Journal Of The American Veterinary Medical Association[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Elimination of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome from the United States: what is the road map to success?
Dee S, Annelli J, Schmitt D … +6 more , Henry S, Hill H, Compart J, Connor J, Main R, Spronk G
J Am Vet Med Assoc · 2026 Jun · PMID 41616476 · Publisher ↗
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus negatively impacts pig health and well-being, the mental health and emotional well-being of animal caretakers, and producer economics. In response, a vision of "A World...
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus negatively impacts pig health and well-being, the mental health and emotional well-being of animal caretakers, and producer economics. In response, a vision of "A World Without PRRS" has been cast, calling for elimination of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus from the US swine herd. This Viewpoint provided an opinion regarding the road map to success and identified essential tactics.
Myonecrosis in a Brazilian gray brocket deer (Subulo gouazoubira).
Simões Braga I, Barthelson Carvalho de Moura F, Correa de Camargo G … +3 more , Fernandes Marcusso P, Badial PR, Cagnini DQ
J Am Vet Med Assoc · 2026 Jun · PMID 41604843 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Will veterinary medicine transform itself to meet today's critical One Health challenges and remain relevant to societal needs and true to its oath?
King L
J Am Vet Med Assoc · 2026 Jun · PMID 41604767 · Publisher ↗
The most challenging societal needs of the 21st century involve improving the health and well-being of humans, animals, and plants as well as enhancing the resilience and sustainability of environmental, agricultural, an...
The most challenging societal needs of the 21st century involve improving the health and well-being of humans, animals, and plants as well as enhancing the resilience and sustainability of environmental, agricultural, and ecological systems. All are threatened by complex factors, mostly driven by human activities on a global scale. Veterinarians have a responsibility and obligation to prevent diseases, optimize health, and mitigate risk in these broad domains; the need has never been greater. Without transformational changes and a new commitment to a broader mandate, a One Health mandate, the profession's future relevance, and impact on society will be greatly diminished.
Long-term outcome of high tibial osteotomy for canine cranial cruciate ligament disease without stifle exploration: an observational study of 236 stifles.
Treharne R, Low D, Rutherford S
J Am Vet Med Assoc · 2026 Jun · PMID 41604766 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To report the long-term outcome of canine cranial cruciate ligament disease treated with high tibial osteotomy (HTO) without arthrotomy and meniscal evaluation with the use of validated owner-reported outcome...
OBJECTIVE: To report the long-term outcome of canine cranial cruciate ligament disease treated with high tibial osteotomy (HTO) without arthrotomy and meniscal evaluation with the use of validated owner-reported outcome measures, report postoperative clinical management of late lameness with a meniscal-sparing approach, and compare the outcome of dogs undergoing HTO without arthrotomy with that of dogs undergoing subsequent arthrotomy and meniscectomy for late lameness. METHODS: A retrospective review (March 2018 to March 2022) of preoperative clinical data and postoperative short- and long-term outcome data was conducted. Late lameness was defined as acute lameness occurring after the expected normal postoperative return to function, managed with a meniscal-sparing approach. Owner-reported outcome was compared between dogs that had undergone late meniscectomy and dogs that had not undergone stifle exploration. RESULTS: There were 191 dogs (236 stifles) undergoing HTO without concurrent stifle exploration. Late lameness was recorded in 37 stifles (15.7%) at a median of 141 days (IQR, 97 to 189 days) postoperatively. Resolution of lameness was achieved in 24 stifles with meniscal-sparing nonsurgical management. The remaining 13 stifles underwent stifle arthrotomy and meniscectomy. The overall meniscectomy rate was 13 of 236 (5.5%). There was no difference between Liverpool Osteoarthritis in Dogs and Canine Orthopedic Index scores of dogs undergoing late meniscectomy and those not undergoing stifle exploration. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term owner-reported outcome after HTO with a meniscal-sparing approach was not different from that after HTO and meniscectomy. Some late meniscal injuries may experience clinical resolution with nonsurgical management. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Some meniscal lesions may not be clinically significant. The need for routine stifle exploration is questionable.
A workforce-informed competency framework defines 94 core abilities of credentialed veterinary technicians.
