The Journal Of The Acoustical Society Of America[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Characterizing listener perception of dysarthric speech beyond speech intelligibility.
Krajewski E, Lee J, Olmstead AJ … +1 more , Viswanathan N
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 May · PMID 42190104 · Publisher ↗
Speech intelligibility, naturalness, and listening effort are interrelated perceptual dimensions that appear to be similarly affected in dysarthric speech when examined across speakers. However, it is unclear whether wit...
Speech intelligibility, naturalness, and listening effort are interrelated perceptual dimensions that appear to be similarly affected in dysarthric speech when examined across speakers. However, it is unclear whether within-speaker changes in one dimension relate to changes in the others. This has implications for understanding whether these perceptions are formed from stable speaker-level characteristics or more fine-grained aspects of speech. The current study examined how listener perceptions vary in response to within-speaker variability across different speech tasks-habitual speech, clear speech, and structured interactive speech. Naïve listeners heard /h/-vowel-/d/ words produced by individuals with dysarthria. In two separate tasks, they rated either speech naturalness or listening effort and identified the stimuli they heard. Naturalness ratings, effort ratings, response accuracy, and response times were analyzed. Intelligibility and reported listening effort were improved in clear and interactive speech compared to habitual speech. Furthermore, intelligibility and response time were improved for interactive speech over clear speech. Speech naturalness did not differ across tasks. Finally, greater speech intelligibility was associated with faster response times, but not with naturalness or reported listening effort. These findings suggest that intelligibility, naturalness, and listening effort represent distinct constructs that are affected differently by speech modifications.
Timing of tongue body movements in V1-C-V2 sequences with respect to segment boundaries in German.
Kleiner C, Mooshammer C, Belz M … +1 more , Birkholz P
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 May · PMID 42190103 · Publisher ↗
Understanding and modeling the timing of speech gestures are central to theories of speech motor control and to applications, such as articulatory speech synthesis. In this study, realizations of Vowel1-Consonant-Vowel2...
Understanding and modeling the timing of speech gestures are central to theories of speech motor control and to applications, such as articulatory speech synthesis. In this study, realizations of Vowel1-Consonant-Vowel2 (V1-C-V2) sequences were recorded with electromagnetic articulography to analyze the onset and offset times of tongue body movements between the vowels V1 and V2 relative to the acoustic interval of the consonant C. For this, the consonants /ʔ,m,f,p,pf/, which do not require specific tongue movements, and the vowels /a,i,u/ were considered. The relative onset time of the V1-V2 tongue movement was affected mainly by the V1 and C durations as well as by the main movement direction. The relative offset time was affected mainly by the C duration and the movement range. The derived rules for the temporal coordination of vowel and consonant gestures could help to generate more realistic articulator trajectories for articulatory speech synthesis.
Deep-sea acoustic shadow-zone ensonification using a phased array and glider-based passive reception.
Zhu Z, Wang M, Chen N … +2 more , Peng D, Ma L
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 May · PMID 42190102 · Publisher ↗
Continuous wide-area detection and communication are vital for deep-sea applications. However, deep-sea acoustic shadow zones cause significant energy attenuation, severely limiting the effective coverage of underwater a...
Continuous wide-area detection and communication are vital for deep-sea applications. However, deep-sea acoustic shadow zones cause significant energy attenuation, severely limiting the effective coverage of underwater acoustic systems. Phased array emission combined with bottom reflection exhibits the potential to achieve acoustic shadow-zone ensonification; however, systematic experimental validation remains limited, and observational capabilities for large-scale acoustic field characterization are constrained. To address these issues, this paper conducts a theoretical analysis and sea trial verification of the phased array emission sound field, proposing a wide-area observation method utilizing an underwater glider as a passive reception platform. In a deep-sea experiment conducted in the South China Sea at a depth of approximately 4310 m, shadow-zone ensonification within a horizontal range of 14.5-32.5 km and a depth interval of 58-889 m was achieved and experimentally verified by steering the phased array emission angle. Experimental results indicate a distinct negative correlation between the optimal phased array emission angle and the acoustic energy focusing distance; simultaneously, an acoustic energy gain of approximately 30 dB was achieved at a near-field range of 14.5 km, and an energy enhancement exceeding 14 dB was maintained in far-field and greater-depth regions.
Interaction of elastic waves in incompressible soft materials containing weak quadratic and cubic nonlinearity.
