American Journal Of Veterinary Research[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Validation of a flow cytometric competitive efflux assay for assessing clinically important drugs as canine P-glycoprotein substrates.
Burke NS, Mealey KL
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41802412 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Because dogs with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) deficiency experience enhanced susceptibility to adverse reactions caused by P-gp substrate drugs, this study's purpose was to validate and employ a competitive efflux a...
OBJECTIVE: Because dogs with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) deficiency experience enhanced susceptibility to adverse reactions caused by P-gp substrate drugs, this study's purpose was to validate and employ a competitive efflux assay to assess clinically relevant drugs as P-gp substrates. METHODS: A competitive efflux assay employing a cell line expressing canine P-gp was used in these studies. Intracellular fluorescence was detected flow cytometrically following the coincubation of experimental drugs with 2 intrinsically fluorescent P-gp substrates (rhodamine 123 or calcein AM) that bind different sites within the P-gp binding pocket. The fluorescence intensity was determined for cells treated with each experimental drug and fluorescent P-gp substrate combination and compared to the fluorescence intensity of cells treated with rhodamine 123 and calcein AM alone. Additionally, assay validation parameters were assessed. RESULTS: Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) ratios < 2 indicate non-P-gp substrates [cisplatin (negative control), ropinirole, doxycycline, and trilostane]; MFI ratios from 2 to 5 indicate weak canine P-gp substrates (apomorphine, capromorelin, and enrofloxacin); MFI ratios > 5 but < 10 indicate moderate P-gp substrates (trazodone); and MFI ratios > 10 indicate strong P-gp substrates [loperamide (positive control), and moxidectin]. Assay specificity, precision, and linearity were within established acceptance criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Several clinically relevant drugs were identified as P-gp substrates. The competitive efflux assay is a useful tool for screening drugs as canine P-gp substrates. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These results imply that P-gp-deficient dogs may be at increased risk of adverse effects if treated with apomorphine, capromorelin, enrofloxacin, or moxidectin, depending on the dose administered.
Immunoassay antibody modification significantly impacts low-dose dexamethasone suppression test cutoffs in dogs with Cushing syndrome.
Rossi G, Del Baldo F, Tardo AM … +2 more , Golinelli S, Fracassi F
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41791235 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To reassess the 8-hour postdexamethasone (T8) cortisol diagnostic cutoff for suspected naturally occurring Cushing syndrome (CS) in dogs comparing a chemiluminescent cortisol immunoassay (Immulite 2000 XPi; Si...
OBJECTIVE: To reassess the 8-hour postdexamethasone (T8) cortisol diagnostic cutoff for suspected naturally occurring Cushing syndrome (CS) in dogs comparing a chemiluminescent cortisol immunoassay (Immulite 2000 XPi; Siemens Healthineers) results before and after the 2020 antibody change. METHODS: Low-dose dexamethasone suppression test results were retrospectively evaluated in dogs with CS and in those with disease mimicking Cushing syndrome (DMCS), with sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), and receiver operating characteristic curves assessed. Cortisol concentrations after the antibody change were adjusted using the Siemens Healthineers conversion formula. RESULTS: 61 dogs with CS and 32 with DMCS were included between January 2016 and October 2020 (old antibody [OA]). Forty dogs with CS and 40 with DMCS were included between November 2020 and January 2024 (new antibody [NA]). The area under the curve for T8 cortisol to differentiate CS from DMCS dogs was 0.96 (95% CI, 0.91 to 0.99) with OA and 0.96 (95% CI, 0.90 to 1.0) with NA. The cutoff associated with the best sensitivity and specificity to diagnose CS was > 35.9 nmol/L (1.3 μg/dL; Se = 88.9%, 95% CI, 78.4% to 95.4%; Sp = 96.9%, 95% CI, 83.8% to 99.9%) with OA and > 33.1 (1.2 μg/dL; Se = 92.5%, 95% CI, 79.6% to 98.4%; Sp = 95.0%, 95% CI, 83.08% to 99.4%) with NA. CONCLUSIONS: The optimal cut point of the low-dose dexamethasone suppression test T8 cortisol for CS diagnosis after the antibody change was > 33.1 nmol/L (1.2 μg/dL), which is lower than the currently accepted cutoff of > 38.6 nmol/L (1.4 μg/dL). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: New cutoff value of T8 cortisol has been identified for the diagnosis of CS.
