American Journal Of Veterinary Research[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Repeated intravenous dexamethasone administration causes transient changes in leukocyte parameters in healthy warmblood horses.
Hendrikx AL, Vendrig JC, Gehring R … +5 more , van den Boom R, van Alphen J, Vernooij JCM, Teske E, Roelfsema E
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41734460 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of repeated IV administration of dexamethasone (0.06 mg/kg, q 24 h, twice) on WBC parameters in healthy adult horses. METHODS: This prospective, longitudinal study was conducted from Oc...
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of repeated IV administration of dexamethasone (0.06 mg/kg, q 24 h, twice) on WBC parameters in healthy adult horses. METHODS: This prospective, longitudinal study was conducted from October 7 through November 5, 2024. Five warmblood mares received an IV dexamethasone sodium phosphate injection (DMI) at 0 and 24 hours and an IV injection with 0.9% sodium chloride solution at 48 and 72 hours. Blood samples were collected at 0, 6, 12, 24, 30, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 168 hours, and WBC parameters were evaluated using linear mixed-effects models. RESULTS: Leukocyte count, neutrophil count, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio were increased at 6 hours after DMI. Mean leukocyte count peaked 6 hours after DMI and exceeded the reference interval; however, not all horses had peaks above the reference interval. Neutrophilia was observed in all horses, with peak values 6 hours after DMI. Lymphocyte, monocyte, and eosinophil counts were decreased at 6 hours after DMI, with complete suppression of eosinophils. Myeloperoxidase index was increased only at 6 hours after the second DMI. Neut-X was decreased at 12 hours after DMI, and Neut-Y did not change up to 156 hours after the first DMI. Most parameters returned to baseline at 48 to 72 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Repeated IV dexamethasone administration induces recognizable changes in leukograms in healthy horses with transient neutrophilia combined with increased leukocyte counts and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios and decreased lymphocyte, monocyte, and eosinophil counts. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Recognition of glucocorticoid-induced changes is important for accurate interpretation of hematologic findings in horses receiving glucocorticoids.
The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic increased caseload and stress in veterinary surgeons, but positive changes to working environments did occur.
Buote NJ, Risselada M, Steffey MA … +4 more , Scharf V, Zamprogno H, Winter A, Griffon D
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 41734455 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To report the changes in veterinary surgeon schedules, workflow, and job satisfaction associated with the COVID-19 pandemic from 2020 through 2021. METHODS: A voluntary, nonincentivized, anonymized 40-question...
OBJECTIVE: To report the changes in veterinary surgeon schedules, workflow, and job satisfaction associated with the COVID-19 pandemic from 2020 through 2021. METHODS: A voluntary, nonincentivized, anonymized 40-question internet survey was deployed from November 2021 through February 2022. Veterinary surgeons were surveyed regarding schedule alterations and support implemented by their employers during the pandemic as well as changes in their job satisfaction. Associations between demographics and responses were analyzed. RESULTS: 333 respondents, including veterinary surgeons and residents, participated. Most respondents worked in private clinical practice (211 of 320 [65.9%]), followed by academia (95 of 313 [30.3%]). The pandemic significantly affected the work schedule of 245 of 333 respondents (77%), especially those in private practice and influenced by employment position, such as staff surgeon versus owner. 185 of 245 surgeons (76%) reported a stressful work environment, and 244 of 320 (78%) reported an increased caseload. 244 of 320 respondents (76%) felt management responses were supportive of employees; however, only 195 of 314 surgeons (62%) believed their safety was prioritized. While overall job satisfaction decreased from prepandemic levels, 147 of 247 respondents (60%) reported that at least 1 positive change in their work environment occurred due to coronavirus disease 2019 protocols, including the introduction of curbside care and remote meetings. CONCLUSIONS: The pandemic affected the working conditions of veterinary surgeons, increasing caseloads and stress. Respondents generally felt supported by their employers who implemented positive changes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Work environment strategies identified as positive should be embraced as workplace stress and higher caseloads have impacted job satisfaction in veterinary surgery.
Hematological changes after intermittent hemodialysis in dogs with acute kidney injury are mild and transient.
