Archives Of Clinical Neuropsychology[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Normative Performance for the Emory Complex Figure Scoring System and Recognition Task.
Hale AC, Spencer RJ, Lah JJ … +2 more , Goldstein FC, Loring DW
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41139740 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: This study establishes normative data for the Emory Complex Figure-Loring Scoring (CF-LS) and Recognition task, a streamlined alternative to traditional CF measures designed to improve clinical efficiency and...
OBJECTIVE: This study establishes normative data for the Emory Complex Figure-Loring Scoring (CF-LS) and Recognition task, a streamlined alternative to traditional CF measures designed to improve clinical efficiency and utility. Using a large healthy adult sample, we provide regression-based, demographically adjusted norms to support accurate interpretation in clinical and research settings. METHOD: The sample included 398 cognitively healthy adults from the Emory Healthy Brain Study. Participants completed the Rey CF using the Emory CF-LS system, which scores 10 core elements for accuracy and location across non-recognition conditions. These 10 core elements are included in a 4-choice recognition task. Regression models incorporating age, education, and race were used to generate scaled scores and stanines for each non-copy condition. RESULTS: Copy scores showed ceiling effects, with 72.1% achieving a perfect score, whereas Recall and Recognition scores were more normally distributed. Immediate and Delayed were highly correlated (r = .92), and both were strongly associated with Recognition (r range = .70-.71). Age, education, and race significantly predicted performance, informing the development of demographically adjusted normative data. CONCLUSIONS: This report provides regression-based norms for the Emory CF-LS system and Recognition task, offering both scaled scores and stanines to support flexible interpretation. By quantifying the predicted relationship between recall and recognition, the study introduces a practical formal method for detecting retrieval inefficiency. Although the sample is limited by high educational attainment and a narrow age range, findings support broader use of the Emory CF-LS and recognition in cognitive assessment.
Screening for Acquired Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Deaf Users of German Sign Language: The Cognition Test German Sign Language.
Stockleben L, Woll B, Atkinson J
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41104665 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: There is a lack of appropriate cognitive assessment tools to detect acquired cognitive impairment or dementia in deaf sign language users in Germany. To address this, the British Sign Language Cognitive Screen...
OBJECTIVE: There is a lack of appropriate cognitive assessment tools to detect acquired cognitive impairment or dementia in deaf sign language users in Germany. To address this, the British Sign Language Cognitive Screening Test (BSL-CST) was culturally and linguistically adapted to German Sign Language and the German Deaf community, to be administered using a standardized video format. METHOD: A comprehensive 15-step cultural test adaptation paradigm was applied, involving focus groups, clinical experts and members of the Deaf community. Norming data were collected for the newly adapted Cognition Test German Sign Language (KoDGS), resulting in a cognitively healthy sample (n = 86; age 50-92) and a sample of individuals with neurological history (n = 13). RESULTS: The KoDGS demonstrated robust test validity through convergent measures, sensitivity to age and education, and applicability across the heterogeneous German deaf population. Percentiles for the cognitively healthy sample were reported, and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed high clinical reliability in distinguishing between the groups. CONCLUSION: This study breaks new ground in the cross-linguistic and cross-cultural adaptation of dementia assessments in signed languages. The statistical reliability and clinical applicability of the test, along with the presented adaptation paradigm, provide a foundation for future adaptations of other cognitive assessments. As the first screening tool for cognitive impairment and dementia in deaf sign language users in Germany, the KoDGS has the potential to improve how deaf individuals are cognitively assessed for dementia.
Validation of the Turkish Version of the DDQ-30: Norms and Clinical Utility for Detecting Lexical-Semantic Impairments.
Karalı FS, Tosun S, Eskioğlu Eİ … +4 more , Dicle M, Çavdar D, Çınar N, Macoir J
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 Jan · PMID 41104648 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: This study adapted the Definition-based Naming Test (DDQ-30) into Turkish (DDQ-30 TR) and assessed its psychometric properties. METHOD: The adaptation process included translation, cultural and linguistic modi...
