Int J Psychol
· 2026 Jun · PMID 42083340
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Anxiety disorders are globally prevalent, with the highest disease burden in low- and middle-income countries. However, most research on protective factors of anxiety is predominantly conducted in high-income countries....Anxiety disorders are globally prevalent, with the highest disease burden in low- and middle-income countries. However, most research on protective factors of anxiety is predominantly conducted in high-income countries. Focusing on India, the most populous middle-income country where religion is salient, this study examined the association between religious coping and generalised anxiety symptoms and whether aspects of social identity moderated this association. A religiously and ethnolinguistically diverse sample of emerging adults (N = 484, M = 20.48 years) completed measures of religious coping, religious centrality and anxiety. Results indicated that negative religious coping was positively associated with anxiety symptoms, whilst positive religious coping was unrelated to anxiety. Religious centrality did not moderate the relation between religious coping and anxiety. However, ethnolinguistic identity (Northeastern vs. other regions) moderated the association, such that negative religious coping predicted higher concurrent anxiety among Indians from other regions, but not among Northeasterners. Findings support the role of negative religious coping in anxiety and suggest investigations into the role of ethnolinguistic identity as a critical contributing factor to mental health.
Li C, Li W, Yang X
… +3 more, Ren A, Liu Y, Kong F
Int J Psychol
· 2026 Jun · PMID 42083335
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Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been found to impair well-being, but the underlying mechanisms through which ACEs influence subjective well-being remain unclear. A survey was conducted among 1246 adolescents fr...Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been found to impair well-being, but the underlying mechanisms through which ACEs influence subjective well-being remain unclear. A survey was conducted among 1246 adolescents from a high school in China. Drawing upon the risky families model and the Self-Determination Theory, we established a moderated mediation framework, which was devised to explore the mediating role of basic psychological needs satisfaction (BPNS) and the moderating role of self-compassion. The results indicated that ACEs exhibited a negative association with adolescents' subjective well-being, and BPNS mediated this association. Furthermore, both positive and negative dimensions of self-compassion moderated the connection between ACEs and BPNS, such that this connection was stronger among adolescents who possessed elevated levels of self-compassion. The present findings corroborate the detrimental impact of ACEs on adolescents' subjective well-being and further elucidate the underlying mechanisms by emphasizing the mediating function of BPNS and the moderating influence of self-compassion.
Xie J, Shu X, Lui KFH
… +3 more, Sun Z, He Y, Wu M
Int J Psychol
· 2026 Jun · PMID 42059377
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Level-1 visual perspective-taking (VPT) enables individuals to infer what others see to support high-level cognitive processes. Despite evidence highlighting the importance of prior knowledge in social cognition, the spe...Level-1 visual perspective-taking (VPT) enables individuals to infer what others see to support high-level cognitive processes. Despite evidence highlighting the importance of prior knowledge in social cognition, the specific impact of prior knowledge on level-1 VPT remains unclear. The present study conducted three experiments to fill this gap. In Experiment 1, the participants received prior knowledge about an avatar's subsequent action (i.e., turning or static) before judging disc visibility from their own or the avatar's perspective. Egocentric and altercentric biases emerged when prior knowledge was about turning, but only egocentric bias emerged when prior knowledge was about being stationary. Experiment 2 omitted the potential clues of the judgement task to replicate the findings of Experiment 1. The results revealed that egocentric and altercentric biases emerged regardless of whether prior knowledge was about turning or being stationary. Experiment 3 examined how stimulus presentation sequences influence level-1 VPT. Both egocentric and altercentric biases emerged when prior knowledge was about turning, whereas only egocentric bias emerged when prior knowledge was about being stationary. These results revealed that prior knowledge influences egocentric and altercentric biases in Level-1 VPT, with egocentric bias consistently observed and altercentric bias modulated by action salience and context ambiguity.