Noyes J, Pate P, Carlson E … +2 more , Katz J, Welch P
J Am Vet Med Assoc · 2026 Jun · PMID 41576546 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To develop a workforce-informed competency framework defining the broad, essential abilities of credentialed veterinary technicians across practice settings. METHODS: This mixed-methods, consensus-development...
OBJECTIVE: To develop a workforce-informed competency framework defining the broad, essential abilities of credentialed veterinary technicians across practice settings. METHODS: This mixed-methods, consensus-development study used purposive sampling through online communications to recruit credentialed veterinary technicians, veterinarians, educators, and clinical staff with knowledge of the credentialed veterinary technician role and engagement in clinical or educational settings. The study progressed through 3 phases over 8 months (June 2021 to February 2022): Phase 1 employed a modified Delphi focus-group method with iterative rounds to generate draft competencies, Phase 2 refined and validated the competencies through a national workforce survey of veterinary professionals, and Phase 3 evaluated educational alignment through curriculum mapping with 2 accredited veterinary technician programs. RESULTS: Participants included 6 focus-group members (3 credentialed veterinary technicians, 2 veterinarians, 1 hospital director), 302 national survey respondents representing diverse practice types, and 4 academic faculty. Phase 1 generated 101 competencies. The Phase 2 national survey resulted in the removal of 9 competencies and addition of 2 new competencies based on workforce feedback. Phase 3 curriculum mapping demonstrated comprehensive alignment between the accredited academic programs and the framework, identifying no omissions. The finalized framework, termed Advancing Skills, Competencies, and Education in Veterinary Nursing Development (ASCEND), consisted of 94 competencies organized into 18 domains. CONCLUSIONS: The ASCEND framework provides a validated, workforce-informed foundation defining 94 essential competencies for credentialed veterinary technicians across practice settings, demonstrating strong consensus and educational alignment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This framework offers a workforce-validated and academically aligned reference intended to support role clarity and scope-of-practice expectations for credentialed veterinary technicians.
Equine water treadmill.
Vargas J
J Am Vet Med Assoc · 2026 Jun · PMID 41576542 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To describe the application of water treadmill exercise for equine fitness and/or rehabilitation in a scientific and clinically reasonable manner. ANIMALS: Horses owned by Spy Coast Farm were used for video co...
OBJECTIVE: To describe the application of water treadmill exercise for equine fitness and/or rehabilitation in a scientific and clinically reasonable manner. ANIMALS: Horses owned by Spy Coast Farm were used for video content. METHODS: A literature review was performed and compiled in this brief video to provide veterinarians with a comprehensive, evidence-based guide for implementing water treadmill exercise within fitness and rehabilitation programs. RESULTS: Equine water treadmill exercise is an aerobic modality that increases distal limb flexion and range of motion, with no reported adverse effects. It is associated with increased stride length and decreased stride frequency. Water treadmill exercise should not be used as a sole rehabilitation modality; instead, it is most effective when incorporated into a comprehensive rehabilitation plan. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Kinematic data, clinical findings, and controlled studies offer the framework for the development of individualized water treadmill programs tailored to a horse's condition. Oversight by trained personnel or a veterinarian is essential, as program adjustments are necessary over the course of rehabilitation. In the future, multicenter prospective clinical trials using standardized protocols would be helpful to develop recommendations for specific injuries.
Intraoperative needlescopy aids visualization during otic surgery in dogs and cats.
Thibaud J, Bristow P, Cuddy LC
J Am Vet Med Assoc · 2026 Jun · PMID 41576538 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVES: To describe the utility of needlescopy as an intraoperative tool in traditional open ear surgeries in dogs and cats. ANIMALS: This was a retrospective case series of dogs and cats that underwent traditional e...