OBJECTIVE: This study adapted the Definition-based Naming Test (DDQ-30) into Turkish (DDQ-30 TR) and assessed its psychometric properties. METHOD: The adaptation process included translation, cultural and linguistic modifications, expert review, and pilot testing. Normative data were collected from 357 cognitively healthy Turkish adults aged 50-79. Known-group discriminant validity was examined in 150 participants, including healthy controls (n = 50), individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI; n = 60), and Alzheimer's disease (ad; n = 40). RESULTS: DDQ-30 TR performance declined with age and improved with education. Norms were stratified by age, education, and sex. The test showed strong group validity (HC > MCI > ad) and acceptable reliability (α = 0.758). CONCLUSIONS: The DDQ-30 TR is a reliable, culturally adapted auditory naming tool that enables lexical-semantic assessment in Turkish-speaking older adults, particularly those with visual limitations. The DDQ-30 TR can be used as a supportive instrument within broader clinical screening protocols for neurocognitive disorders, especially among individuals with visual limitations.
Abnormal Forgetting Rate from the Recency Portion of a Word-List in Patients with Subjective Cognitive Decline.
Leonardi C, Di Palma V, De Simone MS … +7 more , Stanzione A, Rodini M, Caruso G, Covino S, Pugliese M, Caltagirone C, Carlesimo GA
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 Jan · PMID 41071190 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is a self-perceived decline in cognitive functioning, considered at risk for Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). OBJECTIVE: In this retrospective c...
BACKGROUND: Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is a self-perceived decline in cognitive functioning, considered at risk for Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). OBJECTIVE: In this retrospective case-control study, we investigated whether the Recency ratio (Rr), a measure of forgetting from the final portion of a word list, can objectify the memory complaints reported by individuals with SCD. METHOD: We administered the 15-word list Recall Test to 54 SCD individuals and 69 healthy controls. Both groups disclosed a recency effect in immediate recall, with a decline in the delayed recall, particularly marked in the SCD group. RESULTS: A two-way ANOVA comparing ratio scores across the three portions of the list revealed a significant Group x Position interaction (F = 4.47; p = .01), due to a significantly higher ratio value in the recency portion for the SCD group (F = 4.84; p = .03), while primacy and mid-list ratios were comparable between groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results, in continuity with previous data in MCI and AD populations, may suggest that, since Rr significantly differs between groups, a possible model including Rr along with other measures may increase accuracy in detecting memory complaints experienced by SCD people. Even if Rr alone cannot predict group classification, our observations could help identify neuropsychological markers useful in the early stages of AD. To our knowledge, this is the first time Rr has been studied in the SCD population, and this makes our data particularly relevant, in that they document a decline that standard neuropsychological tests are not able to detect.
Normative Data of an Argentinean Color Naming Test.
Vivas LY, Paolantonio P, Andreotti D … +5 more , Garavaglia M, Lamenza M, Aragonés A, Fabiani A, Manoiloff L
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 Jan · PMID 41051990 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To develop normative data for the Psycholinguistic Picture Naming Test in Color (PAPDIC) for Spanish-speaking Argentinians, in order to establish reliable cut-off scores and examine the impact of color on test...
OBJECTIVE: To develop normative data for the Psycholinguistic Picture Naming Test in Color (PAPDIC) for Spanish-speaking Argentinians, in order to establish reliable cut-off scores and examine the impact of color on test performance. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 158 healthy participants, 22 participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 13 participants with post-stroke aphasia, and 14 participants with post-stroke without aphasia. Participants were assessed using the PAPDIC and sociodemographic data were collected. RESULTS: The PAPDIC demonstrated strong internal consistency (Kuder-Richardson 20 = 0.925). Item varied difficulty, with some items proving more challenging than others. Significant differences in accuracy were found between the color and black-and-white versions, favoring the former. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed moderate accuracy in identifying cognitive decline (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.787; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.663-0.910) and high accuracy in detecting anomia in patients who have had a stroke (AUC = 0.918; 95% CI 0.781-1.000). Age was found to be a significant predictor of PAPDIC scores, whereas education level and gender were not. CONCLUSIONS: The PAPDIC is a reliable and culturally appropriate tool for assessing language function in Argentinean Spanish speakers. Color images enhanced the participants' performance on the test compared to black-and-white images, probably due to improved perceptual clarity and greater alignment with real-world visual representations, improving the test specificity. Although promising for detecting anomia, further research is required to improve sensitivity in identifying MCI.
