J Am Vet Med Assoc
· 2026 Jun · PMID 41689966
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OBJECTIVE: To describe arthroscopic evaluation of the canine hip with the use of needle arthroscopy. ANIMALS: Dogs undergoing needle arthroscopy of the hip for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. METHODS: The dog is seda...OBJECTIVE: To describe arthroscopic evaluation of the canine hip with the use of needle arthroscopy. ANIMALS: Dogs undergoing needle arthroscopy of the hip for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. METHODS: The dog is sedated or anesthetized, placed in lateral recumbency with the affected hip joint up, and secured to the table. Traction of the limb is used as needed. A needle is inserted into the hip joint at the 12 o'clock position just dorsal to the greater trochanter. The length and size of the needle are dependent on the dog size. The joint is distended with lactated Ringer solution (LRS). If not directly accessed, the needle is redirected slightly until it drops into the joint. A small stab incision is created with a No. 11 blade through the skin and subcutaneous tissue. A straight hemostat is used to enlarge the superficial portal. The inflow sheath is placed with a blunt trocar or blunt probe or by using the spinal needle as a guide, followed by insertion of the arthroscope. Fluid egress is achieved by placing a needle in the 5 o'clock position for the right hip and the 7 o'clock position for the left hip. Potential instrument portals are established in the 10 o'clock position for the left hip and 2 o'clock position for the right hip. Intermittent infusion of LRS is achieved via a 60-mL syringe or pressured LRS. RESULTS: Needle arthroscopy enables direct visualization of hip structures to aid in the diagnosis and treatment of a variety of diseases affecting the hip. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Direct visualization of the hip should be considered in patients with lameness and pain localized to the hip.
J Am Vet Med Assoc
· 2026 Jun · PMID 41689964
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OBJECTIVE: To describe the demographics and treatment outcomes of horses definitively diagnosed with epithelial or stromal immune-mediated keratitis (IMMK) by use of in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) and/or histopatholo...OBJECTIVE: To describe the demographics and treatment outcomes of horses definitively diagnosed with epithelial or stromal immune-mediated keratitis (IMMK) by use of in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) and/or histopathology. METHODS: Medical records of horses presented to the Cornell University Equine Hospital definitively diagnosed with epithelial or stromal IMMK with IVCM and/or histopathology between 2020 and 2024 were reviewed. Patient signalment, affected eye(s), diagnostics, treatments, and outcomes were assessed. RESULTS: 22 horses met the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 16.9 years (SD, ± 7.3 years). There were significantly more geldings (n = 16) than mares (6). Nineteen horses were unilaterally affected (11 right eyes and 8 left eyes) and 3 bilaterally affected. Twenty horses underwent IVCM, of which 8 had histopathology following superficial keratectomy with agreement in diagnosis. Two horses had corneal histopathology without IVCM. All horses were initially managed medically. Seven horses subsequently underwent episcleral cyclosporine implantation, of which 2 were controlled at last follow-up (median, 532 days). Standing superficial keratectomy was performed in 10 horses, with IMMK controlled in 9 of 10 horses at last follow-up (median, 692 days). Recurrence was documented in 1 horse 12 months after keratectomy. CONCLUSIONS: IVCM allowed for a rapid noninvasive diagnosis of equine IMMK that correlated with histopathology. Standing superficial keratectomy was an effective diagnostic and therapeutic option for equine IMMK. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Standing superficial keratectomy was an effective diagnostic and treatment for equine IMMK that provided long-term control of disease and minimized the need for long-term daily medications.