Zhang C, Sun M, Li X … +1 more , Kube CM
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 May · PMID 42172489 · Publisher ↗
Scattering of sound from sound describes the process of mixing two or more waves to produce additional waves at the sum and difference frequencies of the original waves. Such wave mixing is well known within the topic of...
Scattering of sound from sound describes the process of mixing two or more waves to produce additional waves at the sum and difference frequencies of the original waves. Such wave mixing is well known within the topic of nonlinear acoustics. For compressible solids, Korneev and Demčenko [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 135, 591-598 (2014)] developed a full accounting of all possible two wave interactions in weakly nonlinear and compressible elastic materials with inclusion of first-order nonlinear effects. The theory developed for compressible materials prevents those results from direct application to soft or nearly incompressible materials, which are important for biomedical ultrasound diagnostics. This article develops the full accounting of wave mixing configurations for two shear waves in weakly nonlinear incompressible elastic materials, including effects from first- and second-order nonlinearity. In turn, the topic of nonlinear wave mixing is fully extended into a previously unexplored class of materials. Quantitative results based on parameters from pig brain highlight the potential of new wave mixing configurations for diagnostic ultrasound.
Ecological soundscapes viewed through auditory cortical representationsa).
Shamma S
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 May · PMID 42172488 · Publisher ↗
Environmental sounds are rich and varied, and hence, characterizing them efficiently to track their evolution over time or contrast them when necessary can be a difficult endeavor. Here, we suggest that the multiresoluti...
Environmental sounds are rich and varied, and hence, characterizing them efficiently to track their evolution over time or contrast them when necessary can be a difficult endeavor. Here, we suggest that the multiresolution "cortical" representation inspired by auditory neurophysiological and psychoacoustical studies provides an effective means to accomplish these goals. It does so by recapitulating the analysis of sound at various stages of the auditory pathway, achieving at the end a perceptually relevant representation of the soundscape surrounding us to enjoy it, to preserve its health, and to avoid its degradation.
Sensitivity analysis of normal mode algorithms using automatic differentiation.
Vardi A, Averbuch G, Leonard JJ
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 May · PMID 42172487 · Publisher ↗
Acoustic propagation underwater is affected by dynamic and spatial variations of the sound speed, both of which can be observed in underwater environments. In this work, a differentiable implementation of the KRAKEN norm...
Acoustic propagation underwater is affected by dynamic and spatial variations of the sound speed, both of which can be observed in underwater environments. In this work, a differentiable implementation of the KRAKEN normal mode model is presented. By applying automatic differentiation to the discretized algebraic eigenvalue problem, we obtain sensitivities of every modal quantity with respect to a full set of geoacoustic parameters and frequency. These sensitivities are accurate to machine precision. This opens gradient-based methods for inversion purposes, such as source localization and geoacoustic inversion. The utility of this approach is demonstrated by performing sensitivity analyses on classical benchmark problems. These analyses provide insight into parameter significance, validate our implementation, and offer a foundation for developing more efficient gradient-based inversion techniques.
Leaky adaptive filtering approaches for music-driven sound zone generation.
Pagès G, Melon M, Simon L … +1 more , Longo R
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 May · PMID 42172486 · Publisher ↗
Sound zones aim to create distinct listening areas within the same physical space. Such systems have potential applications in environments where listeners may move or where the acoustic environment may change. However,...
Sound zones aim to create distinct listening areas within the same physical space. Such systems have potential applications in environments where listeners may move or where the acoustic environment may change. However, most existing sound zone methods are designed for static conditions, which limits their performance in dynamic scenarios-particularly when reproducing music signals that exhibit strong temporal correlation. To address this challenge, some methods including closed-loop algorithms have been proposed to continuously adapt filters in real time, using acoustic pressure at control points. Unfortunately, these methods suffer from slow convergence speeds due to correlated input signals. In this paper, three leaky gradient descent-based adaptive filtering approaches for generating sound zones in a potentially dynamic context are proposed to solve the sound zone problem. Their results are compared to the ones obtained with an existing adaptive filtering method: the filtered-x least mean squares. The leaky filtered-x affine projection algorithm (LFx-APA) enhances convergence speed and robustness by projecting over multiple past measurements, making it well-suited for non-stationary audio signals. Simulations performed in a reverberant room demonstrate that the LFx-APA achieves higher performance in terms of contrast without increasing reproduction error when the audio content is non-stationary.