Clinical value of blood glucose concentrations in a large population of unhealthy client-owned chelonians.
Bakaj M, Colon V, Di Girolamo N
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41791234 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To describe variations in blood glucose concentrations depending on their clinical diagnosis in a large cohort of chelonians. METHODS: Data on species, sex, habitat, blood glucose, appetite, organ category, an...
OBJECTIVE: To describe variations in blood glucose concentrations depending on their clinical diagnosis in a large cohort of chelonians. METHODS: Data on species, sex, habitat, blood glucose, appetite, organ category, and disease type data were extracted and analyzed using commercial statistical software. Generalized linear models were built to evaluate the association between blood glucose concentrations and organ system or disease type while accounting for other predictor variables. RESULTS: After exclusion of healthy chelonians and chelonians missing glucose measurements, 967 chelonians were included in this study. The most represented chelonians were red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta elegans; n = 413), followed by African spurred tortoises (Centrochelys sulcata; 102). After multivariable adjustment, compared to chelonians with trauma, chelonians with infectious disease, inflammatory disease, metabolic disease, neoplastic disease, and vascular disease had glucose concentrations that were 33.3% to 48.2% lower. Compared to chelonians with urinary tract involvement, chelonians with different organ systems affected had blood glucose concentrations 16.4% to 61.9% lower. There were no associations between gout, dystocia, or urolithiasis and glucose concentrations. Chelonians with hyperuricemia had blood glucose concentrations 47.8% higher than those without hyperuricemia. CONCLUSIONS: Blood glucose concentrations may vary in chelonian patients depending on the type of disease and the organ affected, among other factors. Certain conditions result in increased or decreased glucose concentrations. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: When testing blood glucose in unhealthy chelonians, results should be interpreted considering species and disease context.
Prefemoral cystotomy in 45° dorsolateral recumbency is effective for urolith removal in African spurred tortoises (Centrochelys sulcata).
Nackley S, Di Girolamo N
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41791231 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To describe the feasibility, outcomes, and complications of prefemoral cystotomy in 45° dorsolateral recumbency in African spurred tortoises (Centrochelys sulcata) for cystolith removal. ANIMALS: African spurr...
OBJECTIVE: To describe the feasibility, outcomes, and complications of prefemoral cystotomy in 45° dorsolateral recumbency in African spurred tortoises (Centrochelys sulcata) for cystolith removal. ANIMALS: African spurred tortoises that underwent prefemoral cystotomy for cystolith removal by a specialist in herpetological medicine from May 2017 through May 2025. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: Records for 8 tortoises from 4 different institutions met inclusion criteria. The age of tortoises ranged from 3 to over 30 years, and body weight ranged from 1.5 to 47.9 kg. RESULTS: Preoperative diagnostic imaging showed 1 to 3 cystoliths, with the longest diameter of the cystoliths ranging from 21% to 65% of the maximum carapacial width. Positioning the tortoises at a 45° dorsolateral recumbency provided adequate exposure to the cystoliths and allowed extraction in all cases. In 2 cases, a circumferential wound protector/retractor was used as a conduit toward the lumen of the urinary bladder to limit celomic contamination. Seven of the 8 tortoises survived to discharge and to last available follow-up, 75 to 1,081 days from surgery. Common postoperative complaints included inappetence (4 cases), decreased urination and defecation (4 cases), and reduced activity (3 cases). Two cases experienced local complications: 1 required wound debridement for dehiscence, and the other developed cellulitis that resolved with medical treatment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Prefemoral cystotomy in 45° dorsolateral recumbency is an effective treatment for cystoliths in African spurred tortoises regardless of urolith or animal size. The technique described herein may reduce some of the challenges associated with treatment of cystolithiasis in chelonians.