OBJECTIVES: To describe the utility of needlescopy as an intraoperative tool in traditional open ear surgeries in dogs and cats. ANIMALS: This was a retrospective case series of dogs and cats that underwent traditional ear surgeries followed by needle arthroscopy imaging system evaluation at a single hospital between September 2024 and June 2025. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: 12 client-owned dogs and cats underwent 14 surgical procedures (total ear canal ablation with lateral bulla osteotomy [10 of 14], ventral bulla osteotomy [3 of 14], and traction avulsion via a lateral approach [1 of 14]); ages ranged from 9 months to 17 years old (median, 8 years), weights ranged from 2.19 to 49.5 kg (median, 4.3 kg), and various breeds were included. Physical examination findings included otorrhea, ear scratching, and various respiratory and neurologic signs. RESULTS: Needlescope-assisted ear surgery was feasible and improved the confidence of the surgeon intraoperatively. There were no reported complications associated with needlescope use. Intraoperatively, the system was practical and user-friendly, offering improved visualization of the tympanic bulla and pathological tissue and facilitating complete removal of the epithelial lining and polypoid tissue. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study highlighted the clinical utility of the needlescopy in canine and feline ear surgery. Needlescopy appears well suited for integration into routine clinical practice due to the ease of use and excellent visualization of residual pathology.
Barrel racing horses demonstrate a high incidence of nonclinical postrace airway disorders.
Williams MR, Silverstone A, Burba DJ … +3 more , McCarrel T, Schoonover MJ, Rudra P
J Am Vet Med Assoc · 2026 Jun · PMID 41576531 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of postrace airway abnormalities in a population of barrel racing horses competing in Oklahoma. METHODS: A descriptive field study was conducted at a single event. Horses underwent r...
OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of postrace airway abnormalities in a population of barrel racing horses competing in Oklahoma. METHODS: A descriptive field study was conducted at a single event. Horses underwent resting endoscopy within 60 minutes of competition. Recordings were evaluated and numerical and/or binary scores assigned for pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia, recurrent laryngeal neuropathy, dorsal displacement of the soft palate, epiglottic entrapment, and exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. Clients completed a questionnaire detailing the horse's medical history and run time. A linear regression model was used for analysis of pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia, recurrent laryngeal neuropathy, and effect of medications on run time. A Poisson regression was used for analysis of combined exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage scores. A logistic regression was used for analysis of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and dorsal displacement of the soft palate binary scores. RESULTS: Airway examinations were evaluated for 106 horses. Abnormalities, including recurrent laryngeal neuropathy, severe pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia, and exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage, were diagnosed in 83 horses (78.3%). The most common abnormality detected was pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia (104 of 106 horses [98.1%]), though only 25 of 104 (24.0%) were severe and included in the 78.3% prevalence. Recurrent laryngeal neuropathy was identified in 65 of 106 horses (61.3%). Presence of pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia or recurrent laryngeal neuropathy was not associated with run time. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage was observed in 30 of 106 horses (28.3%) but had a positive association with run time. Medications did not affect run time. CONCLUSIONS: Mild airway abnormalities were common but not performance limiting in this population of barrel racing horses. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Subclinical airway abnormalities detectable on endoscopic evaluation may be common in competitive barrel racing horses. Additional studies using dynamic endoscopy are warranted.
Clinical review of Colorado river toad (Incilius alvarius) intoxication in dogs in Arizona: clinical signs, treatments, and outcomes.
Wilkins A, Cagle L, Wells R … +1 more , Granfone M
J Am Vet Med Assoc · 2026 Jun · PMID 41564560 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Review the clinical syndrome (clinical signs, treatment, and outcomes) of Incilius alvarius intoxication in canines. METHODS: Single-cohort retrospective descriptive study of 208 canines that presented to 4 pr...
OBJECTIVE: Review the clinical syndrome (clinical signs, treatment, and outcomes) of Incilius alvarius intoxication in canines. METHODS: Single-cohort retrospective descriptive study of 208 canines that presented to 4 private practice emergency veterinary hospitals for suspected toad exposure between July 2007 and October 2010. Electronic medical record review was performed on all canine patients presenting with known or suspected I alvarius exposure during the study period to extract data on demographics, clinical signs, interventions, and outcomes. RESULTS: The majority of I alvarius intoxications (174/208 [84%]) took place during summer, with 155 of 208 (75%) taking place during a monsoon. The most common clinical signs were neurologic in 182 of 208 (87.5%) dogs, respiratory in 160 of 208 (76.9%) dogs, and cardiac in 155 of 208 (74.5%) dogs. Prognosis was excellent, with 206 of 208 (99%) dogs surviving to discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Although potentially fatal, I alvarius intoxication usually has an excellent prognosis. The clinical syndrome and treatment are similar to that of Rhinella marina. Supportive care and oral lavage were the mainstays of therapy. Initiating oral lavage as soon as possible is recommended. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This is the first review investigating I alvarius intoxications in veterinary species and can guide approach and management of this condition.
