Archives Of Virology[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Dynamics of antiretroviral restriction factor expression in sheep naturally infected with Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV).
Rodríguez-Murillo C, González-Fernández VD, Castillo-Hernández G … +2 more , Akbarin MM, Álvarez HR
Arch Virol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41746419 · Full text
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV) cause persistent, slowly progressive infections in sheep and goats, characterized by high genetic variability and a fluctuating immune response that hinders accurate diagnosis and, cons...
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV) cause persistent, slowly progressive infections in sheep and goats, characterized by high genetic variability and a fluctuating immune response that hinders accurate diagnosis and, consequently, effective control. In this study, we monitored the dynamics of SRLV infection and the expression of antiretroviral restriction factors in a flock of 47 ewes over a 16-month period. Six serial samplings were conducted to assess antibodies detection, cell-associated viral RNA load, proviral DNA load, and gene expression of the APOBEC3 Z1, Z3, and BST2 (tetherin) proteins using absolute qPCR quantification. BST2 expression was consistently detected across most animals and sampling points, whereas APOBEC3 Z1 and Z3 showed intermittent expression patterns over time. Viral RNA load was positively associated with APOBEC3 Z1 expression, whereas APOBEC3 Z3 expression was inversely associated with proviral load, suggesting distinct and potentially opposing roles of these restriction factors during SRLV infection. Notably, viral RNA was frequently detected in the absence of detectable provirus or antibodies, indicating the presence of transient or early infection states under natural conditions. These findings highlight the dynamic involvement of the innate antiviral immune response and show the potential role of restriction factors as modulators of SRLV infection and provide new insights into host-virus interactions in naturally infected sheep.
Molecular identification of a novel virus of the genus Citrivirus from mulberry trees.
Meng L, Xuan Z, Zhang S … +5 more , Yang X, Liang X, Yu H, Liu X, Cao M
Arch Virol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41746417 · Publisher ↗
Mulberry (Morus spp.), an economically important tree in China, is susceptible to systemic viral infections. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) of mosaic-symptomatic leaves, combined with RT-PCR and RACE, yielded the compl...
Mulberry (Morus spp.), an economically important tree in China, is susceptible to systemic viral infections. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) of mosaic-symptomatic leaves, combined with RT-PCR and RACE, yielded the complete genome (8,707 nt) of virus. BLASTN analysis showed 70.3% identity with citrus leaf blotch virus-2 (CLBV-2) at the genome level, and the virus was tentatively classified as mulberry leaf blotch virus (MLBV) within the genus Citrivirus. Phylogenetic analysis clustered MLBV with CLBV-2, while divergence in the 5′ and 3′ UTRs suggests lineage-specific variation. Together, these findings suggest that MLBV represents a distinct Citrivirus species infecting mulberry.
Length and density of α2-3 sialyllactose-containing chains on glycopolymers determine receptor binding of avian influenza viruses.
Kobayashi D, Hiono T, Adachi R … +5 more , Igarashi M, Matsushita T, Isoda N, Sakoda Y, Matsuoka K
Arch Virol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41741719 · Publisher ↗
Influenza A viruses use host sialoglycans for attachment via hemagglutinin (HA) and hydrolyze them upon budding via neuraminidase (NA). The HAs of some human isolates prefer extended and branched glycans for binding; how...
Influenza A viruses use host sialoglycans for attachment via hemagglutinin (HA) and hydrolyze them upon budding via neuraminidase (NA). The HAs of some human isolates prefer extended and branched glycans for binding; however, the preference of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) for these glycans is poorly understood. This study addressed the glycan-binding preferences of HA and AIV particles by using a series of sialoglycopolymers with various glycan representations and densities. Glycan extension was mimicked by linking the terminal sialyllactose with subsequent polyethylene glycol chains, and glycan density was further controlled by polymerizing the glycomonomers with the corresponding numbers of acrylamide spacers. Recombinant HAs and particles of two AIVs were used in a solid-phase direct binding assay with the aforementioned sialoglycopolymers. Both recombinant HAs preferred higher-density glycans, but did not bind to the homopolymer with the highest density. These observations suggested that most sialyllactoses in the highest-density polymer were not involved in the interaction with HA, whereas extremely high-density sialyllactoses negatively impacted HA binding. Additionally, binding analysis using viral particles demonstrated that HA clusters on the particles compensated for weak binding to low-density glycans by employing multivalent HA-glycan interactions. This approach enabled the evaluation of the complex nature of viral particles as macromolecules in glycan binding and the clustering effect of glycan density in a glycopolymer. These findings suggest elaborate protein-carbohydrate interactions via multivalent receptor-ligand binding between AIV particles and sialoglycans.
