American Journal Of Veterinary Research[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Making an impact with Currents in One Health.
Fortier LA
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jan · PMID 41637860 · Publisher ↗
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A single in-person training session using a laparoscopic video trainer is insufficient for teaching the construction of 4S-modified Roeder slip knots.
Sirr CG, Wang X, Ragle CA … +2 more , Vasavada A, Fransson BA
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 41637859 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To determine if a single training session suffices for teaching novices construction of the 4S-modified Roeder (4SModR) slip knot. METHODS: From June through August 2022, Doctor of Veterinary Medicine candidat...
OBJECTIVE: To determine if a single training session suffices for teaching novices construction of the 4S-modified Roeder (4SModR) slip knot. METHODS: From June through August 2022, Doctor of Veterinary Medicine candidates received written and video-based tutorials prior to a single in-person training session performed by a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine candidate with extensive training but without laparoscopic surgical experience (intermediate). Knots were tied before and after a single training session using a laparoscopic video trainer, and instruction proceeded until each participant correctly tied 4 consecutive knots. Novice and intermediate tied knots underwent biomechanical testing. Training time and common errors were documented. The 2 most common knot-tying errors were reproduced by the intermediate tyer and biomechanically tested. RESULTS: Post-training novice-tied 4SModR knots were significantly stronger than the pretraining knots in both loop holding strength and load at failure. The failure load, but not the loop holding strength, of post-training knots was lower than the intermediate tyer's knot constructs. The inability to differentiate the loop end and the post end resulted in significantly weaker knots, with 9 of 12 knots with that error recreated failing at less than 7 N before load. CONCLUSIONS: A short training session results in weaker knots when compared to knots tied by a more experienced tyer. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Substantial training time is required to learn and produce a strong 4SModR knot. Adequate time to learn, practice, and perform these knots should be allocated for surgery trainees.
Most dogs and cats recovered within 5 days of discharge after hospitalization secondary to crotalid (pit viper) envenomation: a survey-based study.
Doyle-Odenbach R, Popo C, Odunayo A … +5 more , Maulden C, Grenon V, Sexton R, Colee JC, Schaer M
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 41637857 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To identify potential long-term sequelae associated with crotalid (pit viper) envenomation in dogs and cats. METHODS: A retrospective review of medical records identified dogs and cats that survived to hospita...
OBJECTIVE: To identify potential long-term sequelae associated with crotalid (pit viper) envenomation in dogs and cats. METHODS: A retrospective review of medical records identified dogs and cats that survived to hospital discharge following pit viper envenomation from January 1, 2018, through July 31, 2024. Pet owners were solicited via email to participate in an online survey from July 17, 2024, through August 31, 2024. The survey responses were analyzed to describe outcomes and to assess potential associations between the number of vials of antivenom administered, modified snake bite severity score, medical and behavioral sequelae, and time to full recovery. RESULTS: 51 of 241 surveys (21%) were returned. Forty-seven dogs and 4 cats were enrolled in the study. Forty patients (78%) returned to normal within 5 days of discharge, whereas it took 3 dogs (6%) 6 to 9 weeks to fully recover. Seven patients (13.7%) were suspected of developing behavioral changes after envenomation. The Modified Snakebite Severity Score at admission correlated with the number of antivenom vials administered (ρ = 0.412) and the number of days to return to normal behavior (ρ = 0.455); however, the number of vials of antivenom administered was not significantly associated with recovery duration. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term sequelae were uncommon in dogs and cats after pit viper envenomation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Pet owners should be informed of potential transient lethargy (< 5 days) and instructed to seek veterinary care if their pet's lethargy persists for longer.
Dental disease and diet are associated with changes in the microbiota of the oral cavity in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps).
Levy I, Mans C, Zapanta K … +1 more , Krumbeck J
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 41633051 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To describe the oral microbiota in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) with or without dental disease and evaluate the impact of fruit consumption. METHODS: 42 total client-owned bearded dragons were categorize...
