Nigerian Journal Of Physiological Sciences[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Comparative study on effects of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf and Mangifera indica (L.) on sperm indices of male albino rats.
Beshel Solomon Beshel S, Ekpenyong Joseph Felix J, Daben Rindum M … +4 more , Chinedu-Ndukwe Amarachi P, Adie Imbufe P, Asuquo Okon-Nyong G, Okon Anoyom E
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2025 Dec · PMID 42008332 · Publisher ↗
The effects of various doses of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf and Mangifera indica (L.) ethanolic leaf extract was investigated on fertility of male albino rats. Twenty-five (25) adult male rats were randomly grouped i...
The effects of various doses of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf and Mangifera indica (L.) ethanolic leaf extract was investigated on fertility of male albino rats. Twenty-five (25) adult male rats were randomly grouped into five (5) cages (n=5). Control rats were given distilled water while experimental groups were daily administered ethanol leaf extract of C. citratus and M. indica through oral gavage at 150 and 300 mg/kg body weight, respectively; for 21 days. After the 21st day of post exposure (PE), experimental animals were sacrificed and their testes extracted and fixed. Sperm count, sperm morphology and sperm motility were assessed. C. citratus extract significantly increased mean sperm count of the treated rats at both 150 mg/kg body weight (272.00±7.47x106/ml) and 300 mg/kg body weight (297.00±3.62) groups, compared to those of M. indica extract (113.20±12.51x106/ml) and (27.60±3.67x106/ml) for 150 and 300 mg/kg body weight, respectively. Also, C. citratus produced a reduction in abnormal sperm morphology (15.20±1.77%) and (17.00±2.00%) for 300 and 150 mg/kg body weight, respectively; compared to M. indica extract (64.00±1.87%) and (51.00±3.32%) for 300 and 150 mg/kg body weight, respectively. M. indica significantly (p<0.05) reduced sperm motility while increasing sperm morphology indices of rats in all doses. However, C. citratus extract produced significant increase in sperm motility and a corresponding decrease in sperm morphology across the dose groups compared to M. indica extract. C. citratus boosted sperm count while M. indica decreased sperm count. The findings in this research indicated that C. citratus may influence fertility by stimulating sperm count production than M. indica, compared with control, and this effect is dose-dependent. Keywords: Cymbopogon citratus, Mangifera indica, human fertility control, contraceptives, family planning, sperm indices.
Perception of First-Year MBBS Students Regarding Model Making as a Learning Method: Fostering Creativity, Teamwork, and Conceptual Understanding in Physiology.
S A, Saravanan S
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2025 Dec · PMID 42008331
Medical education increasingly emphasizes active learning strategies to enhance engagement, understanding, and higher-order cognitive skills. Model-making competitions represent a creative, student-centered approach that...
Medical education increasingly emphasizes active learning strategies to enhance engagement, understanding, and higher-order cognitive skills. Model-making competitions represent a creative, student-centered approach that encourages conceptual clarity, innovation, and teamwork in physiology education. This study aimed to explore undergraduate medical students' perceptions of model-making competitions as an active learning strategy in physiology, focusing on conceptual understanding, creativity, and teamwork. A model-making competition was organized for 150 first-year MBBS students, divided into 30 self-formed teams. Each team prepared a model on a physiology topic of their choice over one month, with faculty guidance available as needed. Completed models were exhibited and evaluated by senior faculty using a structured rubric. Following the event, students completed a structured feedback questionnaire to assess their perceptions of the activity. Of 150 participants, 128 (85.3%) provided feedback. The overall experience was rated Excellent (53.9%) or Good (44.5%). A majority (97%) reported improved conceptual understanding, while 95% agreed the activity fostered creativity. Teamwork was rated Excellent by 50% and Good by 39%. Most students (95%) felt preparation time was adequate, 69% expressed willingness to participate again, and 90% reported being motivated to explore physiology concepts further. Model-making competitions were perceived as highly effective in enhancing conceptual understanding, fostering creativity, and promoting teamwork. These findings support the integration of model-making into the physiology curriculum as an engaging and practical student-centered teaching-learning strategy. •.
Placental Adaptations to Maternal Nutritional Insults as Targets Against the Obesity Epidemic.
Olayinka OA, Julius OE
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2025 Dec · PMID 42008330 · Publisher ↗
The worldwide obesity epidemic presents a considerable public health and economic challenge globally. While lifestyle and genetic predisposition are recognized obesogenic factors, compelling evidence indicates that mater...