Fisher ML, Wade TJ, Komatsu H
… +5 more, Tanaka N, Kubota H, Burch R, Salmon C, Widman D
Int J Psychol
· 2026 Jun · PMID 42059370
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The goal of the current study was to explore attachment theory and reproductive success across the three cultural contexts of Japan, Canada and the USA. We investigate how adult attachment styles (secure, fearful, preocc...The goal of the current study was to explore attachment theory and reproductive success across the three cultural contexts of Japan, Canada and the USA. We investigate how adult attachment styles (secure, fearful, preoccupied and dismissive) are associated with reproductive success, as measured by the number of children. Using data collected from 15,120 participants via an online survey, we found fearful and preoccupied attachment styles were positively associated with reproductive success across all three samples, indicating that these insecure attachment styles may promote behaviours linked to larger family sizes. Conversely, secure attachment negatively predicted reproductive success in Canada and the USA but showed no significant relationship in Japan. Sex differences in attachment were observed, with women scoring higher in preoccupied attachment across cultures and men scoring higher in fearful attachment. We propose attachment styles are associated with reproductive strategies, with cultural norms moderating these associations. Collectivist values in Japan may attenuate individual attachment associations with family planning, while individualistic cultures such as Canada and the USA align secure attachment with deliberate, resource-intensive reproductive strategies. This study advances the understanding of attachment theory by discussing its relevance to life history strategies and reproductive outcomes within diverse cultural settings.
Int J Psychol
· 2026 Jun · PMID 42044681
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Empirical research on maladaptive daydreaming (MD), a clinically impairing form of compulsive immersive fantasy associated with attention dysregulation, emotional dysregulation and digital behavioural addictions, has exp...Empirical research on maladaptive daydreaming (MD), a clinically impairing form of compulsive immersive fantasy associated with attention dysregulation, emotional dysregulation and digital behavioural addictions, has expanded substantially over the past decade. Despite this growth, the intellectual structure, thematic evolution and collaborative networks of the MD literature indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) remain unmapped. This bibliometric study aimed to characterise the intellectual landscape of WoSCC-indexed MD research between 2009 and 2025. A total of 141 publications were analysed using bibliometrix (R), VOSviewer and Python-based network analyses. The corpus accumulated 2187 citations with a mean of 15.5 citations per document and a field h-index of 26. Israel, the United States and Italy were the most productive countries. Four thematic clusters emerged: core MD phenomenology and dissociation; neurodevelopmental and attentional correlates; emotional dysregulation and pandemic-related psychopathology and digital behavioural addictions. Thematic evolution revealed a shift from phenomenological description toward multidimensional clinical investigation with increasing neurodevelopmental integration. Persistent gaps include longitudinal studies, randomized controlled trials and neurobiological investigations. These findings clarify the structure, thematic evolution and collaborative landscape of the Web of Science-indexed literature on MD and identify underdeveloped areas for future empirical work.
Int J Psychol
· 2026 Jun · PMID 42025211
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This study examines the psychological mechanisms underlying solo dining in the 'loneliness economy'. Using structural equation modelling (SEM), it explores relationships among social anxiety, loneliness, solo dining inte...This study examines the psychological mechanisms underlying solo dining in the 'loneliness economy'. Using structural equation modelling (SEM), it explores relationships among social anxiety, loneliness, solo dining intentions and dependency orientation as a moderator. Because solo dining may reflect both voluntary solitude and avoidance-based solitude, the present model primarily tests the avoidance-linked pathway associated with social anxiety and loneliness. Findings show that loneliness is significantly associated with solo dining behaviour, especially among individuals with high dependency, but less so among those with lower dependency scores. Accordingly, solo dining is treated here as a broad behavioural tendency with mixed motives rather than as a purely therapeutic exposure exercise. The study contributes to literature on solitude and mental health and offers practical recommendations for the restaurant industry.