NS4B and NS5 mutations expand the temperature range permissive for the replication of dual-host affiliated insect-specific flaviviruses in mosquito cells.
Kobayashi H, Tabata K, Sasaki M … +3 more , Hall WW, Sawa H, Orba Y
Arch Virol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41741712 · Full text
The genus Orthoflavivirus within the family Flaviviridae includes mosquito-borne flaviviruses (MBFs) and dual-host affiliated insect-specific flaviviruses (dISFs). MBFs infect both vertebrates and mosquitoes, while dISFs...
The genus Orthoflavivirus within the family Flaviviridae includes mosquito-borne flaviviruses (MBFs) and dual-host affiliated insect-specific flaviviruses (dISFs). MBFs infect both vertebrates and mosquitoes, while dISFs are thought to infect only mosquitoes, despite their phylogenetic proximity to MBFs. Some dISFs have been shown to be capable of infecting mammalian cells in the setting of a suppressed immune response and subphysiological temperatures. Therefore, temperature sensitivity is considered one of the key factors restricting viral host tropism. To investigate the effect of temperature on dISFs propagation, we evaluated the growth of two dISFs, Psorophora flavivirus (PSFV) and Barkedji virus (BJV), in mosquito-derived C6/36 cells at 28 and 37 °C. While MBFs, including dengue virus (DENV) and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) could propagate efficiently at both temperatures, both PSFV and BJV failed to propagate at 37 °C. Serial passaging of PSFV with a gradual increase in temperature resulted in PSFV adaptation to 37 °C, and whole-genome sequencing revealed that the 37 °C-adapted PSFV acquired non-synonymous amino acid substitutions in the non-structural proteins, NS4B and NS5. We demonstrated that both NS4B and NS5 amino acid mutations in PFSV confer the ability to propagate at 37 °C, suggesting that the replication machinery contributes to the thermal restriction on dISFs. This study provides new insights into the temperature sensitivity of dISFs and their relationship to host tropism.
Monensin and salinomycin exhibit broad-spectrum antiviral activity against enteroviruses by disrupting lysosomal acidification.
Hsu BY, Chang SW, Weng TC … +1 more , Kung SH
Arch Virol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41735612 · Full text
Enteroviruses, which belong to the Picornaviridae family, are implicated in a variety of illnesses that range from mild to severe, with some infections potentially being life-threatening. Among these, Enterovirus 71 (EV7...
Enteroviruses, which belong to the Picornaviridae family, are implicated in a variety of illnesses that range from mild to severe, with some infections potentially being life-threatening. Among these, Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is recognized as one of the most virulent members of the enterovirus genus. Currently, there are no effective treatments available for EV infections. Ionophore antibiotics are small, hydrophobic, and lipophilic molecules approved for use in veterinary medicine as anti-coccidial feed additives. Notably, ionophore antibiotics such as monensin (MON) and salinomycin (SAL) have shown antiviral activity against specific virus groups, although the modes of actions are not yet well understood. This study investigates the antiviral effects and mechanisms of MON and SAL against enteroviruses. Our findings reveal a dose-dependent reduction in EV71 infection, with 50% inhibitory concentrations of 0.25 μM for MON and 1.49 μM for SAL. Mechanistic investigations demonstrated that both agents primarily inhibit EV71 infection at the entry stage, independent of viral binding and internalization. Furthermore, these agents effectively neutralized low pH levels within endolysosomes, which was associated with a decrease in antiviral efficacy when acidic conditions were maintained in the medium. Additionally, both agents showed the ability to block viral maturation, which requires an acidic environment. The antiviral effects of MON and SAL were also observed against various serotypes of enteroviruses. In summary, MON and SAL exhibit antiviral efficacy by neutralizing endolysosomal pH during the viral entry process, suggesting a potential broad-spectrum antiviral strategy that could be applicable to other viruses with similar replication pathways.