Differential Associations Between Perceived Social Support and Cognition in Older Adults With and Without Multiple Sclerosis.
Cohen HR, Holtzer R
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 Jan · PMID 41045490 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: In persons with multiple sclerosis (MS), perceived social support (PSS) is linked with better mental health, physical well-being, and quality of life. As MS becomes more prevalent in older adults, research on...
OBJECTIVE: In persons with multiple sclerosis (MS), perceived social support (PSS) is linked with better mental health, physical well-being, and quality of life. As MS becomes more prevalent in older adults, research on the effects of MS on cognition remains limited. The present study examined the impact of PSS total and domain scores on processing speed and memory in older adults with MS (OAMS) and healthy controls. METHOD: Participants were OAMS (n = 94, mean age = 64.59 years; %female = 68.1) and controls (n = 114, mean age = 67.95 years; %female = 64). The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) assessed processing speed, the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) assessed memory, and the Medical Outcomes Study Modified Social Support Study (MSSS) assessed PSS. Linear regression models examined associations of total and domain PSS scores with SDMT and HVLT-R performances in the entire sample and then stratified by group. RESULTS: In the combined cohort, higher overall, emotional, and positive interaction MSSS scores were associated with better SDMT performance. In stratified analyses, however, except for social interaction, adjusting for depressive symptoms attenuated these associations in OAMS. Associations between MSSS and HVLT-R performance were limited. CONCLUSIONS: The current study demonstrated that total and specific facets of PSS were related to processing speed in both OAMS and control participants. Except for positive interaction, depressive symptoms attenuated these associations in OAMS. Hence, treating depression has implications for both cognition and PSS in OAMS.
A Guide to the Interpretation and Reliability of Annual Collegiate ImPACT Baselines by Sex.
Quigley KG, Szekely B, Fenner M … +2 more , Pavilionis P, Murray NG
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 Jan · PMID 41045488 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: To create a sex-specific clinicians guide to evaluating significant immediate post-concussion assessment and cognitive testing (ImPACT) score changes using minimal detectable change (MDC) ranges, to evaluate t...
OBJECTIVE: To create a sex-specific clinicians guide to evaluating significant immediate post-concussion assessment and cognitive testing (ImPACT) score changes using minimal detectable change (MDC) ranges, to evaluate the sex-specific test-retest reliability using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), and to compare male and female performance across all composite and subtest scores. METHOD: Data from 390 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes (n = 390; male = 106, female = 284) across four athletic seasons (2020-2021 through 2024-2025) who had completed ImPACT remotely for two consecutive seasons were used to calculate the MDC and ICC at the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by sex, as well as to compare sex-based performance for all ImPACT scores (subtest and composite). RESULTS: The visual memory composite score, as well as the subtests of design memory correct distractors (immediate), design memory hits (delay), XO total correct memory, XO total correct (interference), XO average correct reaction time (RT; interference), symbol match total correct RT (visible), and color match total correct, exhibited significant differences between males and females at the first and/or second remote time point. ICCs for females demonstrated poor reliability on 14 of the 33 subtest scores (ICC = 0.06-0.49) and on the visual memory composite score (ICC = 0.49). For males, 11 of the 33 subtests had poor reliability (ICC = 0.21-0.48). Many of the subtests present poor reliability for both genders, particularly as it relates to the three letters task. CONCLUSIONS: This study found sex differences on ImPACT performance, suggesting that sex-specific MDC values are needed to evaluate significant changes in ImPACT scores. Additionally, this study found several ImPACT subtest scores to be unreliable, suggesting only moderate to good scores be used in clinical evaluation.
Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the CALMS Questionnaire in an Arabic-Speaking MS Population.
Al-Qerem W, Khdair S, Basem D … +2 more , Jarab A, Eberhardt J
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 Jan · PMID 41014318 · Full text
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological condition that often results in language and communication difficulties, significantly affecting patients' quality of life. While several tools have been developed intern...
