Asia Pacific Journal Of Clinical Nutrition[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
The association between polyunsaturated fatty acids in breast milk and infant eczema and its relationship with infant gut microbiota.
Li Z, Li K, Wu X … +2 more , Lin L, Sun Y
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 41895837 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Current evidence on the relationship between breast milk fatty acids and infant eczema is limited. The present study aimed to investigate the association between polyunsaturated fatty acids (PU...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Current evidence on the relationship between breast milk fatty acids and infant eczema is limited. The present study aimed to investigate the association between polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in breast milk and the incidence of infant eczema and its relationship with infant gut microbiota. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: Twenty-five infants diagnosed with eczema and fifty healthy infants born during the same period were recruited at 1 month postpartum. A follow-up was conducted on healthy infants at 6 months postpartum to determine if any new-onset eczema occurred. Breast milk and infant feces were collected at each interview. RESULTS: In the case-control study, after adjusting for confounding factors, C20:3n-3, C20:5n-3, total n-3 PUFAs, and total n-3 PUFAs/total n-6 PUFAs in breast milk were significantly inversely associated with infant eczema risk. The abundance of Clostridium and Streptococcus in the gut of infants with eczema were significantly lower than those in control group (p <0.05). C20:3n-3 and total n-3 PUFAs in breast milk were positively correlated with Clostridium abundance. In the follow-up study, the decreases of C20:3n-3 and total n-3 PUFAs in the breast milk of new-onset eczema group were greater than those of healthy group at 6 months postpartum. Moreover, the abundance change of Clostridium in infants with new-onset eczema was significantly greater than that in healthy group. CONCLUSIONS: C20:3n-3 and total n-3 PUFAs in breast milk were associated with decreased risk of infant eczema, and this association may be related to the abundance of Clostridium in infant's gut.
Healthy eating index, growth status, and household-maternal factors among young children: Evidence from a stunting region in Indonesia.
Herawati HD, Paratmanitya Y, Noviani NE … +8 more , Ariftiyana S, Sari P, Hadi A, Aliya LS, Faiza TA, Utami KR, Herfadea TS, Irawan TAA
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 41895836 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Diet quality is a key determinant of child growth, yet little is known about its role in stunting-prevalent regions of Indonesia. This study assessed diet quality of young children using a modi...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Diet quality is a key determinant of child growth, yet little is known about its role in stunting-prevalent regions of Indonesia. This study assessed diet quality of young children using a modified Healthy Eating Index (HEI) and examined its associations with growth status and household-maternal factors. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 215 children aged 12-59 months in Kulon Progo District, Yogyakarta. Dietary intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and 24-h recall. The HEI was modified to align with Indonesian dietary guidelines and nutrient adequacy standards. Anthropometry, maternal knowledge, education, and household food security were also measured. Children were classified into tertiles of HEI scores (T1: ≤116, T2: 117-127, T3: ≥128). Associations were analyzed using chi-square, ANOVA/Kruskal-Wallis, and multi-nomial logistic regression. RESULTS: The mean HEI score was 122 ± 13.3, with 35.8% of children in the low-est tertile. Low intakes of fruits, vegetables, and dairy were the main contributors to poor scores, while grains and fats/oils scored higher. Younger age was independently associated with higher HEI (aOR 0.93; 95%CI 0.88-0.99; p = 0.03). Maternal education, household food security, and maternal knowledge showed no sig-nificant associations. CONCLUSIONS: Diet quality among children in stunting-prevalent areas remains suboptimal, especially for fruits, vegetables, and dairy. Younger children had better diet quality, underscoring the need for interventions beyond early complementary feeding. Strategies should improve access to diverse, nutrient-rich foods and reduce reliance on processed products.
Diet quality of Japanese preschool children assessed by the Healthy Eating Index-2020: Nutrient and food group intake, as well as weekday-weekend differences.
