg vs 12.67 ± 1.14 mm Hg). No significant differences in pre- or post-atropine ICA/CC measurements occurred nasally or temporally. Superiorly, a significant decrease in mean CCL (2.74 ± 0.52 mm vs 2.62 ± 0.43 mm), CCA (2.67 ± 0.72 mm2 vs 2.42 ± 0.66 mm2), HOD (1.15 ± 0.26 mm vs 1.06 ± 0.20 mm), and PLA (80.33 ± 7.02° vs 73.67 ± 8.50°) occurred. Inferiorly, a significant decrease in PLD (1.46 ± 0.23 mm vs 1.39 ± 0.17 mm), HOD (1.44 ± 0.24 mm vs 1.33 ± 0.15 mm), and PLA (73.18 ± 6.81° vs 69.98 ± 8.92°) occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Atropine causes narrowing of the superior and inferior ICA and CC in normal horse eyes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Due to its effect in narrowing the ICA and CC, atropine should be used with caution in horses with elevated intraocular pressure or glaucoma.
A positive view of the lifestyle of food animal veterinarians is the strongest predictor for interest in food animal medicine among students: a survey study.
Oliveira ARS, Pereira RV, Dohoo I … +6 more , Angelos J, VanHoy G, Depenbrock S, Williams DR, Barr MC, Maier GU
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 41950960 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To develop, validate, and use a survey tool to investigate veterinary students' attitudes toward careers in food animal veterinary medicine (FAVM). METHODS: A prompt in an end-of-year questionnaire among veter...
OBJECTIVE: To develop, validate, and use a survey tool to investigate veterinary students' attitudes toward careers in food animal veterinary medicine (FAVM). METHODS: A prompt in an end-of-year questionnaire among veterinary students at the University of California-Davis identified latent constructs describing motivation and perception of careers in FAVM. Latent constructs were used to develop a survey distributed to veterinary students at Kansas State University, University of California-Davis, and Western University of Health Sciences from May 2023 through May 2024. Logistic regression correlated summary estimates of attitudes about working in FAVM as θ values from item response theory models to the outcome self-declared interest in FAVM careers. Latent class analysis evaluated subgroups of students to identify significant factors driving interest in FAVM careers. RESULTS: From 1,536 elicited students, a combined total of 491 usable surveys were received. The θ values for the construct "Lifestyle/work conditions/clients and industry-perception of FAVM" had the strongest association with the outcome in all 3 schools. Latent class analysis among students with an interest in FAVM showed 4 classes of students with differing profiles of their perception of careers in FAVM. CONCLUSIONS: A positive view of the lifestyle of food animal veterinarians (FAV) (workdays per week, time on call, work location) was the most important predictor for student interest in careers in FAVM. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Availability of more flexible employment opportunities that improve student perceptions of the lifestyle of FAV may help expand the FAVM workforce.
Plasma concentrations of terbinafine in Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) peak at 24 hours after a single oral dose.
Balik SE, Joblon MJ, Edmunds D … +5 more , Wrate AE, Lory L, Tuxbury KA, Innis CJ, Cox S
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 41946382 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of a single dose of terbinafine administered orally to Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii). METHODS: In the spring of 2025, convalescent juvenile Kemp's...
OBJECTIVE: To determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of a single dose of terbinafine administered orally to Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii). METHODS: In the spring of 2025, convalescent juvenile Kemp's ridley sea turtles that were undergoing rehabilitation due to cold stunning in Quincy, Massachusetts, were given 20 mg/kg terbinafine orally in a food item. Samples were collected via a sparse-sampling protocol from 0 to 120 hours after drug administration. Plasma drug concentrations were determined via reverse-phase HPLC. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using noncompartmental analysis for sparse data. RESULTS: 15 turtles were included in this study. Terminal half-life was 24.1 hours, maximum plasma concentration was 1.17 µg/mL, time to maximum plasma concentration was 24 hours, area under the plasma concentration-versus-time curve from time 0 to the last point was 51.1 h•µg/mL, area under the plasma concentration-versus-time curve from time 0 to infinity was 53.8 h•µg/mL, and the percentage of the area under the plasma concentration-versus-time curve from time 0 to infinity extrapolated to infinity was 5.06%. CONCLUSIONS: Terbinafine plasma concentrations reached time to maximum plasma concentration at 24 hours and exceeded the MIC for several fungal pathogens that have previously been documented for Kemp's ridley sea turtles. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results of this study can inform the treatment of fungal infections in Kemp's ridley sea turtles. Additional studies are warranted to assess plasma and tissue concentrations after multiple terbinafine doses in order to determine appropriate dosage frequency.
Patient safety investigative methods identify contributors to canine magnetic resonance imaging dermatologic thermal injuries in an academic hospital.
Adin D, Stockhaus C, Reyes T … +7 more , Santoro D, Sanchez C, Romano M, Wilson M, Gallastegui A, Allen L, Rodrigues Hoffmann A
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 41946378 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To describe MRI-associated ECG electrode site thermal burns in dogs and the patient safety investigation that identified a reduction of radiofrequency energy output as a modifiable factor associated with their...
