Psychiatry Research[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Brain Connectivity and Machine Learning Approaches to assess the underlying neurobiology and prediction accuracy of anorexia nervosa: A replication study.
Dias LMR, Schnack H, Geisler D … +4 more , Reinders M, White T, Dieleman G, Zhang X
Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging · 2026 Jun · PMID 42296672 · Publisher ↗
Resting-state fMRI has been used to study aberrant functional connectivity properties in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) at several stages of the illness. One popular way to extract these metrics is to use graph theo...
Resting-state fMRI has been used to study aberrant functional connectivity properties in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) at several stages of the illness. One popular way to extract these metrics is to use graph theory to showcase aberrant brain connectivity between patients with AN versus controls. However, most studies use classic analyses to investigate these differences, which could limit the number and choices of features used in one model. Instead, machine learning models have proven to be a promising tool in studying the functional connectivity of various disorders. In this study, we employ a combination of local graph metrics and a support vector machine to distinguish between first-onset AN (N = 56) cases and controls (N = 64). We replicate and extend prior work evaluating the predictive value of an existing machine learning approaches in detecting functional connectivity differences in patients with AN. Our method achieves an average classification accuracy of 65% with cross-validation evaluation. We further demonstrate that the results are driven mainly by the participation index of the nodes that are implicated in distinguishing the two groups. Our findings contribute to the growing body of evidence supporting the predictive value of resting-state fMRI in the study of anorexia nervosa.
Differences in brain activation associated with fear learning and memory in trauma survivors who did or did not develop posttraumatic stress disorder over one year after trauma.
Shih CH, Elsamaloty HM, Wall JT … +3 more , Aldoohan SD, Xie H, Grider SR
Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging · 2026 Jun · PMID 42296671 · Publisher ↗
Brain activation associated with deficits in fear learning and memory contributes to chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but whether brain activation contributes to PTSD development over early post-trauma perio...
Brain activation associated with deficits in fear learning and memory contributes to chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but whether brain activation contributes to PTSD development over early post-trauma periods remains unclear. To provide insight into this issue, the present study longitudinally assessed brain activation to fear acquisition, extinction, and recall tasks during the initial weeks to one year after a traumatic event in survivors who did and did not develop PTSD. Compared to survivors free of PTSD, PTSD survivors had greater activation during fear acquisition tasks in the left dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices (dlPFC and vlPFC), left insula cortex, and right posterior cingulate (PCC) and precuneus cortices at early post-trauma weeks. PTSD survivors also had reduced activation during fear extinction in the right premotor cortex, and greater activation during recall of extinguished fear in the left vlPFC, at early post-trauma weeks. Early post-trauma elevated extinction recall activation in vlPFC and fear acquisition activation in vlPFC and PCC/precuneus may relate to the development of negative alterations of mood and cognition and other symptoms at a year post-trauma across survivors with and without PTSD. Over the subsequent post trauma year, PTSD survivors developed: (1) decreased activation in left vlPFC and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) during fear acquisition, (2) decreased activation in vmPFC associated with acquisition of the safe cue, and (3) increased activation in right sensorimotor cortex during recall of unextinguished fear compared to survivors without PTSD. Changes over time in right sensorimotor cortical activation that were associated with progression of PTSD symptoms were seen in all survivors over the post trauma year. The findings suggest that both early and more progressive alterations in brain activation that associate with fear learning and memory contribute to development of PTSD.
Adverse childhood experiences, family functioning, and duration of untreated illness among adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders: A nationwide study in China.
Xiang L, Jian Y, Li JJ … +6 more , Zhang D, Meng W, Chen J, Xie B, Cai Y, Li L
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42288072 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Treatment delay in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders may adversely affect outcomes. Although adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are established risk factors, the family-level mechanisms linki...