Sacrococcygeal epidural injection of morphine and ropivacaine provides analgesia after feline ovariohysterectomy.
Boesch JM, Wong S, Tobin K … +6 more , Parry S, Muto R, Whittington M, Martin-Flores M, Campoy L, Gleed RD
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41791227 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To determine if sacrococcygeal epidural injection (SCEI) provides analgesia after feline ovariohysterectomy (OVH). METHODS: Systemically healthy intact cats were randomly assigned to control or epidural groups...
OBJECTIVE: To determine if sacrococcygeal epidural injection (SCEI) provides analgesia after feline ovariohysterectomy (OVH). METHODS: Systemically healthy intact cats were randomly assigned to control or epidural groups (n = 29 each). After standard analgesic premedication IM, propofol induction, and OVH under isoflurane, the epidural group underwent SCEI [0.75 mL/kg total volume, 0.1 mg/kg preservative-free morphine, and 0.93 mg/kg preservative-free ropivacaine] using electrolocation. Extubation was 0 hours. A blinded anesthesiologist assessed pain using the Feline Grimace Scale and the short form of the Universidade Estadual Paulista-Botucatu multidimensional pain assessment scale (UFEPS-SF), as well as urination and pelvic limb neurological function, at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 20 hours. Rescue analgesia consisted of robenacoxib. Kaplan-Meier survival analyses estimated differences between groups in time to rescue analgesia, normal pelvic limb neurological function, and urination. The χ2-association test evaluated the need for robenacoxib. Linear mixed effects models with post hoc Tukey tests compared pain scores between groups and over time. RESULTS: The SCEI had a significant effect on "survival" (robenacoxib unnecessary through 20 hours). Robenacoxib was required in 83% and 21% of cats in the control and epidural groups, respectively. Mean Feline Grimace Scale and (UFEPS-SF) scores were greater in the control group at 1 hour and 1 to 4 hours, respectively. Time to urination was significantly greater in the epidural group. CONCLUSIONS: The SCEI provides analgesia for up to 20 hours after OVH but delays urination. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The long duration of SCEI is similar to a single dose of an NSAID, providing a useful alternative if these are contraindicated.
Unleashing hope-advancing the frontier of comparative neuro-oncology at the University of Minnesota.
Knight J, Guedes AGP, Molgaard LK
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Mar · PMID 41791223 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Equine autologous platelet concentrate is a leukocyte-rich platelet-rich plasma with a high interleukin-1Ra-to-interleukin-1β ratio and high transforming growth factor-β1 concentration.
McKenna KD, Struble SE, Max LNF … +2 more , Linardi RL, Ortved KF
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41791222 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To quantify platelets, leukocytes, cytokines, and growth factors in ProVet autologous platelet concentrate (APC). We hypothesized that APC would contain significantly increased leukocytes and platelets compare...
OBJECTIVE: To quantify platelets, leukocytes, cytokines, and growth factors in ProVet autologous platelet concentrate (APC). We hypothesized that APC would contain significantly increased leukocytes and platelets compared to whole blood and significantly increased concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors compared to serum. METHODS: Blood was obtained from 6 horses and processed to produce APC. Leukocyte and platelet concentrations were quantified in whole blood and APC. Cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-1Ra, and growth factors, including PDGF-BB, TGF-β1, VEGF, and IGF-1, were quantified in serum and APC using immunoassays. RESULTS: Median leukocyte concentrations were significantly higher in APC (51.60 X 103 cells/μL) compared to blood (7.43 X 103 cells/μL; P = .0006). Median platelet concentrations (883.00 X 103 platelets/μL) were significantly higher in APC compared to blood (120.0 X 103 platelets/μL; P = .001). IL-1Ra was significantly concentrated in APC (53.12 ng/mL) compared to serum (below the limit of detection; P = .001), and the IL-1Ra:IL-1β ratio was significantly higher in APC (1,169) compared to serum (11.86; P = .0073). The median concentration of TGF-β1 was significantly higher in APC (12,480 pg/mL) compared to serum (6,943 pg/mL; P = .0003), whereas the median concentrations of IGF-1 (APC = 52.88 ng/mL and serum = 115.20 ng/mL; P = .0003) and PDGF-BB (APC = 1,388.41 pg/mL and serum = 1,707.24 pg/mL; P = .0017) were significantly lower in APC compared to serum. CONCLUSIONS: ProVet APC is a leukocyte-rich PRP containing elevated concentrations of IL-1Ra and TGF-β1. This portable, self-contained system provides equine practitioners with an easy way of producing PRP in the field. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study provides equine veterinarians with critical information about the constituents of a new orthobiologic.