Diller SJ, Fischer VT, Runge ES
… +2 more, Jonason PK, Frey D
Int J Psychol
· 2026 Jun · PMID 42019648
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Prior research has identified that individuals characterized by traits like psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism (i.e., the Dark Triad) are seen to more likely engage in unethical behavior and hold less pro-orga...Prior research has identified that individuals characterized by traits like psychopathy, narcissism, and Machiavellianism (i.e., the Dark Triad) are seen to more likely engage in unethical behavior and hold less pro-organizational work attitudes. Yet, behavior and attitudes are shaped not by individual traits alone but by their interaction with the environment - a factor frequently overlooked in Dark Triad research. In two studies, we therefore explored how an unethical organizational culture influences the relationship between Dark Triad traits and their organizational behavior and attitudes: A field study with German-speaking employees from various companies (N = 1,077) and a scenario-based experiment with German-speaking employees and students (N = 275), in which the participants were randomly assigned to either an unethical (n = 138) or an ethical (n = 137) organizational culture. Across both studies, perceptions of an unethical organizational culture amplified the link between the Dark Triad traits and unethical behavior as well as primarily influenced pro-organizational attitudes, with the traits proving relatively unimportant for the latter. Our findings highlight the importance of assessing organizational context when examining the "dark side" of organizational psychology. In addition, this research underlines the relevance of improving unethical organizational cultures.
Int J Psychol
· 2026 Jun · PMID 42014039
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The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly affected global physical and psychological well-being. In addition to the loss of lives, lockdowns led to widespread declines in quality of life, particularly in mental health. While some...The COVID-19 pandemic profoundly affected global physical and psychological well-being. In addition to the loss of lives, lockdowns led to widespread declines in quality of life, particularly in mental health. While some individuals struggled, others showed resilience. This study investigated how changes in life conditions during lockdown-across physical, psychological and social domains-impacted mental health and well-being. A sample of 184 university students (82.6% female; M = 22.8, SD = 4.09) reported perceived improvements or deteriorations in these areas. Their responses were analysed in relation to psychological outcomes. The study also examined the mediating roles of emotion regulation strategies-cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression-and hope. Although previous research emphasised the protective role of emotion regulation and hope in reducing anxiety and depression, findings from this study revealed that the psychological impact of lockdown was the strongest predictor of mental health and well-being. Emotion regulation strategies did not significantly mediate these effects. In contrast, hope emerged as the only effective mediator, reducing the negative psychological consequences of lockdown and enhancing resilience and coping. These results underscore the importance of cultivating hope as a central psychological resource to support individuals in managing prolonged adversity and maintaining psychological well-being.
Int J Psychol
· 2026 Jun · PMID 42008978
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Sociocultural factors are known to influence the phenomenology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, less is known about how these factors could be related to the underlying mechanisms of OCD. This study aimed...Sociocultural factors are known to influence the phenomenology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, less is known about how these factors could be related to the underlying mechanisms of OCD. This study aimed to explore the influence of sociocultural factors, namely, conformity, religiosity, and fear of losing out on obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms and their underlying cognitive processes. A total of 2364 young adults (18-29 years), comprising undergraduate students and recent graduates from a public university in Singapore, completed three online surveys over 1.5 years. Path analysis was used to model temporal relationships among OC symptoms and other variables in this longitudinal dataset, while controlling for previous levels of symptoms and their covariances, including with depressive and anxiety symptoms. The results showed that fear of losing out predicted perfection/certainty, which in turn predicted OC symptoms; however, this indirect effect was small. Conformity and religiosity did not show similar predictive associations. Our findings suggest that sociocultural factors may indirectly shape an individual's vulnerability through their attitudes and appraisals. Culturally driven norms and beliefs can reinforce maladaptive cognitive tendencies and increase one's susceptibility to OC symptoms, highlighting the importance of cultural competency practices that address the possible role of culturally driven beliefs in cognitive misappraisals.