OBJECTIVE: To describe the oral microbiota in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) with or without dental disease and evaluate the impact of fruit consumption. METHODS: 42 total client-owned bearded dragons were categorized into groups: healthy (absent or mild dental disease [n = 21]) and diseased (moderate to severe dental disease [21]). An additional analysis compared fruit-eating (n = 17) and non-fruit-eating bearded dragons (25). Following dentition assessment, all oral quadrants were sampled at 1 time point for DNA extraction via next-generation sequencing targeting bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal internal transcribed spacer 2 regions. The α- and β-diversity, taxonomic abundance, core microbiota analysis, and linear discriminant effect size analyses were compared between groups. RESULTS: The oral microbiota comprised 1,317 and 163 fungal species. Although there were no significant differences in bacterial or fungal α-diversity between healthy and diseased groups, bacterial β-diversity differed significantly. Certain taxa were more abundant in the dental disease group, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Devriesea agamarum, Serratia marcescens, and the Aspergillus genus. Additionally, the microbiota of bearded dragons that consumed fruit was significantly altered. CONCLUSIONS: There were distinct organisms in the oral microbiota attributed to dental disease, with specific organisms more abundant in diseased individuals, suggesting an association with disease. Bearded dragons fed fruit had more abundant microbial species, indicating fruit consumption may promote oral microbial overgrowth. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Both differences in the oral microbiota and increased prevalence of specific species associated with dental health status and diet should be considered when making husbandry and therapeutic decisions for bearded dragons.
Platelet-derived extracellular vesicles expressing phosphatidyl serine associate with benign and malignant neoplasia and regional metastasis in dogs: a study of 113 dogs.
Bak-Jacobsen N, Cremer SE, Kristensen AT … +3 more , Arendt ML, Brusgaard SB, Nielsen LN
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 41633041 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To examine the concentration of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) and procoagulant PEVs in a population of dogs with different types of neoplasia and varying stages of disease. METHODS: In this ob...
OBJECTIVE: To examine the concentration of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles (PEVs) and procoagulant PEVs in a population of dogs with different types of neoplasia and varying stages of disease. METHODS: In this observational cross-sectional study, platelets and PEVs were obtained from dogs with neoplasia. Platelet-derived extracellular vesicle concentrations and expression of phosphatidyl serine (PS) as a marker of procoagulant potential were analyzed by use of flow cytometry. RESULTS: Samples were obtained from 113 dogs with benign (n = 33) or malignant (80) neoplasia as well as from 15 healthy dogs. The overall PEV concentration did not differ between the groups. The concentration of PS-positive (PS+) PEVs was significantly higher for both benign (median, 4.4 X 103 PEVs/µL; IQR, 2.9 to 7.0) and malignant neoplasia (median, 4.4 X 103 PEVs/µL; IQR, 2.8 to 6.8) compared to the group of healthy dogs (2.1 X 103 PEVs/µL; IQR, 1.4 to 4.6). This was especially the case for dogs with regional metastatic disease, which, on average, had a 5 X 103 PEVs/μL higher PS+ PEV concentration compared to other groups (95% CI, 0.6 X 103 to 8.6 X 103 PEVs). The platelet expression of PS did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Dogs with neoplasia had higher concentrations of PS+ PEVs than healthy dogs but not higher overall PEV concentrations. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The findings in this study could indicate that the concentration of PS+ PEVs plays a role in both benign and malignant neoplasia, and their relationship with regional metastatic disease needs further evaluation.
Endothelial glycocalyx of equine intestinal vessels: electron microscopic and immunohistochemical imaging.
Schnelten TA, Kästner SBR, Reineking W … +3 more , Hewicker-Trautwein M, Sauter P, Neudeck S
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 41616495 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To visualize the endothelial glycocalyx in equine intestinal vessels using electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry and to evaluate the impact of induced endotoxemia on its integrity. METHODS: 6 healthy ho...