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological condition that often results in language and communication difficulties, significantly affecting patients' quality of life. While several tools have been developed internationally to assess these impairments, few are validated for Arabic-speaking populations. This study aimed to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the Arabic version of the Communication and Language Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (CALMS) questionnaire, designed to evaluate communication difficulties in individuals with MS. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 307 MS patients recruited from Al-Bashir Hospital in Amman, Jordan. Participants completed the Arabic CALMS (A-CALMS) via an online survey. Psychometric evaluation included Rasch analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Model fit, internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha), person/item reliability, threshold ordering, and Differential Item Functioning (DIF) by sex were assessed. The partial credit model (sign) provided a better fit than the rating scale model. After reordering, all threshold parameters were properly ordered, and item/person fit statistics were acceptable. Internal consistency was excellent (α = 0.935); CFA supported a one-factor solution with good model fit (χ2/df = 1.82, RMSEA = 0.052, CFI = 0.987, TLI = 0.984). No significant DIF was found across sexes. A moderate positive correlation was observed between CALMS and MSIS-29 scores (r = 0.534, p < .001), supporting construct validity. The A-CALMS demonstrated strong psychometric properties and cultural relevance, making it a reliable, valid instrument for assessing communication and language difficulties in Arabic-speaking individuals with MS. Its use in clinical and research settings may enhance diagnostic precision and inform tailored interventions.
Assessing Limb Apraxia in Quebec: Normative Study of the Brief Battery for the Evaluation of Praxis in Healthy French-Speaking Adults.
Macoir J, Landry M, Hudon C
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 Jan · PMID 40985820 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: This study presents normative data for the Batterie Brève d'Évaluation des Praxies (BBEP), a brief screening tool developed to assess symbolic gestures, pantomimes, and imitation of meaningless gestures-three...
OBJECTIVE: This study presents normative data for the Batterie Brève d'Évaluation des Praxies (BBEP), a brief screening tool developed to assess symbolic gestures, pantomimes, and imitation of meaningless gestures-three domains commonly impaired in limb apraxia. While the BBEP was originally validated in a French population, no normative data have been available for French-speaking adults in Quebec. Given that cultural, linguistic, and demographic factors may influence gesture production and interpretation, the current study aimed to generate region-specific reference values to support accurate clinical assessment. METHOD: A total of 240 neurologically and cognitively healthy French-speaking adults from Quebec were assessed using the BBEP. Norms were stratified by age and are presented in percentile format to facilitate clinical interpretation. RESULTS: Results indicated significant effects of both age and education, with older as well as educated participants obtaining lower scores across all subtests. Compared to the original French sample, Quebec participants demonstrated slightly lower performance, particularly in the imitation of meaningless gestures, likely reflecting cultural and demographic differences. Spearman rank-order correlations-computed while controlling for age, sex, and education-revealed weak and non-significant associations among the three subtests, suggesting they assess distinct components of praxis. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first culturally-adapted normative data for the BBEP in a French-Quebec population. These findings underscore the need for region-specific norms in apraxia assessment and highlight the clinical relevance of evaluating each praxis domain independently. The BBEP may prove useful in the early detection of subtle praxis deficits associated with neurodegenerative conditions or cerebrovascular events.
Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of the Self-Report Teenage Executive Functioning Inventory (TEXI).
Costa-López B, Ruiz-Robledillo N, Cañas-Pardo E … +1 more , Ferrer-Cascales R
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 Jan · PMID 40973680 · Publisher ↗
The purpose of the present study was to validate the Spanish version of the Teen Executive Functioning Inventory (TEXI) and to investigate its psychometric properties. The TEXI was translated and back-translated into Spa...