OBJECTIVE: Treatment delay in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders may adversely affect outcomes. Although adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are established risk factors, the family-level mechanisms linking ACEs to duration of untreated illness (DUI) remain unclear. This study examined whether family functioning statistically accounted for associations between specific ACEs and delayed help-seeking. METHODS: This nationwide cross-sectional study recruited 1,051 adolescents with first-episode anxiety and depressive disorders from eight Chinese clinical centers. Participants completed the ACE questionnaire and the FACES II-CV; DUI was ascertained through structured clinical interviews. Mediation analyses using PROCESS examined indirect associations of family adaptability and cohesion in the ACE-DUI association. RESULTS: The median DUI was 6.0 months (IQR: 1.0-21.0). ACEs were positively associated with longer DUI. Mediation analyses indicated that family functioning may partly account for statistical associations between specific ACEs and DUI. Indirect-only association patterns were observed for physical neglect, physical abuse, parental separation/death, household substance abuse, and household mental illness (B = 0.02-0.04, all 95% CIs excluding zero), suggesting that these ACEs were associated with treatment delay mainly through lower family adaptability and cohesion. In contrast, emotional neglect, domestic violence, and household incarceration showed significant direct associations with prolonged DUI (B = 0.13-0.36, all 95% CIs excluding zero), with household incarceration also showing an additional indirect association through cohesion. CONCLUSIONS: Family dysfunction may be a potentially modifiable factor linking ACEs to treatment delay. Indirect association patterns indicate that lower family adaptability and cohesion may partly explain why certain ACE domains are associated with longer DUI, supporting family-focused early identification strategies while causal interpretations require confirmation in longitudinal studies.
Suicide ideation among young people in outpatient alcohol and other drug treatment.
Campbell G, Glasgow S, Catakovic A … +3 more , Pocuca N, Dignan J, Hides L
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42288071 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Suicide-related behaviours are common in people with substance use disorders. However, there has been limited research focused on young people (25 years and younger) and among people presenting to alcohol and...
BACKGROUND: Suicide-related behaviours are common in people with substance use disorders. However, there has been limited research focused on young people (25 years and younger) and among people presenting to alcohol and other drug (AOD) outpatient treatment. OBJECTIVES: The study aims to examine the prevalence and correlates associated with recent suicide ideation in young people presenting to outpatient AOD treatment. Factors associated with greater treatment attendance in young people with recent suicide ideation were also explored. METHODS: The study utilises routinely collected administrative, treatment, and service data, as well as baseline patient-reported outcome measures, from a large Australian non-government organisation AOD treatment provider from November 2, 2020, to April 30, 2024. Item nine of the Patient Health Questionnaire was used to identify any recent suicide ideation. RESULTS: Among young people enrolling in treatment (N = 3461), the prevalence of recent suicide ideation was 37.1% (95% CI 35.5-38.7%). Young people with recent suicide ideation had greater alcohol use severity, depression, anxiety and PTSD, and other psychosocial factors such as loneliness and chronic pain. Young people with recent suicide ideation had greater treatment engagement, although they were also more likely to have an unplanned exit from treatment. An unplanned exit was more likely among older clients and those engaged in recent violent behaviour, and less likely among those studying/working. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to screen and monitor for suicide-related behaviours in young people attending outpatient AOD treatment. Future research focused on designing interventions for substance use and suicide-related behaviours in young people, delivered in the fewest possible sessions, is warranted.
The time Collapse-Entrapment model of depersonalization severity.
Madden SP, Serper MR
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42288070 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Depersonalization is a disruption in self-awareness marked by a sense of detachment from one's own thoughts, body, sensory experiences, actions, and emotions. While psychological distress and temporal disturb...
BACKGROUND: Depersonalization is a disruption in self-awareness marked by a sense of detachment from one's own thoughts, body, sensory experiences, actions, and emotions. While psychological distress and temporal disturbances are known correlates, the mechanisms through which these factors contribute to symptom severity remain poorly understood. The present study proposed and tested the Time Collapse-Entrapment Model of Depersonalization Severity, in which temporal blurring (i.e., a subjective blurring of boundaries between the past, present, and future) and a diminished ability to vividly imagine one's future self contribute to increased perceived entrapment, which in turn predicts greater depersonalization symptom severity. METHODS: A total of 433 adults (79 with clinically significant depersonalization severity) completed self-report measures of psychological distress, absorption, future self-continuity, time perspective, cognitive fusion, entrapment, temporal blurring, and depersonalization. RESULTS: Individuals with clinically significant depersonalization reported significantly higher psychological distress, absorption, cognitive fusion, entrapment, and temporal blurring, and significantly lower future self-continuity. Discriminant function analysis correctly classified 75.6% of cases, with psychological distress, temporal blurring, absorption, and entrapment emerging as the strongest contributors to classification. Mediation analyses indicated that temporal blurring and reduced vividness of the future self predicted depersonalization severity via perceived entrapment. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight a novel mechanism through which disruptions in temporal continuity and future self-representation may amplify depersonalization symptoms. More broadly, the results highlight the role of multiple cognitive and experiential processes in depersonalization severity beyond general affective distress. Targeting temporal and self-continuity disturbances may represent a clinically relevant intervention target for individuals with severe depersonalization.