Tan M, Liu K, Wang S
… +3 more, Li H, Fan W, Zhong Y
Int J Psychol
· 2026 Jun · PMID 41990844
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Money plays an important role in consumer decisions, yet its impact on green consumption has been studied primarily through attitudinal measures, with less attention to actual behaviour, and the moderating role of social...Money plays an important role in consumer decisions, yet its impact on green consumption has been studied primarily through attitudinal measures, with less attention to actual behaviour, and the moderating role of social observation remains unclear. To address this gap, this research investigates the effects of money priming and social observation on green consumption behaviour. In Experiment 1, participants first completed a scrambled-sentence task and then a consumption choice task. Results indicated that money priming significantly decreased green consumption. Experiment 2 further examined the moderating role of social observation. It was found that money priming reduced green consumption only under non-observable conditions; when decisions were observable, this negative effect disappeared. Overall, these findings demonstrate that while money priming exerts a negative effect on green consumption, social observation can counteract it. These findings suggest that increasing the social visibility of green consumption can promote sustainable development.
Int J Psychol
· 2026 Jun · PMID 41986940
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Although Body Positivity content (BoPo) has been criticised for emphasising physical appearance and promoting self-objectification, the specific features driving these effects remain unclear. The present study examined w...Although Body Positivity content (BoPo) has been criticised for emphasising physical appearance and promoting self-objectification, the specific features driving these effects remain unclear. The present study examined whether depictions of female bodies act as triggers for self-objectification in BoPo on Instagram. In a between-subjects online experiment involving 158 women aged 18-29 (M = 21.6, SD = 2.4), exposure to female bodies in BoPo posts did not heighten state self-objectification. Trait self-objectification and negative mood did not moderate these effects; however, women with negative attitudes towards BoPo reported higher levels of state self-objectification. These findings underscore the potential importance of subjective appraisals in shaping the impacts of BoPo content. Overall, the study contributes to the ongoing debate about the potentially negative effects of BoPo on Instagram, suggesting that body depictions alone may not reinforce self-objectification. Future research should examine the distinct influence of different types of body portrayals to further clarify the impact of BoPo content on body image. From a practical perspective, prevention efforts and social media campaigns should aim to raise awareness of BoPo features that continue to overemphasise appearance, helping women better protect their body image from potential adverse effects.
Int J Psychol
· 2026 Jun · PMID 41956466
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Prosocial spending is a specific type of prosocial behavior. The relationship between social class and prosocial behavior has been widely invested, but the link between social class and prosocial spending has been under-...Prosocial spending is a specific type of prosocial behavior. The relationship between social class and prosocial behavior has been widely invested, but the link between social class and prosocial spending has been under-explored, and the findings have been inconsistent. This study employs a multi-method design, utilizing a large-scale panel secondary dataset, a survey, three experiments, and a single-paper meta-analysis to systematically explore whether social class affects an individual's prosocial spending and the role of sense of responsibility and awe in this relationship. The results consistently suggest that subjective social class positively effects individuals' prosocial spending, whereas objective social class has no effect. The relationship between subjective social class and prosocial spending was mediated via sense of responsibility. Moreover, awe has also moderated the mediating effect of a sense of responsibility between subjective social class and prosocial spending. The findings deepen the understanding of the relationship between social class and prosocial spending.
Int J Psychol
· 2026 Jun · PMID 41956457
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Gig work has emerged as one of the fastest-growing employment trends, with its expansion accelerating during the COVID-19 pandemic. As this form of work continues to evolve, it has brought to light several characteristic...Gig work has emerged as one of the fastest-growing employment trends, with its expansion accelerating during the COVID-19 pandemic. As this form of work continues to evolve, it has brought to light several characteristics-such as instability, isolation and lack of social support-that may adversely affect workers' mental health. Accordingly, it is essential to identify mechanisms and conditions that can protect gig workers from psychological deterioration. Grounded in Affective Events Theory, this study investigated (1) the mediating role of daily affect ratio in the relationship between daily human-animal interactions (HAI) and mental health, and (2) the moderating role of neuroticism in this indirect relationship. Using a daily diary design involving 205 freelance journalists (5 daily observations per participant, totalling 1025 observations), multilevel analyses yielded three key findings. First, daily HAI was positively associated with mental health through its enhancement of the daily affect ratio. Second, the positive effect of daily HAI on affect ratio was stronger among individuals with higher levels of neuroticism. Third, neuroticism amplified the indirect effect of daily HAI on mental health via affect ratio. Theoretical and practical implications for supporting gig workers' mental health are discussed.