OBJECTIVE: To visualize the endothelial glycocalyx in equine intestinal vessels using electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry and to evaluate the impact of induced endotoxemia on its integrity. METHODS: 6 healthy horses free of gastrointestinal disease were anesthetized with dexmedetomidine, ketamine, and diazepam and mechanically ventilated under isoflurane anesthesia. Jejunal venous tissue samples were collected after perfusion fixation with lanthanum nitrate before and 120 minutes after endotoxemia induced by IV administration of 30 ng·kg-1 Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. For transmission electron microscopy, samples were fixed in lanthanum nitrate solution and embedded in epoxide resin. Additional samples were fixed in formaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned for indirect immunohistochemistry to assess heparan sulfate, syndecan-1, catalase, and superoxide dismutase-2 expression. RESULTS: The endothelial glycocalyx ultrastructure was successfully visualized in 3 of 6 horses. Morphological variations, particularly in glycocalyx thickness (up to 2.5 µm), were observed. Endotoxemia-related alterations indicating structural disruptions were evident in these horses. Immunohistochemical staining for syndecan-1 and superoxide dismutase-2 showed no assessable immunoreactivity, whereas heparan sulfate and catalase immunolabelling were detected on the endothelium. CONCLUSIONS: The endothelial glycocalyx of intestinal vessels was visualized for the first time in horses. Among the tested antibodies, only those against heparan sulfate and catalase demonstrated endothelial reactivity, confirming their presence as components of the equine glycocalyx. Lipopolysaccharides may cause structural disintegrity and loss of glycocalyx. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Visualization of the equine endothelial glycocalyx enhances understanding of vascular pathophysiology in endotoxemic horses. Investigation of the glycocalyx remains technically demanding.
The University of Calgary Faculty of Veterinary Medicine's expansion strengthens veterinary and public health research.
Buck J, Genereux N, Weller R
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jan · PMID 41604770 · Publisher ↗
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Fresh and refrigerated cadaveric preparations are ideal for experimental sentinel lymph node mapping in dogs.
Reichert KM, Maxwell EA, Frahn A … +2 more , Caicedo LJ, Bertran J
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 41592462 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To identify optimal cadaveric preparation methods for sentinel lymph node mapping in experimental procedures. METHODS: Apparently healthy canine cadavers were obtained from local shelters following humane euth...
OBJECTIVE: To identify optimal cadaveric preparation methods for sentinel lymph node mapping in experimental procedures. METHODS: Apparently healthy canine cadavers were obtained from local shelters following humane euthanasia unrelated to the study. This experimental study was conducted from October 2023 through July 2024 at the University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine. Cadaveric preparations were categorized as follows: fresh, refrigerated, frozen-thawed, and heated (refrigerated and frozen specimens). Indocyanine green (ICG) was injected into established lymphosomes, targeting the superficial cervical, axillary, superficial inguinal, and popliteal lymph nodes. Lymphatic tracts were identified using near-infrared fluorescence. Time to lymph node uptake or cessation of tract progression and tract distance (centimeters) was recorded to calculate velocity (cm/s) when applicable. Lymph nodes were then extirpated to assess fluorescence. RESULTS: 9 adult mixed-breed canine cadavers were used, with a lymph node distribution of 11 fresh, 30 refrigerated, 3 refrigerated-heated, 17 frozen-thawed, and 3 frozen-thawed-heated specimens. Fresh and refrigerated cadavers demonstrated consistent and reliable uptake of ICG into the lymphatic tracts and the respective lymph nodes. Frozen-thawed cadavers demonstrated consistent lymphatic tract uptake but inconsistent uptake to the respective lymph nodes. Heating did not improve lymph node fluorescence in refrigerated or frozen-thawed cadavers. CONCLUSIONS: Fresh and refrigerated cadaveric preparations are ideal for sentinel lymph node mapping with ICG. Heating of the cadavers did not improve lymph node fluorescence. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: When fresh canine cadavers are not accessible, refrigerated cadavers can be reliably used for experimental peripheral sentinel lymph node mapping.
Evaluation of dose-dependent effects of dapagliflozin on urinary glucose and plasma ketone bodies in healthy dogs.