Post-marketing safety surveillance of the novel muscarinic antipsychotic Xanomeline-Trospium for schizophrenia: A comparative disproportionality analysis against olanzapine based on FAERS data.
Zeng Y, Wang X, Wu H … +4 more , Tan X, Wang R, Liu Y, Duan J
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42288069 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To characterize the real-world post-marketing safety reporting profile and adverse event (AE) signals of Xanomeline-Trospium, a novel dual M1/M4 muscarinic antipsychotic for schizophrenia. METHODS: FAERS data...
OBJECTIVE: To characterize the real-world post-marketing safety reporting profile and adverse event (AE) signals of Xanomeline-Trospium, a novel dual M1/M4 muscarinic antipsychotic for schizophrenia. METHODS: FAERS data from 2024Q4 to 2025Q4 were retrospectively analyzed. Reports listing Xanomeline-Trospium as the primary suspected drug were extracted. Signals were detected using four algorithms: ROR, PRR, BCPNN, and MGPS. Additional analyses included Weibull time-to-onset modeling, exploratory comparison with olanzapine, sex- and age-stratified subgroup analyses, and sensitivity analysis excluding concomitant medications. RESULTS: A total of 1410 valid reports were identified. After excluding underlying disease-related confounders, 42 clinically meaningful Preferred Terms showed positive signals. The reporting profile was dominated by gastrointestinal events, including nausea and projectile vomiting; renal and urinary events, especially urinary retention; and acute psychiatric activation, including intrusive thoughts and anger. Compared with olanzapine, Xanomeline-Trospium showed lower reporting odds for metabolic and extrapyramidal events but higher reporting odds for autonomic, gastrointestinal, and acute neurobehavioral signals. Sex subgroup analysis suggested potential divergent autonomic reporting patterns, with females showing more cholinergic signals and males showing more anticholinergic signals. Weibull analysis indicated an "early failure" pattern, with 86.8% of AEs occurring within 30 days of treatment initiation and a median onset of 6.4 days. CONCLUSION: Xanomeline-Trospium showed a distinct FAERS reporting profile characterized by gastrointestinal, urological, and acute psychiatric signals. These findings are hypothesis-generating associations rather than causal risks and support intensive monitoring during treatment initiation.
Long-term stability of suicidal ideation among young adults residential care leavers: a prospective 10-year study.
Weedage D, d'Huart D, Bürgin D … +5 more , Seker S, In-Albon T, Vermeiren R, Boonmann C, Schmid M
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42284936 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Juveniles in residential care systems have high rates of suicidal ideation (SI). This study aims to expand knowledge of the prevalence and stability of SI, as well its associated factors among young adult car...
BACKGROUND: Juveniles in residential care systems have high rates of suicidal ideation (SI). This study aims to expand knowledge of the prevalence and stability of SI, as well its associated factors among young adult care leavers. METHODS: Swiss juveniles in residential care (N = 179; non-Swiss origin: 12,29%; N = 22) were followed up into young adulthood (34% female/66% males; Age (16.41, 2.86, 11-16); Age (26.64, 3.22, 20-38 years)). SI was assessed at baseline and 10-year follow-up. Statistics included descriptives, proportion of enduring cases (categorical mean-level stability), tetrachoric correlation (Rtet; categorical rank-order stability), χ²- and Kruskal-Wallis tests (to test differences between SI pathways), and multinomial logistic regression analyses (RRR; to investigate risk and protective factors for SI pathways). RESULTS: SI prevalence was 45.25% (baseline) and 31.84% (follow-up). Females showed higher rates. SI appeared moderately stable (43.2%) with higher estimates in females. Participants with remitted and persistent SI experienced more NSSI, internalizing/ externalizing symptoms, lower self-directedness, and lower quality of life than those without SI. Higher self-directedness, cooperativeness and quality of life predicted a lower likelihood of persistent SI. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest a higher risk and moderate stability of SI for young adult care leavers. Residential care practitioners should watch for risk factors, especially among females, and encourage self-directedness and cooperativeness.
Physical exercise interventions for health outcomes in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An umbrella review with meta-analysis.
Zhu F, Zhang X, Wu Y … +3 more , Li Y, Ren Y, Zhang M
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42284935 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Physical exercise is a promising adjunctive intervention for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but conclusions from previous meta-analyses remain inconsistent. OBJECTIVES: This umbrella review...
