Nihon Rinsho. Japanese Journal Of Clinical Medicine[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
The past changes and future perspectives on Parkinson's disease therapeutics in Japan.
Tsunemi T, Hattori N
Nihon Rinsho · 2017 Jan · PMID 30566289
The treatment of Parkinson's disease was exclusively restricted to levodopa until the mid-1980s, and levodopa stays the gold standard in 2016. Improvement in understanding for the functional organization of basal ganglia...
The treatment of Parkinson's disease was exclusively restricted to levodopa until the mid-1980s, and levodopa stays the gold standard in 2016. Improvement in understanding for the functional organization of basal ganglia paved the way for deep brain stimulation that provides dramatic benefit against levodopa-induced motor complications. Novel dopamine agonists, catecholmethyltransferase inhibitors, and monoamine oxidase B inhibitors offered more continuous dopamine delivery that can attenuate motor complications. The early dopamine agonists' usage can postpone the onset of dyskinesia. The focus of the randomized controlled trials has recently been expanded to nonmotor symptoms, such as depression, dementia, and psychosis. Despite these therapeutic progresses and challenges, substantial inhibition of disease progression remains yet to be realized. For future therapeutic interventions, it is required to develop newer molecular targets, new disease models, novel clinical study designs, and sensitive biomdarkers to detect patients at the early stage and assess the efficacy of disease modification.
Conceptual definition in the metamorphosing Parkinson's disease.
Maeda T, Iwaoka K, Terayama Y
Nihon Rinsho · 2017 Jan · PMID 30566288
Two hundred years ago, James Parkinson wrote 'An Essay on the Shaking Palsy'. The discovery of Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra and dopamine deficiency in the nigro- striatal dopaminergic system have confirmed the dis...
Two hundred years ago, James Parkinson wrote 'An Essay on the Shaking Palsy'. The discovery of Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra and dopamine deficiency in the nigro- striatal dopaminergic system have confirmed the disease concept of Parkinson's disease. Dopamine replacement therapy dramatically improves the clinical prognosis. However, variable nonmotor symptoms have been noticed by many clinical researches, which can deteriorate the quality of life. Visual hallucination, fall and dementia can prescribe the late stage prognosis. In addition, part of nonmotor symptoms can develop before motor symptoms appear. Nowadays, the prodromal stage of Parkinson's disease may be detected using with the research criteria. The disease concept of Parkinson's disease is still metamorphosing under the storage of the novel evidences.
[Diagnostics and therapeutics for Ebola hemorrhagic fever: application of monoclonal antibody].
Takada A
Nihon Rinsho · 2016 Dec · PMID 30550671
Ebolaviruses, members of the family Filoviridae, cause severe hemorrhagic fever (Ebola virus disease: EVD) in humans and nonhuman primates with case fatality rates of up to 90%. No effective prophylaxis or treatment for...
Ebolaviruses, members of the family Filoviridae, cause severe hemorrhagic fever (Ebola virus disease: EVD) in humans and nonhuman primates with case fatality rates of up to 90%. No effective prophylaxis or treatment for EVD is yet commercially available. The latest out- break of EVD in West Africa has highlighted the urgent need for the development of thera- peutics and diagnostics. This outbreak has indeed accelerated efforts to develop antiviral countermeasures and unapproved vaccines, drugs, and diagnostics were used during the outbreak, some of which have undergone clinical trials. This article reviews recent advances on the development of therapeutics and diagnostics for EVD, particularly focusing on the util- ity of virus-specific monoclonal antibodies.
[Simulation of infectious diseases to prevent spread].
Yasuda H
Nihon Rinsho · 2016 Dec · PMID 30550670
Models of infectious diseases to prevent spread, SIR model, agent-based model and net- work model, are shortly reviewed. And, the outbreak of influenza HlN1 2009 in the suburb of metropolitan Tokyo is reported as a case...
Models of infectious diseases to prevent spread, SIR model, agent-based model and net- work model, are shortly reviewed. And, the outbreak of influenza HlN1 2009 in the suburb of metropolitan Tokyo is reported as a case study of simulation using model.
[The mechanism for emergence of viral drug-resistance].
Mizutani T
Nihon Rinsho · 2016 Dec · PMID 30550669
Antiviral drug was firstly reported regarding thiosemicarbazones developed for poxviruses in 1951. Then, human beings have been developed antiviral drugs using the latest technolo- gies including drug-design by computer,...
Antiviral drug was firstly reported regarding thiosemicarbazones developed for poxviruses in 1951. Then, human beings have been developed antiviral drugs using the latest technolo- gies including drug-design by computer, selection from huge compounds, antibodies and ge- nome editing. However, drug-resistant viruses always emerge because viruses are able to easily mutate. Although Favipiravir, which is a broad-spectrum antiviral drug, became a hot topic by having antiviral activity to several viruses including ebolavirus, viral drug-resistance would have been appeared by mutation in chikungunya virus. In this paper, the herpesvirus, HIV and influenza virus were focused to introduce development of antiviral drugs and the mechanism for emergence of drug-resistance.