Umezawa M, Orito K, Yoshimoto R … +1 more , Fujii Y
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 41592454 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the dose-dependent effects of single dosing of dapagliflozin on pharmacodynamics, diuresis, and ketogenesis in dogs. METHODS: This study included 5 healthy Beagles. A single dose of dapagliflozin (...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the dose-dependent effects of single dosing of dapagliflozin on pharmacodynamics, diuresis, and ketogenesis in dogs. METHODS: This study included 5 healthy Beagles. A single dose of dapagliflozin (0.1, 0.3, or 1.0 mg/kg) or placebo was orally administered (randomized 14-day intervals) to each dog. Blood and urine samples were collected prior to administration and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 12, and 24 hours after administration. A urinary catheter was placed from 0 to 6 hours after administration to monitor urine volume and collect samples; thereafter, urine was collected using a metabolic cage. Plasma ketone bodies, sodium, potassium, chloride, and glucose concentrations were measured. Urinary sodium, potassium, chloride, glucose, and urine volume were measured and compared among the treatment groups. RESULTS: 24-hour urinary glucose excretion was significantly increased in the 0.3-mg/kg group compared with the 0.1-mg/kg group. However, no significant difference in 24-hour urinary glucose excretion was observed between the 0.3-and 1.0-mg/kg groups. Plasma ketone body concentration was significantly higher in the 1.0-mg/kg group compared with the placebo group at 4, 5, 6, 12, and 24 hours after administration. The 6-hour urine volume (mL/kg) was significantly higher in the 1.0-mg/kg group compared with the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: In healthy dogs, a single oral administration of dapagliflozin at 1.0 mg/kg induced both ketogenic and diuretic effects. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study provides preliminary insight into dapagliflozin's effects in healthy dogs; further studies are needed to assess relevance in dogs with heart failure.
Adjunctive low-level laser therapy improves gingival inflammatory clinical indices, thermographic findings, and systemic cytokines in cats with American Veterinary Dental College stage 1 to 2 periodontal disease.
Turgut F, Yanmaz LE, Ates MY
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 41592451 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether low-level laser therapy (LLLT), alone or with chlorhexidine (CLX; CLX + LLLT), improves clinical indices of gingival inflammation, gingival temperature, and systemic cytokines compared wit...
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether low-level laser therapy (LLLT), alone or with chlorhexidine (CLX; CLX + LLLT), improves clinical indices of gingival inflammation, gingival temperature, and systemic cytokines compared with CLX alone in cats with early-stage periodontal disease (American Veterinary Dental College stage 1 to 2). METHODS: Cats diagnosed with American Veterinary Dental College stage 1 to 2 periodontal disease were randomized to 3 groups (CLX, LLLT, and CLX + LLLT; n = 7/group) after full-mouth scaling. Treatments were CLX spray, intraoral 905-nm gallium arsenide LLLT, or both for 7 days. Primary outcomes included probing pocket depth, gingival index, plaque index, and gingival surface temperature. Plasma tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 were secondary outcomes. Thermography and blood sampling were also performed on days 0 and 8. RESULTS: Mean probing pocket depth decreased by 0.27 mm in CLX, 1.24 mm in LLLT, and 1.20 mm in CLX + LLLT. Gingival index and plaque index declined in all groups, with larger reductions in LLLT-treated cats. Gingival temperature decreased in LLLT (-3.1 °C) and CLX + LLLT (-4.3 °C). Tumor necrosis factor-α decreased in CLX + LLLT (-7.4 ng/L). Interleukin-6 decreased only in CLX + LLLT, and IL-1β changes were negligible. CONCLUSIONS: LLLT, particularly with CLX, produced greater improvements in gingival inflammatory indices, gingival temperature, and inflammatory markers than CLX alone. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: LLLT appears to be a safe and effective adjunct for the short-term management of gingival inflammation in cats with early-stage periodontal disease following professional dental cleaning.
The trajectories of relative concentrations of antirhodococcal immunoglobulin A differ from those of immunoglobulin G subisotypes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid but not serum of foals.
Aucoin AA, Zhidkov V, Legere RM … +6 more , Borba KER, Landrock KK, Parker LE, Bray JM, Bordin AI, Cohen ND
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Apr · PMID 41592449 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To characterize age-related trajectories of the relative concentrations of anti-virulence-associated protein A (VapA) immunoglobulin (Ig)-G1, IgG3/5, IgG4/7, and IgA in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (...