A novel molecule inhibits SARS-CoV-2 RBD binding to the ACE2 receptor, blocks viral entry and exhibits antiviral activity in a murine model.
Nehul S, Nagaraj SK, Narayan R … +10 more , Singh A, Bhutkar M, Singh V, Rani R, Kaur H, Sharma AK, Kumar P, Sharma GK, Tripathi S, Tomar S
Arch Virol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41739254 · Publisher ↗
SARS-CoV-2 utilizes the cell surface receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for entry and infection in the host cell. Thus, the molecular interface of the receptor binding domain (RBD) and ACE2 is a potential cl...
SARS-CoV-2 utilizes the cell surface receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) for entry and infection in the host cell. Thus, the molecular interface of the receptor binding domain (RBD) and ACE2 is a potential clinical target for SARS-CoV-2 infection. A small molecule inhibitor of ACE2 could block the entry of SARS-CoV‐2 and its emerging variants. This study characterizes the RBD-ACE2 interaction inhibition activity and antiviral activity of GR 127935. The binding affinity of GR 127935 to ACE2 was confirmed using Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR). The compound inhibited RBD-ACE2 interaction in the ELISA assay (IC50 = ~ 17 µM) and effectively blocked the entry of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus into HEK293T-ACE2-TMPRSS2 (IC50 = ~ 1.2 µM). Further, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of GR 127935 was evaluated in vitro using the Vero cell line and a SARS-CoV-2 clinical isolate. The most prominent inhibition (EC50 = ~ 1.6 µM) was observed when the compound was added during the virus entry step. Finally, the GR 127935 treatment of BALB/c mice infected with the mouse-adapted strain of SARS-CoV-2 resulted in decreased viral load in the lungs along with a lower histopathology score. In summary, the GR 127935 molecule binds to ACE2, inhibits the molecular interaction between RBD and ACE2, and is effective in inhibiting virus replication. Thus, it is a promising potential therapeutic compound for treating human SARS-CoV-2 infections.
The first single-stranded DNA virus targeting Pectobacterium belongs to the family Microviridae and demonstrates a broad host range to Pectobacterium brasiliense soft rot pathogens.
Pedersen JS, Carstens AB, Rothgardt M … +7 more , Viry A, Hille F, Franz CMAP, Kot W, Egorov A, Atkinson G, Hansen LH
Arch Virol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41739249 · Full text
Pectobacterium brasiliense (Pbr) is known to be one of the most virulent Pectobacterium species and is generally widely distributed across the globe, especially known for causing soft rot in potato-tubers and black leg i...
Pectobacterium brasiliense (Pbr) is known to be one of the most virulent Pectobacterium species and is generally widely distributed across the globe, especially known for causing soft rot in potato-tubers and black leg in potato-plants. Currently no treatment mechanism exists, and many studies have focused on alternative treatment approaches such as biocontrol agents. Several studies have used phages targeting Pectobacterium species as effective biocontrol agents. This study is the first description of a single-stranded DNA phage belonging to the family Microviridae that targets Pectobacterium. The novel Pectobacterium phage Mimer is proposed to belong to a new genus within the subfamily Bullavirinae in the family Microviridae. Phage Mimer has a genome size of 5879 nt with twelve predicted gene products. Seven out of twelve gene products could be assigned with a function based on either amino acid sequence or structural similarity. Gene synteny and phylogenetic analyses suggest that phage Mimer is part of the subfamily Bullavirinae. Phage Mimer proved to infect a broad range of Pbr isolates but showed a poor adsorption rate as only 17% of phage particles adsorbed within 10 min on the isolation host. Growth kinetics showed phage Mimer to have a latent period of 65 min and an average burst size of approximately 79 virions per cell. Phage Mimer is the first ssDNA phage targeting Pectobacterium and could be a promising biocontrol agent with great therapeutic potential, based on both the small genome size and the well-known genome architecture of model phage phiX174.