Akazawa H, Sakai A, Takahashi T … +11 more , Okabe T, Sasaki R, Ishida H, Ogata H, Hara M, Yoshioka Y, Nozue M, Sakamoto T, Ito S, Murayama N, Yoshita K
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 41895835 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In Japan, there are no official dietary guidelines for young children and nutrients may be insufficient on weekends, compared to weekdays at nursery schools. To ensure adequate nutrition, an ap...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In Japan, there are no official dietary guidelines for young children and nutrients may be insufficient on weekends, compared to weekdays at nursery schools. To ensure adequate nutrition, an appropriate dietary evaluation method is required. This study used the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2020, which is based on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, to evaluate the diet quality of Japanese children, examine its validity through associations with nutrient and food group intake, and compare dietary characteristics on weekdays and weekends. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: The participants were 669 children aged 3 to 5 years attending nursery schools across Japan. Relationships of HEI-2020 scores with nutrient and food group intake, and comparisons between weekdays and weekends were evaluated. RESULTS: The median HEI-2020 score was 50/100, with almost maximum scores for Total Protein Foods, Seafood and Plant Pro-teins, and Added Sugars, while Whole Grains and Refined Grains scored zero. Additionally, the largest score differences between weekdays and weekends were found in Dairy and Greens and Beans. Higher HEI-2020 scores correlated with lower saturated fatty acids intake and higher intakes of dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Weekday scores were significantly higher and less varied than weekend scores. CONCLUSIONS: HEI-2020 can identify nutrient intake challenges in Japanese children. Greater consumption of Dairy and Greens and Beans-components that showed large weekday-weekend differences-may improve diet quality.
Dietary inflammatory index and unfavorable dietary patterns associated with ischemic stroke in China.
Xu Q, Chen Q, Zhuang Y … +7 more , Zhou L, Shen L, Li T, Hu Z, Zhang R, Su D, Feng L
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 41895834 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The dietary inflammatory potential, assessed by the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), may influence ischemic stroke (IS) risk, but evidence from high-incidence regions in China remains limited....
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The dietary inflammatory potential, assessed by the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), may influence ischemic stroke (IS) risk, but evidence from high-incidence regions in China remains limited. This study aimed to investigate the associations among dietary patterns, the DII, and IS in Eastern China. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: In a hospital-based case-control study in Zhejiang, China, 223 IS patients and 510 age- and sex-matched controls completed a validated food frequency questionnaire. DII scores were calculated, and dietary patterns were derived using factor analysis. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: A "Jiangnan red-sauce and heavy oil" pattern, characterized by high intake of refined grains, salted vegetables, processed meats, and fats, was associated with higher DII scores and an increased IS risk (OR = 1.85; 95% CI: 1.74-2.51; top versus bottom tertile). Conversely, a "Traditional Chinese" pattern, rich in whole grains, vegetables, fruits, and legumes, was correlated with lower DII scores and a potentially reduced IS risk (OR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.76-0.94). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that pro-inflammatory diets were associated with a high likelihood of IS, while anti-inflammatory patterns, such as the Traditional Chinese diet, may be protective. The findings may also provide insights for dietary prevention strategies in the high-risk populations, pending confirmation from prospective studies.
Myosteatosis mediates the link between specific dietary components and colorectal carcinogenesis: from PPLSS multi-center study.
Li CW, Hsieh Y, Li C … +8 more , Zhang Y, Jiang LJ, Yu SL, Dong LC, Tan ZQ, Zhang J, Xu J, Kang Y
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 41895833 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We assumed the specific dietary components may impact colorectal carcinogenesis via ectopic fat accumulation. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: The multi-center case-control study analyzed CT-derived b...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We assumed the specific dietary components may impact colorectal carcinogenesis via ectopic fat accumulation. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: The multi-center case-control study analyzed CT-derived body composition parameters and dietary intake in 163 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and 144 non-CRC controls. Ectopic fat distribution was characterized by elevated low-attenuation muscle area (LAMA) and reduced skeletal muscle density (SMD, myosteatosis). We employed logistic regression to assess diet-body composition-CRC associations, mediation analysis to elucidate ectopic fat's role, and random forest modelling to evaluate variable importance in CRC risk prediction. RESULTS: CRC patients exhibited obvious myosteatosis (68.1 vs. 31.9%, p <0.001), which promoted colorectal carcinogenesis (95%CI: 0.524, 0.935 in men, 95%CI: 0.425, 0.956 in women via reduced SMD). Linear regression revealed diet rich in ani-mal-derived nutrients and carbohydrates increased LAMA (β = 6.31, 95%CI: 0.766, 11.858), but decreased SMD (β = -3.14, 95%CI: -5.173, -1.099) and normal attenuation muscle area (NAMA) in men, while these components elevated visceral adiposity index (VAI) in women (β = 10.8, 95%CI: 1.265, 20.347). Low bean protein consumption decreased NAMA (β = -13.3, 95%CI: -20.812, -5.860) and SMD (β = -2.95, 95%CI: -4.994, -0.908) in men, while increasing VAI (β = 14.6, 95%CI: 0.820, 28.451) in women. Mediation analysis confirmed NAMA (mediated proportion 11.0%, p = 0.026 in men; 7.24%, p = 0.030 in women), LAMA (11.0%, p = 0.040 in men; 14.6%, p = 0.002 in women) and SMD (17.5%, p = 0.004 in men; 15.4%, p = 0.004 in women) mediated the relationship between excessive consumption of animal-derived nutrients and colorectal carcinogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: Myosteatosis, an inconspicuous obesity phenotype, plays key role in colorectal carcinogenesis but can be mitigated by partial substitution of red meat with soy protein.
