Morphologie
· 2024 Dec · PMID 39326232
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INTRODUCTION: Anatomical knowledge is crucial for addressing diagnostic challenges, ensuring safe procedures, and avoiding potential risks. Among the various mandibular anatomical landmarks, the mental foramen (MF) is pa...INTRODUCTION: Anatomical knowledge is crucial for addressing diagnostic challenges, ensuring safe procedures, and avoiding potential risks. Among the various mandibular anatomical landmarks, the mental foramen (MF) is particularly significant for dental procedures, especially surgeries. Therefore, it is essential to conduct a comprehensive radiographic evaluation of this region before performing such procedures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the size of MF and the distances from its border to the alveolar crest (AC) and to the inferior border of the mandible (IBM) in a selected Syrian population by using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), and to detect any statistically significant effect of individuals' factors, such as sex, age, dental status, and side on these anatomical parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study retrospectively analyzed 200 CBCT scans (400 hemimandibles) from 104 females and 96 males, grouped into three age categories: 20-35, 36-50, and 51-65years. The hemimandibles were classified based on dental status into three groups: dentate, partially edentate, and completely edentate, and by side as right or left. RESULTS: The study revealed that the average horizontal and vertical diameters of MF were (3.48±0.75mm) and (3.01±0.75mm), respectively. Additionally, the average distances D1 (MF-AC) and D2 (MF-IBM) were (11.01±3.68mm) and (12.51±1.56mm) respectively. The study's findings indicated that age and dental status had a statistically significant effect on all the parameters studied, except for the horizontal diameter. Furthermore, sex had a statistically significant effect on all the parameters, while the side had no effect on any of the parameters investigated. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that an understanding of the morphometry of the mental foramen is essential for clinicians, which may assist them in performing dental procedures more safely and achieving successful local anesthesia. Moreover, individual factors should be taken into consideration.
de Lima AC, Benedito FCS, Sousa Filho JMM
… +5 more, da Silva YJF, de Lira CAB, Girão-Carmona VCC, Viana RB, Leite ACRM
Morphologie
· 2024 Dec · PMID 39321590
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Histology is a science fundamental for life and health undergraduate courses. During its teaching and learning process, digital books (e-books) stand out by offering students more contact time with theoretical-practical...Histology is a science fundamental for life and health undergraduate courses. During its teaching and learning process, digital books (e-books) stand out by offering students more contact time with theoretical-practical content; however, the reliability of these must be examined. Therefore, this study aimed to validate an e-book, Histologia interativa: roteiros de estudos (interactive histology: study guide) for teaching and learning histology at the university level. A methodological validation study was performed, in which the data were collected by filling out an online form regarding the qualities from experts and about the review of the e-book's content. Seven experts participated in the study, the majority of them working as professors at universities in the morphofunction field. The content validity indices for item (I-CVI) and scale (S-CVI) were calculated. Values≥0.78 for I-CVI and≥0.90 for S-CVI/AVE were considered to have excellent content validity. Only two (6.06%) of 33 items did not achieve acceptable I-CVI values. Overall, S-CVI/AVE obtained a value of 0.955. In conclusion, the e-book evaluation has sufficient structural- and criterion-related validity. Furthermore, despite the experts' suggestions, they favored the use of the e-book in the teaching and learning of histology at the university level.