OBJECTIVE: To describe MRI-associated ECG electrode site thermal burns in dogs and the patient safety investigation that identified a reduction of radiofrequency energy output as a modifiable factor associated with their resolution. ANIMALS: 10 client-owned dogs undergoing MRI that experienced skin lesions at the ECG electrode site from April through December 2024. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: The reason for MRI was brain imaging in 5 dogs, spine imaging in 4 dogs, and both brain and spine imaging in 1 dog. Median weight was 14.7 kg (range, 3.1 to 31.5). Median age was 9 years (range, 1 to 13). RESULTS: After an MRI upgrade, 10 dogs experienced skin lesions consistent with thermal injury at the ECG electrode site. Thermal injury was mild (7) and moderate to severe (3). Two dogs underwent skin biopsy, which confirmed second-degree burns. A comprehensive, systematic, iterative approach to investigate these patient harm events was undertaken, involving multiple investigations and procedural changes. Resolution came after MRI radiofrequency energy output was reduced despite being measured in the acceptable range. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The approach used to investigate MRI-associated thermal burns in this study highlights the importance of identifying root causes to improve system safety and ultimately prevent future harm. Histologic confirmation of thermal injury has not previously been reported in dogs and was important because it refocused the investigation on MRI output as a potential cause.
Serum protein alterations characterize feline chronic gingivostomatitis: a case-control study of electrophoresis, immunoglobulin, and cytokine profiles.
Tetlow ER, Wentlent LA, Carney PC … +8 more , Byron MJ, Fiani N, Wright AL, Chrostek E, Drozd ME, Winokur CE, Davis EM, Peralta S
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 41946374 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To characterize systemic immune alterations in feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) through serum protein electrophoresis (SPE), immunoglobulin (Ig), and cytokine profiling. We hypothesized that FCGS cases...
OBJECTIVE: To characterize systemic immune alterations in feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) through serum protein electrophoresis (SPE), immunoglobulin (Ig), and cytokine profiling. We hypothesized that FCGS cases would exhibit polyclonal hyperglobulinemia, elevated Igs, and proinflammatory cytokine elevations compared to controls. METHODS: Cats with FCGS and controls were prospectively enrolled in an observational case-control study at 2 veterinary dental practices. Exclusion criteria included FIV/FeLV infection, recent vaccination, corticosteroid administration, and systemic disease. A single preanesthetic serum sample was analyzed for 31 biomarkers, including SPE fractions, Ig concentrations, and cytokine levels. RESULTS: 13 FCGS cats and 14 controls were enrolled. Six biomarkers differed significantly after false discovery rate (FDR) correction, with very large effect sizes (Hedges g = 1.43 to 2.27): globulin, IgG, γ globulin, total protein, albumin, and albumin-to-globulin ratio. Polyclonal gammopathy was present in 76.9% of FCGS cases. Seven cytokines showed medium to large effect sizes (Hedges g = 0.57 to 0.88) without surviving FDR correction. Hierarchical clustering separated 85% of cases from 79% of controls based on coordinated cytokine profiles despite modest individual elevations. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms FCGS as a disease with a quantifiable, systemic inflammatory response characterized by polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia and mixed T helper 1/2 cytokine activation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: FCGS extends beyond localized oral inflammation to involve measurable systemic immune dysregulation. Hyperglobulinemia, combined with oromucosal inflammation, should prompt diagnostic consideration of FCGS in cats. The coordinated activation of IL-8, IL-4, IFN-γ, and IL-6 identifies potential therapeutic targets for immunomodulatory intervention in refractory cases.
Flumazenil has a dose-dependent effect on recovery from midazolam sedation in Rhode Island Red chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus).
Souza AR, Petritz OA, Thomson A … +1 more , Balko JA
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 41946371 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the pharmacodynamics of 3 doses of IM flumazenil following 5 mg/kg midazolam, IM, in Rhode Island Red chickens. METHODS: Using a randomized, crossover design, hens received IM midazolam followed 25...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the pharmacodynamics of 3 doses of IM flumazenil following 5 mg/kg midazolam, IM, in Rhode Island Red chickens. METHODS: Using a randomized, crossover design, hens received IM midazolam followed 25 minutes later by 1 of 4 treatments IM: 0.02, 0.05, or 0.1 mg/kg flumazenil or an equal volume of 0.9% sodium chloride (control). Serial assessment of heart and respiratory rates, sedation scores, and times to recumbency and standing were recorded from midazolam administration until recovery. Chickens not recovered by 3 hours after midazolam received 0.05 mg/kg flumazenil, IM (rescue). Categorical variables were analyzed with the Cochran Q test, whereas noncategorical variables were evaluated with a mixed-effects γ regression model. The Pearson correlation and intraclass correlation coefficient measured correlation between observers. RESULTS: All six Rhode Island Red hens became recumbent following midazolam administration. Heart and respiratory rates remained within clinically acceptable limits. Median (range) time to recovery following 0.02, 0.05, or 0.1 mg/kg flumazenil or control was 153.9 (55.2 to 180.0), 137.3 (35.5 to 181.0), 70.7 (29.6 to 182.0), and 173.0 (151.0 to 181.0) minutes, respectively. This was statistically significant between groups. Rescue flumazenil was administered in 3 of 6, 3 of 6, 1 of 6, and 5 of 6 birds in 0.02, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/kg flumazenil or control, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In chickens sedated with 5 mg/kg midazolam, IM, 0.1 mg/kg flumazenil provided the fastest time to recovery compared to lower doses (0.02 and 0.05 mg/kg) or control. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study supports the use of 0.1 mg/kg flumazenil, IM, to expedite recovery in midazolam-sedated chickens.