Tone-in-notched-noise testing for screening high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss.
Wang X, Rasidi WNA, Hoe SZ … +1 more , Seluakumaran K
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 May · PMID 42172485 · Publisher ↗
High-frequency sensorineural hearing loss (HF-SNHL) is typically permanent and progressive, making early detection important. This study evaluated masked tone thresholds in narrowband noise (TNB), notched noise (TNN), an...
High-frequency sensorineural hearing loss (HF-SNHL) is typically permanent and progressive, making early detection important. This study evaluated masked tone thresholds in narrowband noise (TNB), notched noise (TNN), and their derived difference (TFS) for HF-SNHL screening at 4 and 8 kHz. Eighty-eight participants (18-79 years) with normal hearing or varying degrees of HF-SNHL completed testing using a self-administered Frequency Selectivity Screener application on consumer-grade devices. TNN demonstrated equivalent or better within-session test-retest reliability than TNB and TFS, with Bland-Altman limits of agreement of ±3.11 dB at 4 kHz and ±4.07 dB at 8 kHz. TNN also showed stronger associations with pure-tone audiometric thresholds (Spearman's ρ = 0.84-0.87). Diagnostic accuracy, evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curves, was excellent for TNN (area under the curve >0.90 at both frequencies), outperforming TNB and matching the performance of TFS. Despite its assumed advantage for isolating peripheral dysfunction, TFS provided no diagnostic advantage over TNN alone. These findings support TNN testing as a reliable suprathreshold, frequency-specific measure for HF-SNHL screening that could complement conventional audiological assessments. Further studies are warranted to validate its utility across diverse populations and for longitudinal monitoring.
A numerical analysis of anti-focus driving to improve focal quality in transvertebral focused ultrasound.
Martin D, Jones RM, O'Reilly MA
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 May · PMID 42165623 · Publisher ↗
Ultrasound-mediated drug delivery holds promise for treating spinal cord diseases, but the spinal canal is a challenging focused ultrasound target. This in silico study explores Tikhonov-regularized anti-focus (AF) drivi...
Ultrasound-mediated drug delivery holds promise for treating spinal cord diseases, but the spinal canal is a challenging focused ultrasound target. This in silico study explores Tikhonov-regularized anti-focus (AF) driving to improve transspinal focal quality when focusing with a 256-element, 400-kHz spine-specific array. Three focusing methods were simulated for 80 targets in an ex vivo human spine: (1) uncorrected (water-case) phases and amplitudes, (2) simulation-derived phases and inverse amplitude correction, and (3) AF-derived phases and amplitude shading. Simulation-derived correction reduced mean targeting error from 4.6 ± 2.1 mm to 3.2 ± 3.1 mm relative to the uncorrected case. AF-derived driving further reduced mean targeting error to 1.4 ± 0.9 mm but decreased driving efficiency (maximum pressure normalized to driving amplitude) by 51%. Simulations were then extended to 304 targets in 4 human spines from an open-source CT dataset. Targeting error was reduced from 5.2 ± 2.8 mm in the uncorrected case to 4.0 ± 3.2 mm when using phase and inverse amplitude correction (23% decrease), whereas AF-derived driving reduced mean targeting error to 1.6 ± 1.4 mm (69% decrease). In conclusion, AF-based driving greatly reduces targeting error in transspinal focused ultrasound simulations at a cost of reduced driving efficiency.
Dispersion characteristics of the Rayleigh and Scholte waves in submarine slope regions: Theoretical analysis for transversely isotropic seabed.
Lu C, Shan Z, Zhao J … +1 more , Xie Z
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 May · PMID 42165622 · Publisher ↗
Interface waves are widely utilized for applications in ground motion analysis and geophysical exploration. To enhance understanding of seismic wave propagation in marine environments, this study derives, for the first t...