Chytas D, Noussios G, Vasiliadis AV
… +1 more, Troupis T
Morphologie
· 2024 Dec · PMID 39321589
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PURPOSE: Sectional anatomy knowledge is essential for a wide spectrum of health professionals and is extensively applied to their everyday practice. We performed a scoping review to find which are the most effective meth...PURPOSE: Sectional anatomy knowledge is essential for a wide spectrum of health professionals and is extensively applied to their everyday practice. We performed a scoping review to find which are the most effective methods of teaching sectional anatomy. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library to detect articles which investigated the effectiveness of sectional anatomy education methods, based on test scores. From each included paper, we extracted: author(s), number of participants, the anatomical region or regions, the method or methods of sectional anatomy education and the outcomes concerning only the acquisition of sectional anatomy knowledge. RESULTS: Seven studies were included. There were four articles, which involved combined teaching approaches, and three articles, which did not comprise such approaches. In all studies which evaluated the effectiveness of a combination of teaching methods (comprising three-dimensional digital or physical tools) compared to cross-sections only, the anatomy test scores were significantly higher in the first case. The students' interaction with the educational material significantly enhanced the effectiveness of the implemented methods. CONCLUSIONS: The multimodal teaching of sectional anatomy, especially involving three-dimensional methods, both digital and physical, was more effective than teaching based only on cross-sections. The students' interaction with the educational material improved the effectiveness of the teaching, which they received. These outcomes may stimulate anatomy teachers to enhance sectional anatomy education and encourage researchers to shed more light on the investigation of the optimal teaching strategies.
Mânica S, Tetsumaru Fujiwara D, Conti V
… +5 more, McMahon M, Joie Guzman E, Morrison L, Pandey H, Erolin C
Morphologie
· 2024 Dec · PMID 39216298
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Forensic odontologists often must identify human remains with damaged teeth. This damage is due to high-impact accidents, violence, or disasters. This 2-part study aimed to create two 3D digital models. They should show...Forensic odontologists often must identify human remains with damaged teeth. This damage is due to high-impact accidents, violence, or disasters. This 2-part study aimed to create two 3D digital models. They should show the destructive effects of physical and chemical agents on human teeth and popular dental materials. Researchers created an e-survey to investigate how digital models are perceived as an educational tool for Forensic Odontology. Also, a systematic review assessed experimental studies on the effects of high temperature on various prosthodontic materials. According to the results of the survey, most participants (n=69; 79%) agreed that they would find a 3D model useful for training. Participants misidentify images of burned and broken teeth under Ellis and Davey system (1970). The systematic review identified dental implant and dental crown as the most studied prosthodontic materials exposed to heat. The researchers designed dental damage model 1 to represent restored and unrestored burnt teeth, postmortem pink teeth, and traumatic injuries. The dental damage model 2 was created to demonstrate the effects of various types of damage to different prosthetic and restorative dental materials, as well as the impact of acid, water, and burial on restorative materials as additional information. Both models were edited, sculpted and painted using 3D modelling software ZBrush (2020. 1.4) and Blender (version 3.6.2). The dental damage models were uploaded and labelled on Sketchfab (Cédric Pinson, Paris, France). The study's materials could transform the teaching of complex tooth changes.
Morphologie
· 2024 Dec · PMID 39182447
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The reduction of the pulpal space following the deposition of secondary dentin is a radiographically visible morphological feature associated with aging. Currently, there is no reference morphological sample for the Nort...The reduction of the pulpal space following the deposition of secondary dentin is a radiographically visible morphological feature associated with aging. Currently, there is no reference morphological sample for the Northern Brazilian population when it comes to the radiographically visible dental features for age estimation. This study aimed to test an existing method for age estimation based on the canine pulp/tooth area (PTA) ratio and develop a population-specific equation. The sample consisted of 100 peri-apical radiographs of Brazilian males (n=46) and females (n=54) from the Northern geographic region. The age of the sampled participants was between 18 and 72 years (mean age=45.43±14.39years). The estimated age was obtained with the Cameriere's method. A statistically significant negative (r=-0.595) association was observed between the permanent canine PTA and the chronological age (P=0.0001). A population-specific equation was structured with a 4-fold (75%×25%) cross-validation, leading to a mean absolute error of 9.59years, and root mean square error of 11.66years (r=0.363). This study provided evidence to support the use of Cameriere's pulp/tooth area ratio for the radiographic dental age estimation of Northern Brazilian adults, especially adjusted with a population-specific equation.