BACKGROUND: Physical exercise is a promising adjunctive intervention for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but conclusions from previous meta-analyses remain inconsistent. OBJECTIVES: This umbrella review synthesized meta-analytic evidence on the effects of physical exercise interventions on ADHD-related and broader functional outcomes in children and adolescents with ADHD. METHODS: Six databases were searched from inception to March 5, 2026. Eligible meta-analyses evaluating structured physical exercise interventions in children and adolescents with ADHD were included. Random-effects models were used to calculate standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Methodological quality and certainty of evidence were assessed using AMSTAR-2 and GRADE, respectively. RESULTS: Forty-five meta-analyses were included. Physical exercise showed significant beneficial effects on ADHD core symptoms (SMD = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.39 to 0.61) and executive functions (SMD = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.62 to 0.93). Benefits were also observed for mental health, motor skills, and social problems, whereas no significant effects were found for sleep quality, body mass index, or academic achievement. Cognitively engaging exercise and interventions delivered at least three times per week showed significantly larger effects in executive functions. Certainty of evidence was low for ADHD core symptoms, executive functions, mental health, motor skills, and social problems, and very low for other outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Structured physical exercise may be a useful adjunctive component of multimodal ADHD management, but should not replace established treatments. Given the low to very low certainty of evidence across outcomes, these findings should be interpreted cautiously and require confirmation in further high-quality studies.
Neuroimaging insights into anomalous self-experiences: Extending corollary discharge dysfunction in schizophrenia.
Sengkey MM, Tiwa TM, Sengkey SB … +2 more , Pandolos T, Padillah R
Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging · 2026 Jun · PMID 42276029 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Choroidal vascularity index in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Yıldız FBP, Çalış AK, Dokuz G … +4 more , Kılıçarslan T, Kırpınar İ, Özdemir MH, Elbay A
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42269287 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: This study examined differences in choroidal structural parameters, including the choroidal vascularity index, among patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and healthy controls. METHODS: This cross-se...
BACKGROUND: This study examined differences in choroidal structural parameters, including the choroidal vascularity index, among patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and healthy controls. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 40 patients with bipolar disorder type I in remission, 40 clinically stable patients with schizophrenia, and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography was used to obtain subfoveal choroidal images. Total choroidal area (TCA) and luminal area (LA) were measured by image binarization using ImageJ software, and the choroidal vascularity index (CVI), as the ratio of LA to TCA, was calculated. Group comparisons, correlation analyses, and analyses of covariance were performed. RESULTS: TCA was found higher in schizophrenia (2.52 ± 0.47 mm²) and bipolar disorder (2.45 ± 0.36 mm²) compared with healthy controls (2.07 ± 0.24 mm²) (p < 0.001). LA indicated a similar pattern (schizophrenia: 1.65 ± 0.29 mm²; bipolar disorder: 1.57 ± 0.24 mm²; healthy controls: 1.36 ± 0.14 mm²; p < 0.001). CVI was lower in bipolar disorder (0.64 ± 0.02) compared with healthy controls (0.66 ± 0.03) (p = 0.009), and no significant difference was observed between schizophrenia and controls (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Increased TCA and LA were observed in both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, whereas CVI values were lower in bipolar disorder. Findings were independent of metabolic parameters and symptom severity. Choroidal structural measurements may provide additional information about microvascular characteristics in severe mental illnesses.
Symptom trajectories and treatment outcomes following a five-day accelerated intermittent-theta burst stimulation protocol for treatment-resistant depression: A naturalistic study in a real-world setting.
Janssen-Aguilar R, Joseph J, Al-Shamali HF … +12 more , Menzies P, Dunlop K, Jha M, Lin Q, Lou W, Adamsahib F, Mulsant BH, Tang VM, Voineskos D, Blumberger DM, Kaster TS, Bhat V
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42263622 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Accelerated intermittent theta burst stimulation (aiTBS) is a time-efficient treatment for treatment-resistant depression (TRD), but highly intensive protocols like SNT are difficult to implement due to MRI-g...