Interface waves are widely utilized for applications in ground motion analysis and geophysical exploration. To enhance understanding of seismic wave propagation in marine environments, this study derives, for the first time, the dispersion equation for interface waves at the fluid / transversely isotropic solid half-space interface within a submarine slope region. Results indicate that a more rigid seafloor basement amplifies the effect of the slope angle on interface wave propagation. Slope angle significantly affects dispersion curves within specific frequency-thickness ranges. For a 4° basaltic slope, the calculated differences in fundamental mode phase and group velocities between horizontal and inclined models reached 8.01% and 25.52%, respectively. These significant discrepancies demonstrate the critical importance of accounting for slope effects. Notably, while the interface wavenumber is a real number in the horizontal model, it becomes complex in the inclined model, indicating that interface waves exhibit a slight leakage property. Furthermore, anisotropy influences interface wave dispersion; however, as the degree of anisotropy increases, the impact of the slope angle on both phase and group velocity dispersion characteristics diminishes. This study provides a new theoretical basis for understanding seismic responses in submarine slope regions.
Introduction to the special issue on sound absorption and diffusion: Modeling, measurement, and applicationa).
Nolan M, D'Antonio P, Xiang N
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 May · PMID 42159354 · Publisher ↗
This editorial introduces the Special Issue on Sound Absorption and Diffusion: Modeling, Measurement, and Application, published jointly by The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America and JASA Express Letters. Bring...
This editorial introduces the Special Issue on Sound Absorption and Diffusion: Modeling, Measurement, and Application, published jointly by The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America and JASA Express Letters. Bringing together 13 peer-reviewed articles from leading international research groups, this collection showcases the latest advances in the prediction, measurement, and design of absorptive and diffusive surfaces. The contributions are organized thematically, highlighting emerging directions, identifying persistent challenges, and offering perspectives for future research and practice in architectural acoustics.
A transfer matrix approach for characterizing spherically symmetric acoustic metamaterials and structures.
Hernandez GM, Li J, Cummer SA
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 May · PMID 42159353 · Publisher ↗
The plane wave transfer matrix method is a robust process for acquiring the acoustic properties of an arbitrary material. To achieve this, the specimen being tested is inserted in a waveguide and subjected to the four-mi...
The plane wave transfer matrix method is a robust process for acquiring the acoustic properties of an arbitrary material. To achieve this, the specimen being tested is inserted in a waveguide and subjected to the four-microphone method to capture the pressure fields. This is a powerful and accurate process for simplifying complex three-dimensional geometries to simpler equivalent acoustic properties suitable for two-dimensional analysis, but it does not work for structures lacking plane wave symmetry. Sometimes, it is favorable to characterize a structure through spherical coordinates. A spherically spiraling acoustic metamaterial horn is an appropriate case of a technology that does not fit this traditional planar model. To acquire the acoustic properties that define structures such as these, the four-microphone method, the transfer matrix, and the scattering matrix, for a spherically symmetric system are derived. Unlike the planar transfer matrix analysis, the resulting acoustic properties in this paper are more complex. Variations of the spiraling acoustic metamaterial horn are evaluated by this method both in experimental measurements and simulated environments. This structure and methodology offer ample opportunities for classifying many spherically symmetric acoustic devices with an application in areas, such as ultrasound and audio technologies.
Analytical modeling of condenser microphones with nonuniform acoustic excitation and backplate perforation patterns.
Šimonová K, Honzík P
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 May · PMID 42159352 · Publisher ↗
The present study develops an analytical model for predicting the response of condenser microphones subjected to a plane wave incident pressure field arriving from an arbitrary direction while explicitly accounting for t...
The present study develops an analytical model for predicting the response of condenser microphones subjected to a plane wave incident pressure field arriving from an arbitrary direction while explicitly accounting for the exact perforation pattern of the backplate. The model describes the coupled vibration of a clamped circular membrane and acoustic pressure in the air gap and incorporates thermoviscous losses. Analytical predictions are compared with reference three-dimensional finite-element simulations. The comparison includes membrane displacement fields, air-gap pressure distributions, frequency-dependent mean displacements, and-for transducers with a segmented backplate-the mean displacement differences between opposing segments and the resulting polar directivity patterns. Across a broad frequency range, including frequencies above the first membrane resonance, the analytical model shows very good agreement with the numerical reference. The results demonstrate that the framework reliably captures the influence of arbitrary backplate perforation geometries and nonuniform acoustic excitation on the microphone response.
A neural reference projection-based method for multi-reference active noise control (L).
He Y, Bai L, Rao L … +3 more , Chen K, Tao J, Qiu X
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 May · PMID 42159351 · Publisher ↗
In this Letter, a neural reference projection-based method is proposed for compressing multichannel reference signals in feedforward active noise control (ANC). The method is integrated with the filtered-x affine project...