Genome characterization of a novel chrysovirus infecting Aspergillus Niger.
Wang L, Huang F, Mi J … +6 more , Long C, Xu Y, Qi X, Jiang Y, Hsiang T, Jiang Y
Arch Virol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41739211 · Publisher ↗
We found a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) mycovirus from Aspergillus niger strain TR-5, which we named Aspergillus niger chrysovirus 1 (AnCV1). The genome of AnCV1 was found to contain four dsRNA segments (dsRNA1-4 from lar...
We found a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) mycovirus from Aspergillus niger strain TR-5, which we named Aspergillus niger chrysovirus 1 (AnCV1). The genome of AnCV1 was found to contain four dsRNA segments (dsRNA1-4 from largest to smallest) with lengths of 3,658 bp, 2,132 bp, 2,618 bp, and 2.533 bp. Sequence analysis showed that the viral RdRp (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) was encoded by dsRNA1, the viral CP (coat protein) was encoded by dsRNA3, and both dsRNA2 and dsRNA4 contained ORFs (open reading frames) encoding hypothetical proteins. Phylogenetic analysis showed that AnCV1 is a new member of the genus Betachrysovirus in the family Chrysoviridae. This is the first report of the complete genome sequence of a chrysovirus infecting A. niger.
Evolution and spread of H8Nx avian influenza viruses from wild birds in East Asia, 2019-2024.
Park SH, Lee SH, Seo YR … +6 more , Kim DJ, Si YJ, Jeong H, Lee S, Song CS, Lee DH
Arch Virol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41733762 · Publisher ↗
Subtype H8 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are rarely reported and poorly characterized. We isolated nine H8Nx AIVs from wild birds in South Korea during 2019-2024. Whole-genome and phylogenetic analyses showed close rela...
Subtype H8 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) are rarely reported and poorly characterized. We isolated nine H8Nx AIVs from wild birds in South Korea during 2019-2024. Whole-genome and phylogenetic analyses showed close relationships with Asian AIVs and frequent reassortment with other low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs). Time-scaled analysis indicated recent introductions of North American lineage viruses into South Korea, despite long-term independent evolution of Eurasian and North American lineages. Amino acid substitutions linked to mammalian adaptation were also found. These findings provide baseline data for continued H8 AIV surveillance in wild birds.
Lineage replacement of coxsackievirus A10 in Vietnam associated with increased detection and altered disease severity grading of hand, foot, and mouth disease.
Nguyen AT, Ta HTT, Dao ATH … +6 more , Vu HM, Ngu ND, Tran DN, Shimizu H, Nishimura Y, Hoa-Tran TN
Arch Virol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41733718 · Publisher ↗
Coxsackievirus A10 (CV-A10) has become an important cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Molecular surveillance in northern Vietnam during 2018–2020 revealed the introduction and rapid dominance of the genotype...
Coxsackievirus A10 (CV-A10) has become an important cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Molecular surveillance in northern Vietnam during 2018–2020 revealed the introduction and rapid dominance of the genotype C lineage (CHN), replacing the previously endemic lineage (VNM). This shift was associated with a significant increase in detection and altered clinical severity, predominantly grade 2A (83.8%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed the close relatedness between the emerging Vietnamese strains and those circulating in China (2017–2024). These findings suggest lineage-dependent virulence in CV-A10, highlighting the need for lineage-level molecular surveillance to guide HFMD control and vaccine development.
Demonstrating the Importance of the Emergence of the S7 Gene in Monitoring GCRV-II Environmental Transmission.
