Revue Scientifique Et Technique (International Office Of Epizootics)[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Innovating at the human-technology interface in disasters and disease outbreaks.
Bernardo TM, Perez Gutierrez E, Hachborn GF … +2 more , Forrest RO, Sobkowich KE
Rev Sci Tech · 2020 Aug · PMID 33046926 · Publisher ↗
Disasters and disease outbreaks have long been a catalyst for innovative applications of emerging technologies. The urgent need to respond to an emergency leads to resourceful uses of the technologies at hand. However, t...
Disasters and disease outbreaks have long been a catalyst for innovative applications of emerging technologies. The urgent need to respond to an emergency leads to resourceful uses of the technologies at hand. However, the best and most cost-effective use of new technologies is to prevent disease and improve resilience. In this paper, the authors present a range of approaches through which both opportunities can be grasped. Global connectedness enables more data to be collected and processed in emergencies, especially with the rise of open-source data, including social media. In general, the poorest and most remote populations are most vulnerable to disaster. However, with smaller, faster, smarter, cheaper and more connected technology, reliable, efficient, and targeted response and recovery can be provided. Initially, crowdsourcing was used to find people, map affected areas, and determine resource allocation. This led to the generation of an overwhelming amount of data, and the need to extract valuable information from that data in a timely manner. As technology evolved, organisations started outsourcing many tasks, first to other people, then to machines. Since the volume of data generated outpaces human capacity, data analysis is being automated using artificial intelligence and machine learning, which furthers our abilities in predictive analytics. As we move towards prevention rather than remediation, information collection and processing must become faster and more efficient while maintaining accuracy. Moreover, these new strategies and technologies can help us to move forwards, by integrating layers of human, veterinary, public, and environmental health data for a One Health approach.
Emergency management at the health and security interface.
Hoile R
Rev Sci Tech · 2020 Aug · PMID 33046925 · Publisher ↗
The world has recently witnessed the global impact of natural disease outbreaks, such as those caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Ebola virus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coro...
The world has recently witnessed the global impact of natural disease outbreaks, such as those caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Ebola virus and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and the lasting impact of the accidental spread of foot and mouth disease in the United Kingdom. Natural outbreaks, of both emerging and re-emerging diseases, can have significant impacts on local, national and regional communities. An effective response to these outbreaks relies heavily on the coordination of both public health and Veterinary Services to identify the signs, symptoms and patterns of disease quickly and respond accordingly. The future global risks related to infectious disease are influenced by several factors, including human migration, urban development, agricultural development and climate change. As technology advances, we are more aware of the potential risks associated with dual-use equipment and research (defined as equipment or research that can be used for legitimate as well as nefarious purposes), synthetic biology, the engineering of biological systems, and the evolving modus operandi of criminals and terrorist groups. The ability to detect natural, accidental or deliberate outbreaks and incidents will rely heavily on cross-agency communication, establishment of informationsharing platforms, development of joint investigative strategies, and recognition that effective response requires a strong health and security agency interface. Therefore, the management of a suspicious biological incident requires intersectoral and interregional cooperation employing a comprehensive approach which considers prevention, preparedness, response and recovery and identifies and considers the unique characteristics and requirements of the incident.
The role of military forces in emergency management (civil-military interaction).
Effler JC, Salac LG, Valenzuela LM … +1 more , Hollier PJ
Rev Sci Tech · 2020 Aug · PMID 33046924 · Publisher ↗
Those involved in emergency response and recovery, including the military, require an acute level of awareness of livelihoods that rely on livestock and their associated implications for human security. Emergencies cause...