Enhanced characterization of acquired oronasal communications in dogs by cone-beam computed tomography: findings, risk factors, and clinical utility.
Bonacini S, Goldschmidt S, Arzi B … +3 more , Evenhuis J, Hatcher D, Soltero-Rivera M
J Am Vet Med Assoc · 2026 May · PMID 41564556 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively characterize cone-beam CT (CBCT) features, risk factors, and concurrent imaging findings of acquired oronasal communications (ONCs) in dogs. METHODS: A medical record search of the Dentistry...
OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively characterize cone-beam CT (CBCT) features, risk factors, and concurrent imaging findings of acquired oronasal communications (ONCs) in dogs. METHODS: A medical record search of the Dentistry and Oral Surgery Service (University of California-Davis) identified dogs diagnosed with ONCs via dental probing and CBCT from December 2014 to November 2023. Demographics, ONC location/size, number/presence/absence of involved teeth, dehiscence, clinical signs and incidental imaging findings were recorded. RESULTS: 40 patients were enrolled. Mean age, weight, and ONC size were 10.8 years, 5 kg, and 15.57 mm2, respectively; no sex predilection was identified. Chihuahuas showed a two-fold higher ONC prevalence than non-Chihuahua dogs (6.63% vs 2.72%). Non-Chihuahuas had a higher number of teeth involved and absent teeth within the ONC. The main cause of ONCs was periodontal disease. Age and body weight emerged as predictors of ONC area; however, in interaction models, neither age nor breed remained significant. Clinical signs were not reliable predictors. Dehiscence rate was 15%. One-third of patients showed a major or minor incidental finding. CONCLUSIONS: CBCT imaging allowed precise characterization of ONC, informing surgical planning and recognition of incidental findings. Chihuahuas and related crosses had increased risk for ONC, and extent of dental involvement was the primary contributor to ONC size. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: ONC assessment via CBCT provided advantages for precise surgical planning and enhanced recognition of incidental findings that may have been missed otherwise. Increased risk for Chihuahuas and related crosses should warrant prompt screening for ONC in this breed.
Perceived animal welfare and quality debriefing practices are linked to laboratory animal professionals' job fulfillment and burnout.
Kogan LR, Niemiec R
J Am Vet Med Assoc · 2026 Jun · PMID 41564553 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To examine the occupational experiences and well-being of laboratory animal professionals, with particular focus on the impact of perceived animal welfare, euthanasia experiences, and other factors on job fulf...
OBJECTIVE: To examine the occupational experiences and well-being of laboratory animal professionals, with particular focus on the impact of perceived animal welfare, euthanasia experiences, and other factors on job fulfillment, burnout, and life satisfaction. METHODS: An online survey was distributed to members of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science from February to April 2025. The survey assessed demographics, work characteristics, euthanasia experiences, mental health impacts, organizational support, perceptions of existing regulations, perceived animal welfare, and potential adoption policies. Multiple regression analyses evaluated predictors of workplace well-being measures. RESULTS: Of 339 respondents, participants were predominantly White female (76%) veterinarians (38%), with a mean age of 42 years and > 11 years of experience (56%). Most participants (77%) reported envisioning long-term careers in laboratory animal research. Euthanasia conducted at least monthly was common (46%), and 57% reported negative mental health impacts from euthanasia participation. Although 69% felt well trained technically for euthanasia, only 23% felt emotionally prepared. Thirty-two percent experienced burnout, while 41% reported professional fulfillment. Perceived animal welfare and satisfaction with debriefing significantly predicted higher job fulfillment and lower burnout. Satisfaction with debriefing also predicted greater life satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that well-conducted debriefings following critical incidents and high animal welfare standards may improve job fulfillment and reduce burnout among laboratory animal professionals. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Given the emotional demands of laboratory animal work and high rates of euthanasia participation, implementing quality debriefing processes and ensuring animal welfare could significantly improve professional well-being.