Pitre NN, Moses JB, Fisher M
… +5 more, Kuwabara Y, Salavatian S, Watkins SC, Tzeng E, Velankar SS
Morphologie
· 2024 Dec · PMID 39180804
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BACKGROUND: In elastic and resistance arteries, an elastin-rich membrane, the Internal Elastic Lamina (IEL), separates the tunica intima from the underlying tunica media. The IEL often appears wrinkled or corrugated in h...BACKGROUND: In elastic and resistance arteries, an elastin-rich membrane, the Internal Elastic Lamina (IEL), separates the tunica intima from the underlying tunica media. The IEL often appears wrinkled or corrugated in histological images. These corrugations are sometimes ascribed to vessel contraction ex vivo, and to fixation artifacts, and therefore regarded as not physiologically relevant. We examine whether the IEL remains corrugated even under physiological conditions. METHODS: The diameters of carotid arteries of anesthetized pigs were measured by ultrasound. The arteries were then excised, inflated within a conical sleeve, fixed, and imaged by confocal microscopy. The conical sleeve allows fixing each artery across a wide range of diameters, which bracket its ultrasound diameter. Thus the study was designed to quantify how corrugations change with diameter for a single artery, and test whether corrugations exist when the fixed artery matches the ultrasound diameter. RESULTS: At diameters below the ultrasound diameter (i.e. when the artery was constricted as compared to ultrasound conditions), the IEL corrugations were found to decrease significantly with increasing diameter, but not fully flatten at the ultrasound diameter. The contour length of the IEL was found to be roughly 10% larger than the circumference of the artery measured by ultrasound. Since ultrasound was conducted with the animal under general anesthesia which induces vasodilation, the physiological diameter is likely to be smaller than the ultrasound diameter, and hence the arteries are likely to have a higher level of corrugation under physiological conditions. For arterial cross sections constricted below the ultrasound diameter, the IEL contour length decreased roughly with the square root of the diameter. CONCLUSION: The primary conclusions of this study are: a) the IEL is corrugated when the artery is constricted and flattens as the artery diameter increases; b) the IEL is corrugated under physiological conditions and has a contour length at least 10% more than the physiological arterial diameter; and c) the IEL despite being relatively stiffer than the surrounding arterial layers, does not behave like an inextensible membrane.
Tsakotos G, Georgiev GP, Triantafyllou G
… +2 more, Botis G, Piagkou M
Morphologie
· 2024 Dec · PMID 39173563
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The current bone report describes multiple openings identified in a dried scapula of a subject of unknown age and gender. Multiple openings (twelve) were identified in the subscapular fossa and were apparent at the infra...The current bone report describes multiple openings identified in a dried scapula of a subject of unknown age and gender. Multiple openings (twelve) were identified in the subscapular fossa and were apparent at the infraspinatus fossa. These openings coexisted with a suprascapular foramen and an osteophyte at the inferomedial border of the foramen. In the current literature, two uncommon variants of the scapula were described: foramina and defects. It is still unclear how these two structures are differentiating. Both of them are results of abnormal ossification of the scapula. Clinicians should be aware of these variants because they may lead to misdiagnosis of malignancies, while the variants are benign entities.
Morphologie
· 2024 Dec · PMID 38964273
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Advances in computer hardware and software permit the reconstruction of physical objects digitally from digital camera images. Given the varying shapes and sizes of human bones, a comprehensive assessment is required to...Advances in computer hardware and software permit the reconstruction of physical objects digitally from digital camera images. Given the varying shapes and sizes of human bones, a comprehensive assessment is required to establish the accuracy of digital bone reconstructions from three-dimensional (3D) photogrammetry. Five human bones (femur, radius, scapula, vertebra, patella) were marked with pencil, to establish between 9 and 29 landmarks. The distances between landmarks were measured from the physical bones and digitized from 3D reconstructions. Images used for reconstructions were taken on two separate days, allowing for repeatability to be established. In comparison to physical measurements, the mean (±standard deviation) absolute differences were between 0.2±0.1mm and 0.4±0.2mm. The mean (±standard deviation) absolute differences between reconstructions were between 0.3±<0.1mm and 0.4±0.4mm. The 3D photogrammetry procedures described are accurate and repeatable, permitting quantitative analyses to be conducted from digital reconstructions. Moreover, 3D photogrammetry may be used to capture and preserve anatomical materials for anatomy education.