Zhan Y, Yang J, Zhang Y … +2 more , Lu L, Wang H
Arch Virol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41731214 · Publisher ↗
Grass carp reovirus is a major aquaculture biosecurity threat, causing acute outbreaks and diagnostic delays in hemorrhagic disease. For early warning of GCRV-II in aquaculture water, this study established a method usin...
Grass carp reovirus is a major aquaculture biosecurity threat, causing acute outbreaks and diagnostic delays in hemorrhagic disease. For early warning of GCRV-II in aquaculture water, this study established a method using iron flocculation to concentrate viruses, with qPCR-based tracking and viral load quantification. Results show the S7 gene serves as a highly sensitive and stable monitoring marker, suitable for efficient water surveillance. Furthermore, viral load in aquaculture water negatively correlated with fish survival and pathology, validating environmental monitoring as an effective early-warning system for disease outbreaks. This provides an efficient molecular marker for GCRV-II monitoring and control.
The multifaceted roles of fibronectin in viral pathogenesis.
Alenezi MF, Khairat JE, Aziz MA … +1 more , Hassandarvish P
Arch Virol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41731154 · Publisher ↗
Fibronectin is a high molecular weight glycoprotein critical to numerous physiological and pathological processes, including extracellular matrix organization, wound healing, immune responses, and interactions with patho...
Fibronectin is a high molecular weight glycoprotein critical to numerous physiological and pathological processes, including extracellular matrix organization, wound healing, immune responses, and interactions with pathogens. Evidence from various viral systems, including dengue, influenza, hepatitis B, and HIV-1, indicates that targeting fibronectin or disrupting its interactions can notably affect outcomes of viral infections in vitro. Alterations in the expression of fibronectin are associated with immune evasion mechanisms, including the inhibition of interferon signaling, thereby enabling viruses to survive and replicate with greater efficacy. In this review, we discuss how viruses can interact with fibronectin through arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid motif (RGD) mimicry or other mechanisms. Finally, we explore the role of fibronectin in modulating host immune responses and its potential as a therapeutic target.
Isolation, characterization and evaluation of a novel phage against Elizabethkingia anophelis.
Yang X, Qiu C, Gan B … +5 more , Zeng X, Wang Y, He Y, Gu J, Liu B
Arch Virol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41729322 · Publisher ↗
The rise of multidrug-resistant Elizabethkingia anophelis (E. anophelis) presents a significant public health challenge. Here, we report the isolation, morphological and biological characterization, and genomic analysis...
The rise of multidrug-resistant Elizabethkingia anophelis (E. anophelis) presents a significant public health challenge. Here, we report the isolation, morphological and biological characterization, and genomic analysis of a novel lytic bacteriophage, XANYB1, targeting E. anophelis. XANYB1 was isolated from hospital wastewater in Xi’an, China, using a clinical strain as the host. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that XANYB1 belongs to the order Caudoviricetes, featuring icosahedral heads and long, non-contractile tails. Whole-genome sequencing showed very low similarity to known phages, confirming XANYB1 as a novel bacteriophage. The optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI) was determined, and one-step growth curve analysis indicated a latent period of 30 min and a lysis period of approximately 40 min. XANYB1 remained stable across a broad pH range (3–11), at temperatures up to 50 °C, and in the presence of up to 5% chloroform. Host range analysis showed that XANYB1 lysed 5 of 14 clinical E. anophelis isolates. In a mouse sepsis model, XANYB1 exhibited effective in vivo antimicrobial activity, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic candidate. These findings support the application of XANYB1 in phage therapy against multidrug-resistant E. anophelis infections.
Dysbiosis of the enteric DNA virome correlates with the development of cachexia in a murine Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) model.
Aciole Barbosa D, de Maria YNLF, Menegidio FB … +3 more , de Oliveira RC, Jabes DL, Nunes LR
Arch Virol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41724868 · Full text
Cachexia, a multifaceted wasting syndrome, profoundly impacts quality of life and survival rates in cancer patients. Gut inflammation is identified as a key player among the contributing factors for its development. Cons...
