The outbreak of COVID-19 caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 poses an ongoing threat to global public health security. The continuous evolution of viruses (e.g., Delta, Omic...The outbreak of COVID-19 caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 poses an ongoing threat to global public health security. The continuous evolution of viruses (e.g., Delta, Omicron) has increased the risk of viral transmissibility, infectivity, and the risk of immune escape. As highly conserved structural proteins of viruses, nucleocapsid proteins (N proteins) play a central role in the viral life cycle, and the study of their functional mechanisms and targeted therapeutics is crucial for the development of antiviral strategies. In this paper, we systematically describe the structural characterization, functional mechanism, and targeted therapy of the SARS-CoV-2 N protein, analyze its key roles in viral packaging, replication, and immune escape, and discuss the challenges and future directions of drug development for the N protein.
Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) is a tick-borne zoonotic disease in India that causes fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans. Despite its complex network of hosts and vectors, the interspecific interactions shaping its disease...Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) is a tick-borne zoonotic disease in India that causes fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans. Despite its complex network of hosts and vectors, the interspecific interactions shaping its disease ecology remain underexplored. We aimed to identify these interactions and pathways aiding disease spread within connected landscapes and across geographic barriers. Through a systematic review and meta-analysis, we mapped KFD locations, vectors' feeding niches, and disease hosts. We found 53 KFD associated species from Western Ghats (active disease location) and 27 potentially associated species from Andaman and Nicobar Islands (KFD seroprevalence location). Each tick's host ranges revealed unique interactions and potential transmission patterns among host animals. We challenge the current notion of KFD as an endemic primate disease, since primates are absent in the majority of the islands of Andaman and Nicobar with seroprevalence. Here, small mammals could be local hosts, while birds may act as potential dispersers across geographic barriers.
Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) remains a significant threat to cattle health and productivity. This study investigated the pathogenesis of the LSDV Pendik field strain in cattle to assess its suitability as a challenge...Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) remains a significant threat to cattle health and productivity. This study investigated the pathogenesis of the LSDV Pendik field strain in cattle to assess its suitability as a challenge virus for LSD vaccine efficacy trials. Two calves aged between six and nine months were inoculated intravenously, and four were inoculated intradermally with the virus. Clinical signs were monitored for 28 days, and blood, nasal, and conjunctival swab samples were collected at predetermined intervals to detect viral DNA by real-time PCR. Positive tissue samples obtained at necropsy were subjected to virus isolation using the bovine dermis (LB9.D) cell line. Among the intravenously inoculated calves, one developed subclinical infection while the other exhibited generalized disease. Of the intradermally inoculated animals, two developed generalized lesions and two showed localized skin lesions. Fever occurred between 3- and 23-days post-inoculation, and viral DNA was detected in blood samples from three animals between 7 and 21 dpi. Nasal and conjunctival shedding was confirmed in all infected cattle, being most prominent on day 19. Viral DNA was detected in the skin, lung, liver, heart, spleen, rumen, kidney, testis, and hair root, and the virus was successfully isolated from the skin, hair root, heart, lung, rumen, kidney, and nasal swabs. Two animals were humanely euthanized during the study due to severe clinical progression. These findings demonstrate that the LSDV Pendik strain is pathogenic in cattle and is suitable for use as a standardized challenge strain in LSD vaccine efficacy evaluations.
The giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, has experienced significant economic losses due to the stunt growth in the past decade. In this study, random primer amplification was utilized in the slow-growth pr...The giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, has experienced significant economic losses due to the stunt growth in the past decade. In this study, random primer amplification was utilized in the slow-growth prawns to discover a novel Macrobrachium rosenbergii circular rep-encoding single-stranded (CRESS) DNA virus (MrCV) in Zhejiang, China. The MrCV genome is 2426 nt long, with two open reading frames (ORFs) encoding the replication protein (Rep) and capsid protein (Cp). The identity of the MrCV Cp (< 56.23%) and Rep (< 48.06%) sequence was compared to the reported CRESS DNA virus sequences. The existence of several highly conserved motifs of HUH endonuclease and superfamily 3 helicase domain in Rep protein were characterized and a GRS domain was found. Phylogenetic analysis of the Rep protein sequences and whole genome sequence revealed that MrCV is located in a branch consist of genomoviruses, circoviruses and unclassified viruses. A nested-PCR method was established to analyze the clinical slow-growth prawns, which were all MrCV-positive. Quantitative PCR results showed that MrCV viral load was significantly higher in the retarded growth prawns than that of sexual precocity, and presented a negative correlation to the prawn weights. The prevalence of MrCV in different life stages of M. rosenbergii was investigated and MrCV could be detected in zoea, postlarva and prawns. The present results reveal a high prevalence of MrCV in M. rosenbergii and suggest that this pathogen may associated with the retarded growth in M. rosenbergii.