Hall NP, Sweeney DM, Holmströem M
… +6 more, Kim W, Wang Y, Donahue KD, Palmer SE, Lambert DH, Bayly WM
J Am Vet Med Assoc
· 2026 Jul · PMID 41689963
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OBJECTIVE: To determine whether targeted lesion-specific algorithms developed from data collected with accelerometer-based inertial measurement units worn by racing Thoroughbreds could retrospectively identify horses at...OBJECTIVE: To determine whether targeted lesion-specific algorithms developed from data collected with accelerometer-based inertial measurement units worn by racing Thoroughbreds could retrospectively identify horses at high risk of incurring forelimb condylar or proximal sesamoid fractures. METHODS: Fracture-specific algorithms were generated from July 2021 to December 2024 with accelerometer data from 42,623 races by 15,755 horses, including 54 races by 23 horses that subsequently suffered condylar fractures and 90 races by 31 horses that later sustained proximal sesamoid fractures. Fracture-specific algorithms placed horses into relative risk groups: green (low risk; score = 1), amber (asymmetry while racing; score = 2), and red (high risk; scores of 3 to 5 [5 = most at risk]) based on inertial measurement unit data that were compatible with the subsequent occurrence of either fracture. RESULTS: The positive predictive values were 0.09 for condylar and 0.08 for sesamoid fractures, respectively, in the most-at-risk horses. For horses with ≥ 3 starts and mean risk scores > 3.0 over 3 consecutive starts, positive predictive value was 0.74 and OR was 133 (95% CI, 23.5 to 753) compared to horses with mean scores < 3.0. Eighty-nine percent of all 53 fractures occurred in the red-risk group. Greater than 98.8% of horses with a risk score < 5 did not suffer either fracture, while ≤ 1.2% of the nonfracture cases received a risk score of 5. CONCLUSIONS: Most forelimb condylar and proximal sesamoid fractures were incurred by horses retrospectively identified as being at high risk by these fracture-specific algorithms. Having ≥ 3 risk scores/horse greatly increased the algorithms' precision. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Fracture-specific algorithms can identify horses at high risk of future condylar or proximal sesamoid bone fractures, thereby assisting veterinarians tasked with identifying and clinically evaluating them.
J Am Vet Med Assoc
· 2026 Jul · PMID 41689959
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OBJECTIVE: To compare the signalment of dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) eating hydrolyzed and nonhydrolyzed protein diets, and to characterize clinical data and echocardiographic indices of dogs with DCM eating hy...OBJECTIVE: To compare the signalment of dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) eating hydrolyzed and nonhydrolyzed protein diets, and to characterize clinical data and echocardiographic indices of dogs with DCM eating hydrolyzed protein diets. METHODS: Medical records of dogs diagnosed with DCM between May 2018 and October 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical data were compared between dogs eating hydrolyzed and nonhydrolyzed protein diets. For the latter group, presence of arrhythmias or congestive heart failure, whether diet was changed, and echocardiographic measurements were recorded. RESULTS: From 2,222 dogs diagnosed with DCM, 2,105 dogs met the study's inclusion criteria. Twenty-eight of 2,105 dogs (1.3%) were eating hydrolyzed protein diets. The most common breeds were pit bull-type breed (n = 6), English Bulldog (4), and Doberman Pinscher (4). Seventeen of 28 dogs (60.7%) had arrhythmias, and 17 of 28 dogs (60.7%) had congestive heart failure. There were no significant differences in age, sex, or body weight between the 2 diet groups. Five of 28 dogs eating hydrolyzed protein diets had follow-up echocardiograms and changed diet. In these 5 dogs, there was a significant reduction in left atrial-to-aortic ratio (from median 1.24 to 1.09; effect size, 0.64) and normalized left ventricular internal dimension at end systole (from median 1.41 to 1.25; effect size, 0.64) at the follow-up examination. CONCLUSIONS: In a large population of dogs with DCM, 1.3% were eating hydrolyzed protein diets prior to diagnosis; only a small number had follow-up echocardiograms. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The role of hydrolyzed protein diets in DCM is unclear but warrants further investigation.