Association between dietary fat intake and fatty acid profiles and hyperuricemia among Chinese adults: Results from the China Health and Nutrition Survey.
Qu P, Jiao Y, Wang L … +8 more , Li W, Jiang H, Zhang J, Wang H, Zhang B, Han J, Liu A, Wang Z
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 41895832 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Diet is a modifiable factor influencing serum uric acid levels, but evidence on the associations between dietary fat composition and hyperuricemia (HUA) remains limited. This study examined the...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Diet is a modifiable factor influencing serum uric acid levels, but evidence on the associations between dietary fat composition and hyperuricemia (HUA) remains limited. This study examined the relationships between the proportion of energy from total fat and specific dietary fatty acids and the risk of HUA among Chinese adults. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: Data were obtained from adults who participated in at least two follow‑up waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) in 2009, 2015, and 2018. Associations and dose-response relationships were assessed using multivariate Cox proportional hazards and restricted cubic spline (RCS) models. RESULTS: During a mean follow‑up of 6.05 years among 2,722 participants, the prevalence of HUA was 10.2% (men: 14.1%; women: 7.76%). In women, energy from saturated fatty acids (SFAs) in the fourth quintile (7.88%) and from monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in the third quintile (9.97%) was positively associated with HUA (HR = 2.19, 95% CI 1.19-4.05; HR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.21-3.79), whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the third quintile (6.88%) were negatively associated (HR = 0.41, 95% CI 0.22-0.78). RCS analyses showed J‑shaped and U‑shaped as-sociations in men between total fat (37.9%, 95% CI 11.0-40.3) and PUFAs energy ratio (9.60%, 95% CI 2.25-10.7) with HUA, respectively, and an L‑shaped association in women for PUFAs energy ratio (6.25%, 95% CI 5.54-9.42). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest sex‑specific, non‑linear relationships be-tween total fat and different fatty acid intakes and HUA risk. Men should consider moderating total fat intake, while women should limit SFAs and moderately increase PUFAs to help reduce HUA risk.
Longitudinal association between early-life famine exposure and risk of microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes in adulthood: A retrospective cohort in Tianjin, China.
Cheng X, Wu Q, Zhao W … +10 more , Li M, Duan H, Huang L, Li T, Wang Z, Cheng C, Chen X, Zhang L, Chen Y, Huang G
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 41895831 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have linked famine exposure to the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D), yet its impact on diabetic microvascular complications (DMC) remains uncertain. This study aims to invest...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have linked famine exposure to the incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D), yet its impact on diabetic microvascular complications (DMC) remains uncertain. This study aims to investigate the longitudinal association between early-life famine exposure and the risk of DMC in adult-hood among individuals with T2D. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study was conducted among inpatients with T2D at Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital from June 2014 to June 2022. The 2409 participants were divided into five famine exposure groups based on birth years: no exposure group (1962-1965), fetal period exposure group (1959-1961), early-childhood exposure group (1956-1958), mid-childhood exposure group (1953-1955), and late-childhood exposure group (1949-1952). RESULTS: Compared with those nonexposed, early-life famine exposure was associated with higher risks of incident overall DMC (HRtrend 1.134, 95% CI 1.052-1.223), diabetic retinopathy (DR) (HRtrend 1.193, 95% CI 1.100-1.293), and diabetic kidney disease (DKD) (HRtrend 1.262, 95% CI 1.117-1.425), but was not associated with diabetic neuropathy (p > 0.05). Notably, significant interactions were found between famine exposure and hypertension regarding the risk of DR, and between famine exposure and both and obesity patterns on the risk of DKD (all p for interaction < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to famine in early life was associated with increased risks of overall DMC, DR and DKD among patients with T2D. Specially, the association of DR was more pronounced in individuals with hypertension, while the association with DKD was stronger among those with hypertension or both general and abdominal obesity.