The non-polio-enteroviruses are ubiquitous pathogens infecting over a billion people in the world. An alarming number of enterovirus-associated acute flaccid paralysis, encephalitis, hand, foot, and mouth disease, conjun...The non-polio-enteroviruses are ubiquitous pathogens infecting over a billion people in the world. An alarming number of enterovirus-associated acute flaccid paralysis, encephalitis, hand, foot, and mouth disease, conjunctivitis and diarrhoea cases are reported worldwide. Despite their clinical significance, vaccine development has been hindered due to lack of suitable in vitro models for preclinical investigations. The present study was undertaken to develop a cell line assembled organotypic model of human intestine for replication of enteroviruses. An enterovirus specific PSGL1 receptor was introduced in intestinal epithelial HCT-8 cell line employing CRISPR/cas9 gene editing. It was co-cultured with human colon (CCD-18) and endothelial (HUVEC) cell lines with peripheral blood mononuclear cells in hanging drops and rotating wall vessel bioreactor to yield three-dimensional organoids. Histological analysis of the organoids showed presence of columnar epithelium cells with prominent intracytoplasmic mucin, hyperchromatic nuclei and presence of CK, CK20, MUC 2 and Villin markers characteristic of epithelial cells. Infection with Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) demonstrated significantly higher viral titre in organoids compared to individual cell lines. Collectively, these findings determine, for the first time, a cell line-derived enteric organoid model that supports robust enterovirus replication, offering a cost-effective and physiologically relevant system for virology research and preclinical applications.
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen and a leading cause of antimicrobial-resistant infections in the Philippines. Here, we report the genome sequence of Klebsiella phage vB_VIPKPNMC05, which targets a mult...Klebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen and a leading cause of antimicrobial-resistant infections in the Philippines. Here, we report the genome sequence of Klebsiella phage vB_VIPKPNMC05, which targets a multidrug-resistant (MDR) K. pneumoniae strain with capsule type K8. VIPKPNMC05, isolated from environmental water, has a siphovirus morphology and exhibits a broad lytic activity against several strains of K. pneumoniae, K. quasipneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. The linear double-stranded DNA genome (34,476 bp; 51.0% G + C content) encodes 58 protein-coding sequences (CDS), 37 of which are involved in phage morphogenesis, DNA replication, transcription regulation, and host lysis. Notably, a receptor-binding protein (RBP) with a putative depolymerase (Dpo) was identified. Structural prediction using AlphaFold 3 showed that the tailspike protein (TSP19) forms a homotrimer structure with a conserved C-terminal pectin lyase domain. The TSP module is conserved among Enterobacteriaceae-infecting phages and may have been acquired through horizontal gene transfer. Whole-genome comparisons revealed 52–54% similarity to known phages, suggesting that VIPKPNMC05 represents a distinct lineage. Based on taxonomic analysis, we propose that VIPKPNMC05 belongs to a novel phage family, Pituviridae. The absence of virulence, toxin, and antimicrobial resistance genes, along with its broad host range and lytic lifestyle, suggests possible therapeutic and biotechnological potential of VIPKPNMC05. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a newly discovered phage family from the Philippines, underscoring the importance of local phage bioprospecting for therapeutic applications.