Those involved in emergency response and recovery, including the military, require an acute level of awareness of livelihoods that rely on livestock and their associated implications for human security. Emergencies cause injury and death and devastate livestock-based livelihoods, a key characteristic of the lives of many of the world's rural poor. The role for military forces in emergency management is expanding, and this can cause friction during an emergency due to competing agendas and objectives. Opportunities exist to make greater use of the military, such as providing support to livestock-based livelihoods, but there are challenges and barriers that must be overcome. A common framework for civil-military interaction may help to coordinate response efforts and enhance local and international responses to emergencies. The Livestock Emergency Guidelines and Standards and the proposed livelihood security model are constructs that can help to develop a shared understanding of the security environment during a livestock emergency response. Examples from the Philippines' response to Typhoons Sarika and Haima and Sri Lankan military agricultural engagements provide context for a proposed common operational framework.
Securing access to personnel and materials in transboundary animal disease responses.
Hamilton SA, Kolek S, Pollard B … +1 more , van Halderen A
Rev Sci Tech · 2020 Aug · PMID 33046923 · Publisher ↗
A lack of human and material resources can limit effective responses to animal disease emergencies. Drawing upon examples from Australia and New Zealand, this paper proposes a framework for identifying human and material...
A lack of human and material resources can limit effective responses to animal disease emergencies. Drawing upon examples from Australia and New Zealand, this paper proposes a framework for identifying human and material resources and securing the necessary personnel and materials before or during an animal disease emergency. This staged process involves: a) assessing the nature of the risks to be managed, b) identifying the types of resources required, c) assessing available resources and identifying gaps and d) developing arrangements to ensure availability of resources. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different strategies to secure access to human and material resources, including whole-of-government arrangements to access other government resources, national and international reserve models for responders, just-in-time employment and purchase of materials, and purchase of stockpiles.
Good emergency management practices: a review of the core principles, with a focus on preparedness.
Bonbon E, Myers L
Rev Sci Tech · 2020 Aug · PMID 33046922 · Publisher ↗
Animal health emergencies can also have serious socio-economic and public health consequences, including impacts on human health, as well as food security and safety. Therefore, policy-makers and advisers should take an...
Animal health emergencies can also have serious socio-economic and public health consequences, including impacts on human health, as well as food security and safety. Therefore, policy-makers and advisers should take an active part in the development of emergency management systems. A formally structured animal health emergency management system sets out, in a systematic way, the elements required to achieve the necessary level of preparedness, and provides for planning and implementation of the appropriate actions to be taken in an emergency. Good emergency management practices, as laid down by the Emergency Management Centre for Animal Health (EMC-AH) of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, should incorporate all four phases of an animal health event: peacetime (i.e. before the event occurs), alert, emergency and reconstruction. Five actions are implemented before, during and after an animal health event: prepare, prevent, detect, respond and recover. A strategic action plan can be drafted to schedule the activities required to develop the emergency management system and increase a country's level of preparedness, step by step. The EMC-AH aims to support all components of emergency management at the national, regional and international levels along this progressive pathway for emergency preparedness.
The role of vaccine banks in resilience, response and recovery in respect of animal diseases.
Dungu B
Rev Sci Tech · 2020 Aug · PMID 33046921 · Publisher ↗
Veterinary vaccine banks, also referred to as vaccine stockpiles or vaccine strategic reserves, play an important role in the response to infectious animal diseases, by assisting control of the disease and resilience in...
Veterinary vaccine banks, also referred to as vaccine stockpiles or vaccine strategic reserves, play an important role in the response to infectious animal diseases, by assisting control of the disease and resilience in recovering from its effects. Vaccine banks have a part to play in both emergencies and control programmes. The concept of vaccine banks was initially established as a countermeasure to an animal disease emergency or outbreak or the introduction of a new disease. They have increasingly been used to prevent important diseases identified by Veterinary Authorities as requiring a well-planned control programme through vaccination. Vaccine banks can consist of physical or virtual reserves, or the maintenance of production capacity. Physical reserves comprise vaccine antigen or readyto-use vaccines. Virtual reserves include inventory management by vaccine manufacturers. Maintenance of production capacity encompasses management of the vaccine seed material, and the maintenance of knowledge by the manufacturers through continued research into the target vaccines. The establishment, maintenance and implementation of vaccine banks depend on a number of prerequisites, which include a strategy for the physical or virtual vaccine stockpile, a legislative framework, regulatory arrangements, effective supply-chain mechanisms and adequate surveillance systems. Through international solidarity, vaccine banks are available and accessible to countries that do not have their own reserves. The World Organisation for Animal Health and European Union vaccine banks perform this task. Moreover, vaccine banks have facilitated access to important public health vaccines, such as rabies vaccines. These issues are discussed below, as well as potential opportunities for public-private partnerships in different aspects of vaccine banks.