Anaemia and adherence to weekly iron-folic acid supplementation among female senior high school students in stunting-risk areas of Ambon city, Indonesia.
Titaley CR, Malakauseya MLV, Iwan RF … +7 more , Asmin E, Tahitu R, Dea SAI, Tando YD, Sara LS, Kusrini I, Tjandrarini DH
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 41895830 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Weekly iron-folic acid (IFA) supplementation has been implemented in Indonesia to reduce the prevalence of anaemia in adolescent girls. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of anaemia and...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Weekly iron-folic acid (IFA) supplementation has been implemented in Indonesia to reduce the prevalence of anaemia in adolescent girls. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of anaemia and adherence to weekly IFA supplementation and their associated factors among adolescent girls in senior high schools in two high-stunting-prone areas of Ambon City, Indonesia. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: This cross-sectional study was conducted in August-September 2023, involving 645 adolescent girls enrolled at five senior high schools in two high-stunting-prone areas of Ambon City, namely Poka-Rumah Tiga and Laha Village. The dependent variables were anaemia (i.e., haemoglobin level <12 g/dL) and adherence to weekly IFA supplementation (i.e., consumption of one IFA tablet per week). Factors associated with anaemia and adherence to weekly IFA supplementation were examined using logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 645 ado-lescent girls surveyed, 19.7% had anaemia, and 19.5% consumed weekly IFA tablets. The likelihood of developing anaemia was associated with respondents with a high level of awareness of anaemia (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16-2.57). Adherence to taking weekly IFA tablets increased in those with a high level of awareness of IFA supplementation (aOR = 3.88, 95%CI: 2.46-6.10). CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that anaemia among adolescent girls represents a moderate to high public health problem, accompanied by low adherence to weekly IFA supplementation among adolescent girls in these areas. Strengthening school-based supplementation, parental engagement, and supply monitoring could enhance programme effectiveness and inform local health policies in Ambon City and other similar settings in Indonesia.
Association between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms in Chinese adults.
Guo S, Sun X, Huang K … +8 more , Pan C, Liu X, Wang W, Ning F, Xu J, Li A, Zhang D, Nan H
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 41895829 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This cross-sectional study explored the association between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older individuals in China. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: A total of 2,956 in...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This cross-sectional study explored the association between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older individuals in China. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: A total of 2,956 individuals aged 45-74 years were included in the current data analysis, based on a community-based cross-sectional study from Qingdao, China. Data for this study were derived from field surveys conducted from August 2009 to November 2010. Their mean age was 57.2 ± 8.46 years, and 62.4% were women. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQFFQ). Dietary patterns were derived using principal component analysis. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the validated Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline analyses were conducted to examine the association between dietary patterns and depressive symptoms. RESULTS: Of the participants, 12.4% had depressive symptoms. These participants were younger, were more likely to be smokers, had a higher body mass index, and had lower income and education levels compared with individuals without depressive symptoms. Four dietary patterns were identified: Balanced, Animal-Pickled vegetables, High sugar-Alcohol, and Animal-Seafood-Egg dietary patterns. The Balanced (odds ratio = 0.53, p < 0.01) and Animal-Seafood-Egg (odds ratio = 0.74, p < 0.01) dietary patterns were negatively associated with depressive symptoms, whereas the Animal-Pickled vegetables dietary pattern was positively associated with depressive symptoms. No significant association was observed for the High sugar-Alcohol dietary pattern. Subgroup analysis revealed stronger inverse effects of Balanced and Animal-Seafood-Egg dietary patterns in women younger than 60 years, nonsmokers, and urban residents compared with in their counterparts. Sensitivity analysis confirmed stability across the continuous and quartile-based variables. CONCLUSIONS: The Balanced and Animal-Seafood-Egg dietary patterns were associated with lower odds of depressive symptoms, whereas the Animal-Pickled vegetables dietary pattern was associated with higher odds of depressive symptoms.
Association between the frequency of combined staple, main, and side dishes and nutritional adequacy among young Japanese women: A cross-sectional study.