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly contagious pathogen that is controlled mainly by the use of inactivated vaccines, but vaccine production is limited by inefficient cell culture systems. The RNA helicase DD...Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly contagious pathogen that is controlled mainly by the use of inactivated vaccines, but vaccine production is limited by inefficient cell culture systems. The RNA helicase DDX5 has been implicated in viral replication, but its role in FMDV infection remains unclear. Here, we generated a DDX5-knockout PK-15 cell line using CRISPR/Cas9 to investigate its impact on FMDV replication. DDX5 knockout cells exhibited enhanced FMDV replication, with increased viral protein expression, RNA levels, and titers compared to wild-type cells. Meanwhile, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis indicated that DDX5 knockout suppressed key proinflammatory cytokines (CXCL2/8/14, CCL2/4/5) and impaired IFN-α/β and ISG (ISG15/20, IRF3, IFIT3) responses postinfection. RT-qPCR was performed to determine the expression level of differentially expressed genes, and the results were consistent with the RNA-seq data. Altogether, the results of this study suggest that DDX5 restricts FMDV replication by modulating host innate immunity. The DDX5 knockout cell line provides a useful model for studying FMDV pathogenesis and improving vaccine development.
A novel mycovirus, named Diaporthe eres mitovirus Bj (DeMV-Bj) was identified in Diaporthe eres strain DeNY-5, which was isolated from the vascular tissue of tobacco plants exhibiting typical stem rot symptoms in Bijie C...A novel mycovirus, named Diaporthe eres mitovirus Bj (DeMV-Bj) was identified in Diaporthe eres strain DeNY-5, which was isolated from the vascular tissue of tobacco plants exhibiting typical stem rot symptoms in Bijie City, Guizhou Province, China. The complete genome sequence of DeMV-Bj is 2,619 nucleotides (nt) in length with a G + C content of 39.98%, containing a single open reading frame (ORF) with the fungal mitochondrial genetic code which encodes an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of 724 amino acids (aa). The 5’-untranslated region (UTR, 261 nt) and 3’-UTR, 184 nt) can form stable stem-loop structures and a potential panhandle structure. The RdRp contains six conserved motifs typical for mitoviruses, including the GDD tripeptide. BLASTp analysis revealed that the RdRp of this virus shares the highest sequence identity (65.7%) with that of Diaporthe gulyae mitovirus 3. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that DeMV-Bj clusters within the genus Duamitovirus of the family Mitoviridae. Based on its genomic organization, protein sequence, and phylogenetic position, this virus is proposed to be a novel species in the genus Duamitovirus. This finding provides new insights into the virome of D. eres and the diversity of Duamitoviruses.
Rotavirus A (RVA) is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in young children, yet genomic data from Malaysia, particularly Sabah, are limited. This study reports the first whole-genome sequence analysis of two G8P[8] RV...Rotavirus A (RVA) is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in young children, yet genomic data from Malaysia, particularly Sabah, are limited. This study reports the first whole-genome sequence analysis of two G8P[8] RVA strains (L3 and L14) detected in Sabah. Both strains displayed a DS-1-like genotype constellation and clustered closely with East Asian strains. However, VP6 and VP3 gene segments showed phylogenetic links to strains from Belgium, Cameroon and Brazil, suggesting historical global genetic exchange. These findings highlight the expanding distribution of G8P[8] and the need for continued surveillance to evaluate its epidemiological and vaccine impact.
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) continues to cause major economic losses in poultry globally, especially in resource-limited settings. Although vaccination is the primary control strategy, its effectiveness is often compro...Newcastle disease virus (NDV) continues to cause major economic losses in poultry globally, especially in resource-limited settings. Although vaccination is the primary control strategy, its effectiveness is often compromised by viral mutations and short-lived immunity. This has prompted growing interest in medicinal plants as alternative or complementary antiviral sources. Several plants, including Pongamia pinnata (karanj), Withania somnifera (ashwagandha), Psidium guajava and Azadirachta indica (neem) have shown promising anti-NDV activity. Their bioactive compounds, such as karanjin, quercetin, withanine, eugenol and azadirachtin, can interfere with viral entry, replication, protein synthesis, or enhance host immune responses in in vitro, in ovo, and in silico models. This review consolidates current knowledge on active phytochemicals from various medicinal plants against NDV, highlighting their mechanistic insights and therapeutic potential. By bringing together existing evidence, it emphasizes the promise of plant-derived compounds as sustainable, cost-effective antivirals for poultry health management.
Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) is a major pathogen linked to hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), and effective therapies and vaccines are lacking. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of cell death, may play a role in CVA16...Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) is a major pathogen linked to hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), and effective therapies and vaccines are lacking. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of cell death, may play a role in CVA16 infection and remains underexplored. We analyzed microarray datasets (GSE71673) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) from FerrDb. A Venn diagram revealed 37 ferroptosis-related differentially expressed genes (FR-DEGs), and Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were conducted on these genes. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis revealed seven hub genes, and five hub genes were validated in CVA16-infected U251 cells via quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). We constructed various interaction networks via the Network Analyst platform, revealing complex relationships between FR-DEGs. This study enhances the understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking ferroptosis and CVA16 infection, offering insights and therapeutic targets for its prevention and treatment.
Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) causes serious zoonotic diseases in humans in Europe and Asia, characterised by central nervous system infections. The risk of TBEV transmission to humans from the milk of infected ru...Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) causes serious zoonotic diseases in humans in Europe and Asia, characterised by central nervous system infections. The risk of TBEV transmission to humans from the milk of infected ruminant animals is the primary source of foodborne TBE infection. Ixodid (Ixodes ricinus) ticks are present in Türkiye. This is the first study investigating foodborne TBEV in raw milk obtained from ruminant animals in Türkiye. Raw milk was collected from 900 ruminant animals in six provinces. It was analysed for viral nucleic acids using real-time reverse transcription PCR (rtRT-PCR). No TBEV RNA was detected.
Dutta M, Sarmah N, Siddique AI
… +12 more, Borah P, Gogoi S, Boruah P, Jakharia A, Gogoi D, Patgiri SJ, Biswas D, Borah R, Bali NK, Gupta N, Vijay N, Borkakoty B
Influenza is a contagious viral illness that primarily affects the respiratory tract and poses a substantial public health burden worldwide. Clinical presentations vary from mild or asymptomatic infection to severe pneum...Influenza is a contagious viral illness that primarily affects the respiratory tract and poses a substantial public health burden worldwide. Clinical presentations vary from mild or asymptomatic infection to severe pneumonia. This study investigated the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and seasonal trends of Influenza B virus (IBV) among patients with influenza-like illness (ILI) and severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) in Dibrugarh, Assam. From March 2014 to March 2025, a total of 22,670 nasopharyngeal/throat swab specimens were collected at the ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh. RNA was extracted and screened for IBV using TaqMan-based real-time RT-PCR. Overall, 4.52% (n = 1025) were IBV-positive, with 988 cases of Victoria lineage and 37 cases of Yamagata lineage. Children aged 0–5 years showed the highest prevalence (1.56%), followed by 6–17 years (1.46%), while detection was lowest among individuals > 50 years (0.10%). IBV positivity was slightly higher in males (2.32%) than females (2.19%). Most detection occurred in ILI cases (6.5%) compared with hospitalized SARI cases (1.35%). Common symptoms include fever (n = 773), cough (n = 728) and rhinorrhoea (n = 548). Seasonal peaks were noted during and after the monsoon months (July–October), with surges in 2016, 2019 and 2021, indicating a periodic pattern rather than consistent annual circulation. Importantly, no IBV-related deaths were recorded among SARI cases between 2022 and 2025. These findings highlight age-specific susceptibility, distinct seasonality and characteristic clinical features of IBV in Northeast India, reinforcing the need for continuous surveillance and timely public health measures, especially for young children.