OBJECTIVE: To characterize age-related trajectories of the relative concentrations of anti-virulence-associated protein A (VapA) immunoglobulin (Ig)-G1, IgG3/5, IgG4/7, and IgA in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) as indicators of systemic and intrapulmonary immune responses in foals naturally exposed to Rhodococcus equi. METHODS: Blood and BALF samples were collected at ages 4, 14, 28, and 56 days from healthy Quarter Horse foals (n = 19) naturally exposed to R equi. Samples were tested via ELISA for relative concentration of IgG1, IgG3/5, IgG4/7, and IgA recognizing the VapA of R equi. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects modeling to compare VapA ELISA results by age for IgG subisotypes and IgA. RESULTS: Serum relative concentrations of VapA-specific IgG1, IgG3/5, IgG4/7, and IgA of 19 foals did not differ significantly during the first 28 days of age but increased nearly 10-fold by age 56 days. Similarly, BALF relative concentrations of VapA-specific IgG1, IgG3/5, and IgG4/7 in these foals did not differ significantly during the first 28 days of age but increased by about 10-fold by age 56 days. In contrast, BALF relative concentrations of VapA-specific IgA increased progressively with age. CONCLUSIONS: Natural exposure results in progressive increase in BALF concentration of IgA but not IgGs, indicating intrapulmonary IgA response to virulent R equi. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Foals do not mount strong antibody responses to R equi when they are most vulnerable to infection. Further investigation is warranted to determine if increasing intrapulmonary antirhodococcal IgA is a correlate of protective immunity or merely a marker of exposure.
Iodine-treated, fresh tilapia fish skin graft maintains disinfection and structural integrity for 7 days with cold storage.
Kerby MD, Hlusko KC, Horzmann KA … +3 more , Lopes CEB, Raiford D, Sumner SM
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 41592448 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of iodine disinfection and effect of storage on tilapia skin wound dressing via microbiological, histological, and spectroscopic assessment. METHODS: Farm-raised, fresh tilapias were...
OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of iodine disinfection and effect of storage on tilapia skin wound dressing via microbiological, histological, and spectroscopic assessment. METHODS: Farm-raised, fresh tilapias were included in this prospective ex vivo study conducted in September of 2024. Tilapia fish skin (TFS) was harvested and treated with 10% iodine or saline for 15 minutes. Each group was aseptically packaged, stored (4 °C), and evaluated on days 0, 1, 3, and 7. Colony-forming units were counted from bacterial cultures. Structural integrity was determined histologically by collagen integrity (grade 0 to 3), organization (grade 0 to 3), and intensity (percentage). Lipid concentration was analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of extracted fish oil. RESULTS: 9 tilapias (n = 9) were enrolled. Mean bacterial counts following iodine and saline treatment were 0.56 ± 0.88 CFUs/mL and 19.67 ± 6.12 CFUs/mL, respectively. Iodine-treated TFS maintained disinfection after 7 days of storage (mean bacterial count, 4.11 ± 3.48 CFUs/mL). Mean collagen integrity grades following iodine treatment and 7 days of storage were 1.83 ± 0.41 and 1.33 ± 0.52, respectively. Mean collagen organization grades following iodine treatment and 7 days of storage were 1.83 ± 0.41 and 2 ± 0, respectively. Iodine-treated TFS collagen intensity was low throughout the study duration (range, 15.61% to 26.59%). Lipids were variably detectable in all samples. No eicosapentaenoic or docosahexaenoic acid was detected in any samples. CONCLUSIONS: Iodine-disinfected, cold-stored TFS maintained disinfection and structural integrity for 7 days. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: TFS can be readily harvested, disinfected, and stored. Future studies are needed for lipid profiling.
Rabbits with liver lobe torsion commonly exhibit gastric dilation, a rounded right hepatic silhouette, and peritoneal fluid on radiographs.
Brust KD, Guzman DS, Graham JE … +4 more , Petritz OA, Sullivan P, Hawkins MG, Ozawa SM
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Apr · PMID 41587537 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To describe and quantify selected radiographic findings of rabbits diagnosed with liver lobe torsion (LLT). METHODS: The study included 50 rabbits with an antemortem diagnosis of LLT with radiographs made with...
OBJECTIVE: To describe and quantify selected radiographic findings of rabbits diagnosed with liver lobe torsion (LLT). METHODS: The study included 50 rabbits with an antemortem diagnosis of LLT with radiographs made within 72 hours of diagnosis via ultrasound. Medical records from 2010 to 2020 from 4 institutions were reviewed. A board-certified radiologist reviewed the radiographs. Radiographic evaluation of gastric size was assessed on the right lateral view (caudal extent of the stomach relative to the lumbar vertebral column, gastric height and width, and vertebral stomach score), as well as gastric content patterns and radiographic signs of intestinal dilation and content, hepatic rounding, and loss of serosal detail. Loss of abdominal serosal detail was compared to the presence of peritoneal fluid on ultrasound. RESULTS: 35 of 50 rabbits (70%) had a gastric height and gastric width sum height greater than or equal to the length from the L1 cranial endplate to the coxofemoral joint. The median vertebral stomach score was 8.8. The gastric content was mostly ingesta. A rounded margin along the right hepatic silhouette in the ventrodorsal view was identified in 30 of 50 rabbits (60%). Peritoneal fluid was correctly identified radiographically in 37 studies (74%), not appreciated but present in 7 (14%), correctly identified as not present in 4 (8%), and incorrectly identified in 2 (4%). CONCLUSIONS: Radiographic findings suggested that gastric dilation with ingesta, a rounded right hepatic silhouette, and peritoneal fluid, although not always present, are common in rabbits with LLT. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Identification of these findings should prompt further diagnostic imaging.
Dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and focal epileptic seizures lack hilar neuron loss and mossy fiber sprouting of temporal lobe epilepsy.
Baert K, Osting S, DiPaola E … +2 more , Buckmaster P, Cameron S
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 41576544 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate neuropathological changes in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and history of focal seizures using previously described criteria for temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in humans and other animals. METHODS: T...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate neuropathological changes in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and history of focal seizures using previously described criteria for temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in humans and other animals. METHODS: This was a prospective descriptive study. Dogs of any age, sex, or breed with a history of idiopathic epilepsy and focal seizures were included. Immediately following euthanasia, dogs were perfused, and tissue was collected. Brains were sectioned, mounted, and stained. Nissl-stained slides were used for stereology, and Timm stain was used to evaluate for evidence of mossy fiber sprouting. RESULTS: 7 dogs were included in the final analysis. For stereological cell counts evaluating hilar neuron loss, no case was significantly lower in number of neurons. Additional analysis compared right and left to look for asymmetry, and none were significant (P = .259). Using Timm stain to evaluate mossy fiber sprouting, no cases showed extensive sprouting, and no asymmetry was detected between left and right hippocampi (P = .054). CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort, while there were changes associated with seizures detected within the hippocampi, none were severe or consistent enough to qualify as TLE using the human criteria. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Our study focused on dogs with focal seizures as their main seizure presentation as that is the most common semiology in people with TLE. However, a future study could consider evaluating the neuropathology of dogs with asymmetric hippocampi detected on MRI. If TLE can be shown in dogs, then advanced treatment options, such as surgery or laser ablation, could be considered in refractory patients.
Oral gabapentin reduces respiratory rate and resistance scores in adult domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) during and after handling.
Burns L, Ryan KM, Jacobson C … +1 more , Divers S
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Apr · PMID 41576540 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a single oral dose of gabapentin would generate any changes in heart rate or respiratory rate or behaviors during and after handling of adult domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica). ME...
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a single oral dose of gabapentin would generate any changes in heart rate or respiratory rate or behaviors during and after handling of adult domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica). METHODS: Pigeons were housed alone on the day of the study but were otherwise group housed throughout the 9-day study period. Pigeons were assessed before handling and at 1 and 2 hours posttreatment. Behaviors (resting, aggressive, reactionary, maintenance, and feeding behaviors) and physiologic parameters were evaluated before, during, and after handling at each time point. A modified human intruder test, sedation score, and resistance score were developed and compared between time points. RESULTS: As part of a blinded, randomized, crossover study, 20 pigeons received 50 mg/kg of oral gabapentin or an equal volume of tap water (control) with an 8-day washout period. Respiratory rates were significantly higher in the control group at 2 hours during the intruder test and at 1 and 2 hours posttreatment in the period following the exam. Resistance scores were significantly higher in the control group at 2 hours posttreatment during handling. There was no significant difference in heart rates or behaviors. Four pigeons exhibited mild sedation after gabapentin administration. No major adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Gabapentin administered orally at 50 mg/kg to pigeons decreased respiratory rates and resistance scores during and after examinations for up to 2 hours. Mild sedation was the only adverse effect observed. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Oral gabapentin may be beneficial when handling pigeons and may reduce stress associated with handling.
Abdominal ultrasound more commonly leads to the diagnosis of underlying comorbidities when compared to thoracic radiographs in dogs undergoing tibial plateau leveling osteotomy.