[Prevention and treatment for intractable infectious diseases through the iPSC-based technology: status quo and perspective].
Wakao H, Sugimoto C
Nihon Rinsho · 2016 Dec · PMID 30550668
Nowadays, antibiotic resistance is a serious global health concern, for it is observed every- where on the earth. While antibiotic is effective for controlling pathogens, an inappropriate use of the antibiotic leads to a...
Nowadays, antibiotic resistance is a serious global health concern, for it is observed every- where on the earth. While antibiotic is effective for controlling pathogens, an inappropriate use of the antibiotic leads to antibiotic resistance. Given that the ability to develop novel anti- biotics is quite limited, a new strategy must be developed to fight against it. Mucosal- associated invariant T cells (MAITs) belong to a family of the innate-like T cells that bridges the gap between the innate and the adaptive immunity. We have generated iPSCs from MAITs and redifferentiated MAITs from the iPSCs. These MAITs exerted anti- mycobacterial activity in mice. Advent of such cells will pave the way to exploit a novel arsen- al against antibiotic resistance.
[Prevention and control of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne infectious diseases].
Sawabe K
Nihon Rinsho · 2016 Dec · PMID 30550667
The imported dengue cases has increased recently, and 162 autochthonous dengue cases were reported in 2014 in Japan. Since late 2014, the Zika virus has spread widely throughout the Americas. The surveillance for the inv...
The imported dengue cases has increased recently, and 162 autochthonous dengue cases were reported in 2014 in Japan. Since late 2014, the Zika virus has spread widely throughout the Americas. The surveillance for the invasion of these mosquito-borne infectious diseases is indispensable. Japanese encephalitis is found throughout Asia and there is still a risk of human infection in Japan. Over 3,500 species of mosquitoes have been documented through- out the world, and over 100 in Japan. Among these, we suggest the following four are the major vector mosquitoes in Japan: Culex pipiens, Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Aedes albopictus, and Anopheles spp. Here, I introduce the characteristics of each vector mosquito species, with an aim to aid the prevention and control of mosquito-borne infectious diseases.
[Case management of ill travelers with infectious diseases].
Kato Y
Nihon Rinsho · 2016 Dec · PMID 30550666
Recent increase of international travelers raises awareness of travel-related infections. Travelers' diarrhea is the most common and caused by diarrheagenic E. coli and other patho- gens. Undifferentiated fever challenge...
Recent increase of international travelers raises awareness of travel-related infections. Travelers' diarrhea is the most common and caused by diarrheagenic E. coli and other patho- gens. Undifferentiated fever challenges physicians to correctly diagnose and includes ma- laria, dengue, and enteric fever. The pre-test probability for a disease which causes undiffer- entiated fever largely depends on the travel destination. Malaria is most common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan Africa while dengue is most common those returning from Southeast Asia and Latin America. Screening for asymptomatic travelers is not generally rec- ommended, but for long-term travelers and immigrants. Following outbreaks of highly infectious diseases in the past decades, hospital prepared- ness for travel-related infections focuses on infection prevention and control. Emerging viral pneumonias such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and avian influenza H7N9 are major concerns. As seen in the largest outbreak of Ebola virus disease in West Africa, imported viral hemorrhagic fever such as Lassa fever is another concern. Since multidrug resistant bacteria silently spread globally by infected travelers, it would be of help to install appropriate isolation precaution for travelers with history of hospital admission abroad.
[Usefulness of pre-travel medical examination and vaccination].
Watanabe H
Nihon Rinsho · 2016 Dec · PMID 30550665
At present, both the number of Japanese travelers to foreign countries and foreign travel- ers who visit Japan are remarkably increasing. Travel clinic for travelers is well-known in western countries and medical consult...
At present, both the number of Japanese travelers to foreign countries and foreign travel- ers who visit Japan are remarkably increasing. Travel clinic for travelers is well-known in western countries and medical consultation, vaccination, prescription, etc are performed, but that is not popular in Japan yet. Most Japanese travelers to foreign countries do not necessa- rily collect any information concerning the infectious diseases which are endemic in the des- tination and security related with their travel and hesitates to receive the recommended vac- cines or prophylactic for malaria. Recently, travel clinics in Japan are gradually increasing due to the support project by Japanese society of travel and health, etc.
[Dengue fever].