Fabricated citations: the quiet crisis of AI hallucinations in scientific publishing.
Fortier LA
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Mar · PMID 41927007 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Ultrasound-guided injection of bupivacaine into the cricoarytenoid dorsalis muscle as a novel technique for transiently inducing laryngeal hemiplegia in horses.
Massie S, Bayly WM, Takahashi Y … +1 more , Léguillette R
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 41927002 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: In clinical research, laryngeal hemiplegia (LH) is induced by temporarily supressing recurrent laryngeal nerve function; however, the technique is challenging. The aim was to develop a novel method to induce L...
OBJECTIVE: In clinical research, laryngeal hemiplegia (LH) is induced by temporarily supressing recurrent laryngeal nerve function; however, the technique is challenging. The aim was to develop a novel method to induce LH by injecting bupivacaine directly into the cricoarytenoid dorsalis (CAD) muscle with ultrasound guidance. ANIMALS: 5 cadaver larynges and 9 Thoroughbreds with normal laryngeal function. METHODS: Part 1: A high-frequency (6.5- to 13.0-MHz) linear ultrasound probe was used to inject methylene blue (5 mL) into the CAD of 5 cadaver larynges. Part 2: The left side of the larynges of 9 horses were aseptically prepared, and the cricoid, thyroid, and arytenoid cartilages were identified with ultrasonography. With the use of a horizontal view dorsally, the cricoarytenoid lateralis muscle was visualized, followed by the arytenoid cartilage and CAD superficial to the cricoarytenoid joint. An 18-gauge, 3.5-inch spinal needle was advanced into the left CAD under ultrasound guidance. Bupivacaine was injected (0.5% concentration, 4.5 mL). Part 3: The efficiency, reversibility, and duration of LH was assessed at rest and during maximal treadmill exercise with overground endoscopy. Laryngeal function was reassessed 1 week later. RESULTS: All cadaver larynges showed evidence of methylene blue in the CAD, confirming that ultrasonography can be used to inject the CAD. Laryngeal hemiplegia was observed within 5 minutes of injection (grade IV), continued throughout exercise (grade D), and persisted for 70 to 90 minutes after exercise (grade IV). Horses had normal CAD echogenicity and laryngeal function at rest and exercise 7 days after injection. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Injecting bupivacaine into the CAD under ultrasound guidance is a practical technique for inducing transient LH that is sustainable during maximal exercise.
Neck flexion to 60° maximizes cisternal subarachnoid space for cerebrospinal fluid collection in dogs.
Kim J, Sung T, Nam C … +2 more , Lee I, Son WG
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 41894846 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To quantify ultrasonographic changes in cisternal subarachnoid space dimensions across graded neck-flexion angles and to identify the angle providing adequate expansion for CSF collection in dogs. METHODS: The...
OBJECTIVE: To quantify ultrasonographic changes in cisternal subarachnoid space dimensions across graded neck-flexion angles and to identify the angle providing adequate expansion for CSF collection in dogs. METHODS: The study included 6 healthy adult male Beagles at a single veterinary teaching hospital (July 14 through August 14, 2025). Under general anesthesia in right lateral recumbency, the neck was flexed to 10°, 15°, 20°, 30°, 60°, and 90°. Transverse-plane images were used to measure subarachnoid space depth and area, and sagittal-plane images were used to measure atlanto-occipital membrane length. Three measurements/angle/variable were obtained. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA and linear mixed models. RESULTS: All dogs completed the study without adverse events. Subarachnoid space depth increased from 1.31 ± 0.13 mm at 10° to 2.26 ± 0.51 mm at 60° and 2.19 ± 0.33 mm at 90° (60° vs 90°). Subarachnoid space area reached 29.9 ± 14.8 mm2 at 60° and then declined to 26.8 ± 9.9 mm2 at 90°. Membrane length rose from 7.6 ± 1.3 mm at 30° to 10.2 ± 1.0 mm at 60° and 11.4 ± 1.1 mm at 90°. CONCLUSIONS: Neck flexion up to 60° achieved sufficient expansion of the cisternal subarachnoid space and atlanto-occipital membrane, with no meaningful gain beyond this angle. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Routine 90° flexion provides no benefit over 60° and may increase risk; practitioners who flex beyond 60° may compromise patient safety without enhancing access, supporting moderate positioning as effective and safe.
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