Prevention and preparedness: biosecurity, early warning and contingency planning.
van der Merwe P
Rev Sci Tech · 2020 Aug · PMID 33046920 · Publisher ↗
Disaster and disaster risk management are described differently by various agencies, but the underlying principles remain the same. Disaster risk management is a continuous and integrated multidisciplinary and multisecto...
Disaster and disaster risk management are described differently by various agencies, but the underlying principles remain the same. Disaster risk management is a continuous and integrated multidisciplinary and multisectoral process of planning and implementing measures that establish a culture of risk avoidance by building resilient communities. Such communities can only be created through a systematic process of education, training and development, involving all stakeholders. A researched comprehensive disaster management plan should be developed, but will only be successful if it sets clear priorities; is practised, tested, adapted and/or amended where necessary; and is practical, feasible and well understood by all those who are involved. Everyone who plays a role in implementing this plan must recognise that role and be well trained in its execution. Capacity building for disaster management is also a multisectoral, multidisciplinary, integrative process, achieved through a system of integrated education, training and public awareness programmes.
Best practices in veterinary personal protective equipment.
Christmann U
Rev Sci Tech · 2020 Aug · PMID 33046919 · Publisher ↗
Personal protective equipment (PPE) is used every day in veterinary practice. In the context of infectious disease control, PPE functions as a barrier against disease transmission and spread. It is selected based on a di...
Personal protective equipment (PPE) is used every day in veterinary practice. In the context of infectious disease control, PPE functions as a barrier against disease transmission and spread. It is selected based on a disease risk assessment and the circumstances in which it is to be used. Higher levels of protection require more complex PPE. However, PPE is only effective as a barrier if it corresponds to the level of protection needed for the infectious agent involved and its chain of transmission; fits the employee correctly and remains uncompromised; is put on (donned) and taken off (doffed) according to a protocol that minimises contamination; is disposed of safely; and no errors occur during patient examination or any of the other steps in the process. Training veterinary personnel in the use of PPE is often neglected and ample evidence in the literature suggests that fewer than 50% of healthcare workers receive such training and use the equipment according to protocol. Developing evidence-based training programmes that allow employees to demonstrate their proficiency is an opportunity to improve PPE use. Methods that highlight potential contamination and let employees assess their performance are highly desirable. This paper will discuss which factors determine PPE selection, what PPE options are available, and the different training levels that should be considered.
Best practices for after-action review: turning lessons observed into lessons learned for preparedness policy.
Parker GW
Rev Sci Tech · 2020 Aug · PMID 33046918 · Publisher ↗
All-hazards preparedness and response planning requires ongoing individual, organisational and multi-jurisdictional learning. Disaster after-action reviews are an established emergency management practice to acquire know...
All-hazards preparedness and response planning requires ongoing individual, organisational and multi-jurisdictional learning. Disaster after-action reviews are an established emergency management practice to acquire knowledge through a process of analysing what happened and why, to improve the emergency response before the next crisis. After-action reviews help individuals and organisations learn, and are an essential step in the preparedness cycle. Human and animal health authorities have begun to employ after-action reviews for disaster preparedness and response among public health and Veterinary Services. The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) encourages Members to establish after-action reviews and share best practice. The adoption of afteraction review is an essential step for all provincial, national and multinational emergency management authorities to mitigate the impact of disasters on human and animal health. Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases with pandemic potential pose unique preparedness challenges, requiring high-level policy attention to close long-standing gaps. A review of after-action reports from the 2001 anthrax bioterror attacks and of naturally occurring infectious disease crises, from the 2003 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) to the 2014 Ebola epidemic, reveal a similar pattern of repeated weakness and failures. These phenomena are described as 'lessons observed but not lessons learned'. Most infectious disease outbreaks with pandemic potential are zoonotic and require a One Health approach to prevent, prepare for and respond to global health security crises. After-action reviews in a One Health security context are essential to improve the pandemic preparedness of public health and Veterinary Services. After-action reviews can also provide the evidence-based 'feedback loop' needed to galvanise public policy and political will to translate lessons observed into sustained and applied lessons learned.