Tajima S, Takasaki T
Nihon Rinsho · 2016 Dec · PMID 30550664
Dengue fever is mosquito-transmitted viral diseases. Dengue viruses (DENV) belong to the family Flaviviridae, which includes other clinically important human pathogenic flavivi- ruses. No effective antiviral drugs exist...
Dengue fever is mosquito-transmitted viral diseases. Dengue viruses (DENV) belong to the family Flaviviridae, which includes other clinically important human pathogenic flavivi- ruses. No effective antiviral drugs exist to treat dengue, however, a vaccine for dengue has been licensed in several countries recently. DENV infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in most tropical and subtropical areas of the world, but they have also emerged in other regions. In August 2014, an autochthonous case of dengue fever in a patient who had not traveled endemic country was reported in Tokyo after 70 years with no dengue out- breaks.
[Parasite infections: schistosomiasis and echinococcosis].
Ohta N, Ito A, Kita K
Nihon Rinsho · 2016 Dec · PMID 30550663
Current situations of schistosomiasis and echinococcosis as re-emerging helminthic infec- tions are reported. Because of their relatively complicated life-cycles, those infections are in- fluenced and drifted by social a...
Current situations of schistosomiasis and echinococcosis as re-emerging helminthic infec- tions are reported. Because of their relatively complicated life-cycles, those infections are in- fluenced and drifted by social and/or natural changed. Schistosomiasis is a trematode infec- tion, for which snails are needed as intermediate hosts in the life-cycle, therefore, endemic situation of schistosomiasis reflect ecological condition of their intermediate snail hosts. Current changes in the global environmental and/or climate conditions affect distribution of snail hosts, and subsequently, schistosomiasis can be appeared or disappeared. On the other hand, echinococcosis is a cestode infection of which life-cycle is mainly maintained in the wild animals. Social or economical development affects their endemic situations. Risk evalu- ation and future prospect of those helminth infections are discussed.
[West Nile fever/Neuroinvasive disease caused by WNV].
Hasebe F
Nihon Rinsho · 2016 Dec · PMID 30550662
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that invaded New York City in 1999 and quickly spread and settled in all 48 contiguous United States and all 10 Canadian provin- ces. WNV is still expanding its territ...
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that invaded New York City in 1999 and quickly spread and settled in all 48 contiguous United States and all 10 Canadian provin- ces. WNV is still expanding its territory and is now headed towards Latin American coun- tries. Neuroinvasive disease caused by WNV develops in less than 1% of the affected popula- tion, but its mortality rate is approximately 10%. An imported WNV infection case occurred in Japan in 2005. Reservoir birds and mosquito vectors for WNV infection cycle are existing in Japan. Thus, we need to be cautious for a possible invasion of WNV in Japan.
[Malaria].
Shinohara K, Takeshita N
Nihon Rinsho · 2016 Dec · PMID 30550661
Malaria is infectious diseases caused by Plasmodium parasite, which transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. Although the global burden of malaria has been decreasing in recent years, malaria remains one of the most importan...
Malaria is infectious diseases caused by Plasmodium parasite, which transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. Although the global burden of malaria has been decreasing in recent years, malaria remains one of the most important infectious diseases, from the point of view of its morbidity and mortality. Imported malaria is one of the major concerns at the evalua- tion of a febrile illness in a traveler returned from the endemic countries. The diagnosis and management of malaria cases requires much experience and knowledge. We review the epi- demiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of malaria in Japan.
[Prevention, diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis].
Kato S
Nihon Rinsho · 2016 Dec · PMID 30550660
Current incidence of tuberculosis (7B) in Japan is 14.4 per 100,000 populations, which is higher than the western countries. Inhalation of TB bacilli is difficult to control except for using N95 respirator in a medical f...
Current incidence of tuberculosis (7B) in Japan is 14.4 per 100,000 populations, which is higher than the western countries. Inhalation of TB bacilli is difficult to control except for using N95 respirator in a medical facility. BCG is effective to prevent from serious TB disease especially for children. Latent tuberculosis infection treatment is recommended in order to attain low incidence. Early diagnosis is most critical for prevention. It is important to suspect TB for those having cough more than two weeks and do chest radiograph as well as bacterio logical examinations with good sputum specimen. Treatment should be given observing National Standard of TB Care under proper patient support for adherence in collaboration with health center.
[Zika virus infection].
Kutsuna S
Nihon Rinsho · 2016 Dec · PMID 30550659
Zika fever is a subfebrile illness caused by Zika virus, which mainly spreads through the bite of infected mosquitoes. Zika virus is a member of the family Flaviviridae,,which includes dengue viruses, West Nile, and yell...