Herges S, Ohrem H, Dörfelt R … +1 more , Sänger F
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41734451 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate hematological changes in dogs with acute kidney injury caused by different underlying disease processes treated with intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) over 12 to 24 hours after the session. METHODS:...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate hematological changes in dogs with acute kidney injury caused by different underlying disease processes treated with intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) over 12 to 24 hours after the session. METHODS: Client-owned dogs with acute kidney injury treated with IHD from February 2021 through July 2025 were prospectively enrolled in this observational study. Blood was collected from each dog before IHD (T0), after IHD (T1), and 12 to 24 hours after IHD (T2). Hematocrit, RBC count, hemoglobin concentration, reticulocyte count, platelet count, and WBC count were evaluated at all time points. RESULTS: In total, 30 dogs with 82 IHD sessions were included in the study. Median RBC count (X 1012/L) and median hemoglobin concentration (mmol/L) decreased from 4.00 (2.82 to 7.22) and 9.25 (6.60 to 17.20) at T0 to 3.74 (2.39 to 7.04) and 9.00 (5.50 to 16.80) at T1, respectively. Median WBC count (X 109/L) of 19.34 (6.49 to 55.47) at T0 decreased to 17.6 (4.57 to 73.22) at T1 and increased to 20.11 (7.48 to 55.47) at T2. Median platelet count (X 109/L) of 99 (5 to 767) at T0 decreased to 69 (1 to 633) at T1 and increased to 84 (4 to 604) at T2. CONCLUSIONS: Hematological changes during IHD were mild and transient. Only the platelet count decreased moderately. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Most of the hematological changes did not appear clinically relevant and resolved within 24 hours. However, the moderate decrease in platelet count could potentially predispose dogs undergoing IHD to an increased risk of bleeding.
Hoof and movement asymmetry in Thoroughbred racehorses with predominantly single direction training.
Chan ZYS, Ho W, Slobodova A … +3 more , Parkes RSV, Forbes B, Pfau T
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41730254 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To investigate associations between contralateral (left-right) hoof width asymmetry and vertical movement asymmetry in racing Thoroughbreds. We hypothesized that forehoof differences would be associated with p...
OBJECTIVE: To investigate associations between contralateral (left-right) hoof width asymmetry and vertical movement asymmetry in racing Thoroughbreds. We hypothesized that forehoof differences would be associated with poll and withers movement asymmetry and hind hoof differences with pelvis movement asymmetry. METHODS: This observational cross-sectional study included 169 Thoroughbred racehorses recently retired from clockwise racing and assessed the day of scheduled farriery work. Contralateral hoof width differences were quantified and movement asymmetry during trot measured using inertial sensors placed on the poll, withers, and pelvis. A primary outcome was the difference in upward movement amplitude between the left and right stance phases (upDiff). Based on measured contralateral hoof width differences, horses were categorized post hoc by the side of the wider hoof, and between-group differences in movement asymmetry were quantified using effect sizes (Cohen d). RESULTS: 70% of horses had wider right forehooves and 65% wider right hind hooves. Forehoof width asymmetry was associated with differences in upDiff at the poll (Cohen d = 0.82) and withers (Cohen d = 0.73), with greater vertical displacement during stance of wider hoof. Hind hoof width asymmetry was not associated with pelvic upDiff but at the poll (Cohen d = 0.57) and withers (Cohen d = 0.60). CONCLUSIONS: Forelimb hoof width asymmetry was associated with poll and withers movement asymmetry, whereas hind hoof width asymmetry was not associated with pelvic movement asymmetry. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Assessment of forehoof width asymmetry may aid interpretation of head and withers movement asymmetry during lameness evaluation and inform hoof care and training management in racehorses.
Three natural extracts alleviate ovalbumin-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and barrier dysfunction in canine intestinal epithelial cells.
Wang H, Liu T, Bai H … +2 more , Jin H, Wang Z
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 41719707 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the protective effects of Hydrocotyle asiatica extract (HAE), aloe polysaccharide (AP), and Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) against ovalbumin (OVA)-induced damage in canine intestinal epithelial cells...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the protective effects of Hydrocotyle asiatica extract (HAE), aloe polysaccharide (AP), and Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) against ovalbumin (OVA)-induced damage in canine intestinal epithelial cells and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms using a multiomics approach. METHODS: The study was conducted from January 1 through September 30, 2025. An in vitro model of OVA-induced injury in canine intestinal epithelial cells was established. The effects of the 3 extracts were assessed through integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. RESULTS: All 3 extracts (HAE, 320 µg/mL; AP, 1 µg/mL; GBE, 1 µg/mL) significantly mitigated OVA-induced damage: they restored antioxidant activity (eg, superoxide dismutase increased 105% to 137%), suppressed inflammation (eg, tumor necrosis factor-α reduced by up to 25%), and enhanced barrier protein expression. Multiomics analysis specifically linked HAE to the restoration of metabolic pathways (eg, riboflavin metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation) and the upregulation of genes involved in epithelial adhesion and junction assembly. CONCLUSIONS: HAE, AP, and GBE exert protective effects against OVA-induced intestinal epithelial cell injury by mitigating oxidative stress, inflammation, and barrier dysfunction. Hydrocotyle asiatica extract specifically modulates key metabolic and transcriptional pathways involved in intestinal integrity. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms by which HAE preserves intestinal barrier function and underscore its potential application in enhancing intestinal barrier integrity, which may be relevant for managing food allergies and intestinal inflammatory disorders in clinical settings.