Emergency preparedness and response to African swine fever in the People's Republic of China.
Wu X, Fan X, Xu T … +1 more , Li J
Rev Sci Tech · 2020 Aug · PMID 33046917 · Publisher ↗
The first recorded outbreak of African swine fever (ASF) was confirmed in the People's Republic of China in early August 2018. By the end of July 2019, there had been 150 outbreaks of ASF in 31 provinces, including 146 i...
The first recorded outbreak of African swine fever (ASF) was confirmed in the People's Republic of China in early August 2018. By the end of July 2019, there had been 150 outbreaks of ASF in 31 provinces, including 146 in domestic pigs and four in wild boar. The Chinese Government attaches great importance to the prevention and control of ASF. The Chinese animal health authority promptly launched the highest-priority emergency response against this key animal disease; initiated an extensive surveillance network covering all provinces; formulated and promulgated supporting policies, such as compensation for culled animals and financial credit for affected producers; and established a joint coordination body for ASF prevention and control, led by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and involving a further 20 Ministries, including the Departments of Transportation, Customs and Market Supervision. All levels of local government undertook territorial management responsibilities and developed support policies to encourage all stakeholders to take part in ASF prevention and control. Furthermore, the Chinese Government developed a strategy that integrated both the legal and scientific aspects of ASF control, formulating and releasing a comprehensive policy for the whole pork production chain 'from farm to fork'. The plan included daily disease reports from the disease monitoring network, and adopted effective measures, such as blockades and culling, restricting live pig movements and implementing controls on swill feeding, to cut off viral transmission routes to the greatest extent possible.
Integrating animal welfare into disaster management using an 'all-hazards' approach.
Dalla Villa P, Watson C, Prasarnphanich O … +2 more , Huertas G, Dacre I
Rev Sci Tech · 2020 Aug · PMID 33046916 · Publisher ↗
Statistics show that disasters have expanded in scope and scale, with impacts on both humans and animals. As animals are valued not only for their economic value, but also for their companionship, people sometimes risk t...
Statistics show that disasters have expanded in scope and scale, with impacts on both humans and animals. As animals are valued not only for their economic value, but also for their companionship, people sometimes risk their lives to protect them, and emergency responders are expected to safeguard their welfare during emergencies. This paper discusses experiences from different regions of the world in animal disaster risk reduction and management in terms of legislation, funding streams, planning, capacity development, and communications. It is widely recognised that human, animal and environmental well-being are interconnected; therefore, as this is the case, and as veterinarians are at the forefront in ensuring animal welfare, they should be involved throughout the disaster management cycle. While animals and their welfare should always be considered in national disaster management plans, sub-regional authorities must be empowered to integrate animal welfare principles when responding to emergencies and implementing risk reduction programmes. Capacity development is key for Veterinary Services personnel who work in the fields of disaster management and risk reduction. Training tools and curricula developed by different organisations are available to foster skills such as incident coordination, risk communication, or response planning using tools such as the Livestock Emergency Guidelines and Standards (LEGS). Intergovernmental organisations also play a significant role in setting the standards and frameworks within which professionals operate.
Veterinary Services: health, safety and wellness for veterinary professionals in disaster preparedness and response.