Immersion in clove oil with and without ethanol does not result in consistent anesthesia in mystery snails (Pomacea bridgesii).
Davidson A, Scagnelli A, Clarke L … +1 more , Mans C
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41791220 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clove oil (CO) as an immersion anesthetic agent in mystery snails (Pomacea bridgesii). METHODS: Initial pilot trials evaluated CO (0.2 to 1 mL/L) and CO combined with ethanol (CO-E; 0.05 to 4 mL/L...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clove oil (CO) as an immersion anesthetic agent in mystery snails (Pomacea bridgesii). METHODS: Initial pilot trials evaluated CO (0.2 to 1 mL/L) and CO combined with ethanol (CO-E; 0.05 to 4 mL/L and 10 to 50 mL/L) in 40 mystery snails. Subsequently, a randomized, blinded, complete crossover study compared CO 0.5 mL/L and CO-E 0.5 and 10 mL/L in 28 snails. RESULTS: CO 0.5 mL/L resulted in 11 of 24 anesthetized with a median time to anesthesia of 30 minutes (20 to 85 minutes), time to first movement of 89 minutes (9 to 175 minutes), time to full recovery of 325 minutes (168 to 1,200 minutes), and median heart rate of 30 beats/min (20 to 40 beats/min). CO-E 0.5 mL/L and 10 mL/L resulted in 9 of 21 anesthetized. Adding ethanol to the CO immersion bath did not produce any significant differences in anesthetic parameters compared with CO alone. However, CO-E resulted in a 21% mortality rate (5 of 24) compared to 5% (1 of 21) with CO treatment. Gill necrosis was evident in all snails that died following CO-E anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: CO is a safe but inconsistent anesthetic agent for mystery snails at 0.5 mL/L, whereas CO 0.5 mL/L combined with ethanol 10 mL/L is not a safe anesthetic protocol in this species. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: While CO is frequently used interchangeably with eugenol, it is less effective than eugenol as an anesthetic in mystery snails, and combining it with ethanol resulted in high mortality.
Letters to the Editor.
Hawkins JF
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Feb · PMID 41775075 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Launch of veterinary service-learning series.
Fortier LA
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Feb · PMID 41775061 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Predictive equations measuring lung and lung lobe volumes in dogs based on thoracic height and width show promise with adjustments for some breeds.
Yamazaki K, Kaneyama A, Teraoka K … +9 more , Ito C, Taniguchi A, Tashiro K, Nagakawa M, Lee K, Sassa-O'Brien Y, Katayama M, Fukushima R, Kishimoto M
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41775057 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To develop and assess predictive equations for calculating lung and lung lobe volumes based on thoracic CT measurements in Shiba Inus, French Bulldogs, Chihuahuas, Miniature Dachshunds, and Toy Poodles. METHOD...