The purpose of the present study was to validate the Spanish version of the Teen Executive Functioning Inventory (TEXI) and to investigate its psychometric properties. The TEXI was translated and back-translated into Spanish, and administered by high schools to adolescents aged 14-18 years (N = 902). The findings presented a bifactor structure (inhibition, working memory, and the general factor of Executive Functioning) with adequate fit indexes (Comparative Fit Index = 0.94, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.07, Standardized Residual Mean Squared Ratio = 0.03), which confirmed the original structure of the test. Also, it showed good reliability for the general factor and its subscales (α/ω > 0.90). The invariance analysis indicated differences for the interpretation of the instrument based on gender. Specifically, girls significantly pointed out a worse scoring in most of the items of the TEXI (p < .05). In conclusion, the Spanish version of the TEXI is a short, valid, reliable, and easy-to-fulfill screening for measuring working memory, inhibition, and executive functions in Spanish adolescents.
Gerstmann's Syndrome and Limb Apraxia: A Single Case Study.
Bertagnoli S, Beccherle M, Danese R … +5 more , Bulgarelli C, Gobbetto V, Vianello G, Rossato E, Moro V
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2025 Nov · PMID 40973146 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: Gerstmann's syndrome (GS) represents a still debated clinical condition, in terms of both symptoms' evolution and neural correlates. In depth, repeated neuropsychological assessments along with advanced method...
OBJECTIVE: Gerstmann's syndrome (GS) represents a still debated clinical condition, in terms of both symptoms' evolution and neural correlates. In depth, repeated neuropsychological assessments along with advanced methods of lesion analysis can contribute to a better understanding of the syndrome and clinical diagnosis. METHOD: The study reports a patient suffering from GS and limb apraxia following a left hemisphere lesion. Two in-depth assessments, at two and four months from the lesion onset, in addition to video material, document the symptoms over time. An in-depth analysis of the grey and white matter lesions was carried out with 3D reconstruction and a disconnection map. RESULTS: The patient shows the characteristic tetrad of GS symptoms in both subacute and chronic phases, in the absence of other clinically relevant sensorimotor or cognitive deficits. Limb apraxia persists over time as well. The neuroanatomical investigation shows the involvement of cortical damage in the inferior parietal cortex that extends to the superior parietal cortex, anteriorly to the peri-rolandic area and medially to the precuneus. Furthermore, disconnections in the fronto-parietal networks and the corpus callosum were identified. CONCLUSIONS: This single case study supports previous neuropsychological evidence and neuroanatomical findings on healthy participants, suggesting a core neural network underlying the four GS symptoms, which involves the left superior parietal lobe, the intraparietal cortices and the white matter parietal and fronto-parietal tracts. Furthermore, the involvement of the three branches of the superior longitudinal fasciculus explains the co-occurrence of limb apraxia.
Apolipoprotein E e4 Status Predicts Memory Performance and Daily Functioning in Aging Hispanic/Latino Adults.
Lozano J, Hernandez E, Beacham D … +1 more , Graves LV
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 Jan · PMID 40972039 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: The Hispanic/Latino population is projected to have the steepest increase in cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias (ADRD) by 2060. Although the apolipoprotein (APOE) e4 allele and family hist...
OBJECTIVE: The Hispanic/Latino population is projected to have the steepest increase in cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related dementias (ADRD) by 2060. Although the apolipoprotein (APOE) e4 allele and family history of AD are potent risk factors for dementia, their predictive role in AD/ADRD-related cognitive and functional outcomes in this population remains unclear. METHOD: We examined potential main and interactive effects of APOE e4 status and family history of cognitive impairment on neuropsychological performance and daily functioning in aging Hispanic/Latino adults in the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center cohort (n = 475). RESULTS: Significant main effects of APOE e4 status were observed, such that e4-positive participants demonstrated worse verbal and visual recall and had worse subjective informant reports of daily functioning compared to e4-negative participants (ps < .01). An APOE e4 status × family history interaction effect on auditory attention was also observed (p < .01), with post hoc comparisons indicating that e4-positive individuals with family history performed significantly better than other subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings extend previous research examining the contributions of APOE e4 status and family history of AD on cognitive and functional outcomes in aging individuals at risk for ADRD, suggesting that in the Latino population, positive APOE e4 status may serve as a more reliable predictor of ADRD-related cognitive and functional outcomes than family history alone. Interventions aimed at reducing ADRD risk through maintenance of cognitive and daily functioning in aging Latinos will be imperative as this population is projected to have the highest increase in ADRD prevalence in the coming decades.