Yaegashi A, Ota A, Shirahata A … +4 more , Takada H, Nakamura M, Katou H, Kozuka M
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 41895828 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Traditional Japanese diet comprises staple food, main dish, and side dish (SMS). Studies reporting the association between the frequency of SMS meals consumption and nutritional adequacy remain...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Traditional Japanese diet comprises staple food, main dish, and side dish (SMS). Studies reporting the association between the frequency of SMS meals consumption and nutritional adequacy remain limited. We aimed to examine the association between the frequency of SMS meals consumption and nutritional adequacy in young Japanese women. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: In this cross-sectional study, data from 329 female nutrition students aged 18-25 years were analysed. The frequency of SMS meals consumption more than twice a day was assessed using a self-administered questionnaire, and dietary intake was evaluated using a validated food frequency questionnaire. We examined the association between SMS meals consumption and likelihood of not meeting the Dietary Goal (DG) or the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) as defined in the Japanese Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese. Trend analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship between SMS meal frequency and the number of nutrients not meeting the DG or EAR, while adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: Participants with high frequency of SMS meals consumption (5-7 days/week) had the lowest number of nutrients not meeting the EAR and DG, with significant linear trends observed across categories (p for trend <0.001 for DG; 0.001 for EAR). CONCLUSIONS: Frequency of SMS meals consumption is positively associated with improved nutrient intake among young Japanese women. However, given that the participants were dietetic students with relatively high nutrition literacy, caution is needed when generalising these findings to the wider population of young Japanese women.
First-week caloric intake and 1-year mortality in critically ill medical patients with mechanical ventilation: A retrospective study.
Wu FH, Chao WC, Wang TJ … +2 more , Wang CY, Wu YC
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 41895827 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Higher caloric intake may reduce hospital mortality in critically ill patients at high nutritional risk, but the optimal dose for short-term outcomes remains uncertain and evidence on long-term...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Higher caloric intake may reduce hospital mortality in critically ill patients at high nutritional risk, but the optimal dose for short-term outcomes remains uncertain and evidence on long-term effects is limited. This study evaluated the association between caloric intake and one-year mortality and identified subgroups that may benefit from higher intake. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary medical ICU (2015-2019) including adults receiving mechanical ventilation; ICU stays <48 h were excluded. The exposure was mean caloric intake during ICU days 1-7, defined as total energy from enteral and parenteral routes normalized to body weight. Outcomes included ICU length of stay, ventilator days, and one-year mortality from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database. Multi-variable Cox models adjusted for age, sex, albumin, hemoglobin, blood glucose, ICU admission etiology, APACHE II score, shock category, mNUTRIC score, renal replacement therapy, and cumulative day-1-7 fluid balance. RESULTS: Among 3,764 patients (mean age 67.1 years; mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score 26.5), older age, male sex, lower albumin and hemoglobin, shock requiring multiple vasopressors, greater positive fluid balance, and lower caloric intake were associated with higher one-year mortality. Subgroup analyses showed that patients younger than 65 years, those with an APACHE II score ≥26, and those with refractory shock derived greater benefit from higher caloric intake. CONCLUSIONS: Higher first-week caloric intake was associated with lower one-year mortality, particularly in younger patients, in those with greater illness severity, and in those requiring multiple vasopressors.
Effect of whole grain pancakes on postprandial cardiometabolic risk factors in healthy subjects: A randomized crossover trial.
Ma Q, Sun T, Liu Z … +2 more , Li D, Hu X
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 41895826 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Whole grains are rich in nutrients and have multiple health benefits, playing an important role in the diet. This study aims to investigate the acute effects of different whole grain pancakes o...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Whole grains are rich in nutrients and have multiple health benefits, playing an important role in the diet. This study aims to investigate the acute effects of different whole grain pancakes on cardiometabolic risk factors in healthy subjects. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: Twenty eligible healthy sub-jects (aged 19-24 years) were recruited, with baseline measurements including fasting blood glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein (CRP), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Then, the subjects were randomly allocated into four groups: the steamed bun (SB) group (control group), maize pancake (MP) group, buckwheat pancake (BP) group, and oat pancake (OP) group, with a serving size of 100g. Blood samples were collected at 0h, 0.5h, 1h, 2h, and 3h, respectively. After a one-week washout period, the volunteers consumed another type of pancake in a crossover manner until each volunteer had tried all four foods. Serum cardiometabolic risk factors were analyzed using standard methods. RESULTS: No significant differences in serum glucose, insulin, CRP, TG, and HDL-C concentrations were observed among the control group and three whole grain pancake groups. However, compared with the control group, the concentrations of serum TC and LDL-C in the oat pancake group were significantly reduced (p <0.05), which may be attributed to the presence of β-glucan and higher dietary fiber in oat pancakes. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides important dietary guidance for both pancake consumers and individuals with cardiometabolic risk factors.