OBJECTIVE: To develop and assess predictive equations for calculating lung and lung lobe volumes based on thoracic CT measurements in Shiba Inus, French Bulldogs, Chihuahuas, Miniature Dachshunds, and Toy Poodles. METHODS: This retrospective analysis utilized CT data acquired from April 27, 2018, through November 8, 2024, from 5 dog breeds without respiratory or circulatory diseases. Volumes of the 7 lobes and thoracic cavity were measured. The total lung volume (TLV) was defined as the sum of all lobar volumes. Lobar volume proportions, interlobar volume ratios, and TLV-to-thoracic volume ratios were analyzed across breeds. Predictive equations for TLV and lobar volumes were derived using linear regression and lobar proportions. RESULTS: A total of 47 dogs were included. Significant between-breed differences were observed for all lobar volumes and TLV proportions of the middle, accessory, and caudal part of the left cranial lobe, whereas the TLV-to-thoracic volume ratio showed no differences among breeds. Within breeds, the volume of the entire left cranial lobe, combining cranial and caudal parts, was equivalent to the right cranial lobe in most breeds. Most breeds showed no significant differences in volume between the left and right caudal lobes or between the middle and accessory lobes. Mean error rates obtained from predictive equations were around 20% for all volumes. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed breed differences in pulmonary lobe volumes and proportions. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The baseline data on CT-derived lobar volumes for each dog breed might provide a foundation for future research investigating changes in lobar volumes.
Thoracic spondylosis deformans in search-and-rescue dogs.
Powers GJ, Wilson C, Reetz JA … +3 more , Mallikarjun A, Capparell T, Otto CM
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41771257 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence, age at first radiographic detection, severity, and progression of thoracic spondylosis deformans (SD) in search-and-rescue (SAR) dogs enrolled in a long-term medical surveillance pr...
OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence, age at first radiographic detection, severity, and progression of thoracic spondylosis deformans (SD) in search-and-rescue (SAR) dogs enrolled in a long-term medical surveillance program. METHODS: This retrospective case series analyzed thoracic radiographs from 127 SAR dogs. All dogs participated in a 15-year medical surveillance program beginning in 2001. Thoracic radiographs and health data were submitted annually by handlers when available; however, radiographs were not submitted each year consistently, and some data points were missing. One board-certified radiologist reviewed the radiographs for the presence, severity, and progression of thoracic SD. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize signalment and radiographic findings. RESULTS: Of the 127 dogs evaluated, 81 (63.8%) had thoracic SD identified on radiographs. The average age at first detection was 8.7 years (range, 2.0 to 15.8 years). Severity was classified as mild in 52.9% of cases, moderate in 32.8%, and severe in 14.2%. Radiographic progression occurred in 40% of affected dogs. The condition was observed across multiple breeds, including German Shepherd Dogs and Labrador Retrievers. CONCLUSIONS: Thoracic SD, an enthesopathy, is a common and sometimes progressive finding in SAR dogs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although historically considered an incidental finding, the identification of thoracic SD may inform long-term musculoskeletal monitoring and clinical management strategies for SAR and other working dogs.
Hypochloremia is negatively associated with outcomes in cats with stable congestive heart failure.
Lavigne C, Adin DB, Gurdyal N … +2 more , Cooper A, Harris AN
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41771254 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between serum chloride concentration (s[Cl-]) and survival outcomes in cats with stable congestive heart failure (CHF). METHODS: This was a single-institution retrospective study. Med...
OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between serum chloride concentration (s[Cl-]) and survival outcomes in cats with stable congestive heart failure (CHF). METHODS: This was a single-institution retrospective study. Medical record reviews of 178 client-owned cats from 2014 through 2024 identified 84 cats meeting inclusion criteria of stable CHF at least 1 week after hospitalization. Cats with significant gastrointestinal disease were excluded. Biochemical parameters, medications, and survival were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier methods. Forward stepwise Cox proportional hazards regression was used to identify independent predictors of death risk. RESULTS: Hypochloremia was defined as s[Cl-] < 112 mEq/L (the lower limit of the reference range). Fifteen cats were hypochloremic, and 69 cats were normochloremic. Hypochloremia was independently associated with a higher risk of death (hazard ratio, 2.82), and survival was shorter for cats with s[Cl-] < 112 mEq/L (159 days) compared to cats with s[Cl-] > 112 mEq/L (392 days). Diuretic dose was significantly higher in the hypochloremic group but was not an independent predictor of outcome in multivariable modeling. Two other confounders independently predicted outcome in the multivariable model (higher death risk with pimobendan use; hazard ratio, 1.96; lower death risk with normal BUN < 28 mg/dL; hazard ratio, 0.45). CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of cats with stable CHF, hypochloremia was independently associated with significantly shorter survival and increased mortality risk. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Efforts to normalize s[Cl-] in cats with CHF merit consideration.