Polymerase chain reaction may not be useful to detect Coccidioides spp DNA in oropharyngeal, nasal, or conjunctival swab samples in dogs with newly diagnosed pulmonary coccidioidomycosis.
Nieves KF, Jaffey JA, Hostnik ET … +3 more , Hanzlicek AS, Mills C, Frankenberger K
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41719699 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity of real-time PCR to detect Coccidioides spp DNA from oropharyngeal, nasal cavity, and conjunctival swab samples in dogs with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. METHODS: This w...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity of real-time PCR to detect Coccidioides spp DNA from oropharyngeal, nasal cavity, and conjunctival swab samples in dogs with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study of client-owned dogs with newly diagnosed pulmonary coccidioidomycosis from January 2024 to October 2024. Sterile cotton swabs were gently rubbed within the nasal cavity and against the mucosa of the oropharynx and conjunctiva during the initial investigation for respiratory tract signs. Swabs were tested for Coccidioides spp, Blastomyces spp, Histoplasma spp, Pneumocystis jirovecii, and Pneumocystis canis DNA by multiplex quantitative PCR. Antibody serology assays (ie, agar gel immunodiffusion and enzyme immunoassay) were performed at a single reference diagnostic laboratory. RESULTS: 24 dogs were included. Seventy-two PCR tests (nasal cavity, n = 24; oropharyngeal, 24; and conjunctival, 24) were performed, and none of the tests positively detected Coccidioides spp DNA. Forty-six percent (11 of 24) and 71% (17 of 24) of dogs had positive detection of anti-Coccidioides spp immunoglobulin M and G antibodies with agar gel immunodiffusion, respectively. Seventy-nine percent (19 of 24) of dogs had positive detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies with enzyme immunoassay. Respiratory tract signs improved (50%; n = 12) or completely resolved (42%; 10) after approximately 3 months of PO fluconazole administration. CONCLUSIONS: Coccidioides spp DNA was not detected in any swab sample from the upper respiratory tract. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Quantitative PCR to detect Coccidioides spp DNA from the nasal cavity, oropharynx, and conjunctiva using sterile cotton swabs provides no added diagnostic value in dogs with pulmonary coccidioidomycosis.
Transthoracic impedance in adult Thoroughbred horses is similar to other species.
Shroff K, Underwood C, Stefanovski D … +2 more , Hopster K, Slack J
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 41719694 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To determine transthoracic impedance (TTI) in adult horses using an exponential biphasic defibrillator and investigate patient and technique factors influencing TTI. METHODS: A randomized crossover design with...
OBJECTIVE: To determine transthoracic impedance (TTI) in adult horses using an exponential biphasic defibrillator and investigate patient and technique factors influencing TTI. METHODS: A randomized crossover design with 2 phases was used. Phase 1: TTI was measured in dorsal and lateral recumbency, with and without manual pressure on the electrodes in deceased horses immediately following euthanasia. Phase 2: TTI was measured in dorsal recumbency during inspiration and expiration using anesthetized live horses sourced from 2 terminal studies. Mixed-effects linear regression modeling was performed to assess the influence of patient and technique factors on TTI. RESULTS: 19 adult Thoroughbred horses were included. The median TTI for all horses in all conditions was 56 Ω (range, 44 to 133). Eleven horses were enrolled in phase 1 and 8 horses were enrolled in phase 2. Phase 1: Shock 4 TTI (54.2 Ω; 95% CI, 49.0 to 59.3 Ω) was less than shock 1 (67.2 Ω; 95% CI, 55.1 to 79.4 Ω) and shock 2 (71.1 Ω; 95% CI, 54.4 to 87.9 Ω). Phase 2: TTI increased by 0.2% (95% CI, 0.11% to 0.28%) per kilogram of body weight. Terminal study allocation affected TTI. CONCLUSIONS: Patient weight and number of shocks influenced TTI. Patient position, manual pressure, and respiratory phase did not affect TTI. Limitations included convenience sampling of horses and the terminal study design. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: TTI in this population is similar to values reported in other species, indicating TTI may not be a primary factor limiting transthoracic cardioversion in the horse.
Tricortical pin tension-band wiring provides the greatest tensile resistance among fixation constructs for feline greater trochanteric avulsion fractures.