Cachexia, a multifaceted wasting syndrome, profoundly impacts quality of life and survival rates in cancer patients. Gut inflammation is identified as a key player among the contributing factors for its development. Consequently, numerous studies have sought to characterize changes in gut microbiota of cachectic individuals, given the well-established roles of the gut microbiota in controlling and/or triggering both local and systemic inflammation in their hosts. Most of these investigations have applied mouse models of tumor-induced cachexia to show correlations between alterations in bacterial and fungal abundance in the digestive tract and the onset of cancer cachexia (CC). However, the role of viral dysbiosis in CC development remains unexplored. The present study aims to address this gap by characterizing the gut virome during the progression of murine cancer cachexia. Although our approach was limited to DNA viruses, our findings reveal that cachectic animals with Lewis lung carcinoma exhibited a subtle yet statistically significant modulation in composition (R = 0.17622; p = 0.05). A linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis revealed that the dysbiosis observed in the gut virome of CC animals was mostly characterized by a significant enrichment in giant viruses of the family Phycodnaviridae (LDA score, 4.2582; p-value, 0.004; pwr, 0.9984) and significantly decreased populations of bacteriophages of the families Microviridae (LDA score, 4.3458; p-value, 0.0127; pwr, 0.9065) and Inoviridae (LDA score, 3.3028; p-value, 0.0017; pwr, 0.9992). This cachexia-associated viral dysbiosis shares similarities with virome alterations documented in other conditions linked to gut inflammation, including, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, and Clostridioides difficile infection. These new insights suggest the potential contributions of viral communities to the pathophysiology of CC and other inflammation-driven diseases.
The bovine mammary gland as a crucible for zoonotic influenza virus emergence: Receptor-mediated adaptation of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b.
Naveed A
Arch Virol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41723792 · Publisher ↗
The recent emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in U.S. dairy cattle marks a pivotal shift in the ecology of influenza A viruses (IAVs), signaling an unexpected expansion into a major...
The recent emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in U.S. dairy cattle marks a pivotal shift in the ecology of influenza A viruses (IAVs), signaling an unexpected expansion into a major livestock species. This review explores the molecular mechanisms underpinning this cross-species transmission, focusing on the unique sialic acid receptor landscape of the bovine mammary gland as a critical determinant. We synthesize emerging evidence that this tissue, which co-expresses both avian-type (α2,3-linked) and human-type (α2,6-linked) sialic acid receptors, functions as a novel biological crucible for viral adaptation. Within this environment, H5N1 virus faces selective pressure for hemagglutinin (HA) mutations—such as Q226L and N193D—that can alter receptor binding specificity toward human-like glycans, potentially bridging the species barrier. Recent studies confirm that bovine H5N1 virus isolates exhibit dual receptor-binding avidity and that single HA mutations are sufficient to shift binding preference to human receptors. The unprecedented mammalian spread of clade 2.3.4.4b, coupled with its capacity for reassortment and the recent case of a dairy farm worker infection, underscores an urgent zoonotic and pandemic threat. This review contextualizes the outbreak within the fundamental principles of influenza virus receptor biology and viral evolution, highlighting critical knowledge gaps that must be addressed through integrated surveillance and multidisciplinary research. Understanding the interplay between host receptor distribution and viral plasticity in this new niche is paramount for mitigating the risk of a future influenza virus pandemic emerging from the bovine reservoir.
Prevalence of hepatitis B in Latin America and the Caribbean: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Magri MC, Manchiero C, Dantas BP … +3 more , Bernardo WM, Abdala E, Tengan FM
Arch Virol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41721875 · Full text
Hepatitis B is a health threat with regional variations in prevalence. Our aim was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of available data on the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Latin America and the...