Moderating effect of selenium intake on the association between obesity and sex hormone levels in children and adolescents: NHANES 2013-2016.
Xu S, Maimaititusvn G, Kulaixi M … +1 more , Tian X
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr · 2026 Feb · PMID 41565243 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the role of selenium intake on the correlation between obesity and sex hormone levels in children and adolescents. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: Children and adolescent...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the role of selenium intake on the correlation between obesity and sex hormone levels in children and adolescents. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: Children and adolescents (6-19-year-old) with complete body mass index (BMI), selenium intake, and sex hormone level data were included. Applying weighted linear regression model to analyze the relationships of obesity and se-lenium intake with testosterone, estradiol, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels. Then, interaction terms for different selenium intake levels (<Q1, ≥Q1) and obesity (no, yes) were constructed, to investi-gate the moderating effect of selenium intake on the correlation between obesity and sex hormones. RESULTS: A total of 3,380 participants were enrolled. Although selenium intake showed no direct relationship with tes-tosterone, estradiol, or SHBG levels in any group (p > 0.05), it demonstrated a significant interaction with obesity in terms of sex hormone levels. In females aged less than 12 years, there was an interaction between obesity and selenium intake on testosterone levels (pinteraction = 0.007). The interaction of obesity and selenium intake on SHBG levels was observed in both males and females (all pinteraction <0.001). Moreover, a trend was observed for the effects of these interaction terms on testosterone, estradiol and SHBG levels (all ptrend <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Selenium intake may play a moderating effect in the relationship between obesity and sex hor-mones.
Fat overload syndrome in pediatric patients: One case and ten at risk.
Saengpanit P, Laohathai P, Kunnangja S … +1 more , Densupsoontorn N
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr · 2026 Feb · PMID 41565242 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Fat overload syndrome is a rare but serious complication associated with intravenous lipid emulsion in parenteral nutrition. Timely identification of causes, recognition of symptoms, close moni...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Fat overload syndrome is a rare but serious complication associated with intravenous lipid emulsion in parenteral nutrition. Timely identification of causes, recognition of symptoms, close monitoring of complications, and appropriate management are vital for improving outcomes and preventing recurrence. This case series reviews etiologies, complications, management, and outcomes in pediatric patients who developed fat overload syndrome as well as those identified to be at risk of this condition. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective chart review was performed over a five-year period at a tertiary care hospital, including 11 pediatric patients who received lipid emulsions at infusion rates exceeding the recom-mended limit. Data on patient demographics, lipid emulsion details, clinical presentations, laboratory results, managements, and outcomes were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Eleven patients were included, ranging in age from 9 months to 15 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 7:4. The identified causes of intravenous lipid administration incidents were inadvertent switching of infusion rates between the parenteral nutrition solution bag and the lipid bag, and incorrect infusion pump programming. Fat overload syndrome was identified in one patient, presenting with oliguria and metabolic acidosis. Management primarily consisted of discontinuing intravenous lipid emulsions and providing supportive care. Although most patients had no complications, four required additional supportive interventions. CONCLUSIONS: Although uncommon, fat overload syndrome requires prompt recognition and timely intervention. This case series underscores the importance of careful parenteral lipid administration and vigilant monitoring of at-risk patients. Root cause analysis is critical to preventing recurrence of such incidents.
Association between dietary protein intake and preterm birth in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: the WeBirth cohort study.
Shi M, Miao Z, Yin Y … +6 more , Ye M, Wang X, Lu S, Wu Y, Fu Y, Hu W
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr · 2026 Feb · PMID 41565241 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The distribution of dietary macronutrients is essential for blood glucose management in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, the relationship between dietary protein inta...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The distribution of dietary macronutrients is essential for blood glucose management in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, the relationship between dietary protein intake and the risk of preterm birth remains unclear. Here, we aim to investigate the prospective association between dietary protein intake and preterm birth in patients with GDM. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: We included 1756 GDM patients and assessed dietary protein patterns by constructing total protein index (TPI), animal protein index (API), and plant protein index (PPI) using data collected from food frequency questionnaires (FFQ). RESULTS: We found that individuals in the highest quartile of TPI (OR: 2.75, 95% CI: 0.81 to 9.22) and API (OR: 3.64, 95% CI: 1.48 to 9.47) had a significantly higher risk of preterm birth compared to those in the lowest quartile. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that increasing protein intake, especially from animal sources, was associated with a greater risk of preterm birth in patients with GDM.