Lee Y, Jang SK, Do J … +4 more , Kim MY, Lee S, Kim JM, Kim HY
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 41719693 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To compare the tensile performance of 3 constructs for feline greater trochanter (GT) avulsion fractures using a cadaveric model. METHODS: An experimental cadaveric study was performed using a standardized GT...
OBJECTIVE: To compare the tensile performance of 3 constructs for feline greater trochanter (GT) avulsion fractures using a cadaveric model. METHODS: An experimental cadaveric study was performed using a standardized GT osteotomy model. Adult feline cadavers euthanized for reasons unrelated to this study and without radiographic evidence of orthopedic disease were included; specimens with musculoskeletal abnormalities were excluded. All testing was conducted at a single academic biomechanics laboratory. Fixation constructs were subjected to quasistatic tensile loading until failure. RESULTS: 18 hindlimbs from 9 feline cadavers were allocated equally to bicortical pin tension-band wiring (TBW; n = 6), tricortical pin TBW (6), and FiberWire-only fixation (6). At 3-mm displacement, tricortical fixation demonstrated higher mean load resistance than both bicortical fixation (mean difference, 45.0 N; 95% CI, 19.7 to 70.3 N) and FiberWire-only fixation (mean difference, 140.5 N; 95% CI, 115.1 to 165.9 N). Bicortical and tricortical constructs exhibited similar resistance at 1- and 2-mm displacement. CONCLUSIONS: Tricortical pin TBW provided the greatest tensile resistance under maximal loading. However, the bicortical pin TBW and tricortical pin TBW techniques provided similar strength during early displacement. The FiberWire-only fixation construct demonstrated the lowest stability, suggesting that FiberWire fixation alone may not provide sufficient strength or an optimal tension-band configuration for feline GT avulsion repair. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For routine feline GT avulsion fracture repair, bicortical pin TBW may offer a practical balance of strength and simplicity. Tricortical pin TBW fixation may be reserved for cases requiring maximal resistance, whereas FiberWire-only fixation should be used with caution due to its lower load-bearing capacity.
A pilot study to assess feasibility of a computer-assisted surgery system for navigation in the equine cervical spine.
Masca SA, Easley JT, Koch DW … +3 more , Aragon JM, Winston SE, Bonilla AF
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41707326 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To validate the accuracy of the Synaptive Medical computer-assisted surgery (CAS) system for navigation in the equine cervical spine, focusing on anatomical targets that require precise localization. METHODS:...
OBJECTIVE: To validate the accuracy of the Synaptive Medical computer-assisted surgery (CAS) system for navigation in the equine cervical spine, focusing on anatomical targets that require precise localization. METHODS: 3 equine cervical spine cadavers were used (C1-T1) for an experimental study design. A custom fiducial array was mounted into the dorsal spinous process of C2, with additional fiducial markers distributed for landmark registration. Four participants with varying surgical expertise used the Synaptive Medical CAS system to navigate 9 radiodense pins into 3 anatomical targets, including the intervertebral foramen, articular process joint, and intervertebral disc. Pre- and postprocedural CT scans were used to evaluate pin placement accuracy, defined as the Euclidean distance between planned and achieved points. The procedure duration was also recorded. RESULTS: The mean navigation error between the planned and reached target points was 11.33 ± 11.02 mm. Surgical experience influenced procedure duration; however, it did not significantly affect accuracy. Additionally, our results suggested that placement of a fiducial array into the dorsal spinous process of C2 allowed for successful registration. CONCLUSIONS: Use of the Synaptive Medical CAS system for navigation-assisted procedures in the equine cervical spine is feasible and may enhance surgical precision in veterinary applications. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study provides insight into the potential integration of CAS into the clinical application of equine cervical spine procedures. This validation supports that CAS can be an option for minimally invasive approaches aimed at reducing clinical complications when accessing the equine cervical spine.
The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is associated with disease severity and infectious etiologies of colitis in horses presenting with acute colitis.