Hepatitis B is a health threat with regional variations in prevalence. Our aim was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of available data on the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). A literature search was conducted from 2000 to 2024 using the databases Medline, Embase, LILACS and Web of Science, following PRISMA guideline. Search terms included: “hepatitis B virus”, “HBsAg”, “HBV”, “prevalence”, and “Latin America and the Caribbean”. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed to estimate the prevalence of HBV (HBsAg), and the I2 statistic was used to assess heterogeneity between studies. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were performed to investigate possible sources of heterogeneity. In total, 190 studies were included in the analysis and the estimated global prevalence of HBV was 1.0% (95% CI: 1.0%-1.0%). In population subgroup analyses, the prevalence in general population was 1.0%, indigenous people was 6.0%, HIV-infected individuals was 5.0%, and inmates was 1.0%. The prevalence found was 2.0% in the period of 2000–2008, 1.0% in 2009–2016, and 1.0% in 2017–2024. The prevalence trends over time in the general population, indigenous people, HIV-infected individuals and inmate subgroups were 1.0%, 11.0%, 6.0% and 12.0% in the period of 2000–2008, 1.0%, 4.0%, 3.0% and 0.0% in 2009–2016, and 1.0%, 5.0%, 8.0% and 0.1% in 2017–2024, respectively. In LAC, HBV prevalence decreases over time, but risk subgroups stand out with elevated prevalence, such as indigenous people and HIV-infected individuals. Strategies to expand testing, treatment and vaccination with a focus on these subgroups may be relevant to reduce the prevalence of HBV.
Viruses of avian origin demonstrate potential for cancer virotherapy.
Pitcovski J, Gallili G, Aharon DO … +4 more , Malka S, Yanovich G, Milrot E, Shahar E
Arch Virol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41721109 · Publisher ↗
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) can selectively infect and kill tumor cells. Although showing promise, several challenges impede OVs broad application in cancer therapy. A major obstacle is limited treatment duration due to pree...
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) can selectively infect and kill tumor cells. Although showing promise, several challenges impede OVs broad application in cancer therapy. A major obstacle is limited treatment duration due to preexisting or the induction of neutralizing immune responses toward the OVs following treatment. Widening the reservoir of OVs will allow replacement of treatment viruses following neutralization. This study aimed to identify new OVs and to test their oncolytic effect. Eight avian viruses (AVs) were tested for their ability to infect human and mice normal and cancerous cell lines. Viruses which displayed superior ability to selectively kill cancer cells in vitro were further tested for their ability to inhibit tumor growth 3 independent mice models. Three AVs induced cytopathic effects each inhibiting proliferation of at least 4 cancer cell lines tested; none affected normal fibroblasts. In vivo, growth of G361 melanoma cell tumors in nude mice was inhibited following intra-tumoral (i.t) injection of AVs. In two models of immunocompetent mice carrying tumors and injected i.t with AVs, tumors growth was significantly delayed. Albeit tumor growth commenced in correlation with the development of anti-virus antibody levels. These tested AVs together with their field-characterized variants, comprise a vast arsenal of potential OVs that may open the possibility of administration of several viruses in mix or in sequence to overcome both tumor resistance due to acquired mutations as well as neutralization by the rise of the acquired immune response. In conclusion, the AVs tested in this study demonstrated OVs characteristics and may be used to enable prolonged cancer virotherapy treatment.
Discovery of a novel Sindbis virus from Chinese soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis.
Zhan Z, Wu Z, Wang J … +6 more , Wang H, Yang J, Guan L, Jin L, Zhang Z, Tian F
Arch Virol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41721021 · Publisher ↗
The Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) is an economically important species in Chinese aquaculture. Recently, Chinese soft-shelled turtle water-floating disease (CSSTFD) outbreak caused almost 100% death i...
The Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) is an economically important species in Chinese aquaculture. Recently, Chinese soft-shelled turtle water-floating disease (CSSTFD) outbreak caused almost 100% death in Chinese soft shelled turtle seedlings. The diseased turtles preferred to float to the surface of water and then died within four days. In this study, we charaterized the virus,which showed high similarity with Sindbis virus(SINV), in these turtles. We sequenced the viral genome using sequence independent single primer amplification(SISPA) and rapid amplification of cDNA ends(RACE). The whole genome, excluding the polyA tail, is 11700 nts in length and G + C content was 51.76%. BlastN analysis revealed that the isolate, designated SV-PsXY1, shares 99.24% nucleotide identity with Sindbis virus strain YN222. This virus genome contained a typical alphavirus organization and putatively encoded two large open reading frames(structural ORF and nonstructural ORF). Pairwise amino acid identities ranged between 82.86% and 100% with the corresponding proteins of SINV. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SINV in an aquatic reptile, which expands the known host range of this virus and highlights the need to investigate its origin, transmission routes, and zoonotic potential.