Okur DT, Cengiz M, Küçükaslan İ
… +4 more, Peker C, Çiplak AY, Tohumcu V, Aydın Ş
J Am Vet Med Assoc
· 2026 May · PMID 41689958
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OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical decision-support performance of 2 large language models (LLMs), ChatGPT-5 and ChatGPT-5 Thinking, with that of experienced clinicians and novices in veterinary theriogenology. METHODS:...OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical decision-support performance of 2 large language models (LLMs), ChatGPT-5 and ChatGPT-5 Thinking, with that of experienced clinicians and novices in veterinary theriogenology. METHODS: 15 standardized obstetric and gynecologic scenarios were independently evaluated by 2 expert clinicians, 2 novice veterinarians, and both LLMs under matched, cold-start conditions. Responses were assessed with a 5-point global quality score by a blinded expert panel. RESULTS: ChatGPT-5 Thinking achieved the highest overall quality ratings, followed by ChatGPT-5 and the expert clinicians. Novice veterinarians received the lowest scores. Responses generated by LLM were generally more consistent and complete than those of human readers. CONCLUSIONS: Within the constraints of a simulated scenario design, LLMs, particularly ChatGPT-5 Thinking, provided clinically appropriate guidance that exceeded novice performance and approached that of expert clinicians. These findings support the potential role of LLMs as adjunct decision-support tools in time-sensitive obstetric and gynecologic cases. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: LLMs may assist clinicians and trainees in managing reproductive emergencies by offering rapid, structured, guideline-aligned recommendations. Further evaluation in real clinical settings is warranted.
Rowe M, Coutant T, Phalen D
… +13 more, Georgy SR, Dudal ML, Garner M, Schmidt R, Nicolier A, Miclard J, Cococcetta C, Ortiz K, Potier R, Blanc B, Donahoe SL, Macwhirter P, Huynh M
J Am Vet Med Assoc
· 2026 Jun · PMID 41689956
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OBJECTIVE: To characterize the clinical and histologic features of a novel polyostotic osteoproliferative disease in lovebirds (Agapornis spp). ANIMALS: Records from select avian clinical and/or pathology diagnostic serv...OBJECTIVE: To characterize the clinical and histologic features of a novel polyostotic osteoproliferative disease in lovebirds (Agapornis spp). ANIMALS: Records from select avian clinical and/or pathology diagnostic services in France, Australia, and Italy (2017 to 2024) and the US (1984 to 2024) were searched for clinical and pathological data from lovebirds with polyostotic osseous proliferations. Solitary lesions and suspect cases unconfirmed by imaging or postmortem examination were excluded. When available, fixed lesions were recut for independent histopathological re-examination by 5 veterinary pathologists to confirm consistency of diagnosis. Survival was assessed with a Kaplan-Meier curve. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: 22 cases from Australia, France, and Italy met the inclusion criteria, including 14 females, 5 males, and 3 of unknown sex. The median age at diagnosis was 3.5 years (range, 2 to 9 years). Apart from occasional palpation of osseous masses on physical examination, clinical signs were nonspecific and highly variable, corresponding with lesion location. RESULTS: Imaging revealed several expansile lesions (with the sternum, skull, and vertebrae most often affected), while hematology and biochemistry were generally nonspecific. Lesions were confirmed to be the same disease process in all histologically examined cases and showed extensive woven bone proliferation, disrupting the normal medullary and cortical architecture of affected bones. Prognosis was guarded, with a mean survival time of 68 days. The condition was termed polyostotic osteopetrosis syndrome. The cause is unknown, although an inherited disorder is suspected. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Findings will assist clinicians in diagnosis and management of polyostotic osteopetrosis syndrome and provide foundations for further research.