A commercially available physical simulator can be used to teach canine laparoscopic cholecystectomy with 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional visualization.
Azuma K, Monnet E
J Am Vet Med Assoc · 2026 Jun · PMID 41564551 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of a commercial simulator to reproduce key steps of canine laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and to compare surgical performance when using 3-D versus 2-D visualization. METHODS: 16 gal...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of a commercial simulator to reproduce key steps of canine laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and to compare surgical performance when using 3-D versus 2-D visualization. METHODS: 16 gallbladder inserts mounted in a laparoscopic cholecystectomy model were used. Inserts were randomly assigned to 2-D or 3-D visualization groups and placed in a laparoscopic training box. All procedures were performed on a single day in 2022 by 1 American College of Veterinary Surgeons resident who completed prestudy training on the simulator to minimize learning-curve effects. A board-certified surgeon supervised all procedures. Surgical steps included cystic duct dissection, endoclip application, cystic duct transection, and gallbladder removal. Measured outcomes included surgical times for defined intervals, total procedure time, intraoperative complications, and residual simulated liver tissue attached to the gallbladder. RESULTS: Time from instrument insertion to first endoclip placement and total surgical time were significantly shorter with 3-D visualization compared to 2-D, and the differences in medians suggested clinically meaningful improvements in performance. There were no significant group differences in bile leakage, incomplete clipping, or the amount of residual foam attachment. CONCLUSIONS: This physical simulator allowed reproduction of most key procedural steps in canine laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Three-dimensional visualization improved surgical efficiency for a trainee operator. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The simulator provided a safe, accessible platform for early skills acquisition before progressing to cadaveric or clinical training.
Systematic review of the elimination methods of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus at the sow farm and regional levels.
Pepin B, Rotolo M, Petersen M
J Am Vet Med Assoc · 2026 Jun · PMID 41564547 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-elimination methods vary greatly in their execution in the field. This review of the scientific literature was conducted to synthesize available met...
BACKGROUND: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-elimination methods vary greatly in their execution in the field. This review of the scientific literature was conducted to synthesize available methods and strategies for PRRSV elimination at the sow farm and regional levels to inform the decision-making of swine producers and veterinarians. METHODS: PubMed and the Journal of Swine Health and Production were searched for relevant publications on eliminating or eradicating PRRSV on sow farms and at regional levels. No date limit was set. All manuscripts were reviewed independently by at least 2 authors for inclusion with the criteria of being peer reviewed, containing data on eliminating PRRSV from a sow farm or a regional area, and including the method(s) used. RESULTS: 25 manuscripts were included from the initial 456 found on the search. The most cited PRRSV-elimination method was herd closure. Other documented farm methods included test and removal (TR), depopulation and repopulation (DRP), gilt acclimation without a herd closure, and a combination of herd closure with TR. Depopulation and repopulation was the most common method in regional control, followed by herd closure. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Herd closure with various exposure methods, DRP, TR, and combined approaches can effectively eliminate PRRSV at sow farms and the regional level. Regional elimination requires coordinated efforts, mandated testing, movement restrictions, and the use of predominantly DRP strategies. This review provides evidence-based options for veterinarians and producers to tailor PRRSV-elimination strategies and outcomes to farm-specific factors, such as size, biosecurity, pig flow, and resources, thereby improving elimination success rates.
Internal plate fixation successfully corrects pectus excavatum with minimal complications in 6 cats and 1 dog.
Villegas CT, Degner D, Stanley BJ
J Am Vet Med Assoc · 2026 Jun · PMID 41564546 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To describe a modified surgical technique for treating pectus excavatum (PE) in small animals and report the outcomes by evaluating preoperative and postoperative lung and total chest volumes, as well as compl...