Factors Associated with Cognitive Performance in Post-COVID Condition: a Multivariate Analysis.
Delgado-Alonso C, Díez-Cirarda M, Pérez-Izquierdo C … +10 more , Oliver-Mas S, Gil-Moreno MJ, Valiente-Gordillo E, López-Carbonero JI, Alcalá Ramírez Del Puerto JM, Cuevas C, Barroso Y, Fernández-Romero L, Matias-Guiu J, Matias-Guiu JA
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 Jan · PMID 40971661 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Contributing factors on cognitive dysfunction in post-COVID condition (PCC) remain unclear. We aimed to examine the influence of clinical variables (such as disease severity, time since onset, waves, and reinf...
OBJECTIVE: Contributing factors on cognitive dysfunction in post-COVID condition (PCC) remain unclear. We aimed to examine the influence of clinical variables (such as disease severity, time since onset, waves, and reinfections), demographic factors (age, years of education, and sex), and comorbidities (fatigue and depression) on cognitive performance. METHODS: Two hundred thirty-six patients were evaluated using a comprehensive clinical and neuropsychological protocol. A total of 18 tests from two batteries (standardized and computerized) were administered. One hundred forty-eight controls were also included. Linear models were used to evaluate the effect and interaction of the different variables on cognitive performance. RESULTS: We found significant main effects of hospitalization, sex, and waves as factors, along with years of education, age, depression, and fatigue as covariates. Hospitalization during the acute stage was significantly associated with almost all attention, memory, and executive function tests. Older hospitalized patients performed better than younger. Sex was only associated with attentional tests. Reinfections and time since the onset showed no significant associations. The interaction between hospitalization and fatigue was different for attention (non-hospitalized showed worse cognitive performance with higher fatigue levels) and episodic memory (hospitalized patients displayed worse performance with higher fatigue levels). The effect of fatigue on cognitive function was different in the first wave compared to the following ones, in which the effect was greater. CONCLUSIONS: Several factors are linked to cognitive performance in PCC, interacting with one another and exhibiting different effects. Recognizing these factors is relevant for future studies evaluating the pathophysiology of cognitive dysfunction in PCC.
Rumination, but Not Reflection, Predicts the Reporting of Post-concussive Symptoms in a Non-clinical Sample.
Deng MJ, Budd NJ, Strutt PA … +1 more , Wearne TA
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 Jan · PMID 40919725 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: Although traditionally associated with mild head trauma, post-concussive symptoms are commonly reported across both healthy and other clinical populations. Existing research indicates that individuals with dep...
OBJECTIVE: Although traditionally associated with mild head trauma, post-concussive symptoms are commonly reported across both healthy and other clinical populations. Existing research indicates that individuals with depression report high levels of post-concussive symptoms, though the underlying causes of this association remain unknown. The current study aimed to explore potential factors underlying this relationship: specifically, how maladaptive and adaptive self-focused cognitive coping styles, namely, rumination and reflection, respectively, differentially contribute to post-concussive symptoms. METHOD: 489 undergraduate students and 136 community participants with no history of head trauma completed the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptom Questionnaire, the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales-21 Items, and the Rumination and Reflection Questionnaire. RESULTS: Rumination significantly predicted post-concussive symptoms after controlling for the effects of depression, demographic variables, and confounding factors. However, reflection did not predict lowered symptom reporting as hypothesized. Overall, the final model explained 42.5% of the variance in reported symptoms. Rumination, female gender, prior history of headaches, pre-existing diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and depression were significant predictors of elevated post-concussive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that rumination, a negative coping style linked to depression, plays a key role in influencing post-concussive symptom endorsement. Future research should examine combinations of rumination and reflection, as well as other cognitive coping styles, that affect symptom reporting. Clinically, assessment of an individual's ruminative tendency following head trauma and the potential incorporation of rumination-focused treatment is recommended to improve recovery outcomes.
Can Frontal Assessment Battery Discriminate between Patients with Alzheimer's and Frontotemporal Dementia?