Samuels AN, Collins N, Albrecht M … +4 more , Cuming R, Reed S, Gomez D, Toribio R
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 41707324 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate associations between the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), nonsurvival, illness severity, and infectious etiologies. METHODS: This was a retrospective multicenter study that included 100 health...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate associations between the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), nonsurvival, illness severity, and infectious etiologies. METHODS: This was a retrospective multicenter study that included 100 healthy horses and 444 horses presenting with acute diarrhea to 5 equine referral hospitals. Inclusion criteria were diarrhea duration < 48 hours, complete hemograms, and outcome data. Illness severity was assessed using systemic inflammatory response syndrome. The results of pathogen testing for Salmonella spp, equine coronavirus, Clostridium spp, and Neorickettsia risticii/findlayensis were reviewed when available. Data were analyzed using nonparametric statistics and univariate and multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS: Median NLR [IQR] did not differ between healthy horses (2.06 [1.43 to 2.58]) and horses with colitis (1.93 [0.86 to 3.76]). The NLR was not significantly associated with nonsurvival; however, horses with an NLR < 1.43 demonstrated higher odds of nonsurvival. Horses meeting ≥ 2 systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria had a lower NLR (1.56 [0.69 to 2.85]) compared with those meeting 0 to 1 criteria (2.54 [1.08 to 4.70]). Horses with an identified infectious cause had lower NLR than those without (1.38 [0.78 to 2.98] vs 2.37 [0.92 to 4.00]), with the lowest NLR observed in equine coronavirus-infected horses (0.73 [0.40 to 1.56]). The NLR alone had limited prognostic performance (area under the curve, 0.51), but multivariable models with NLR had good discriminatory ability (area under the curve, 0.84). CONCLUSIONS: While NLR alone is insufficient as a prognostic marker, it may reflect underlying immune dysregulation that contributes to disease severity. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The NLR is an inexpensive, readily available biomarker that may help clinicians identify horses at risk of severe systemic inflammation and identify infectious colitis when interpreted with other clinical and laboratory findings.
Recurrent pyuria is associated with shorter progression-free survival in dogs with bladder urothelial carcinoma.
Choi SH, Kim JK, Kim SH … +2 more , Ryu MO, Seo KW
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41707320 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between pyuria and clinical outcomes in dogs. METHODS: Data were collected from 2010 through 2025. Pyuria was defined as ≥ 5 WBCs/hpf in urine sediment. Dogs were stratified accordi...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between pyuria and clinical outcomes in dogs. METHODS: Data were collected from 2010 through 2025. Pyuria was defined as ≥ 5 WBCs/hpf in urine sediment. Dogs were stratified according to pyuria frequency (0, 1 to 2, or ≥ 3 episodes) and tumor size (< 3 or ≥ 3 cm). Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves, log-rank tests, and Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: 51 dogs diagnosed with bladder urothelial carcinoma (UC) were included. When stratified by pyuria frequency, dogs with ≥ 3 episodes had a significantly shorter median PFS than dogs without pyuria (175 vs 365 days), whereas dogs with 1 to 2 episodes did not differ significantly from the nonpyuria group. In the multivariable analysis, ≥ 3 pyuria episodes remained a negative prognostic factor for PFS (hazard ratio, 3.57; 95% CI, 1.27 to 10.04) even after accounting for the total number of urinalyses performed. Dogs with pyuria at initial diagnosis had a shorter median overall survival than the nonpyuria group (353 vs 531 days). CONCLUSIONS: Dogs with pyuria at initial diagnosis and frequent pyuria (≥ 3 episodes) during the entire treatment period had shorter PFS than dogs without pyuria. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This finding parallels observations in human medicine and suggests that pyuria may serve as a clinically useful marker of tumor progression in canine UC.
Comparative analysis of the immunomodulatory effects of extracellular vesicles from canine placental and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells.
Ha JH, Ahn JO, Choi JH … +2 more , Kim SH, Chung JY
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 41702062 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To compare the immunomodulatory capacities of canine placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PMSCs; MSCs) and adipose-derived MSCs (ADMSCs) as well as the effects of their extracellular vesicles (EVs) on peri...
OBJECTIVE: To compare the immunomodulatory capacities of canine placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PMSCs; MSCs) and adipose-derived MSCs (ADMSCs) as well as the effects of their extracellular vesicles (EVs) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHODS: PMSCs and ADMSCs were isolated and characterized. The PBMCs were cocultured with each isolated MSC. PBMC viability was assessed by trypan blue, and CD4 expression and PBMC proliferation were analyzed by flow cytometry. Inflammatory cytokines in the supernatants were measured using an ELISA. In addition, each type of MSC-derived EV was extracted and incubated with PBMCs. Subsequently, the same analyses used in the MSC experiments were performed. Statistical analyses used SPSS 26 with the significance set at P < .05. RESULTS: In MSC experiments, PMSC group exhibited the highest CD4 expression, and PBMC proliferation was also lowest in PMSC group. PBMC viability was significantly lower in PMSC group. A comparison of the inflammatory cytokine concentrations showed similar IL-2 and IL-10 levels in the groups, whereas TNF-α was significantly lower in PMSC group. In EV experiments, the PMSC EV had a greater ability to inhibit PBMC proliferation than the ADMSC EV, whereas CD4 expression showed no difference. PBMC viability and TNF-α concentration were lowest in PMSC EV group, whereas IL-2 concentration was lowest in ADMSC EV group. CONCLUSIONS: PMSCs and their EVs have comparable immunomodulatory effects to ADMSCs, with some statistically significant differences. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: PMSC-derived EVs may represent a potential therapeutic option for immune-mediated conditions.