OBJECTIVE: To describe a modified surgical technique for treating pectus excavatum (PE) in small animals and report the outcomes by evaluating preoperative and postoperative lung and total chest volumes, as well as complications and short-term outcomes. METHODS: Owned pets between 8 and 20 weeks of age with PE were enrolled in the study between February 28, 2024, and September 26, 2025. Preoperative evaluation included thoracic radiographs, baseline blood work, and whole-body CT scans. A noncontoured bone plate was secured along the entire length of the sternum with multiple cerclage wires. Animals had physical examinations and imaging performed at 2 and 8 weeks postoperatively, and again when they were between 8 and 12 months of age. RESULTS: This study included 6 cats and 1 dog, all of which recovered successfully from surgery. Lung and chest volumes improved immediately after surgery. Pectus excavatum was corrected in all animals. At the final recheck, 2 cats had reduced lung volume compared to immediately after surgery along with new pulmonary pathology; however, the total chest volume increased in these cats. Complications observed in this study included pneumothorax in 1 cat, fracture of the eighth sternebrae in 1 cat, and cerclage wire breakage in another cat, which had no clinical impact. CONCLUSIONS: The use of internal plate and cerclage wires to correct PE was a simple, well-tolerated technique that improved lung and chest volumes and had minimal complications. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Internal plating could be used for correction of PE in young cats and dogs.
Improved mental health, social support, and time outdoors are associated with higher emotional intelligence in early-career veterinarians: a longitudinal study.
Kittisiam T, Ritter C, Morabito E … +3 more , Stacey A, Khosa D, Jones A
J Am Vet Med Assoc · 2026 May · PMID 41564545 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe emotional intelligence (EI) and associated factors among veterinarians in Canada during their first 2 years of clinical practice. METHODS: This observational study u...
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe emotional intelligence (EI) and associated factors among veterinarians in Canada during their first 2 years of clinical practice. METHODS: This observational study used an online longitudinal survey to collect data from individuals who graduated from 1 of the 5 Canadian veterinary colleges in 2022 to 2023 during their first 2 years after graduation. The survey included the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Short Form (TEIQue-SF) to measure EI with 4 facets: well-being (overall positive feelings), self-control (emotional self-regulation), emotionality (emotional self-reflection), and sociability (management of others' emotions). Questions were also included to collect data on participants' lifestyles and demographics. Data were analyzed with linear mixed-effect models. RESULTS: Participating veterinarians (n = 208) had marginally lower EI (t1 = 4.93; 95% CI, 4.83 to 5.04) than the general population (5.11; 95% CI, 5.07 to 5.15), specifically in emotionality and sociability. No significant changes in EI (or its facets) occurred during the first 2 years after graduation. The absence of self-reported mental health conditions, higher satisfaction with social support, and more time spent outdoors were significantly positively associated with 1 or more facets of EI. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlighted participating veterinarians' areas of improvement in EI (emotional self-perception and management of others' emotions), which should be fostered through dedicated training. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: As EI is a skill that can be developed and that has myriad benefits, these findings support initiation of EI training, emphasizing self-emotional reflection and management of others' emotions as well as supporting the development of meaningful social connections and enabling access to outdoor activities.
Shorter versus longer durations of antibiotic treatment for pneumonia in dogs and cats: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Emdin F, Emdin A, Ong SWX … +7 more , Leung V, Schwartz KL, Langford BJ, Brown KA, Weese JS, Massarella S, Daneman N
J Am Vet Med Assoc · 2026 May · PMID 41547037 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Evidence guiding the optimal antibiotic duration for bacterial pneumonia in dogs and cats is limited, and recommended courses often exceed those used in human medicine. This review evaluated whether shorter s...
BACKGROUND: Evidence guiding the optimal antibiotic duration for bacterial pneumonia in dogs and cats is limited, and recommended courses often exceed those used in human medicine. This review evaluated whether shorter systemic antibiotic courses are as effective as longer courses for the treatment of bacterial pneumonia in these species. METHODS: This review was registered with the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/c5n24). MEDLINE, EMBASE, CAB Abstracts, and Scopus were searched from inception to April 2025, and reference lists were hand-searched. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials or observational studies comparing different antibiotic durations in dogs or cats with suspected or confirmed bacterial pneumonia. Outcomes included clinical, microbiological, or radiographic resolution. Two reviewers independently screened studies, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for randomized trials and ROBINS-I for observational studies. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed. RESULTS: 3 studies involving 74 dogs met the inclusion criteria; no eligible studies of cats were found. Two studies were randomized controlled trials, and 1 study was observational. Comparisons evaluated shorter (10 to 14 days) versus longer (21 to 28 days) antibiotic courses. Pooled analysis showed no significant difference in treatment success between shorter and longer durations (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.28 to 4.56). Certainty of evidence was very low due to risk of bias, indirectness, and imprecision. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Shorter antibiotic courses may be as effective as longer courses for the treatment of canine bacterial pneumonia, but current evidence is insufficient. No data are available for feline pneumonia, highlighting a critical evidence gap. Well-designed trials are needed to inform veterinary guidelines and antimicrobial stewardship.