Vroegindewey G, Kertis K
Rev Sci Tech · 2020 Aug · PMID 33046915 · Publisher ↗
National Veterinary Services (NVS) are increasingly called upon to respond to a wide range of disasters. The health, safety and wellness of Veterinary Services personnel are essential to maintaining a capable workforce a...
National Veterinary Services (NVS) are increasingly called upon to respond to a wide range of disasters. The health, safety and wellness of Veterinary Services personnel are essential to maintaining a capable workforce and sustaining operational and organisational effectiveness. Disasters can generate hazards with potential impacts on health, including physical trauma, environmental exposure and psychological stress. Maintaining health, safety and wellness in the workforce requires leadership and training. Individuals and teams must be well equipped and well practised to address hazards and their mitigation, to prevent injury. Of particular concern for veterinarians are the behavioural health aspects of disasters. This issue has not received the attention required considering the scale and scope of the problem which, according to a recent survey, affects up to 50% of veterinary disaster responders. The symptoms cited in this survey range from anxiety to suicidal thoughts. Accordingly, more and better resources, including protective equipment, guidelines and training, must be developed to strengthen the capabilities of NVS to respond to disasters.
Preparing for animal health emergencies: considerations for economic evaluation.
Adamson D, Gilbert W, Hamilton K … +2 more , Donachie D, Rushton J
Rev Sci Tech · 2020 Aug · PMID 33046914 · Publisher ↗
Livestock production systems and the societies in which they are embedded face a set of risks presented by infectious diseases and natural and human-made disasters which compromise animal health. Within this set, threats...
Livestock production systems and the societies in which they are embedded face a set of risks presented by infectious diseases and natural and human-made disasters which compromise animal health. Within this set, threats are posed by natural, deliberate and accidental actions that can cause sudden changes in animal health status, requiring the allocation of additional resources to manage animal health. Determining the benefit of preparing for such emergencies is a challenge when the total set of risks includes the unknown. Any method for analysing the economic costs and benefits of animal health emergencies must not only accommodate this uncertainty, but make it a central feature of the analysis. Cost-benefit analysis is a key approach to economically evaluating animal health interventions. However, the value of this approach in dealing with uncertainty is often called into question. This paper makes the case that, by restricting the outcomes of an emergency event to specified states of nature, boundaries can be placed on the uncertainty space, allowing cost-benefit analysis to be performed. This method, which merges state-contingent analysis with cost-benefit analysis, is presented here. Further discussion on the economic characteristics of emergency events, and the nature of the threats posed to animal health systems, is also provided.
Conclusions - Disaster prevention and preparedness: observations from the coronavirus pandemic.
Vroegindewey G
Rev Sci Tech · 2020 Aug · PMID 33046913 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Preface : Ensuring safe trade in animals and animal products.
Eloit M
Rev Sci Tech · 2020 Apr · PMID 32729583 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Introduction : Ensuring safe trade in animals and animal products.
Wolff C, Hamilton A
Rev Sci Tech · 2020 Apr · PMID 32729582 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
World Trade Organization agreements: a framework for trade in animals and animal products.
Wolff C, Calderon I
Rev Sci Tech · 2020 Apr · PMID 32729581 · Publisher ↗
This paper will provide an overview of the World Trade Organization's agreements on trade in animals and animal products and of the standards developed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) for the same purpo...
This paper will provide an overview of the World Trade Organization's agreements on trade in animals and animal products and of the standards developed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) for the same purpose. Together, these form an international framework for trade in animals and animal products, which is supplemented by the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement). In this paper, the authors introduce the main provisions of the SPS Agreement, the role of the OIE international standards, the importance of science and the work of the SPS Committee. The authors also explore the relevance of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade and the Trade Facilitation Agreement.
World Trade Organization disputes related to animal diseases.
Stanton G, Prakash G
Rev Sci Tech · 2020 Apr · PMID 32729580 · Publisher ↗
Four trade disputes concerning animal diseases have undergone the formal dispute resolution procedure of the World Trade Organization (WTO). These cases clarify a number of provisions of the Agreement on the Application...