Human Adenovirus F (HAdV-F) is the second leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in children below 5 years of age, contributing to about 2–11% of diarrhoea related hospitalization around the world. In post RV vaccine sur...Human Adenovirus F (HAdV-F) is the second leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in children below 5 years of age, contributing to about 2–11% of diarrhoea related hospitalization around the world. In post RV vaccine surveillance study in Kolkata, West Bengal revealed 10.8% HAdV-F positivity in children in spite of reduction of rotaviral diarrhoea. Thus, the current study was conducted to unveil the genomic diversity of circulating HAdV-F strains in this region during 2022–2024 in children under 5 years of age. HAdV-F positive samples were further characterized by partial sequencing of hypervariable region (HVR) of hexon and shaft region of long fiber protein. The results were compared to the sequences in NCBI GenBank using BLAST software and further analyzed by sequence alignment and phylogenetic characterization using maximum likelihood method with 1000 bootstrap replicates. Analysis was performed on the aligned nucleotide as well as amino acid sequences for substitutions. The genetic diversity of the circulating type 41 HAdV-F was found to be greater than that of type 40. A mutant variant with a 15 amino acid deletion in the 15th repeat motif region of long fiber tail reported previously from the region was found to be predominant. Children aged 6–12 months were most susceptible to HAdV-F infection. An increase in infection rate was observed with increase in average monthly temperature, humidity and precipitation. The present study highlights enteric adenoviruses as a second most important acute gastroenteritis in children after rotavirus. Genetic characterization of circulating HAdV-F strains fills up the lacunae in data on HAdV-F40/41 from Indian subcontinent.
This study reports the detection and genetic characterization of Tribeč virus (TRBV), a tick-borne orbivirus of zoonotic relevance. The virus was identified in Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from a goat using a newly dev...This study reports the detection and genetic characterization of Tribeč virus (TRBV), a tick-borne orbivirus of zoonotic relevance. The virus was identified in Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from a goat using a newly developed RT-PCR assay. Goats grazing in the study area showed seroconversion, with low titre neutralization antibody response. The new isolate, designated 16.C/2016/Dubrava/SVK, was successfully cultured in Vero E6 cells and detected by immunofluorescence. Replication efficiency varied across rodent, human, and bovine cell lines. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that most genome segments shared high sequence identity with other TRBV strains and with Muko virus (MUKV) strains from Japan. In contrast, phylogenetic analysis based on the VP4 outer capsid protein indicated that the TRBV clade is more closely related to Kemerovo viruses from Russia. Segment 10 showed the highest variability, where strains from Slovakia and Romania formed sister clades with MUKV, and the Ukrainian strains with KEMV. Indication of a reassortment was observed in segment 4, encoding the NS1 tubule-forming protein, which appears to originate from the prototype TRBV isolated in Slovakia during the 1960s. Collectively, these findings highlight the genetic variability of TRBV and support the need for further studies on the ecology, evolution, and diversity of tick-borne orbiviruses.
Viruses are the most abundant and diverse organisms on Earth, though only a small portion cause disease. Understanding viral diversity is key to understanding and predicting pathogen emergence and zoonotic spillover. Her...Viruses are the most abundant and diverse organisms on Earth, though only a small portion cause disease. Understanding viral diversity is key to understanding and predicting pathogen emergence and zoonotic spillover. Here, we use meta-transcriptomic sequencing to examine the viral communities in the ileum of 25 Northern Mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos) from various locations across Texas. We assembled high-quality genomes of 43 viral species (40 species identified to 13 families, one to kingdom, and two to realm), 38 of which were novel. They tentatively represent avian- (n = 3), arthropod- (n = 21), plant- (n = 5) and fungi- (n = 4) associated, or other (n = 10) viruses. The arthropod-associated Dicistroviridae family was the most dominant, comprising known and potentially new species. Of potential epidemiological importance were three novel and avian-associated viruses: members of the families Hepeviridae and Picornaviridae, and a new Matryoshka RNA virus. The Matryoshka RNA virus 8 (MaRNAV-8) is sister to other Matryoshka RNA viruses, and its co-occurrence with haemosporida further supports the nested virus-parasite-vector-vertebrate host relationship of this group of viruses, with potential implications for parasite evolution, fitness and load and vector competence. The Picornaviridae virus is a member of an avian hepatovirus clade, found nested within a clade containing both the mammalian pathogens Hepatovirus A – I and the avian Tremovirus pathogens, suggestive of a newly discovered pathogen of Northern Mockingbird. Although the recovered Hepeviridae virus is of unknown pathology, its family members include the Hepatitis E viruses. With the great diversity and novelty described from ileal viromes, discriminating potential pathogens and commensal microbiota from viruses associated with food items remains challenging. A deeper understanding of virus transmission and the risk of potential zoonosis can be enhanced by tracking viruses through the food web and via inter-specific and predator-prey interactions, particular in areas subject to land-use change, where human-wildlife interactions are increased and the risks from emerging pathogens of veterinary and medical importance are more pronounced.