Fuller J, Harding L, Kalamaras A … +3 more , Jackson A, Laube R, Doyle C
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 41576539 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To determine the diagnostic yield of abdominal ultrasound and thoracic radiographs in an otherwise systemically healthy population of dogs undergoing tibial plateau leveling osteotomy. METHODS: Medical records...
OBJECTIVE: To determine the diagnostic yield of abdominal ultrasound and thoracic radiographs in an otherwise systemically healthy population of dogs undergoing tibial plateau leveling osteotomy. METHODS: Medical records from 2 private-practice institutions were retrospectively reviewed to identify otherwise systemically healthy dogs undergoing an elective tibial plateau leveling osteotomy that were offered preoperative 3-view thoracic radiographs and/or abdominal ultrasound from June 1, 2019, through June 30, 2022. Multivariate statistical analysis was performed to compare the odds of diagnosing a new comorbidity and to analyze all patients that were offered preoperative imaging. RESULTS: A total of 258 client-owned dogs of various breeds were recorded between both hospitals. In total, 116 of 258 dogs (45.0%) solely received thoracic radiographs, 10 of 258 (3.9%) solely received abdominal ultrasound, and both were performed in 61 of 258 (23.6%). Eighty-seven of 258 dogs (33.7%) had either thoracic radiographs, abdominal ultrasound, or both performed preoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: New comorbidities were diagnosed in 13.8% of patients with thoracic radiographs and in 70% of patients with abdominal ultrasound. Patients over the age of 12 years were more likely to have a new comorbidity diagnosed. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Abdominal ultrasound is 163 times more likely to lead to diagnosis of a new comorbidity when compared to thoracic radiographs, and the incidence of a new diagnosis was more likely in dogs over the age of 12.
Hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase trifunctional multienzyme complex subunit α depletion dysregulates hepatic energy and lipid metabolism in dairy cows hepatocytes: a multiomic integration analysis.
Feng X, Feng Q, Liu S … +2 more , Raza SHA, Ma Y
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Apr · PMID 41576532 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the species-specific regulatory mechanisms of hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase alpha subunit (HADHA) in ruminant liver metabolism and to decipher the consequent metabolic-transcriptional network dysr...
OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the species-specific regulatory mechanisms of hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase alpha subunit (HADHA) in ruminant liver metabolism and to decipher the consequent metabolic-transcriptional network dysregulation using an integrated multiomics approach in a dairy cow hepatocyte model. METHODS: A loss-of-function study was conducted using transfecting primary hepatocytes isolated from dairy cows with HADHA-targeting small interfering RNA (n = 6). LC-MS+GC-MS metabolomics and transcriptomics were integrated and analyzed via orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis, differential and enrichment analysis, and multiomics network analysis. RESULTS: HADHA knockdown induced profound metabolic reprogramming, identifying 692 differentially abundant metabolites and 736 differentially expressed genes. Key dysregulated metabolomic pathways included upregulation of forkhead box O signaling, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and butanoate metabolism and downregulation of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and ATP-binding cassette transporters. This was evidenced by suppression of primary bile acids and accumulation of glyceroneogenesis markers. Transcriptomic analysis revealed downregulation of insulin response and nuclear factor κ B signaling and upregulation of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B signaling. Multiomics integration confirmed disruption in core pathways, including arginine and proline metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, and cAMP signaling. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a comprehensive map of the HADHA-mediated regulatory network in the ruminant hepatocytes. Its depletion directly suppresses fatty acid oxidation and bile acid synthesis and rewires central carbon and lipid metabolism, leading to a state of metabolic imbalance. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The elucidated mechanisms establish a foundational basis for future research aimed at developing nutritional or genetic strategies to improve metabolic health in the dairy industry.
Evaluation of thermal antinociceptive effects after intramuscular administration of methadone hydrochloride to orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica).