10-millimeter radial tibial plateau-leveling osteotomy can achieve favorable outcomes with low complication rates in small-breed dogs.
Jung C, Kim J, Yun SY … +2 more , Lee B, Kang BJ
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41771253 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical outcomes and complications of 10-mm radial tibial plateau-leveling osteotomy (TPLO) using a 10-mm radial blade in small dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease. METHODS: This retrospec...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical outcomes and complications of 10-mm radial tibial plateau-leveling osteotomy (TPLO) using a 10-mm radial blade in small dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease. METHODS: This retrospective, observational study reviewed medical records of small-breed dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease that underwent unilateral or bilateral 10-mm radial TPLO at 2 veterinary referral hospitals from August 2022 through May 2025. Clinical and radiographic outcomes were assessed at 8 to 14 weeks and ≥ 6 months postoperatively. Kinetic gait analysis was performed preoperatively and at 2 to 24 weeks postoperatively in a subset. Long-term outcomes were supplemented by owner interviews ≥ 6 months postoperatively. RESULTS: Lameness scores improved from 3.2 ± 1.5 preoperatively to 0.9 ± 1.0 (short-term) and 0.1 ± 0.3 at long-term follow-up. Bone healing scores improved from 1.5 ± 0.6 at short-term to 1.0 ± 0.0 at long-term evaluation, indicating complete union in all cases. Peak vertical force, vertical impulse, and symmetry indices improved over time. Owner-assessed outcomes (n = 40) were excellent in 36 stifles (90%) and good in 4 (10%). Complications occurred in 3 stifles (6.0%), 2 major and 1 minor; all resolved without long-term morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: TPLO performed with a 10-mm radial blade was associated with significant improvements in clinical, kinetic, and radiographic outcomes with a low overall complication rate in small-breed dogs, although kinetic data were available only for a subset of cases. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The 10-mm radial TPLO achieved excellent clinical, kinetic, and radiographic outcomes with a low complication rate in small-breed dogs.
Histoplasma antigen test results are influenced by the urine collection method in dogs.
Como K, Aicher KM, Zhang S … +2 more , Hanzlicek AS, Gould EN
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41771251 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: A commercially available Histoplasma urine antigen enzyme immunoassay (MV antigen EIA; MiraVista Diagnostics) is widely used to support the diagnosis of histoplasmosis in dogs; however, a standardized urine co...
OBJECTIVE: A commercially available Histoplasma urine antigen enzyme immunoassay (MV antigen EIA; MiraVista Diagnostics) is widely used to support the diagnosis of histoplasmosis in dogs; however, a standardized urine collection technique does not exist. The objective was to evaluate agreement between 3 urine collection techniques (free catch [FC], cystocentesis [cysto], and iatrogenically hospital-contaminated cystocentesis [contam]) using the MV antigen EIA in dogs and to determine associated false-positive rates (FPRs). METHODS: Participants were 30 dogs suspected of histoplasmosis and 30 temporally matched, healthy controls. In this 12-month prospective study (December 2023 to 2024), 3 urine samples (FC, cysto, and contam) were collected within 24 hours from each dog. Agreement between methods was assessed using the McNemar test and Cohen κ coefficients. False-positive rates were calculated using clinical diagnosis as the reference standard. RESULTS: 3 clinically ill dogs were definitively diagnosed with histoplasmosis. Agreement was substantial between cysto and contam samples (κ = 0.68; 95% CI, 0.39 to 0.97) and moderate between cysto and FC (κ = 0.45; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.82) and FC and contam samples (κ = 0.42; 95% CI, 0.10 to 0.75). The overall FPR was 16% (9 of 57; 95% CI, 6 to 25%). The cysto samples had the lowest FPR (4% [2 of 57]; 95% CI, 1 to 12%), followed by FC (7% [4 of 57]; 95% CI, 3 to 17%) and contam (11% [6 of 57]; 95% CI, 5 to 21%). CONCLUSIONS: While all collection techniques demonstrated reasonable agreement, FC and contam samples were more prone to false positives. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Clinicians should confirm contam low-level positive results with sterile cysto to improve diagnostic accuracy and clinical decision-making for histoplasmosis in dogs.