In this Letter, a neural reference projection-based method is proposed for compressing multichannel reference signals in feedforward active noise control (ANC). The method is integrated with the filtered-x affine projection algorithm to form a neural reference projection-based filtered-x affine projection algorithm, thereby improving convergence speed and noise reduction performance. Using a real-vehicle road noise dataset, simulation results demonstrate that, in multi-reference ANC, faster convergence and higher broadband noise attenuation are achieved compared with conventional approaches.
Analysis of mid-frequency acoustic signals interacting with a rough sea surface at very low grazing angles.
Radhakrishnan S
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 May · PMID 42159350 · Publisher ↗
Estimates of channel impulse response from a shallow water acoustic propagation experiment in the southeastern Arabian Sea off the west coast of India (off Kerala) are presented. The experiments involved strong thermocli...
Estimates of channel impulse response from a shallow water acoustic propagation experiment in the southeastern Arabian Sea off the west coast of India (off Kerala) are presented. The experiments involved strong thermocline gradients and a tri-layer structure that led to interactions of broadband mid-frequency (5-10 kHz) acoustic signals with a rough sea surface at very low grazing angles (1.9°-2.4°). Measurements consist of sea surface-reflected arrivals recorded at receiver depths along two propagation tracks of range ∼900 m. The sea surface arrival is modeled as a combination of coherent surface reflection coefficient derived from second-order small slope approximation (SSA) theory and higher-order SSA-based bistatic scattering cross section (incoherent component) considering a 3D geometry. A model utilizing the fourth-order SSA-based cross section for 2D surfaces is presented, applicable at very low grazing angles. Results show that inclusion of the third- and fourth-order SSA terms improves accuracy across a broader range of scattering angles and accounts for multiple scattering effects at very low grazing angles. A high correlation coefficient between the ensemble averaged measured and the modeled surface-reflected arrival pulse indicates very good agreement in terms of the peak value and the time spread of the signal.
Influence of backplate perforation distribution on squeeze-film damping in condenser microphones.
Sun C, Liu B, Chen F … +1 more , Wu Z
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 May · PMID 42159349 · Publisher ↗
This paper investigates the overlooked influence of backplate hole distribution on the performance of condenser microphones. While classical lumped-parameter models consider only the perforation ratio, hole size, and num...
This paper investigates the overlooked influence of backplate hole distribution on the performance of condenser microphones. While classical lumped-parameter models consider only the perforation ratio, hole size, and number, this study explicitly demonstrates and quantifies that the spatial distribution of these holes is a critical factor governing squeeze-film damping and the resulting frequency response. Finite element simulations and experimental measurements on 1/2-in. microphones with varied hole patterns reveal that distributing holes toward the backplate center dramatically reduces squeeze-film damping and consequently increases the system bandwidth. A new dimensionless hole distribution coefficient (ψ) is defined, and an empirical correction function ξ(ψ) is derived from the simulation data. This correction, integrated into the classical resistance model, improves its accuracy for non-uniformly perforated backplates. Furthermore, the core finding is validated through simulation on a 1-in. microphone, confirming the broader relevance of the mechanism. The findings provide a critical design guideline for optimizing high-performance condenser microphones by deliberately placing backplate perforations.
Whistle characteristics of free-ranging rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis) in the South China Sea.
Wang H, Dong L, Serres A … +1 more , Li S
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 May · PMID 42153806 · Publisher ↗
Whistles play an important role in communication among dolphins. Although whistles of rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis) have been investigated elsewhere, no information is available in the South China Sea. Using...
Whistles play an important role in communication among dolphins. Although whistles of rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis) have been investigated elsewhere, no information is available in the South China Sea. Using acoustic recordings collected during confirmed visual sightings, this study provides the first detailed description of whistle characteristics from two groups of rough-toothed dolphins in the South China Sea and compares them with those of the same species in other regions. A total of 267 whistles were extracted from 79 min of recording from two groups across two encounters, with fundamental frequencies ranged from 2.09 to 16.20 kHz. Upsweep (38.20%) were the most frequent contours, and two stereotyped whistles were identified. Further, three types of nonlinear features were observed on some of the recorded whistles, including steps, side bands, and deterministic chaos. This study is the first to describe the whistles of rough-toothed dolphins in the South China Sea with results indicating that whistles of this population differ in contour composition and acoustic parameters from those of other conspecific populations. These findings provide valuable insights into the whistles of rough-toothed dolphins and will further provide baseline data for the detection and identification of rough-toothed dolphins through passive acoustic monitoring.