Guzman DS, Douglas JM, Beaufrere H … +1 more , Paul-Murphy JR
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Apr · PMID 41576530 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the thermal antinociceptive effects of methadone after IM administration to orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica). METHODS: 8 Amazon parrots received IM methadone hydrochloride (1, 3, an...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the thermal antinociceptive effects of methadone after IM administration to orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica). METHODS: 8 Amazon parrots received IM methadone hydrochloride (1, 3, and 6 mg/kg) and saline (0.9% NaCl) solution in a masked randomized, within-subjects, balanced complete crossover experimental design. The thermal foot withdrawal threshold (TFWT) was determined 5 minutes before (baseline) and 0.5, 1.5, 3, and 6 hours after treatment administration. Agitation-sedation scores and other adverse effects were evaluated in the test box at each time point before each TFWT. RESULTS: Methadone at 6 mg/kg significantly increased TFWT when compared with control by an average of 1.9 ± 0.5 °C accounting for baseline values. Methadone also caused agitation for 1, 3, and 6 mg/kg at 0.5 to 1.5 hours compared to control and increased nausea-like behavior (opening the beak and moving the tongue back and forth) for all doses up to 3 hours posttreatment compared to control. Although ataxia was not significant overall, some birds showed ataxia at 0.5 and 1.5 hours following administration of 6 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS: Methadone administered IM to orange-winged Amazon parrots at 6 mg/kg significantly increased TFWT and appears to have a rapid onset and relatively short duration. Agitation and nausea-like behavior were also observed at lower doses. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The benefit of rapid onset, potent analgesic effect, and added mechanisms of action to the opioid-mediated analgesia make methadone an added choice for clinical use in this species. However, these doses caused neuroexcitation with agitation and nausea-like behavior, which should be considered in clinical use.
Mindfulness training may reduce perceived stress and result in short-term increase in academic performance in veterinary education.
Karabulut-Ilgu A, Kraus BH, Mindthoff A
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Apr · PMID 41576527 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether a structured mindfulness training program could reduce anxiety and enhance academic performance among veterinary students in an anesthesiology course. METHODS: All students enrolled in a...
OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether a structured mindfulness training program could reduce anxiety and enhance academic performance among veterinary students in an anesthesiology course. METHODS: All students enrolled in a second-year veterinary anesthesiology course during 1 term were offered participation in the mindfulness program, with volunteers forming the intervention group and nonparticipants serving as a comparison group. Perceived stress, self-compassion, and depression were measured before and after the program using validated questionnaires, and academic performance was assessed via scores on the second midterm examination and final examination. The study followed an action research framework and employed a quasi-experimental design. RESULTS: After training, the intervention group demonstrated a substantial reduction in perceived stress and an increase in self-compassion, whereas the comparison group showed minimal change. Depression scores remained unchanged in both groups. On the second midterm, the mindfulness group's mean score exceeded that of controls by approximately 9 percentage points. By the final examination, all students had improved, and no significant score differences persisted. CONCLUSIONS: Mindfulness training was associated with reduced perceived stress, enhanced self-compassion, and a transient improvement in midterm performance. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Mindfulness interventions may support veterinary students' well-being and academic success.
First evaluation of a maternal bovine (Bos taurus)-appeasing pheromone in canines (Canis familiaris) shows no reduction in kennel noise.
Costa JA, Daigle CL, Jung Y … +1 more , Rose R
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Apr · PMID 41558170 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to evaluate whether the topical application of a maternal bovine (Bos taurus)-appeasing substance (mBAS) to laboratory dogs (Canis familiaris) would affect barking intensity,...
OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to evaluate whether the topical application of a maternal bovine (Bos taurus)-appeasing substance (mBAS) to laboratory dogs (Canis familiaris) would affect barking intensity, alter the prevalence of loud barking, or have adverse effects. METHODS: A controlled experiment with a repeated-measures design was performed with a convenience sample of 12 dogs from an existing research colony. The room housing the dogs served as the experimental unit across two 5-day treatment periods (one period for control and one for mBAS). A decibel meter recorded sound levels every 30 s to quantify barking intensity. Dogs with clinical signs of illness were excluded. RESULTS: A total of 22,502 decibel readings were recorded, and mBAS did not significantly affect decibel levels regardless of time of day or research day. Additionally, mBAS did not significantly affect loud barking. No adverse effects were noted, and no dogs were excluded from the study. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that mBAS does not meaningfully reduce vocalizations in kenneled laboratory dogs nor does it offer welfare benefits to dogs or human caretakers. The substance is well tolerated in this species and may be considered for future research endeavors in interspecies pheromonal communication. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Species-specific maternal pheromones can reduce stress-associated behaviors in animals, including vocalization intensity and frequency in dogs. Existing research suggests that interspecies pheromone use is beneficial, and while our data did not support this hypothesis, they contribute to the scientific understanding of this underexplored research area.
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