Chytas D, Paraskevas G, Noussios G
… +5 more, Demesticha T, Salmas M, Vlachou C, Vasiliadis AV, Troupis T
Morphologie
· 2024 Dec · PMID 38852514
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PURPOSE: Photogrammetry is a technique which includes taking multiple digital photographs from various angles and using those photographs to create three-dimensional virtual models. We aimed to review the outcomes of the...PURPOSE: Photogrammetry is a technique which includes taking multiple digital photographs from various angles and using those photographs to create three-dimensional virtual models. We aimed to review the outcomes of the implementation of photogrammetry in anatomy education. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane library for studies with purpose to explore the outcomes of the use of photogrammetry-based digital models in anatomy teaching. From each included paper we extracted: authors, number of participants, anatomical region of interest, educational outcomes, and their level according to Kirkpatrick hierarchy. RESULTS: Seven studies were included. Four of them concerned neuroanatomy and three of them concerned other systems. All studies comprised participants' perceptions about the educational intervention, while two of them also evaluated anatomical knowledge acquisition. Overall, the participants rated photogrammetry-based models very highly and preferred them to other teaching tools. These models were also shown able to significantly enhance the anatomical knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: Photogrammetry-based digital objects seem to have a promising anatomy teaching potential. The value of these objects seems to be especially pertinent in teaching the relatively complex field of neuroanatomy. Further research may investigate the effectiveness of photogrammetry-based models in comparison with other anatomy education tools, and with other methods of creation of three-dimensional virtual objects.
OBJECTIVES: In addition to bone fragility, patients with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) type III have typical craniofacial abnormalities, such as a triangular face and maxillary micrognathism. However, in the osteogenesis...OBJECTIVES: In addition to bone fragility, patients with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) type III have typical craniofacial abnormalities, such as a triangular face and maxillary micrognathism. However, in the osteogenesis imperfecta mouse (oim), a validated model of OI type III, few descriptions exist of craniofacial phenotype. Treatment of OI mostly consists of bisphosphonate administration. Cathepsin K inhibition has been tested as a promising therapeutic approach for osteoporosis and positive results were observed in long bones of cathepsin K knocked out oim (oim/CatK). This craniometry study aimed to highlight the craniofacial characteristics of oim and Cathepsin K KO mouse. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed the craniofacial skeleton of 51 mice distributed in 4 genotype groups: Wt (control), oim, CatK, oim/CatK. The mice were euthanized at 13 weeks and their heads were analyzed using densitometric (pQCT), X-ray cephalometric, and histomorphometric methods. RESULTS: The craniofacial skeleton of the oim mouse is frailer than the Wt one, with a reduced thickness and mineral density of the cranial vault and mandibular ramus. Different cephalometric data attest a dysmorphism similar to the one observed in humans with OI type III. Those abnormalities were not improved in the oim/CatK group. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that oim mouse could serve as a complete model of the human OI type III, including the craniofacial skeleton. They also suggest that invalidation of cathepsin K has no impact on the craniofacial abnormalities of the oim model.
Histology is part of the curricular base of all health courses, being the basis for understanding the composition of all tissues in the human body. Over the years, more and more technologies have entered the academic env...Histology is part of the curricular base of all health courses, being the basis for understanding the composition of all tissues in the human body. Over the years, more and more technologies have entered the academic environment, with the aim of improving the teaching and learning process. Thus, the objective of this work was to conduct a systematic review on the use of digital technologies in teaching histology. The PICo strategy was used to develop the guiding question and the results were presented in a Prisma Flow. The following platforms were used to search for articles: PubMed, Embase. Web of Science, Science Direct, Medline, Scielo, Periódicos CAPES and LILACS, Open Gray and Google Scholar, with a time limit between 2012 and 2022. The results showed that this area is still little explored, with there not being a wide range of technologies being used and applied in teaching, with gamification and virtual microscopy being the most applied. However, it was realized that the use of these technologies can improve student performance and increase their interest in the subject. Therefore, these tools are great methods to reduce difficulties and encourage the development of a more receptive environment for the histology teaching and learning process.