BACKGROUND: Accelerated intermittent theta burst stimulation (aiTBS) is a time-efficient treatment for treatment-resistant depression (TRD), but highly intensive protocols like SNT are difficult to implement due to MRI-guided targeting and high session frequency. This study evaluated the feasibility and clinical outcomes of a five-day, intermediate-session frequency aiTBS protocol delivered without neuronavigation and characterized response heterogeneity using group-based trajectory modelling. METHODS: This retrospective analysis included 48 adult patients with TRD who received 7 sessions per day of aiTBS for 5 days (35 sessions) targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex using the modified Beam F3 approach without neuronavigation as part of clinical care. The primary outcome was change in the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score at Day 5 as assessed with a linear mixed-effects model with Holm-Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: Most patients completed the five-day treatment course (89.6%), and symptom data were available for 91% at Day 5. The Day-5 response rate (≥50% PHQ-9 reduction) was 16.7%. PHQ-9 scores decreased significantly from baseline at Day 5 (LSMD = -2.97), with further reductions at two weeks (LSMD = -6.81) and stability at one month (LSMD = -6.50), although follow-up data were incomplete. Trajectory modelling identified four distinct symptom patterns, underscoring variability in response. CONCLUSIONS: This intermediate-session frequency aiTBS protocol was feasible to implement in a real-world clinical setting. While modest symptom reduction was observed, substantial missing data after Day 5 limit confidence in longer-term outcomes. Individual trajectories varied, highlighting the need for personalized approaches and improved follow-up strategies.
Depressive disorders burden attributable to childhood sexual abuse in China and India from 1990 to 2023 and prediction for 2040: Analysis of data from the global burden of disease study 2023.
Yang Q, Wu M, Wang X … +5 more , Qin X, Tang Y, Yu J, Gao LN, Li M
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42263621 · Publisher ↗
AIM: This study endeavors to explore the temporal alterations in the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of depressive disorders (DD) attributable to childhood sexual abuse (CSA) in China and India, and to predict the...
AIM: This study endeavors to explore the temporal alterations in the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of depressive disorders (DD) attributable to childhood sexual abuse (CSA) in China and India, and to predict the future trends of DALYs from 2024 to 2040. METHODS: Using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2023, we evaluated the impact of CSA on DD, scrutinizing DALYs per 100,000 population. Our analysis incorporated age, sex, and temporal trends in age-standardized rates (ASR), and an age-period-cohort (APC) analysis was conducted to differentiate the effects of age, period, and cohort on the observed temporal trends. BAPC analysis was employed to forecast the DALYs rates and numbers for different sexes from 2024 to 2040. RESULTS: The number of DALYs for DD attributable to CSA increased by 50.7% in China and by 122% in India from 1990 to 2023. Notable gender disparities emerged, with females demonstrating higher ASR of DALYs in both countries. The highest burden was observed in the 40-44 age group for both sexes in India, and for males in China, while females in China peaked at 35-39 age group. The ASR of DALYs attributable to CSA is projected to increase moderately for both sexes in China, while it will increase sharply in India, especially among females. CONCLUSIONS: CSA-attributable DD burden remains stable in China but rises significantly in India. Targeted interventions for ages 40-44 and full-cycle strategies covering children/adolescents and adult survivors are essential. Our study will help the government formulate more targeted and effective preventive and intervention strategies for CSA-attributable DD.
Social anxiety disorder in Canada: sociodemographic and psychosocial correlates.
Chau TN, Oliver SA, Fuller-Thomson E
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42259068 · Publisher ↗
This study examines the lifetime prevalence of social anxiety disorder (SAD) in a representative sample of the adult Canadian population, as well as characteristics associated with SAD in this population. Secondary analy...
This study examines the lifetime prevalence of social anxiety disorder (SAD) in a representative sample of the adult Canadian population, as well as characteristics associated with SAD in this population. Secondary analyses were conducted on the nationally representative 2022 Canadian Mental Health and Access to Care Survey (MHACS). The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview scale was used to identify individuals with lifetime occurrence of SAD which is based upon Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (DSM-IV) criteria. The weighted lifetime prevalence of SAD was 13.9% among adults aged 20 and older. There was a negative dose-response relationship between age and SAD. For example, the lifetime prevalence of SAD was 24.2 % among adults aged 20-24 compared to 6.2% among those aged 65 and older. Demographic factors associated with higher odds of lifetime SAD included being female, Canadian-born, and single (compared to never married, widowed, separated, or divorced). Individuals who experienced childhood sexual abuse and/or parental domestic violence had higher odds of SAD, as did those who had one or more chronic health conditions, chronic pain, or those who had lifetime substance or alcohol use disorder. Psychosocial characteristics associated with SAD included lower perceived social support and reporting that spirituality was of limited or no importance in their lives. In contrast to expectations, personal income and childhood physical abuse were not significantly associated with SAD. The 2022 prevalence of lifetime SAD (13.9%) was much higher than was reported in a 2002 Canadian survey (8.1%), highlighting the need for increased awareness of SAD and for targeted support.
Depression stigma, treatment-seeking intentions, and barriers to care among adolescents: demographic factors in a crowdsourced sample.