Establishment and validation of a machine learning model to stratify malnutrition risk in hospitalized older patients with chronic heart failure.
Sun Q, Che J
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr · 2026 Feb · PMID 41565240 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Malnutrition among older hospitalized adults with chronic heart failure (CHF) is associated with adverse clinical outcomes, yet reliable early risk stratification tools remain lacking. This stu...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Malnutrition among older hospitalized adults with chronic heart failure (CHF) is associated with adverse clinical outcomes, yet reliable early risk stratification tools remain lacking. This study aimed to develop and validate a machine learning (ML) model for malnutrition risk stratification in this population. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: Malnutrition among older hospitalized adults with chronic heart failure (CHF) is associated with adverse clinical outcomes, yet reliable early risk stratification tools remain lacking. This study aimed to develop and validate a machine learning (ML) model for malnutrition risk stratification in this population. RESULTS: Malnutrition prevalence was 44.1% (348/790). In the internal testing, CatBoost (CAT) achieved superior performance with an AUC of 0.901 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.858-0.943), accuracy of 0.840, recall of 0.753, and the lowest Brier score of 0.113. This model demonstrated strong calibration, clinical utility, and the highest composite score (62/64). External validation confirmed CAT's generalizability (AUC: 0.916, 95% CI: 0.887-0.945). SHAP analysis identified body mass index (BMI), calf circumference, New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification, age, and diabetes as signifi-cant contributors to malnutrition risk. CONCLUSIONS: The CAT-based model effectively stratifies malnutrition risk in older hospitalized CHF patients, offering a tool for early intervention to improve outcomes. Further multicenter prospective studies are needed to validate its real-world applicability.
Vitamin B12 and D status in long-term vegetarians: Impact of diet duration and subtypes in Beijing, China.
Wang Y, Xin X, Zhang H … +5 more , Jia Y, Liu Z, Xu Z, Gan Y, Li S
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr · 2026 Feb · PMID 41565239 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate vitamin B12 and D levels among long-term vegetarians and to assess the influence of their diet duration and diet subtypes on nutritional status in Beijing, China. M...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate vitamin B12 and D levels among long-term vegetarians and to assess the influence of their diet duration and diet subtypes on nutritional status in Beijing, China. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 104 vegetarians (84 vegans, 20 lacto-ovo vegetarians). Serum vitamin B12 and D levels were measured, and demographic, dietary, and supplement use data were collected. Statistical analyses included ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis tests, chi-square tests, and multivariate regressions. RESULTS: The prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency (<200 pg/mL) was 38.5%, with higher rates in vegans (44.1%) than lacto-ovo vegetarians (15.0%, p = 0.021). Vitamin D defi-ciency (<20 ng/mL) affected 84.6% of participants, worsening with longer diet duration (p <0.001), yet showed no significant difference between vegan and lacto-ovo subtypes (85.7% vs 80.0%, p = 0.524). Multivariate analysis revealed negative correlations between diet duration (6-10 years and >10 years) and vita-min B12 and D levels (p <0.05). Lacto-ovo vegetarians showed significantly higher vitamin B12 levels than vegans (p = 0.029), and supplement use improved both vitamins' status (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals a dual challenge among Beijing long-term vegetarians: vitamin B12 deficiency was strongly associated with the degree of exclusion of animal products from the diet (veganism), while vitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent and worsened with longer diet duration. The near-universal vitamin D deficiency observed in this study suggests that, in the Beijing context, the risk may extend beyond dietary choice, potentially reflecting regional environmental factors; however, this requires confirmation through comparative studies with omnivores controls.
Associations between vitamin D insufficiency, health beliefs, and quality of life in metabolic syndrome: A northeastern Taiwanese community study.