Int J Psychol
· 2026 Jun · PMID 41941889
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Depression is frequently associated with problematic social media use (PSMU), yet evidence integrating day-to-day dynamics with longer-term temporal ordering remains limited. We conducted two studies to examine these ass...Depression is frequently associated with problematic social media use (PSMU), yet evidence integrating day-to-day dynamics with longer-term temporal ordering remains limited. We conducted two studies to examine these associations. In Study 1, 169 college students completed a 2-week daily diary assessing depressive symptoms adapted from the Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale and PSMU derived from the PSMU Scale. Dynamic structural equation modelling indicated reciprocal within-person lagged effects: higher daily depression predicted higher PSMU on the next day, and higher daily PSMU also predicted higher depression on the next day. In Study 2, 473 adolescents were assessed over a 9-month period using the PSMU Scale and the Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale at each wave. Longitudinal analyses showed that depression at T1 predicted PSMU at T2, whereas PSMU at T1 did not predict depression at T2. Together, these findings suggest that depression and PSMU may reinforce each other in daily life, but over longer periods, depression appears to be a more robust antecedent of problematic social media engagement. Implications for prevention and intervention targeting depressive symptoms and maladaptive social media use are discussed.
Maruščáková IL, Jakob L, Vydrová HV
… +1 more, Špinka M
Int J Psychol
· 2026 Jun · PMID 41933270
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Humans can recognize emotions from vocalisations of various animal species. Our study examined whether human psychological differences in dark personality traits (as measured by SD3) and musician experience affect the de...Humans can recognize emotions from vocalisations of various animal species. Our study examined whether human psychological differences in dark personality traits (as measured by SD3) and musician experience affect the decoding of emotions in animal calls. Respondents assessed the situation and the valence and intensity of emotion experienced by the animal in calls of piglets recorded in three social and one painful situation. With increasing psychopathy scores, individuals made more misclassification errors between social and painful calls and also perceived the social calls as more negative. Higher Machiavellianism scores were associated with a more positively perceived valence of social and painful calls. Furthermore, respondents with musician experience and using Czech (as opposed to English) positively shifted the perceived valence of social calls. These findings indicate that humans with higher psychopathic traits may possess mechanisms that blunt the difference between distressing and positive vocal signals, thus making it easier to exploit or manipulate others. Furthermore, interindividual personality differences and musical experiences influence how humans perceive emotions in vocal signals devoid of verbal cues. The implications are made for human-animal interaction, the general dark triad theory, and the perception of emotions in nonverbal human infant calls.
Int J Psychol
· 2026 Jun · PMID 41912262
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This study investigates secondary school students' perceptions of generative AI (GenAI) as virtual mental health therapists within educational settings. Leveraging data from the written reflections of 69 Hong Kong second...This study investigates secondary school students' perceptions of generative AI (GenAI) as virtual mental health therapists within educational settings. Leveraging data from the written reflections of 69 Hong Kong secondary school students engaged in an AI literacy programme, the study applied inductive thematic analysis to explore perceived potentials and limitations of GenAI therapy chatbots. Students valued the accessibility, anonymity and cost-effectiveness of AI-powered therapy. However, significant concerns arose regarding the technology's lack of genuine empathy, limited understanding of non-verbal cues and potential for inaccurate responses. Ethical issues, such as data privacy and trust, were highlighted, with students expressing warranted distrust regarding personal data handling. The findings emphasised the risk of over-reliance on AI and the therapeutic misconception that AI generates more suitable advice. While students acknowledged GenAI as a supplementary tool for initial support, they underscored the irreplaceable role of human therapists for deep, personalised care. This research calls for comprehensive AI literacy education to help students effectively navigate the strengths and boundaries of AI in mental health support.