Markman R, Steier K, Fisch CT … +5 more , Jankowski S, DiGiovanni M, Dixon LB, Martin A, Amsalem D
Psychiatry Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42250491 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of age, gender, and race/ethnicity with depression stigma, barriers to care, and treatment-seeking intentions among adolescents. METHODS: 1127 US adolescents (aged 14-18) recruited v...
OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of age, gender, and race/ethnicity with depression stigma, barriers to care, and treatment-seeking intentions among adolescents. METHODS: 1127 US adolescents (aged 14-18) recruited via CloudResearch, a crowdsourcing platform, completed online measures of depression stigma, treatment-seeking intentions and barriers to care. RESULTS: Significant differences were found across gender groups in depression stigma (F(2,1124)=78.05, p < .001), barriers to care (F(2,1124)=5.96, p=.003) and treatment-seeking intentions (F(2,1124)=53.71, p<.001). Boys reported the highest depression stigma and lowest treatment-seeking intentions compared to girls and TGD youth (stigma: boys vs. TGD, t = 13.5, p < .001, d = 1.21; treatment-seeking: boys vs. TGD, t = 10.19, p < .001, d = 1.02). TGD youth endorsed the highest barriers to care (boys vs. TGD, t=-3.07, p = .007, d = 0.37). Significant differences were also found across racial/ethnic groups in depression stigma (F(3,1123)=11.49, p < .001) and treatment-seeking intentions (F(3,1123)=4.11, p = .007). Older adolescents reported higher treatment-seeking intentions (t=-2.99, p=.003) and higher barriers to care (t=-2.92, p=.004) than younger ones. CONCLUSIONS: Depression stigma, barriers to care, and treatment-seeking intentions vary significantly across different demographic groups. Tailored interventions addressing specific subgroup needs are therefore essential. Crowdsourcing offered results comparable to traditional recruitment strategies, alongside large-scale sample recruitment with hard-to-reach populations such as TGD youth. The trial was prospectively registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT06222528).
Hybrid optimized focal high-order attention network with descriptor computations for autism spectrum disorder detection in federated learning.
Bhagyalatha U, Sahoo BK, Muppidi S
Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging · 2026 May · PMID 42247887 · Publisher ↗
Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects the social interaction, and communication ability of persons. Accurate diagnosis can significantly improve quality of life. However, current detecti...
Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects the social interaction, and communication ability of persons. Accurate diagnosis can significantly improve quality of life. However, current detection methods often perform sub optimally due to class imbalance, heterogeneous data, and privacy concerns. For solving such issues, a Federated Learning (FL)-based framework is proposed, integrating a Groupers and Moray Orangutan Optimization Algorithm with a Focal High-order Attention Network (GMOA_Focal-HANet). The autism detection is done in a local model, where autism brain image and autism data are fed to a pre-preparation process. The GMOA performs the functional connectivity-based pivotal region extraction, and descriptor computation is done by Regional Gradient Pattern (RGP). Moreover, the preprepared input data is subjected to attribute screening, where the Chi-Square Test-enabled feature selection is employed. The Focal-HANet detects autism using the outcome of descriptor computation and attribute screening. The GMOA trains the Focal-HANet, and local update and aggregation is done by average method. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework achieves a classification accuracy of 96.83%, with sensitivity and specificity of 95.92% and 96.82%, respectively. These results confirm the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach for reliable Autism spectrum disorder detection in a privacy-preserving FL environment.
Digital phenotyping using wearable-determined physical behaviours and machine learning to detect depression and anxiety symptoms in a general population.
Sameh A, Nauha L, Seppänen M … +4 more , Niemelä M, Oussalah M, Korpelainen R, Farrahi V
Psychiatry Res · 2026 May · PMID 42247773 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Depression and anxiety are widespread mental health disorders, yet their diagnosis remains challenging. Digital phenotyping provides a promising approach for detecting depression and anxiety. This study aims...