Validity assessment for veterinary use of human laparoscopic cholecystectomy training models.
Danner AL, Song MK, Frącka AB … +2 more , Dickson RE, Fransson BA
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 41702059 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To assess validity evidence of 2 commercially available human gallbladder models for canine laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LapChole) training. We hypothesized that both models would display construct validity a...
OBJECTIVE: To assess validity evidence of 2 commercially available human gallbladder models for canine laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LapChole) training. We hypothesized that both models would display construct validity and would render high face values. The physical model was hypothesized to have higher face validity and the virtual reality (VR) model higher construct validity. METHODS: Experimental study. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy-experienced American College of Veterinary Surgeons (ACVS) diplomates and novice surgeons were enrolled. Surgical performance was assessed using a physical model in a box trainer and a VR model at a surgical conference in October 2022 and in a skills laboratory from September 2023 through March 2024. Performances were assessed via predetermined benchmarks and video-recorded for structured assessments by a blinded clinical LapChole-experienced surgeon and a nonblinded novice surgeon. Questionnaires for face value determination were completed by ACVS diplomates after each performance. RESULTS: 8 ACVS diplomates and 8 novice surgeons participated. The VR model showed strong correlation between clinical LapChole experience and model metrics, including time (Spearman rho = -0.85), visual analogue scores (rho = 0.79), and operative component rating scales scores (rho = 0.75). The physical model lacked correlation between experience and all model metrics (rho range, -0.02 to 0.21), which precluded construct validity comparisons between models. The VR model had higher face validity than the physical model. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the VR model demonstrated construct validity and superior face value compared to the physical model. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The VR cholecystectomy model could be considered for veterinary laparoscopic training.
Deep learning cascade networks for segmentation of fluorine-18 sodium fluoride positron emission tomography scans of equine metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joints outperform atlas-based method.
Anishchenko S, Bills KW, Beylin D … +5 more , Beylin N, Beylin D, Stepanova K, Stepanov P, Spriet M
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 41702054 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To create a labeled dataset and evaluate a convolutional neural network (CNN) for segmentation of fluorine-18 sodium fluoride PET scans of the equine metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joint (fetlock), targeti...
OBJECTIVE: To create a labeled dataset and evaluate a convolutional neural network (CNN) for segmentation of fluorine-18 sodium fluoride PET scans of the equine metacarpo- and metatarsophalangeal joint (fetlock), targeting the third metacarpal bone, proximal phalanx, proximal sesamoid bone(s), and soft tissue. METHODS: PET and corresponding CT scans were retrospectively selected from June 2024 through November 2025 using convenience sampling and coregistered to a common reference frame. The coregistered PET-CT scans were manually labeled; the labels were then transferred to PET-only images and used to train a cascade of CNNs with and without data augmentation. Segmentation accuracy was quantified using the Dice coefficient and compared to atlas-based segmentation of the PET-CT scans. RESULTS: A total of 84 scans were collected from 2 facilities. For the test set (n = 8), the minimum, mean, and maximum Dice coefficients computed for all anatomical areas together were 0.85, 0.88, and 0.92, respectively, exceeding the values for atlas-based segmentation of 0.69, 0.80, and 0.87. Analysis of the Dice coefficient by area showed the best CNN segmentation for the third metacarpal bone (mean Dice coefficient (Dmean) = 0.92) and the worst for the medial proximal sesamoid bone (Dmean = 0.82); corresponding atlas-based values were 0.86 and 0.77. CONCLUSIONS: CNN-based segmentation of fluorine-18 sodium fluoride PET images of the fetlock outperforms an atlas-based method in both speed and accuracy measured by Dice coefficient. This advancement enables new, previously inaccessible strategies for PET image quantification. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Accurate and robust segmentation of PET fetlocks enables more accurate analysis and novel insights into lesion characterization.
Double J-shaped Kirschner wire fixation provides superior biomechanical stability for feline sacroiliac luxation compared with conventional techniques.
Jang SK, Lee Y, Lee S … +5 more , Do J, Kim JW, Cho JS, Kim HY, Kim JM
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 41702052 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To compare the biomechanical stability of 3 fixation techniques for unilateral sacroiliac (SI) luxation using 3-D-printed feline pelvic models. METHODS: Eighteen 3-D-printed pelvic models were generated from C...