The present article offers the facial approximation of the mummy of the ancient Egyptian adolescent named Minirdis (ca. 2300 years BP) by means of anatomical analysis of video-images and through a facial approximation pr...The present article offers the facial approximation of the mummy of the ancient Egyptian adolescent named Minirdis (ca. 2300 years BP) by means of anatomical analysis of video-images and through a facial approximation protocol implemented on more historical personages. An evaluation of the mummy's endocast is also offered. A potential diagnosis of Sotos syndrome is cautiously considered but its inherent limitations are detailed. Finally, the methodology is presented as a valuable tool both for bio-historical research and for further studies on normal and pathologic morphologies of the cranio-facial district.
BACKGROUND: One of the most recent hormones to be identified and isolated is irisin, extracted from mouse skeletal muscle in 2012. Irisin has been proven to alter blood pressure, which has an impact on blood vessels, enh...BACKGROUND: One of the most recent hormones to be identified and isolated is irisin, extracted from mouse skeletal muscle in 2012. Irisin has been proven to alter blood pressure, which has an impact on blood vessels, enhance endothelial functions, and prevent injury to endothelial cells. The current study aimed to study the effect of irisin on the ultrastructure of the rat thoracic aorta using the transmission electron microscope (TEM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty female rats were recruited for this study and divided into a control group (non-injected), and four experimental groups (injected groups) each consisting of 4 rats. The experimental groups were injected intraperitoneally with different doses of irisin (250ng/mL, 500ng/mL, 1000ng/mL, and 2000ng/mL) twice a week for 4weeks. Then, the descending thoracic aorta of all experimental rats were resected and proceeded with imaging. RESULTS: The results of this study showed a change in the thickness of the tunica intima, internal elastic lamina, elastic lamellae, and external elastic lamina concerning increasing injected irisin concentration. While there was a significant increase in the thickness of tunica media (P<0.0001) and smooth muscle cells (P<0.05). Also, the results showed a significant increase in the number of elastic lamellae in the tunica media (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION: Irisin had a major impact on the elasticity of the rat thoracic aorta wall, suggesting that it influences the growth factors of the wall and activates smooth muscle cells in addition to endothelial cells.
OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the branchial origin of the articular and the square (homology of the malleus and the incus of mammals), we used immunohistochemistry to analyse the expression of the Hox-A2 protein during cephalo...OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the branchial origin of the articular and the square (homology of the malleus and the incus of mammals), we used immunohistochemistry to analyse the expression of the Hox-A2 protein during cephalogenesis in chickens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemistry on paraffin sections of embryos from stage HH16 to HH40. RESULTS: In addition to the columella (equivalent to the mammalian stapes), the joint between the articular and the quadrate bones, and the retro-articular process of the articular (homologous to the short process of the malleus) express Hox-A2, suggesting an intervention of the 2nd arch in their formation. However, we fortuitously observed very intense expression within the early muscle plate of the second arch, which then generalized to all cephalic muscles, and extended to the trunk's myotomes. In the cartilage, the presence of the protein disappeared at stage 35. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The present results, while confirming the contribution of the second arch to the development of avian equivalents of the mammalian ear ossicles, strongly suggest that the Hox-A2 gene plays a role in muscle development, which remains to be elucidated by more sophisticated techniques.
The presence of schistocytes can be responsible for spurious thrombocytosis and spuriously low red blood count (RBC). The hemoglobin concentration will be correct (as the method usually used, destroys the red cells and c...The presence of schistocytes can be responsible for spurious thrombocytosis and spuriously low red blood count (RBC). The hemoglobin concentration will be correct (as the method usually used, destroys the red cells and converts a substantial proportion of the hemoglobin to a stable pigment) but mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) is falsely high. The platelets and RBC histograms of the full blood count analyzers play an important role in the identification of schistocytes and must be carefully analyzed before reporting the previously full blood count parameters. In patients in ECMO, where can be expected the presence of a small number of schistocytes, this evaluation is particularly important to avoid wrong clinical decisions.