Pharmacokinetics of intra-articular delivery of flavopiridol-loaded microparticles reveal sustained effects in Lewis rats.
Li Y
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41771250 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent and debilitating degenerative joint disease in both humans and companion animals, leading to chronic pain and mobility loss. The inflammation has been identified to play a cr...
OBJECTIVE: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent and debilitating degenerative joint disease in both humans and companion animals, leading to chronic pain and mobility loss. The inflammation has been identified to play a critical role in OA progression. Our prior work revealed that cyclin-dependent kinase 9 acts as a key regulator of early inflammatory gene activation and found an effective inhibitor, flavopiridol. To develop flavopiridol into an effective prevention and treatment of OA, this study focuses on the pharmacokinetics of our flavopiridol formulations upon IA injection. METHODS: 12 male 14-week-old Lewis rats (n = 4 per group) received IA administration of flavopiridol in either free form or encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles. Blood samples were collected via the saphenous vein at multiple time points. Plasma flavopiridol concentrations were quantified using a validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis. RESULTS: Free flavopiridol exhibited a higher peak plasma concentration and a shorter elimination half-life than that of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticle encapsulated formulations. In contrast, microparticle formulation provided sustained release of flavopiridol for at least 3 weeks, with a significantly lower mean peak plasma concentration and prolonged elimination half-life. CONCLUSIONS: Free flavopiridol has a short elimination half-life and limited systemic retention. In contrast, IA administration of microparticle encapsulated inhibitors offers sustained release and prolonged drug exposure at the target site while minimizing systemic side effects. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The microparticle-based sustained-release formulation provides a promising means for the prevention and long-term treatment of joint inflammation and OA in both humans and animals.
Use of rabbit-appeasing pheromone in mist form helps pet rabbits cope with transport.
Codecasa E, Asproni P, Cozzi A … +4 more , Monneret P, Descout E, Pageat P, Marcet-Rius M
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 41771247 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether rabbit-appeasing pheromone (RAP) use can help pet rabbits cope with transport. METHODS: This controlled experimental study was performed from April 18 through June 12, 2024. Rabbits underwe...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether rabbit-appeasing pheromone (RAP) use can help pet rabbits cope with transport. METHODS: This controlled experimental study was performed from April 18 through June 12, 2024. Rabbits underwent a 30-minute car trip in a crate sprayed with RAP in mist form or the control. Rabbits were video recorded to assess their behavior. Blood was sampled 2 days before transport, immediately after, 2 days after, and 8 days after to dose corticosterone. Statistical analysis was performed to assess differences between groups. RESULTS: Twenty-four 5-month-old New Zealand white rabbits (6 castrated males, 6 entire males, and 12 entire females) were divided between RAP (n = 12) and control (12) groups. Video analysis revealed that controls kept ears pushed back longer than RAP-treated rabbits (mean difference, 512.88 seconds; 95% CI, 64.39 to 961.38 seconds), and they also tended to be more agitated (mean difference, 88.71 seconds; 95% CI, -7.62 to 185.05 seconds), whereas RAP-treated rabbits kept ears in erect position longer (mean difference, 544.47 seconds; 95% CI, 111.56 to 977.39 seconds). The RAP group tended to have higher corticosterone levels after transport compared to the controls (mean difference, 33.14 ng/mL; 95% CI, -5.64 to 71.93 ng/mL), but levels became equivalent after 2 and 8 days. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that RAP modified the rabbit behavior and neuroendocrine stress response, suggesting a shift toward an adaptive coping strategy in response to transport. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Spraying RAP into the transport crate seems to be a promising method in helping pet rabbits cope with this event.
Pipettes to pets-the impact of research on clinical practice.