Chen SH, Chen SC, Lai YP … +2 more , Chen PH, Yeh KY
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr · 2026 Feb · PMID 41565238 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The impact of Vitamin D on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and health beliefs in specific populations, such as Taiwanese adults, remains underexplored. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and vita...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The impact of Vitamin D on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and health beliefs in specific populations, such as Taiwanese adults, remains underexplored. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and vitamin D insufficiency (VDI) are prevalent global health concerns. However, the association between VDI and MetS is still inconclusive, particularly in relation to HRQoL within the framework of the health belief model (HBM). This study aimed to investigate the associations among VDI, HBM constructs, HRQoL, and MetS in a community-based population of Taiwanese adults. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: This cross-sectional study recruited 1015 Taiwanese patients aged ≥30 years between August 2020 and July 2023. Sociodemographic data, anthropometric variables, and vitamin D concentration, defined as 25 (OH) D concentrations, were acquired from medical records. Data regarding health beliefs and HRQoL were obtained through structured questionnaire. RESULTS: The mean 25(OH)D concentration was 29.6 ± 10.9 ng/mL and the overall prevalence of VDI was MetS was 54.9%. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of MetS between the VDI and sufficiency groups. Multivariate analysis revealed that the factors associated with VDI prevalence were female sex, age < 65 years, college and above education attainment, high LDL concentration, no alcohol use, and low scores on the emotional role item of HRQoL. CONCLUSIONS: VDI was not significantly associated with MetS prevalence or HBM constructs. However, key risk factors for VDI should be integrated into targeted health initiatives to address modifiable risk factors and improve vitamin D status.
Association of dietary inflammatory index and Chinese healthy eating index with abdominal obesity in kidney transplant recipients.
Li Y, Zou Z, Huang H … +7 more , Pan X, Liu Y, Tan R, Zhang C, Liu D, Xu S, Li Q
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr · 2026 Feb · PMID 41565237 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study investigated associations of the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and Chinese Healthy Diet Index (CHEI) with abdominal obesity in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), with follow-up...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study investigated associations of the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and Chinese Healthy Diet Index (CHEI) with abdominal obesity in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), with follow-up analyses further assessing the DII and mortality relationship. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: We collected anthropometric and biochemical data; dietary consumption was evaluated using 3-day and 24-hour dietary records, with food quality assessed through energy-adjusted DII (E-DII) and CHEI. Binary logistic regression examined the association between E-DII, CHEI, and abdominal obesity in KTRs. The nonlinear connection between E-DII, CHEI, and abdominal obesity was studied using restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to examine the survival rate of KTRs. RESULTS: The study included 98 KTRs, 34 of whom had abdominal obesity. Logistic regression identified E-DII was a risk factor for abdominal obesity (OR: 5.52, 95%CI:1.19-10.4, p = 0.023), while the CHEI showed protective effects (OR: 0.939, 95%CI:0.893-0.987, p = 0.014). RCS demonstrated a positive linear association between E-DII and abdominal obesity in KTRs (p for overall = 0.042, p for nonlinear = 0.794). In contrast, CHEI exhibited a negative correlation(p for overall = 0.039, p for nonlinear = 0.082). Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis revealed no statistically significant difference between groups, but the pro-inflammatory group exhibited a 3.8-fold higher mortality rate than the anti-inflammatory group. CONCLUSIONS: In KTRs, elevated E-DII and CHEI levels were associated with abdominal obesity, suggesting that reducing E-DII while increasing CHEI may contribute to its prevention and thus improve long-term survival outcomes.
Burden of cardiovascular disease in China attributable to unbalanced fatty acid intake from 1990 to 2050.
Liu X, Zhang X, Liu L … +5 more , Yu Z, Qin X, Ma Y, Yang X, Liu Y
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr · 2026 Feb · PMID 41565236 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyze the trends in death and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) associated with unbalanced dietary fatty acid intake in China from...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyze the trends in death and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) associated with unbalanced dietary fatty acid intake in China from 1990 to 2021, and to predict the disease burden levels up to 2050. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: Using Global Burden of Disease 2021 data, we examined death and DALYs rates by age, sex, and risk fac-tors. Joinpoint regression assessed temporal trends. Decomposition analysis evaluated contributions of population growth, aging, and epidemiological transitions. Age-period-cohort (APC) modeling estimated cohort and period effects. Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort (BAPC) modeling projected future CVD burden. RESULTS: Age-standardized death and DALYs rates for CVD attributable to low seafood n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and high trans fatty acids declined, while those due to insufficient n-6 PUFAs intake increased. Despite fluctuations, overall CVD burden showed a downward trend. Burden was higher in males and older groups. Population growth drove the absolute increase in burden, while aging and epidemiological shifts had variable effects by risk factor. APC modeling revealed significant age, period, and cohort influences. BAPC projections indicate continued decline in CVD burden from fatty acid imbalances through 2050. CONCLUSIONS: The CVD burden linked to imbalanced fatty acid consumption demonstrated a general decline, with forecasts suggesting a continued decrease by 2050. Older adults and males were highlighted as priority populations for focused interventions. These results can inform the development of targeted prevention and control initiatives.
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