J Am Vet Med Assoc
· 2026 Jun · PMID 41671687
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OBJECTIVE: To describe ocular abnormalities of pet and sanctuary-housed domestic pigs presented to an academic veterinary hospital. METHODS: Electronic medical records at the Cornell University Hospital for Animals were...OBJECTIVE: To describe ocular abnormalities of pet and sanctuary-housed domestic pigs presented to an academic veterinary hospital. METHODS: Electronic medical records at the Cornell University Hospital for Animals were searched for pigs having undergone a complete ophthalmic examination by a Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists between 2011 and 2024. Signalment, examination findings, diagnoses, and treatments were reviewed. RESULTS: 36 domestic pigs of a variety of breeds were represented, including Vietnamese pot-bellied (22 of 36), American Miniature (4 of 36), Yorkshire (2 of 36), Berkshire (1 of 36), mixed breed (2 of 36), and unknown breeds (5 of 36). Most ocular abnormalities were adnexal with the following abnormalities diagnosed: excessive periocular fat ("fat blindness"; 8 of 36), corneal ulceration (8 of 36), blepharitis/periocular dermatitis (7 of 36), conjunctivitis (7 of 36), entropion (3 of 36), and eyelid neoplasia (melanoma; 1 of 36). Cataracts were diagnosed in 2 (3 eyes) of 36 pigs. CONCLUSIONS: A wide range of ocular disease impacted pet and sanctuary-housed pigs. Vision-threatening ophthalmic disease appeared to be rare, aside from functional blindness associated with excessive periocular fat. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study provided veterinarians with new information on the ophthalmic diseases that affect pigs as well as approaches to treatment.
O'Neill M, Wustefeld-Janssens B, Griffin M
… +5 more, Gill N, Piegols HJ, Skinner O, Latifi M, Tremolada G
J Am Vet Med Assoc
· 2026 Jun · PMID 41671686
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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate functional outcome and owner satisfaction of chondrodysplastic dog breeds undergoing full limb amputation. METHODS: Medical records from 4 academic institutions were reviewed for chondrodysplastic...OBJECTIVE: To evaluate functional outcome and owner satisfaction of chondrodysplastic dog breeds undergoing full limb amputation. METHODS: Medical records from 4 academic institutions were reviewed for chondrodysplastic dog breeds that underwent limb amputation from March 2015 to April 2024. Data collected included signalment, reason for amputation, day of return to ambulation with or without assistance, and comorbidities. Owner satisfaction was investigated via a nonvalidated questionnaire. Continuous data were analyzed for normal distribution and expressed as means if normally distributed and medians if nonnormally distributed. Categorial data were reported as frequencies, and comparisons between groups were performed with the Fisher exact test. RESULTS: At the time of discharge, 19 of 28 dogs (68%) were walking unassisted, 8 of 28 (29%) were walking with assistance, and 1 of 28 (4%) was unable to walk. Eighty-seven percent (13 of 15) of dogs that underwent a thoracic limb amputation were able to ambulate without assistance at the time of discharge, while only 46% (6 of 13) of dogs in the pelvic limb group were able to do so. Over the course of the postoperative period, 25 of 28 dogs (89%) were independently ambulatory. Overall, 18 of 28 owners (64%) completed the satisfaction questionnaire, and 13 of 18 (72%) were very satisfied with the outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of chondrodysplastic dog breeds did well following amputation and achieved the ability to ambulate independently. Furthermore, dog owners reported high levels of satisfaction following this procedure. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This information may help dog owners make informed decisions when considering a limb amputation for a chondrodysplastic dog.