Grandi F, Olavarría L, Parra MA … +9 more , Martínez-Pernía D, Serey C, Lema J, Delgado C, Ramos T, Lillo P, García AM, Muniz-Terrera G, Slachevsky A
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2025 Nov · PMID 40878813 · Full text
OBJECTIVES: The Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) is a widely used tool for assessing executive function. However, its ability to distinguish between Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD) and behavioural variant frontotempor...
OBJECTIVES: The Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) is a widely used tool for assessing executive function. However, its ability to distinguish between Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD) and behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) remains under debate. This study assessed the diagnostic utility of the Chilean version of the FAB (FAB-Ch) in differentiating ADD from bvFTD and used data-driven cluster analysis to explore dysexecutive profiles. METHOD: A total of 288 participants were recruited: 45 with ADD, 33 with bvFTD, and 208 cognitively unimpaired controls (CU). Mean FAB-Ch total scores were compared across groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves evaluated the instrument's ability to distinguish (i) dementia from no dementia, (ii) ADD from bvFTD, and (iii) executive dysfunction. Hierarchical cluster analysis was conducted to identify executive profiles among dementia patients. RESULTS: FAB-Ch scores were significantly lower in individuals with dementia compared to controls (p < .001). However, there were no significant differences between ADD and bvFTD groups (p = .59). The FAB-Ch showed strong discriminatory power between dementia and controls (AUC = 0.882; sensitivity = 0.731; specificity = 0.885), but poor discrimination between ADD and bvFTD (AUC = 0.465; p = .59). Cluster analysis among patients with dementia revealed three distinct executive profiles corresponding to different levels of cognitive impairment (p < .001). CONCLUSION: The FAB-Ch effectively differentiates individuals with dementia from cognitively unimpaired controls but does not distinguish between ADD and bvFTD. Nevertheless, it is sensitive to executive dysfunction and can aid in the clinical characterization of dementia severity and heterogeneity.
Practice Effects and Long Delays: A Case Report Exploring a Novel Approach to Detecting Accelerated Long-Term Forgetting.
Gaskell C, Keeling-Ball C, Furniss C … +1 more , Evans J
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2025 Oct · PMID 40875601 · Full text
OBJECTIVE: Accelerated Long-Term Forgetting (ALF) is when newly learned information "decays" faster than expected over an extended period and is associated with temporal-lobe epilepsy (TLE). There is no well-established...
OBJECTIVE: Accelerated Long-Term Forgetting (ALF) is when newly learned information "decays" faster than expected over an extended period and is associated with temporal-lobe epilepsy (TLE). There is no well-established method for assessing ALF despite its apparent prevalence. We hypothesized that evidencing an absence of practice effects may represent an effective approach to detecting ALF. We sought to determine if this method, along with the long-delay memory tests, could evidence ALF in a single case. METHOD: We present a 66-year-old male with TLE who had memory complaints despite a stable memory profile over 4 years. Memory tests that employ a short (20-30 min) and a long delay (4 days) condition were used to assess forgetting, whereas repeatedly administered tests were used to detect practice effects. We anticipated poorer memory performance on the long versus short-delay test condition and a lack of improvement on memory tests that were repeated. RESULTS: For repeat administration tests, there was a marked score increase, indicating practice effects, for verbal and visual domains. For long delay tests, however, there was a notable drop with retention falling in the exceptionally low range. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest a dissociation between long delay and serial assessment tasks for detecting ALF.
High Risk of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Elderly Patients with Cardiovascular Disease.
Mata M, González-Colaço Harmand M, Prada-Arrondo PC … +3 more , Domínguez-Rodríguez A, Barroso J, Galtier I
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2025 Nov · PMID 40862335 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are showing an increasing incidence in the older adults and are frequently associated with higher risk of neurological complications in this population. Research on mild cognitive...