Butcher JT, Channappanavar R, Brandão J … +3 more , Catandi G, Black KA, Harrison KS
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Feb · PMID 41747391 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
The effect of botulinum toxin injection into the deep digital flexor muscle on foot biomechanics in healthy horses.
Slavik K, Underwood C, Lowndes C … +2 more , Skelton G, van Eps A
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 41747387 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of botulinum toxin inoculation into the deep digital flexor (DDF) muscle on foot biomechanics. METHODS: 6 healthy horses were injected with botulinum toxin in the DDF of 1 forelimb. The...
OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of botulinum toxin inoculation into the deep digital flexor (DDF) muscle on foot biomechanics. METHODS: 6 healthy horses were injected with botulinum toxin in the DDF of 1 forelimb. The opposite forelimb was untreated. Ground reaction forces (GRF) were measured using a pressure sensor in regions of interest, including the dorsal hoof wall (toe). The location of the center of pressure (COP) was measured relative to the dorsal hoof wall during static standing and at peak stance during walking. Repeat measurements 3, 7, 14, 28, and 42 days after injection were compared to baseline (pretreatment) using Friedman tests with Dunn multiple comparisons. RESULTS: There was a median 122-N (IQR, 66 to 254) reduction in the peak GRF at the toe at 7 days after Botox injection. The COP was shifted palmarly by 10 mm (IQR, 8 to 16) during stationary stance and by 6 mm (IQR, 3 to 7) during ambulation at day 7 compared to baseline. These changes were no longer significantly different to control by 14 days. No significant changes were seen in untreated limbs. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with botulinum toxin transiently reduced peak GRF at the toe and caused a palmar shift in COP at rest and during ambulation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These biomechanical effects of DDF botulinum toxin inoculation would be expected to reduce mechanical stress on the dorsal lamellae and could be useful for treatment of acute laminitis to help reduce distal phalangeal rotation.
Evaluation of a point-of-care device for creatinine measurement in nonazotemic pigs presented to a referral hospital.
Lemus JSF, Delvescovo B, Louie EW … +4 more , Parry S, Hon SA, Cercone M, McOnie RC
Am J Vet Res · 2026 May · PMID 41734467 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: To compare creatinine concentrations measured using a point-of-care unit (Nova StatSensor; NSS) to those from a comparison method (CM) chemistry analyzer from pigs presented at a referral institution. METHODS:...
OBJECTIVE: To compare creatinine concentrations measured using a point-of-care unit (Nova StatSensor; NSS) to those from a comparison method (CM) chemistry analyzer from pigs presented at a referral institution. METHODS: A clinical prospective study was performed including 61 pigs admitted to Cornell Nemo Farm Animal Hospital for clinical reasons. Heparinized blood samples were obtained by venous aspiration, and whole-blood samples were obtained via ear prick. Creatinine concentrations were subsequently measured in triplicate on the NSS (on heparinized venous samples [NSSven] and ear prick samples [NSSear]) and compared to the CM. Paired t tests and intraclass correlation coefficients were performed. A Bland-Altman plot was graphed based on a linear mixed-effects model to estimate agreement between tests. Equivalence testing was performed. RESULTS: NSSven (n = 110) and NSSear (71) from 61 nonazotemic pigs were analyzed. The mean creatinine ± SD was 1.3 ± 0.52 mg/dL from the CM, 1.1 ± 0.43 mg/dL from the NSSven, and 1.2 ± 0.42 mg/dL from the NSSear. Bias existed between average NSSven (-0.17 mg/dL) and NSSear (-0.21 mg/dL) and the CM. The 95% CI of the limit of agreement between the NSSven and CM was -0.88 to 0.54 and -1.04 to 0.62 between the NSSear and CM. The tests were not equivalent at 0.3 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS: The NSSven, NSSear, and CM results are different and not equivalent in nonazotemic pigs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The use of this device for screening of creatinine in pigs is discouraged based on the results in this population.
About
- Frequency
- Sun
- Papers found
- 200
- RSS feed
- Subscribe