Plant transcriptome data mining identified twenty-two putative novel taxa in the family Closteroviridae.
Sidharthan VK
Arch Virol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41714529 · Publisher ↗
The family Closteroviridae comprises filamentous, RNA genome-containing viruses that infect plants. In the present study, public domain SRA libraries derived from plants were mined for novel closteroviral sequences, resu...
The family Closteroviridae comprises filamentous, RNA genome-containing viruses that infect plants. In the present study, public domain SRA libraries derived from plants were mined for novel closteroviral sequences, resulting in the identification of twenty-two putative novel closterovirids across twenty-two plant genera. The identified viruses were represented by nineteen coding-complete and three partial genomes. Based on genome organization, pairwise sequence identity and phylogenetic analysis, the viruses were classified in the following genera: Ampelovirus (6), Bluvavirus (1), Closterovirus (7), Olivavirus (2) and Velarivirus (2), while four other viruses may represent four novel genera within the family. Other significant findings of the study include: (i) the identification of a 3'→5' exonuclease-like protein in ampeloviruses and olivaviruses, (ii) the identification of an ampelovirus that encodes a polyprotein containing an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase motif without employing a + 1 ribosomal frameshift, (iii) the identification of a virus with the largest known genome among closterovirids, and (iv) the identification of a monopartite crini-like virus in Musa hosts potentially representing a novel genus. Besides, expanding the known closterovirid diversity by 0.25-fold, this study provides a base for future research aimed at understanding the biology and distribution of the identified novel viruses.
CircRNA expression profiling in H1N1-infected primary human tracheobronchial epithelial cells identifies candidate immune-related circRNAs validated in A549 cells.
Lim KS, Selvan ME, Ea CK … +2 more , Teo CH, Lim YY
Arch Virol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41714430 · Publisher ↗
Influenza A virus (IAV) remains a persistent threat to global pandemics. Although previous studies have profiled circular RNA (circRNA) expressions following IAV infection, none have been conducted in human primary cells...
Influenza A virus (IAV) remains a persistent threat to global pandemics. Although previous studies have profiled circular RNA (circRNA) expressions following IAV infection, none have been conducted in human primary cells. Here, we used CIRIquant to analyse circRNA expression in RNA-seq datasets from H1N1 IAV-infected human tracheobronchial epithelial (HTBE) cells and validated selected circRNAs in A549-PB1 cells. We identified 10, 6, 73, 20, and 41 differentially expressed (DE) circRNAs at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours post infection (hpi), respectively. Notably, nine circRNAs were commonly upregulated at 12, 18 and 24 hpi timepoints. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the parental genes of DE-circRNAs and the circRNA-targeted genes were associated with antiviral immune response and viral infection. In A549-PB1 cells infected with H1N1, we validated the circular nature and full-length of two circRNAs from DDX58 (circDDX58/9 and /11) and one from PML (circPML) using RNase R digestion, and circRNA-rolling circle amplification. RT-qPCR confirm their upregulation upon H1N1 infection, corroborating our bioinformatics results in HTBE cells. Moreover, these circRNAs were also induced by Vesicular Stomatitis Virus and Sendai Virus, suggesting a potential common molecular response mechanism for virus infections. circPML and circDDX58/9 were predicted to regulate mRNA targets in a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network. Overall, this study is the first to report circRNA expression profiles in H1N1-infected HTBE cells, with selected circRNAs validated in A549 cells, highlighting DE circRNAs potentially involved in host responses to IAV and warrant further functional investigation.
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