OBJECTIVE: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are showing an increasing incidence in the older adults and are frequently associated with higher risk of neurological complications in this population. Research on mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in elderly patients with CVD is extremely scarce. The aims of this research were to: (a) examine the frequency of MCI in CVD patients (aged 65 years or older) and explore their clinical and cognitive characteristics compared to healthy controls (HC); (b) investigate which components of the cognitive performance and clinical characteristics are better predictors of MCI. METHOD: This observational study included 34 CVD patients (mean age = 74.97; SD = 4.96) and 25 HC (mean age = 73.32; SD = 3.72). All participants underwent neuropsychological assessment. MCI diagnosis was established following clinical diagnostic criteria. Cognitive impairment was defined as performance ≤1.5 SD below the HC mean in neuropsychological tests. Relative risk, random forest regression models, and discriminant analysis were used for the prediction analysis. RESULTS: The results showed that 41.2% of the CVD patients who were diagnosed with MCI. CVD-MCI showed an altered performance in all cognitive domains, with more relevance of visuospatial functions, language and verbal memory. Moreover, visuospatial functions and memory were significant predictors of MCI diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate a high frequency of MCI in elderly patients with CVD, characterized by a heterogeneous pattern of cognitive impairment. These results are highly relevant for future investigations, considering increasing life expectancy, the high incidence of CVD in the older adults and the higher risk of neurological complications associated with this population.
Multidimensional Assessment of Social Cognition in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Pilot Study Using a Non-Immersive Virtual Reality Serious Game.
Msika EF, Roger V, Ehrlé N … +4 more , Gaston-Bellegarde A, Orriols E, Piolino P, Narme P
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2025 Nov · PMID 40838648 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Social cognition is frequently impaired in traumatic brain injury (TBI). The lack of naturalistic and integrated assessments of social cognition has been highlighted. We investigated REALSoCog's feasibility...
INTRODUCTION: Social cognition is frequently impaired in traumatic brain injury (TBI). The lack of naturalistic and integrated assessments of social cognition has been highlighted. We investigated REALSoCog's feasibility, a new non-immersive virtual reality serious game, in severe TBI. Additionally, we explored the impact of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS: Ten severe TBI patients completed the REALSoCog task and the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5. They were compared with 27 matched healthy controls. RESULTS: Reduced emotional empathy and difficulties in affective theory of mind were found in patients. PTSD was suspected in 60% of our sample. Individual analyses suggested that deficits in social-cognitive scores were more frequent in patients with PTSD. CONCLUSIONS: This study underscored the relevance of REALSoCog for social cognition assessment. It also suggests the possibility to objectively identify social-behavioral disturbances in patients with severe TBI. Finally, the impact of individual factors (PTSD) on such difficulties should be further explored.
Correction to: Statement of the Editors of the Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology regarding the March 2025 Minnesota Conference Guidelines.
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2025 Oct · PMID 40817616 · Publisher ↗
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Self-Reported Fatigue Levels Predict Performance on Attention Measures in Multiple Sclerosis.
Eilenberger D, Korthauer LE, Cahill J … +2 more , Chaudhry S, Pillemer S
Arch Clin Neuropsychol · 2026 Jan · PMID 40814183 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: The present study investigates the relationship between cognitive performance, depression, anxiety, and factors of medical burden (i.e., polypharmacy, medical comorbidities, disease duration, disability level,...
OBJECTIVE: The present study investigates the relationship between cognitive performance, depression, anxiety, and factors of medical burden (i.e., polypharmacy, medical comorbidities, disease duration, disability level, and self-reported fatigue level) in a population of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. METHOD: A retrospective investigation was conducted with data collected from 106 MS patients (87 female; 19 male) referred to an outpatient, hospital-based neuropsychology clinic. Participants underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation, which included measures of attention, processing speed, executive functioning, language, motor function, visuospatial abilities, and memory, as well as self-report assessments of depression, anxiety, and fatigue. RESULTS: After correcting for multiple comparisons, bivariate pairwise correlations revealed positive relationships between number of medications and depression scores, Fatigue Questionnaire scores and depression scores, and Fatigue Questionnaire scores and trait anxiety scores. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that greater scores on the Fatigue Questionnaire predicted lower attention composite scores independent of participants' age or education. No significant relationships between psychiatric factors and cognitive composite scores were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Self-reported level of fatigue, an aspect of medical burden, was associated with cognitive performance in the domain of attention in a sample of MS patients.
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