Four trade disputes concerning animal diseases have undergone the formal dispute resolution procedure of the World Trade Organization (WTO). These cases clarify a number of provisions of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement). A national measure that contradicts a standard set by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), for example by prohibiting a product that is permitted under the OIE standard, is not 'based on' that standard. Such a measure must be based on an appropriate risk assessment. For animal diseases, this means not only assessing the likelihood of entry, establishment or spread of the disease, and the associated biological and economic consequences, but also assessing each feasible mitigation measure. Any mitigation measure imposed must be rationally supported by the risk assessment. A highly trade-restrictive measure, such as a ban, is more easily justified if the identified risk is high. A measure imposed to protect health cannot impose stricter requirements on one product than on another with a similar level of risk. A WTO Member acts inconsistently with the SPS Agreement if an alternative measure, which is technically and economically feasible and restricts trade less, would achieve the desired level of protection. Countries must adapt their SPS requirements to reflect the disease risk of the area or zone from which a product comes and for which it is destined. Procedures to assess risk and determine the disease status of a region must be completed without unjustified delays, and only the information necessary for this can be requested of the exporter.
International regulatory cooperation: contribution of the OIE and the WTO Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and SPS Committee.
Gobind Daswani A, Bucher K
Rev Sci Tech · 2020 Apr · PMID 32729579 · Publisher ↗
The World Trade Organization (WTO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) play an important role in supporting efforts to facilitate the safe trade of animals and animal products by promoting international re...
The World Trade Organization (WTO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) play an important role in supporting efforts to facilitate the safe trade of animals and animal products by promoting international regulatory cooperation among their Members. International regulatory cooperation is embedded in the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement) and is an integral part of the work of the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Committee. The OIE plays a crucial part in this cooperation, as the OIE is the WTO reference organisation for international standards related to animal health and zoonoses. The SPS Agreement encourages governments to apply national sanitary measures that are consistent with OIE standards, particularly when making decisions on the importation of animals and animal products. This principle of harmonisation is key to integrating the reference frameworks of the WTO SPS Agreement and the OIE standards. This paper describes international regulatory cooperation, the principle of harmonisation and its expressions, and, finally, the various ways in which the WTO and the OIE cooperate towards the achievement of their goals.
Implementation of OIE international standards: challenges and opportunities for monitoring.
Bucher K, Tellechea D, Caya F … +1 more , Stratton J
Rev Sci Tech · 2020 Apr · PMID 32729578 · Publisher ↗
The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) is a major actor in international cooperation to improve animal health and welfare throughout the world. The OIE sets international standards to support Member Countries in...
The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) is a major actor in international cooperation to improve animal health and welfare throughout the world. The OIE sets international standards to support Member Countries in their efforts to prevent and control animal diseases, strengthen Veterinary Services and Aquatic Animal Health Services, and facilitate safe international trade. Member Countries face many challenges in the implementation of OIE standards. Poor governance and a lack of resources and technical capacity are often major constraints. Trade concerns raised at the World Trade Organization (WTO) can also be a signal that countries are experiencing difficulties in implementing international standards. In May 2018, the World Assembly of OIE Delegates adopted a resolution recommending the establishment of an observatory to monitor the implementation of OIE standards. This monitoring mechanism will help the OIE to improve its international standard-setting process and identify the capacity-building needs of Member Countries. Monitoring implementation will be challenging as the OIE does not prescribe a specific procedure for implementing OIE standards. World Organisation for Animal Health Member Countries use a range of approaches to implement OIE standards, because of differences in animal health situations, legal frameworks and procedures, trade profiles, and acceptable levels of risk. Given this complexity, this article proposes a 'cross-over' approach to monitoring implementation that would require the collection of information from various trusted sources, such as the World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS), the OIE Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS) Pathway mission reports and the WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary Information Management System database. This approach aims to document what is currently happening and to identify potential patterns in Member Country practices when implementing OIE standards.
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