Pakhawala J, Berent A, Weisse C
… +1 more, Ghali H
J Am Vet Med Assoc
· 2026 Jun · PMID 41671685
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OBJECTIVE: To compare short- and long-term clinical outcomes in dogs with extrahepatic biliary duct obstruction (EHBO) managed medically, with endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC)-assisted biliary stenting, or wit...OBJECTIVE: To compare short- and long-term clinical outcomes in dogs with extrahepatic biliary duct obstruction (EHBO) managed medically, with endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC)-assisted biliary stenting, or with surgical biliary decompression. METHODS: Medical records from 28 client-owned dogs diagnosed with EHBO and treated at a single veterinary referral center between 2012 and 2019 were reviewed retrospectively as part of an observational study. Inclusion criteria included common bile duct dilation (> 3 mm) and clinicopathologic evidence of biliary obstruction. Dogs were grouped based on treatment modality: medical management, ERC (ERC-assisted biliary stenting), or surgery. Outcomes included survival to discharge, median survival time, and complications. RESULTS: 28 dogs were included: 10 medically managed, 12 treated with ERC-assisted biliary stenting, and 6 treated surgically. Survival to discharge was 100% (medical), 92% (ERC), and 33% (surgical). Median survival time was not reached in medical or ERC groups; the surgical group had a median survival time of 4 days. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography achieved technical success in 86% of cases and had a lower complication rate than surgery. Most dogs managed medically experienced spontaneous resolution of EHBO with supportive care. Pancreatitis as the cause of EHBO was associated with not surviving to discharge. CONCLUSIONS: Medical management and ERC-assisted biliary stenting were associated with improved short- and long-term survival rates and fewer complications compared to surgical intervention. Surgical intervention was associated with the highest mortality and complication rates. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: ERC-assisted biliary stenting and medical management may provide safer alternatives for similar etiologies to surgery for dogs with EHBO, particularly in facilities with interventional endoscopic capabilities. In many cases, supportive care alone may lead to spontaneous resolution of EHBO.
J Am Vet Med Assoc
· 2026 Jun · PMID 41637863
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OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate how to perform a venipuncture technique in small mammals using the proximal jugular vein, which may be useful when working with zoological companion and laboratory animals. ANIMALS: Proximal jug...OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate how to perform a venipuncture technique in small mammals using the proximal jugular vein, which may be useful when working with zoological companion and laboratory animals. ANIMALS: Proximal jugular venipuncture can be performed in a variety of small mammal species. METHODS: Heavy sedation or anesthesia is required. The patient is placed in dorsal recumbency and the skin disinfected. A small-gauge needle (typically, a 27-gauge needle or smaller is sufficient) on a 1- to 3-mL syringe is inserted 90° to the skin immediately cranial to where the clavicle inserts onto the manubrium. In species with small clavicles (eg, guinea pigs), the needle is inserted where the first rib connects to the manubrium. The needle is inserted to a depth of approximately 1 cm and slowly retracted with negative pressure. When a flash of blood appears in the hub, the needle is maintained at that depth by stabilizing the barrel. If the blood flow stops, the needle is gently inserted or retracted until it resumes. Pressure is held at the site after needle retraction. RESULTS: Proximal jugular venipuncture is performed with the immobilized patient in dorsal recumbency and utilizes palpable landmarks. Holding the needle at the successful depth by stabilizing the syringe barrel is key for blood collection, and it is important to hold pressure at the site after collection to prevent hematoma formation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Proximal jugular venipuncture is an option for collecting diagnostically useful volumes of blood in several small mammal species and provides palpable landmarks for needle placement while avoiding the need to utilize small peripheral veins or needle insertion into the thoracic cavity (eg, cranial vena cava venipuncture).
Welch BT, Clancey N, Creighton C
… +3 more, Raab O, Bourassi E, Hoddinott K
J Am Vet Med Assoc
· 2026 Jun · PMID 41637862
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OBJECTIVE: To compare blood parameters from samples collected by venipuncture versus a push-pull technique from a peripheral IV catheter (PIVC). METHODS: This prospective nonrandomized clinical study included dogs that r...OBJECTIVE: To compare blood parameters from samples collected by venipuncture versus a push-pull technique from a peripheral IV catheter (PIVC). METHODS: This prospective nonrandomized clinical study included dogs that required hospitalization with IV fluid therapy. Dogs were prospectively enrolled if they met the study criteria and owner consent was obtained. To be included, dogs had to weigh ≥ 10 kg and require hospitalization with IV fluid therapy. Exclusion criteria included confirmed or suspected coagulopathy or clinically relevant anemia (Hct < 0.30 L/L) or thrombocytopenia (platelet concentration < 100 X 109/L). At the time of hospitalization, paired blood samples were collected via venous venipuncture and with the use of a push-pull technique with a freshly placed 20-gauge, 1.1 X 30-mm PIVC. Blood samples were submitted for CBC and biochemistry profiles. Samples were again collected after a minimum of 24 hours of hospitalization, with IV fluids and medications administered through the PIVC. RESULTS: 70 dogs were included, with 33 completing both time points. The venipuncture and PIVC methods had an overall positive correlation at both the T0 and T24 time points. Statistically significant, but not clinically relevant, differences were noted for several parameters. Leukogram indices were more likely to have discordant results. Despite observed differences, all blood indices with PIVC collection fell well within acceptable variation for clinical decision-making. CONCLUSIONS: This push-pull PIVC sampling protocol is an effective and clinically appropriate method of blood collection in hospitalized dogs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This protocol may be used to reduce venipuncture in hospitalized dogs.