OBJECTIVE: To compare the biomechanical stability of 3 fixation techniques for unilateral sacroiliac (SI) luxation using 3-D-printed feline pelvic models. METHODS: Eighteen 3-D-printed pelvic models were generated from CT data of a 6.6-kg cat. The study was conducted from July 25 through September 10, 2025. A right SI luxation with ipsilateral pubic and ischial osteotomies was created, and models were fabricated for 3 fixation configurations (n = 6/group): single lag screw with transiliac pinning (SP), double parallel Kirschner wires (DK), and double J-shaped Kirschner wires (DJ). A 3-D-printed femur was toggle pinned to the acetabulum to reproduce stance. Axial compression was applied to the femoral head at 5 mm/min to 15° pelvic rotation. Outcomes included rotational stiffness (primary), maximum load at 10° rotation, and energy absorption. RESULTS: DJ constructs showed approximately 3-fold greater initial rotational stiffness and higher energy absorption than SP and DK. Mean maximum load to 10° rotation was 93.10 N for DJ versus 33.32 N (SP) and 36.59 N (DK). No differences were detected between SP and DK for any parameter. CONCLUSIONS: In this ex vivo 3-D-printed model, DJ fixation provided superior rotational stability compared with SP and DK techniques. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The DJ technique may offer a biomechanically robust alternative for stabilizing feline SI luxation. By avoiding the narrow sacral safe corridor required for lag screw placement, this method may reduce the risk of iatrogenic nerve injury while preserving sacral bone integrity to ensure optimal purchase and minimize the risk of fixation failure during stabilization.
Telmisartan has antioxidative effects in healthy dogs.
Maslyn KM, Hawley JR, Webb CE … +1 more , Lappin MR
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 41702050 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the immunomodulatory properties and antioxidative effects of telmisartan in healthy dogs. METHODS: 8 healthy young-adult mixed-sex purpose-bred research Beagles were used for this study. Dogs were...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the immunomodulatory properties and antioxidative effects of telmisartan in healthy dogs. METHODS: 8 healthy young-adult mixed-sex purpose-bred research Beagles were used for this study. Dogs were administered telmisartan at 10 mg once daily for 28 days. A CBC, serum cytokine/chemokine panel, and the following antioxidant assays were performed weekly over the course of the study: total antioxidant capacity, Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase. Group mean values after starting telmisartan administration were compared to baseline values by repeated-measures ANOVA, with significance defined as P < .05. RESULTS: While significant changes in arterial blood pressure, CBC, or cytokines/chemokines were not detected, telmisartan significantly upregulated the activity of serum superoxide dismutase, serum total antioxidant capacity, and plasma glutathione peroxidase on some sample dates over the 28-day trial when compared to baseline values. In addition, an average weight loss of 4.9% was detected in 7 of 8 dogs between days 0 and 28. CONCLUSIONS: Telmisartan has antioxidative effects in healthy dogs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This research suggests an additional indication to use this drug in the management of a variety of inflammatory conditions that also have arterial hypertension.
Kinesiology taping with a double-lymphatic pattern reduces canine stifle joint swelling 24 hours after tibial plateau-leveling osteotomy.
Ludwig B, Ihrke A, Holich K … +2 more , Neforos K, Heidel RE
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 41689961 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of kinesiology taping on stifle joint soft tissue swelling in canines 24 hours after tibial plateau-leveling osteotomy (TPLO). The hypothesis was that dogs with kinesiology tape applied po...
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of kinesiology taping on stifle joint soft tissue swelling in canines 24 hours after tibial plateau-leveling osteotomy (TPLO). The hypothesis was that dogs with kinesiology tape applied postoperatively would have significantly less swelling within 24 hours of surgery compared to those with no kinesiology tape applied. METHODS: Canine stifles undergoing TPLO from October 2023 through June 2025 were randomized into 2 groups: a treatment group with kinesiology tape applied in a double-lymphatic pattern to the surgical stifle postoperatively and a control group with no tape applied. Girth measurements were obtained with pressure-sensitive measuring tape at 3 locations (lateral fabella of the femur, joint line, and tibial tuberosity) at 5 time points (immediately before surgical preparation, immediately postoperatively, 3 hours postoperatively, 18 hours postoperatively [18H], and 24 hours postoperatively [24H]). RESULTS: 31 canine stifles were split between the treatment (n = 16) and nontreatment (15) groups. The treatment group had significantly less swelling than the control group at the lateral fabella of the femur location at 18H and 24H and at the tibial tuberosity location at 3 hours postoperatively, 18H, and 24H. The kinesiology tape application was well tolerated with no adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS: Kinesiology tape applied in a double-lymphatic pattern at the surgical stifle immediately after TPLO reduces soft tissue swelling during the early inflammatory period. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Kinesiology taping provides a simple, low-cost, noninvasive method to reduce stifle joint soft tissue swelling in the immediate TPLO postoperative period.