Multifrequency achromatic metalens realizing acoustic multi-point focusing.
Yao J, Chen X, Dong SM … +2 more , Zhu XF, Wu DJ
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 May · PMID 42153805 · Publisher ↗
Up to now, achromatic focusing techniques have focused on the design and improvement of single-point focusing, neglecting the wide application possibilities of multi-point focusing. Here, we propose a multifrequency achr...
Up to now, achromatic focusing techniques have focused on the design and improvement of single-point focusing, neglecting the wide application possibilities of multi-point focusing. Here, we propose a multifrequency achromatic metalens to achieve multiple focal points based on complex-amplitude coding. The complex-valued wavefront-shaping function is decomposed into two independent phase distributions, which are coded into the metalens through subwavelength units. The phase dispersion for multi-point focusing can be achieved in this way. Theoretical analyses predict that different coding sequences have little influence on the focal pattern, implying extra freedom in designing the metalens. Limited by available meta-atoms, achromatic multi-point focusing has been realized only at discrete frequencies in this study. By adjusting the coding carefully, a triple-frequency achromatic metalens has been constructed through space curved structures. Three achromatic focal points have been demonstrated through experiments at 3.5, 4, and 5 kHz.
Comparison among four psychophysical procedures used to assess sound localizationa).
Stellmack MA, Sheft S, Macpherson EA … +1 more , Sipprell AJ
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 May · PMID 42153804 · Publisher ↗
To determine whether listeners use similar cues in absolute judgments and discrimination of sound locations, data were collected in four tasks used to assess sound-localization ability: a pointing task and three discrimi...
To determine whether listeners use similar cues in absolute judgments and discrimination of sound locations, data were collected in four tasks used to assess sound-localization ability: a pointing task and three discrimination tasks (single interval, cued single interval, and two-alternative forced choice). Four stimuli were used: broadband noise, scrambled-spectrum noise (noise with levels jittered +/-20 dB in 1/3-octave bands), frozen scrambled-spectrum noise (stimuli with the scrambled noise spectrum fixed across intervals of the two-interval tasks), and a 750-Hz pure tone. Performance was better (higher d') in the discrimination tasks relative to the pointing task. However, performance in the pointing task was brought into better alignment with that of the discrimination tasks through an analysis that estimated and removed slowly fluctuating bias from the pointer responses. Discrimination performance was better for the broadband noise and frozen scrambled-spectrum noise than for the scrambled-spectrum noise and pure tone, indicating the influence of spectral cues in the former two. The results suggest that both localization (as in the present pointing task) and source-location discrimination may be based on the perceived locations of stimuli, but that spectral cues that are not associated with perceived location may influence responses for certain types of stimuli.
High-precision array element localization for bottom-mounted horizontal line arrays in the deep oceana).
Liu Y, Cheng L, Zhang B … +2 more , Hu Z, Song J
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 May · PMID 42153803 · Publisher ↗
High-precision array element localization (AEL) is essential for bottom-mounted horizontal line arrays, as deployment uncertainties can degrade array-processing performance. In deep-ocean environments, long-range acousti...
High-precision array element localization (AEL) is essential for bottom-mounted horizontal line arrays, as deployment uncertainties can degrade array-processing performance. In deep-ocean environments, long-range acoustic propagation and sound-speed profile variability introduce non-negligible travel-time errors in the linear propagation model (LPM), limiting localization accuracy. This study formulates the AEL problem as a simultaneous localization and mapping task within a Bayesian framework, incorporating a ray propagation model (RPM) to exploit both direct and surface-reflected acoustic paths while accounting for sound-speed profile variability. An extended Kalman filter is used to jointly estimate the array geometry, source trajectory, emission time, and sound-speed bias, while incorporating prior information and uncertainty. Simulation and experimental results show that, compared with the LPM-based approach, the RPM-based method achieves comparable horizontal localization accuracy while significantly improving vertical localization performance and source-timing estimation. Sensitivity and consistency analyses indicate robustness to sound-speed profile uncertainty. In bearing estimation, array calibration reduces the root mean square error from 4.36° to 0.29° and improved the beamforming gain by 2.1 dB, confirming its effectiveness in practical applications.
About
- Frequency
- Sun
- Papers found
- 200
- RSS feed
- Subscribe