Int J Psychol
· 2026 Jun · PMID 41904640
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The positive effects of growth mindset on a variety of developmental outcomes have been widely acknowledged. However, the mechanisms through which a growth mindset is associated with persistence over time are not explici...The positive effects of growth mindset on a variety of developmental outcomes have been widely acknowledged. However, the mechanisms through which a growth mindset is associated with persistence over time are not explicitly addressed. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the mediating role of the help-seeking strategy in the longitudinal relationship between growth mindset and persistence as well as the moderating role of parent-child closeness in this mediation model. A total of 700 adolescents (M = 13.82 years, SD = 0.67) were recruited from one public middle school in China and were measured at two time points. The results indicated that the help-seeking strategy mediated the relationship between a growth mindset and subsequent persistence after controlling for prior persistence. Moreover, the positive correlation between growth mindset and later persistence through help-seeking was greater at higher levels of parent-child closeness. The findings revealed that the help-seeking strategy is an important mediating mechanism through which growth mindset promotes adolescents' persistence and that close relationships between parents and adolescents can enhance the mediating effect.
Int J Psychol
· 2026 Apr · PMID 41862183
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This study examines the intergenerational transfer of the genocidal trauma of the Holodomor (1932-33) and explores how marital status moderates its impact on moral injury and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the...This study examines the intergenerational transfer of the genocidal trauma of the Holodomor (1932-33) and explores how marital status moderates its impact on moral injury and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the context of the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war. Moral injury, distinct from PTSD, arises from the violation of moral beliefs, leading to emotional distress characterised by guilt, shame, anger, disgust and a sense of betrayal. While previous research predominantly focused on direct survivors of genocide, this study expands the understanding of moral injury to their descendants, particularly the third and fourth generations, highlighting the often-overlooked familial dynamics involved. Through a sample of 1857 participants, our findings reveal that married descendants of Holodomor survivors exhibit significantly higher levels of moral injury when familial genocidal trauma is present, contrasting with non-married individuals who show no significant difference. This suggests that marital status plays a vital role in shaping the emotional burden of inherited moral injury, as these individuals grapple with the dual responsibilities of familial protection and the distress of genocidal trauma. Our results indicate that the interaction of genocidal trauma and marital status does not extend to PTSD. These findings emphasise the need for targeted family-based interventions to address the complexities of intergenerational moral injury.
Int J Psychol
· 2026 Apr · PMID 41858093
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Two studies investigated the impact of stereotype threat on aggressive reactions. Female participants performed a working memory task under a stereotype threat or a control condition. Following this task, they had the op...Two studies investigated the impact of stereotype threat on aggressive reactions. Female participants performed a working memory task under a stereotype threat or a control condition. Following this task, they had the opportunity to display aggression towards a simulated partner (Study 1) or the experimenter (Study 2). Study 2 also included a measure of aggressive thought accessibility. Findings showed heightened indirect verbal, but not indirect physical, aggression among threatened participants. Threatened participants also performed worse on the memory task, suggesting depleted executive resources as a potential driver of their aggressive reactions in the absence of differences in the accessibility of aggressive thoughts.
Int J Psychol
· 2026 Apr · PMID 41840953
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This study investigates how religiosity affects individuals' intentions to engage with artificial intelligence (AI) using a non-WEIRD sample (N = 422). We examined populist beliefs and AI-related anxiety as mediators in...This study investigates how religiosity affects individuals' intentions to engage with artificial intelligence (AI) using a non-WEIRD sample (N = 422). We examined populist beliefs and AI-related anxiety as mediators in this relationship. Results indicate that higher religiosity is associated with stronger populist attitudes, which increase AI anxiety. Elevated AI anxiety then leads to reduced willingness to engage with AI technologies. The serial mediation pathway from religiosity through populism and AI anxiety to AI engagement intention was marginally significant, suggesting a potential indirect effect. Additionally, religiosity directly negatively predicts AI engagement and positively predicts populism, while populism strongly predicts AI anxiety, which negatively impacts AI engagement. These findings reveal important psychological mechanisms underlying how religiosity shapes attitudes towards AI adoption.