BACKGROUND: Depression and anxiety are widespread mental health disorders, yet their diagnosis remains challenging. Digital phenotyping provides a promising approach for detecting depression and anxiety. This study aims to explore the extent to which physical behaviour metrics can be used as digital phenotypes for identifying individuals with and without depression and anxiety symptoms using machine learning (ML) algorithms. METHODS: At age 46 years, participants (n = 2,810) from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 carried wrist- and waist-worn accelerometers for 14 consecutive days. Physical activity, sedentary and sleep behaviours were measured using data from the waist- and wrist-worn devices. A total of 54 physical behaviour metrics were extracted for each participant. Severity of depression and anxiety were assessed using three validated instruments: the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25. Five ML algorithms were applied to identify depression and anxiety symptoms. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) was used to assess the contribution of metrics. RESULTS: Random forest achieved the best performance with accuracy (66%-72%) and AUC (66%-70%) for all three instruments. Other models showed lower accuracy in predicting depression and anxiety symptoms. In SHAP analysis, wake-up time, time in bed, bedtime, and prolonged sedentary bouts emerged as most important features. CONCLUSIONS: Physical behaviour metrics using ML models can be utilized with reasonable accuracy to differentiate between participants with and without depression and anxiety symptoms. Our findings support the utility of physical behaviour digital phenotypes for predicting depression and anxiety symptoms in a general population.
Investigation of potential associations between four redox-related long non-coding RNAs and glutathione peroxidase in schizophrenia: a combination of bioinformatics and experimental analyses.
Khaki M, Massoudifar A, Davoodian N … +3 more , Mousavi P, Davoodian N, Mahmoudi M
Psychiatry Res · 2026 May · PMID 42247772 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), a key antioxidant enzyme, shows altered activity in individuals with schizophrenia. However, the molecular mechanisms behind this alteration remain incompletely understood. In th...
BACKGROUND: Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), a key antioxidant enzyme, shows altered activity in individuals with schizophrenia. However, the molecular mechanisms behind this alteration remain incompletely understood. In this study, we combined bioinformatics and experimental approaches to explore potential associations between redox-related long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and GPx activity in schizophrenia. METHODS: We selected four redox-related lncRNAs (PVT1, NEAT1, SOX21-AS1, H19), and bioinformatics analyses predicted their potential interactions with GPX-related genes. Subsequently, we measured lncRNA expression levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and assessed serum GPx activity in patients with acute schizophrenia. RESULTS: Bioinformatics analyses identified 16 candidate miRNAs putatively targeted by the selected lncRNAs and differentially expressed in schizophrenia. Further analyses identified 154 transcription factors (TFs) targeted by the candidate miRNAs that regulate GPx expression. Based on these predicted interactions, we constructed a putative RNA regulatory network comprising 3 lncRNAs, 16 miRNAs, and 154 TFs. KEGG pathway enrichment revealed significant involvement of MAPK, mTOR, Hippo, neurotrophin, and TNF signaling pathways within this network. Experimental findings showed significant upregulation of SOX21-AS1 and downregulation of PVT1 and NEAT1 in the PBMCs of patients with acute schizophrenia. Among the examined lncRNAs, PVT1 exhibited the highest potential to distinguish patients from controls. Furthermore, decreased GPx activity was observed in the serum of patients. CONCLUSIONS: The identified GPx‑associated RNA network may contribute to redox imbalance in schizophrenia. Although the interactions are prediction‑based, this network provides a framework for future functional studies and may help identify potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
20-year pharmacological treatment trajectories in a cohort of patients with bipolar disorder.
Grabuleda N, Borràs R, Martínez-Arán A … +18 more , Anmella G, Roberto N, Botí MÁ, de Prisco M, Oliva V, Fico G, Valentí M, Murru A, González-Campos M, Pacchiarotti I, Solé B, Sánchez-Moreno J, Del Mar Bonnin C, Mazzei DH, Vieta E, Torrent C, Grande Í, Comes M
Psychiatry Res · 2026 May · PMID 42242171 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a prevalent, chronic and severe condition, with a high impact on psychosocial functioning. In the treatment of BD, maintenance therapy is crucial for preventing affective recurrences...
BACKGROUND: Bipolar disorder (BD) is a prevalent, chronic and severe condition, with a high impact on psychosocial functioning. In the treatment of BD, maintenance therapy is crucial for preventing affective recurrences and long-term complications. The goal of this study was to conduct a descriptive analysis of the trajectories of pharmacological treatment along 20 years in a cohort of patients with BD, to better understand the diversity and changes in treatment patterns. METHODS: This study analyses the prescription patterns of psychotropic medications and their association with clinical variables (sex, BD type, predominant polarity and psychotic symptoms) in a sample of 68 outpatients with BD (54.4% female, age of 39.31±12.04 at the start of the study) over a 20-year period. RESULTS: Maintenance therapy was predominantly based on combination strategies (75.8% at baseline). Our findings showed an increase in polypharmacy and benzodiazepines and a decline of mood stabilizers. CONCLUSIONS: This study offers insight into maintenance medication patterns among BD patients in a real-world setting over an extended period, revealing how prescribing tendencies have evolved. The widespread use of polypharmacy and benzodiazepines and the decrease in the prescription of mood stabilizers during the follow-up highlight a noticeable divergence between clinical practice and guideline recommendations.