Phouratsamay A, Le Loc'h A, Paoletti C
… +4 more, Rosas-Navarro J, Huynh M, Pignon C, Coutant T
J Am Vet Med Assoc
· 2026 Jun · PMID 41637858
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OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical features of urinary tract infections in pet rabbits, identify the bacterial species involved and their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, and investigate risk factors. METHODS: In...OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical features of urinary tract infections in pet rabbits, identify the bacterial species involved and their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, and investigate risk factors. METHODS: In this retrospective multicentric observational study, data were retrieved from the medical records of 3 veterinary centers located in the Greater Paris region, France, between 2009 and 2025. Inclusion criteria consisted of all rabbits presented for consultation in which a urine culture had been carried out. Signalment and clinical data were analyzed for statistical associations with urine culture results (positive vs negative). Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were retrieved. RESULTS: 79 rabbits underwent urine bacterial culture. Overall, 34.2% (27 of 79) of rabbits had a positive urine culture, of which 59.3% (16 of 27) were female and 84.6% (22 of 26) had urinary sludge, 9.1% (2 of 22) urolithiasis, 33.3% (8 of 24) consistent ultrasonographic signs of pyelonephritis, and 71.4% (15 of 21) bacteria on urine microscopic examination. Most urine samples were collected by cystocentesis (94.8% [73 of 77]). The presence of bacteria on urine microscopic examination was the only statistically significant parameter associated with urinary tract infection, with a sensitivity of 71% (95% CI, 60% to 82%) and specificity of 90% (95% CI, 82% to 98%) when compared to culture results. In 74.1% (20 of 27) of cases, a single species of bacteria was isolated, with a total of 36 different isolates. The most common bacteria were Escherichia coli (27.8% [10 of 36]), Enterococcus faecalis (19.4% [7 of 36]), and Staphylococcus spp (11.1% [4 of 36]). Resistance was reported for azithromycin (66.2% [15 of 20]), penicillin (57.9% [13 of 19]), sulfonamides-trimethoprim (31.4% [11 of 35]), enrofloxacin (17.9% [5 of 28]), and ceftiofur (17.1% [6 of 35]). Overall, 52.8% (19 of 36) of bacteria were multidrug resistant. CONCLUSIONS: Frequent resistance to empirically used antibiotics was observed. As no risk factors could be identified, larger-scale studies are needed. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Bacterial isolation is common, and urine culture should be encouraged to adjust therapy in accordance with antimicrobial stewardship practices.