Diet composition influences equine large intestinal motility as measured by transcutaneous ultrasound.
Starrett A, Arnold CE, Burr A … +5 more , Sarturi JO, Leatherwood JL, Pilla R, Awosile BB, Chaffin MK
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 41689955 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To quantify gastrointestinal motility at 3 anatomic locations of the large colon in healthy horses fed 2 diets. METHODS: 12 American Quarter Horses were enrolled in a prospective crossover study. Horses receiv...
OBJECTIVE: To quantify gastrointestinal motility at 3 anatomic locations of the large colon in healthy horses fed 2 diets. METHODS: 12 American Quarter Horses were enrolled in a prospective crossover study. Horses received either a complete pelleted diet fed at 1.35% body weight (BW) per day or Coastal Bermudagrass hay fed at 2% BW with 0.5% to 0.7% BW of complete pelleted feed. Each diet was fed for 13 days prior to motility assessment. Two ultrasonographers recorded the frequency of contractions at the sternal flexure of the large colon, left ventral colon, and cecum for 4 consecutive, 1-minute periods at 2 hours after the morning and evening feedings. A contraction was defined as movement of the large intestinal wall that exceeded 2 cm. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank and Kruskal-Wallis tests with Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: Time of day did not affect the frequency of large colon contractions at any site. At the sternal flexure of the large colon, horses fed the complete pelleted feed exhibited a greater frequency of contractions compared to those receiving hay with supplementation. No significant differences in contraction frequency at the left ventral colon or cecum were observed across diets or time points. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that diet may affect the frequency of contractions at specific anatomic locations of the large colon in healthy horses. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Diet can affect large colon motility in healthy horses, emphasizing the need for veterinarians to consider dietary factors when assessing gastrointestinal health and function.
Lipidomics research at Lincoln Memorial University.
Wood P, Verma A
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Feb · PMID 41650579 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Pharmacopuncture with low-dose dexmedetomidine and saline aquapuncture at acupoint Governing Vessel 24 provides sedation in healthy adult horses.
Faugier C, Snyder LBC, Hyun M … +1 more , Schroeder C
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Apr · PMID 41643316 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate sedation in horses following pharmacopuncture with dexmedetomidine at acupoint Governing Vessel 24 (GV-24) compared to aquapuncture at GV-24 or an equivalent dose of dexmedetomidine administered vi...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate sedation in horses following pharmacopuncture with dexmedetomidine at acupoint Governing Vessel 24 (GV-24) compared to aquapuncture at GV-24 or an equivalent dose of dexmedetomidine administered via IV or SC routes. METHODS: 10 adult mares received 4 treatments in a blinded, randomized, crossover design: (1) dexmedetomidine administered at GV-24 (DexmedGV24; 1 μg/kg); (2) saline administered at GV-24 (SalineGV24; 1.5 mL); (3) dexmedetomidine administered SC on the lateral neck (DexmedSC; 1 μg/kg); or (4) dexmedetomidine administered IV (DexmedIV; 1 μg/kg). Sedation scores (facial sedation scale [FaceSed] and equine sedation scale [EquiSed]), head height above ground, pulse rate, and respiratory rate were collected at baseline and 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 minutes after treatment (T5, T15, T30, T45, T60, and T90). Head height above ground, FaceSed, and EquiSed were compared with a pairwise Wilcoxon signed rank test. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in sedation scores between treatment groups at any time points. When compared to baseline, the FaceSed scores were significantly higher at all time points in DexmedGV24 and SalineGV24; at T15, T30, T60, and T90 in DexmedSC; and at T5, T15, T30, T45, and T60 in DexmedIV. The EquiSed scores were significantly higher at T5 and T60 in DexmedGV24; at T30 and T45 in SalineGV24; at T45, T60, and T90 in DexmedSC; and at T5, T15, T30, T45, and T60 in DexmedIV. Head height was significantly lowered at T60 in DexmedGV24 and at T5, T30, T45, and T60 in DexmedIV. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacopuncture with dexmedetomidine at GV-24 provided sedation with no significant difference compared to SC administration, IV administration, or aquapuncture at GV-24. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Pharmacopuncture with dexmedetomidine or saline aquapuncture at GV-24 is an alternative route for sedation in horses.
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