Collagen X is an extracellular matrix protein, usually found in the hypertrophic cartilage destined to be mineralized. It is intimately associated with the mineralization process of the mammalian hard tissues, and partic...Collagen X is an extracellular matrix protein, usually found in the hypertrophic cartilage destined to be mineralized. It is intimately associated with the mineralization process of the mammalian hard tissues, and particularly, regulating the compartmentalization of matrix components. Despite the fact that the dentine of the tooth is highly mineralized, there are no previous reports to indicate the presence of collagen X in this connective tissue. Here we report, for the first time, its presence in mammalian dentine based on micromorphological and immunohistochemical data. We hypothesize that the collagen X in dentine may in the long term arrest the progression of the mineralization front towards the soft tissue components of the pulp that are not destined to be mineralized.
PURPOSE: The biceps brachii muscle (BBM) is a large and thick muscle on the ventral portion of the upper arm. The scientific literature reports the existence of extra heads. OBJECTIVE: The present work investigated the f...PURPOSE: The biceps brachii muscle (BBM) is a large and thick muscle on the ventral portion of the upper arm. The scientific literature reports the existence of extra heads. OBJECTIVE: The present work investigated the frequency of occurrence of BBM accessory head(s) in four different Anatomy Laboratories at universities in Northeast Brazil. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Once the upper limbs with an anatomical variation of the BBM heads were identified, the accessory head was evaluated for morphometric characterization (the length, width, and thickness). RESULTS: The sample consisted of 249 upper limbs and the outcomes were 26 members with BBM accessory heads (10.44% of the total sample). Among the 26 members studied was found a single accessory head in 22 (84.62%), two accessory heads in 3 (11.54%), and three accessory heads in 1 (3.85%). BBMs with one, two, and three accessory heads were found, with different origins. The average length, width, and thickness of these accessory heads were 169.39mm, 10.25mm, and 3.39mm, respectively. CONCLUSION: The frequency of BBM accessory heads in a population of northeastern Brazil in this cadaveric study was 10.44%.
AIM AND OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to explore the correlation between dermatoglyphic patterns and quantitative palatal anatomic variables in individuals with different growth patterns. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A cross-secti...AIM AND OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to explore the correlation between dermatoglyphic patterns and quantitative palatal anatomic variables in individuals with different growth patterns. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 126 healthy patients aged 17-25 years. Participants were divided into three groups based on growth patterns: average, vertical, and horizontal. Dermatoglyphic patterns were recorded using an optical fingerprint sensor, and palatal characteristics were measured using digital software. Palatal characteristics, including intercanine width, intermolar width, and palatal depth, were measured using digital software. The results were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Significant differences were observed in ridge counts among the three growth patterns. The average growth pattern showed lower ridge counts compared to the vertical and horizontal growth patterns. Dermatoglyphic patterns, such as double loops and tented arches, were significantly higher in the horizontal growth pattern. Weak correlations were found between certain dermatoglyphic patterns and palatal characteristics, with simple arch patterns showing a negative correlation with inter-canine width and symmetrical whorl patterns showing a positive correlation with palatal depth. Loop patterns, spiral patterns, double loop patterns, symmetrical whorl, and simple arch patterns were significant predictors of growth patterns. CONCLUSION: This study revealed distinct dermatoglyphic patterns and ridge counts among individuals with different growth patterns. Weak correlations were observed between dermatoglyphic patterns and palatal characteristics. However, the predictive value of dermatoglyphics for skeletal malocclusion requires further investigation. Understanding the relationships between dermatoglyphic patterns and craniofacial growth can provide valuable insights into genetic and developmental factors affecting dental and orthodontic conditions.