J Am Vet Med Assoc
· 2026 Jun · PMID 41616485
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OBJECTIVE: To provide a video tutorial on ultrasound-guided arthrocentesis and injection of the canine radiocarpal and tarsocrural joints. ANIMALS: Dogs undergoing arthrocentesis or intra-articular injections for diagnos...OBJECTIVE: To provide a video tutorial on ultrasound-guided arthrocentesis and injection of the canine radiocarpal and tarsocrural joints. ANIMALS: Dogs undergoing arthrocentesis or intra-articular injections for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. METHODS: The radiocarpal joint is visualized in long axis and the tarsocrural joint in short axis with a 70% isopropyl alcohol medium and linear array probe with a frequency range of 3 to 22 MHz and footprint of 25.5 mm after clipping a window and preparing the region sterilely. The needle is inserted, bevel up, in long axis with the probe angled at the appropriate trajectory to enter the visible joint space. The needle is advanced until the tip is visualized entering the joint. Aspiration to obtain synovial fluid can further confirm needle placement or provide diagnostic sampling prior to injection. The aspirate syringe is exchanged for that containing the therapeutic agent, and injectate can then be visualized entering and/or expanding the joint upon injection. RESULTS: Ultrasound-guided arthrocentesis will help to avoid surrounding vasculature and soft tissue structures, confirm needle placement, and target fluid pocketing. Needle guidance into a joint can reduce iatrogenic tissue damage from inappropriate needle placement and/or by minimizing attempts. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: For arthrocentesis, ultrasound guidance can maximize joint fluid volume acquisition for diagnostic purposes while avoiding blood contamination. For joint injections, ultrasound will help ensure intra-articular delivery of the injectate, particularly when synovial fluid aspirate feedback is inhibited (dry joint or obstructive synovial proliferation). Imaging guidance can help reduce iatrogenic tissue damage and procedure time.
J Am Vet Med Assoc
· 2026 Jun · PMID 41616483
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OBJECTIVE: To describe veterinary workers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding AI in veterinary medicine, with an emphasis on diagnostic imaging. METHODS: An observational cross-sectional survey was administere...OBJECTIVE: To describe veterinary workers' knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding AI in veterinary medicine, with an emphasis on diagnostic imaging. METHODS: An observational cross-sectional survey was administered from February through July 2023 with Qualtrics. A convenience sample of general and emergency practitioners, board-certified and board-eligible specialists, interns, residents, technicians, and students was recruited predominantly in Canada and the US. RESULTS: Responses from 673 participants were analyzed. Most respondents reported no or minimal formal AI training (90.5%) and a basic understanding of AI (66.1%). Twenty-five percent reported AI was used at their workplace. Most believed AI will alter veterinary medicine (72.3%) and improve veterinary radiology (56.6%), and most did not believe AI will completely replace radiologists (85.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Veterinary workers reported limited AI knowledge but generally optimistic attitudes toward adoption and strong interest in education and evidence-based validation of AI tools. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: With the use of AI in veterinary medicine rapidly growing, it may be beneficial to include AI training in the curriculum for veterinary students and technicians and in continuing education for currently practicing veterinarians to ensure the responsible and successful implementation of AI into the field.
J Am Vet Med Assoc
· 2026 Jun · PMID 41616477
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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this video is to demonstrate a reliable technique for obtaining diagnostic venogram images of the equine foot. Venogram studies are indicated to assess vascular contrast filling of the equine...OBJECTIVE: The objective of this video is to demonstrate a reliable technique for obtaining diagnostic venogram images of the equine foot. Venogram studies are indicated to assess vascular contrast filling of the equine digit, primarily in cases of laminitis. ANIMALS: A healthy university-owned horse was used for demonstration purposes. The protocol was approved by the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University IACUC. METHODS: The horse's shoes are removed, and the foot is cleaned of debris. The horse is sedated and a medial and lateral abaxial nerve block performed. The pastern is clipped if the hair coat is long. An aseptic scrub is performed on the pastern, and the horse is placed on radiographic positioning blocks. An Esmarch tourniquet is placed at the fetlock, and a 21-gauge butterfly catheter is inserted into the palmar digital vein. Iodinated contrast is injected; immediately following contrast injection, radiographic views are obtained. Weight-bearing lateral-medial, weight-bearing dorsal-palmar, upright pedal/dorsoproximal-palmarodistal oblique, unloaded lateral-medial, unloaded dorsopalmar, and late weight-bearing lateral-medial and dorsopalmar images are our standard views. The tourniquet is removed, followed by removal of the butterfly catheter and a light bandage placed over the venipuncture site. RESULTS: Radiographic images are obtained and reviewed by clinicians to determine whether there is decreased or abnormal vascular contrast filling of the foot. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Findings from the venogram study can guide shoeing and other treatment choices, particularly for laminitic horses.