Feasibility and exploratory outcomes of immersive VR intervention on brain functional networks and clinical symptoms in ADHD children: A pilot study.
Zheng S, Hou H, Cao Y … +6 more , Mao G, Li S, Jin J, Tang L, Zhang Z, Wei F
Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging · 2026 May · PMID 42235182 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Current evaluations of immersive virtual reality (VR) interventions for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) primarily rely on subjective clinical scales. This pilot study investigated the effects...
BACKGROUND: Current evaluations of immersive virtual reality (VR) interventions for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) primarily rely on subjective clinical scales. This pilot study investigated the effects of an immersive VR intervention on brain functional networks in children with ADHD using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) degree centrality (DC) and how they correlate with clinical symptoms. METHODS: Fourteen children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD group) and 13 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC group) were recruited. All participants underwent rs-fMRI examinations within 2 days of baseline clinical assessment. DC values were calculated to evaluate spontaneous neural activity. Children in the ADHD group received a 16-week immersive VR intervention, administered once weekly for 30 minutes per session. The intervention comprised firefly cave navigation tasks and daily scenario-based social skills training. The study analyzed baseline differences in DC values between the two groups, as well as changes in clinical scores and DC values in the ADHD group before and after the intervention. Additionally, correlation analysis was performed to explore the association between changes in DC values and behavioral indicators. RESULTS: At baseline, the ADHD group had significantly higher CPT and SNAP-IV inattention/hyperactivity scores (P<0.05), with abnormal degree centrality (DC) in cortico-striatal, cerebellar and prefrontal regions. After VR intervention, the ADHD group showed significant reductions in all clinical scores (P<0.05), accompanied by decreased DC in the right cuneus and left cerebellar Crus II area; only SNAP-IV inattention scores remained higher than HC group (P= 0.009). Changes in right cuneus DC were positively correlated with SNAP-IV inattention changes (r=0.64, P=0.013), and right middle orbitofrontal gyrus DC was positively correlated with CPT scores (r=0.57, P=0.033). CONCLUSION: In this pilot study, immersive VR intervention alleviated core ADHD symptoms. In addition, dynamic changes in degree centrality within specific brain regions may serve as potential neuroimaging biomarkers for monitoring therapeutic responses to VR intervention in children with ADHD.
Impulsivity, reward sensitivity, and dopamine 2/3 receptors availability in people with cocaine use disorder: A [C]PHNO PET study.
Mayeli M, Worhunsky P, Carson RE … +3 more , Potenza MN, Angarita GA, Matuskey D
Psychiatry Res · 2026 May · PMID 42229023 · Publisher ↗
Impulsivity and altered reward sensitivity are core features of cocaine use disorder (CUD). The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and the Behavioral Inhibition System/Activation System (BIS/BAS) capture individual dif...
Impulsivity and altered reward sensitivity are core features of cocaine use disorder (CUD). The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and the Behavioral Inhibition System/Activation System (BIS/BAS) capture individual differences in impulsive tendencies and reward responsiveness and may provide insight into addictive disorders. Although dopaminergic dysfunction is a hallmark of CUD, how dopamine D receptor availability relates to impulsivity and motivational traits remains incompletely understood. We compared impulsivity, appetitive, and aversive measures between individuals with CUD (n = 15) and healthy controls (HC; n = 14). Dopamine D receptor availability was quantified using the non-displaceable binding potential (BP) of [¹¹C]PHNO across specific regions. Group differences in psychometric measures and associations between BIS-11 and BIS/BAS subscales and regional BP were examined, and group × BP interaction models were used to test differences in dopamine-behavior relationships. CUD individuals exhibited significantly higher impulsivity across all domains (all FDR-p ≤ 0.03). In the HC group, appetitive and aversive motive scores were significantly associated with BP across multiple regions, including the putamen, pallidum, ventral striatum, caudate, amygdala, and thalamus. These associations were absent in CUD. Significant group × BP interactions revealed differences in dopamine-impulsivity coupling in the amygdala, pallidum, and putamen. We concluded that CUD is characterized by elevated impulsivity and a disruption of the normative coupling between dopamine D receptor availability and impulsivity-related features. These findings suggest that impulsivity in CUD reflects not only heightened behavioral tendencies but also altered dopaminergic regulation, suggesting dopamine-behavior decoupling as a potential neurobiological marker in CUD.
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