Zika fever is a subfebrile illness caused by Zika virus, which mainly spreads through the bite of infected mosquitoes. Zika virus is a member of the family Flaviviridae,,which includes dengue viruses, West Nile, and yellow fever viruses. Clinical manifestations of Zika virus in- fection include acute onset of low-grade fever with maculopapular pruritic rash, arthralgia, or nonpurulent conjunctivitis. Zika virus infection has been associated with neurologic compli- cations such an Guillain-Barr syndrome, myelitis, meningoencephalitis, and congenital mi- crocephaly. Currently, there is an ongoing Zika virus outbreak in the Americas, the Caribbean, and the Pacific; the World Health Organization (WHO) has stated has declared Zika virus and its associated complications a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.
[Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection].
Ohnishi M
Nihon Rinsho · 2016 Dec · PMID 30550658
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) can cause severe foodborne disease with ab- dominal cramps and bloody diarrhea. EHEC infection was recognized in 1982. In Japan 3000- 4000 cases are reported annually. Primary so...
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) can cause severe foodborne disease with ab- dominal cramps and bloody diarrhea. EHEC infection was recognized in 1982. In Japan 3000- 4000 cases are reported annually. Primary sources of EHEC outbreaks are raw or under- cooked meat products, and human-to-human infection also can occur. The illness is usually self-limiting, but it may lead to a life-threatening disease including hemolytic uremic syn- drome (HUS) and encephalopathy. As EHEC is heat-sensitive, basic food hygiene practices such as "cook thoroughly" is the most important strategy for prevention.
[Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever].
Masayuki S
Nihon Rinsho · 2016 Dec · PMID 30550657
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), caused by infection with CCHF virus (CCHFV), is viral hemorrhagic fever with high case fatality rate. CCHFV is classified to Family Bunyaviridae, Genus Nairovirus. CCHF is endemic...
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), caused by infection with CCHF virus (CCHFV), is viral hemorrhagic fever with high case fatality rate. CCHFV is classified to Family Bunyaviridae, Genus Nairovirus. CCHF is endemic to Africa, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, central Asia, and southern Asia. CCHFV is maintained in nature in several spe- cies of ticks (Hyalomma and Ixodes species) and mammals. Humans are infected with CCHFV by tick-bite or direct contact with viremic animals such as sheep. The CCHF-endemic re- gions are relatively economically disadvantaged areas, therefore CCHF is considered to be one of the neglected infectious diseases. The pathophysiology has not yet been clarified fully. It is necessary to clarify the pathophysiology of CCHF and to develop specific antiviral drug- based therapy and vaccines, which might be effective in confering protection against CCHFV infections in the near future, because CCHF outbreaks continue to occur in the endemic re- gions.
[Ebola hemorrhagic fever/Ebola virus disease - Marburg disease - Lassa fever].
Shimada T
Nihon Rinsho · 2016 Dec · PMID 30550656
Ebola virus disease, Marburg disease, and Lassa fever are viral hemorrhagic fevers with similar clinical manifestations. Given the recent expanding movement of people around the world, persons infected with any of these...
Ebola virus disease, Marburg disease, and Lassa fever are viral hemorrhagic fevers with similar clinical manifestations. Given the recent expanding movement of people around the world, persons infected with any of these hemorrhagic fever viruses might develop symp- toms in Japan. Clinicians should be aware of the latest situation once viral hemorrhagic fever is reported from any country. Obtaining travel history is crucial in suspecting viral hemorrha- gic fever when an acute febrile patient visits a medical facility. Secure implementation of standard precautions would limit further nosocomial transmission even before diagnosis. In order to investigate promptly a suspected case, medical facilities and health authorities should collaborate closely and effectively to break the transmission chain as soon as possi- ble.
[HIV infection/AIDS].
Tsukada K
Nihon Rinsho · 2016 Dec · PMID 30550655
In 2015, 36.7 million people globally were estimated to be living with HIV. As well as reduc- ing the morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected persons associated with HIV infection, effec- tive antiretroviral therapy has...
In 2015, 36.7 million people globally were estimated to be living with HIV. As well as reduc- ing the morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected persons associated with HIV infection, effec- tive antiretroviral therapy has been demonstrated to reduce the risk of HIV transmission to sexual partners from HIV-infected person dramatically. Current treatment guidelines recom- mend antiretroviral therapy for all HIV-infected individuals, regardless of CD4 cell count.
[Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome].
Morikawa S
Nihon Rinsho · 2016 Dec · PMID 30550654
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a tick-borne emerging infectious viral disease in China, Korea and Japan, which is caused by a novel Bunyavirus, SFTS virus. SFTS virus is thought to be maintained in...
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a tick-borne emerging infectious viral disease in China, Korea and Japan, which is caused by a novel Bunyavirus, SFTS virus. SFTS virus is thought to be maintained in animal-tick interface. This review describes epi- demiology, route of human infection, clinical feature, therapeutics, prophylaxis and preven- tion of SFTS.
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