Gräf T, Rodriguez MC, de Oliveira Brandão Y
… +7 more, Royer CA, do Nascimento Ferreira C, Confortin C, Zanluca C, Strottmann DM, Duarte Dos Santos CN, Joineau MEG
Rocio virus (ROCV), a neurotropic arbovirus of the Orthoflavivirus genus, caused Brazil’s largest encephalitis outbreak in the 1970s but has since been rarely detected. We report the first ROCV encephalitis clinical case...Rocio virus (ROCV), a neurotropic arbovirus of the Orthoflavivirus genus, caused Brazil’s largest encephalitis outbreak in the 1970s but has since been rarely detected. We report the first ROCV encephalitis clinical case after nearly 40 years and isolated and sequenced the virus from CNS tissue of a horse. Metatranscriptomics enabled full-genome sequencing, revealing divergence from the reference sequence at an evolutionary rate of 5.8–7.0 × 10⁻⁴, consistent with Orthoflavivirus. Thirty-one non-synonymous substitutions were identified, with the envelope protein most affected. Findings indicate ROCV cryptic circulation and ongoing evolution. Horses may act as sentinels, underscoring the need for strengthened ROCV genomic surveillance.
Tilapia Lake virus (TiLV) is an emerging pathogen causing up to 90% mortality in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) farming. Enhancing tilapia health by modulating the non-specific immune system with herbal immunostimulants...Tilapia Lake virus (TiLV) is an emerging pathogen causing up to 90% mortality in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) farming. Enhancing tilapia health by modulating the non-specific immune system with herbal immunostimulants offers a promising strategy to mitigate TiLV outbreaks. This study evaluated the prophylactic efficacy of Gooseberry (Phyllanthus acidus) and Oregano (Coleus amboinicus) extracts against TiLV. Crude ethanolic extracts were prepared by Soxhlet extraction and screened for preliminary phytochemicals. The crude extracts were incorporated into the commercial pellet feed at varying concentrations (100, 300 and 500 mg/kg) to prepare the experimental diets (PA (P. acidus), CA (C. amboinicus) and PC (P. acidus + C. amboinicus)) and fed to healthy tilapia for four weeks. They were then challenged with TiLV (intra-peritoneal) to assess the prophylactic effects. The combination diet (PC) at 300 mg/kg showed the highest relative percentage survival (RPS) of 77.78%, followed by CA at 500 mg/kg. Further, fish fed a diet containing PC at 300 mg/kg showed significant (P < 0.05) improvements in haematological parameters, immune parameters, and immune gene expression (TLR-7 and IFN-β) at 24, 48, and 72 h post-infection (hpi). Notably, a significant increase in blood performance, antioxidant defence and expression of IFN-β and TLR-7 in the spleen was observed. This study emphasises the potential of herbal-based immunostimulants for developing sustainable strategies to improve fish health and resilience against TiLV.
A novel RNA virus, named Pestalotiopsis hadakavirus 1 (PHaV1), was identified in strain M7 of Pestalotiopsis mangiferae. The complete genome of PHaV1 comprises eight RNA segments, ranging from 880 to 2581 nt in length. T...A novel RNA virus, named Pestalotiopsis hadakavirus 1 (PHaV1), was identified in strain M7 of Pestalotiopsis mangiferae. The complete genome of PHaV1 comprises eight RNA segments, ranging from 880 to 2581 nt in length. The RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), encoded by the RNA1, shares 53.29% protein sequence identity with Hadaka virus 1. Phylogenetic analyses based on the amino acid sequences of the RdRp indicated that PHaV1 is a novel member of family Hadakaviridae. To date, reported hadakaviruses have been identified in Fusarium spp. and Colletotrichum fructicola. PHaV1 is the first hadakavirus identified in P. mangiferae.