Returning after a lay-up and absence of recent starts are associated with complete humerus fractures in Thoroughbred racehorses in South Korea (2009-2022).
Choi Y, Rosanowski SM, Parkin TD
J Am Vet Med Assoc · 2026 Jun · PMID 41547036 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors associated with complete humerus fractures in Thoroughbreds in South Korea. METHODS: A retrospective case-control design with multivariable logistic regression was used. This study inc...
OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors associated with complete humerus fractures in Thoroughbreds in South Korea. METHODS: A retrospective case-control design with multivariable logistic regression was used. This study included 131 Thoroughbreds diagnosed with complete humerus fractures following racetrack activity between 2009 and 2022 (inclusive). Additionally, 660 healthy Thoroughbreds (699 observations) with at least 1 racetrack activity during the same period were included as controls. RESULTS: A total of 8 variables were associated with the risk of complete humerus fractures. Notably, horses within the first 20 days after resuming racetrack training following a lay-up longer than 60 days (OR, 13.5; 95% CI, 5.5 to 33.1), as well as those with no race starts in the 60 days preceding the event (OR, 11.6; 95% CI, 5.5 to 24.6), were associated with an increased risk of the fracture. The likelihood of fracture was higher during trials or races than during racetrack training (OR, 8.9; 95% CI, 4.3 to 18.7), and horses with only 1 to 5 prior starts were also at increased risk (OR, 4.8; 95% CI, 2.0 to 11.3). Additional risk factors included sex (female and intact males), lack of prior trial race experience, and history of a prolonged lay-up exceeding 180 days. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified risk factors for complete humerus fractures in Thoroughbreds in South Korea and emphasized the importance of preventive measures. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The implementation of risk profiling and other preventive measures (such as pre-exercise veterinary examination that incorporates diagnostic imaging) for horses returning after a lay-up or those with no recent race participation could help reduce the incidence of complete humerus fractures.
Service-learning experiences can foster veterinary students' development of competence in the Competency-Based Veterinary Education Model.
Banse HE, DiGrassie W, Johnson PJ … +2 more , Kelly C, Hooper SE
J Am Vet Med Assoc · 2026 May · PMID 41547035 · Publisher ↗
Service learning is an experiential form of learning that focuses on active community engagement followed by reflection. An emerging area of curricular interest and emphasis in veterinary education, service learning can...
Service learning is an experiential form of learning that focuses on active community engagement followed by reflection. An emerging area of curricular interest and emphasis in veterinary education, service learning can provide opportunities for student training across the breadth of practice. In this review, we sought to examine the evidence of community impact and veterinary student outcomes following service-learning programs. Student outcomes were aligned with the American Association of Veterinary Medical Colleges' Competency-Based Veterinary Education (CBVE) Framework using domains of competence. To date, most studies provide evidence of outcomes through student surveys. Data collection was focused on Domain 5 (Communication) and Domain 6 (Collaboration), although there was some documentation of outcomes across all domains. In the future, inclusion of additional assessment measures of student performance, including direct measures, may allow for more robust understanding of the impact of service learning on student development of competence. Improved reporting of student and community outcomes is critical to assess the impact of service-learning activities during veterinary student training.
Making an impact with Currents in One Health.
Fortier LA
J Am Vet Med Assoc · 2026 Feb · PMID 41547034 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Pathology reimagined: team-based learning for clinical competency.
Löhr CV, Russell DS, Gruenwald R … +3 more , Johns J, Ihms B, Sriboonyapirat P
J Am Vet Med Assoc · 2026 Feb · PMID 41547033 · Publisher ↗
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