The worldwide obesity epidemic presents a considerable public health and economic challenge globally. While lifestyle and genetic predisposition are recognized obesogenic factors, compelling evidence indicates that maternal nutritional "insults" (MNI) occurring before pregnancy, during pregnancy, or during lactation predispose the offspring to obesity and other cardiometabolic disorders in adulthood. This phenomenon termed developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD) can be utilized to formulate intervention strategies aimed at counteracting the developmental programming of obesity in subsequent generations. The placenta, a temporary organ of pregnancy, experiences adaptive changes in response to MNI. Alterations in placental secretory functions, morphology, and gene expression profiles influence foetal metabolic pathways. The mechanisms through which placental adaptations influence developmental programming present a distinct opportunity to pinpoint targets in combating the increasing prevalence of obesity. Clinical and experimental studies have clarified various underlying mechanisms, including modified placental metabolic regulation, oxidative stress, inflammation, immune dysregulation, and epigenetic alterations, offering insights for the formulation of effective intervention strategies. This review encapsulates placental adaptive responses to MNI, elucidates the underlying mechanisms, explores potential placental intervention strategies, and identifies areas for future research.
Luteolin offers novel therapeutic regimen in rotenone-induced Parkinson disease via modulation of TNF-α/FXMRP/serotonin/tyrosine hydroxylase signaling pathway.
Oyagbemi AA, Yakubu M, Oguntibeju O … +15 more , Adedapo A, Saba A, Ola-Davies O, Omobowale T, Jaja I, Onukak C, Igado O, Adeogun A, Oyagbemi T, Esan O, Awoyomi O, Ajibade T, Salami A, Awogbindin I, Nwulia E
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2025 Dec · PMID 42008329 · Publisher ↗
Exposure of pesticide and complex I inhibitor, rotenone has been shown to reproduce features of Parkinson's disease, including selective nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration and α-synuclein-positive cytoplasmic inclus...
Exposure of pesticide and complex I inhibitor, rotenone has been shown to reproduce features of Parkinson's disease, including selective nigrostriatal dopaminergic degeneration and α-synuclein-positive cytoplasmic inclusions. Sixty mice were randomly divided into six groups (n=10) and orally treated for 28 consecutive days as follows; group 1: vehicle (10 mL/kg), group 2- vehicle + rotenone (10 mg/kg p.o. in 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), group 3 - rotenone + 100 mg/kg Luteolin, group 4 - rotenone + 200 mg/kg Luteolin, group 5 - 100 mg/kg Luteolin and group 6 - 200 mg/kg Luteolin, respectively. At the end of the experiment, brain tissues were harvested for biomarkers of oxidative stress, neurobehavioural studies, histology, and immunohistochemistry of Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α), Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FXMRP), serotonin, and tyrosine hydroxylase were evaluated. Rotenone toxicity significantly enhanced biomarkers of oxidative stress, acetylcholinesterase activity, and declined antioxidant defense system. Significant reduction in motor coordination and movement disorder together with vacuolation (demyelination) and atrophy of neurons were observed in ROT-untreated mice. Treatment of mice with Luteolin lowered oxidative stress biomarkers, neuroinflammation, Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein expression, improved expression of serotonin and tyrosine hydroxylase production, and restored neuronal ultrastructure anarchy.
Sodium Acetate Attenuates Fructose-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cardiometabolic Disorders in Pregnant Wistar Rats.
Oyabambi O, Agbaraolorunpo FM, Adekanye EA … +2 more , Oyabambi AA, Olatunji LA
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2025 Dec · PMID 42008328 · Publisher ↗
Cardiometabolic disorder is a leading cause of mortality, and mitochondrial dysfunction plays a significant role in its pathophysiology. The mechanisms by which acetate improves fructose-induced cardiometabolic disturban...
Cardiometabolic disorder is a leading cause of mortality, and mitochondrial dysfunction plays a significant role in its pathophysiology. The mechanisms by which acetate improves fructose-induced cardiometabolic disturbances in pregnancy remain unclear. This study aimed at investigating the role of acetate in modulating the fructose-induced cardiometabolic risks in pregnancy. Thirty-six female Wistar rats (120-150g) were divided into six groups, n=6. A total of 18 rats were made pregnant and 18 non-pregnant. The groups consisted of control (C), fructose (F), and fructose-acetate (FA). The FA group received 10% (w/v) fructose plus sodium acetate (200mg/kg) and distilled water. After three weeks, animals were anesthetized with ketamine (90mg/kg) and xylazine (10mg/kg). Blood and tissue homogenates were analyzed, and data were expressed as mean ± SEM, with significant difference accepted at p < 0.05. Compared to control, fasting blood sugar (FBS), triglyceride-glucose index (TyG), circulatory free fatty acids (FFA), uric acid (UA), malondialdehyde (MDA), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly higher in fructose-treated pregnant rats, and non-pregnant rats. In contrast, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL), pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), and cardiac aconitase activities were significantly lower in both non-pregnant and pregnant rats, with a more profound effect seen in pregnant rats. Meanwhile, pregnancy significantly exacerbated the fructose-induced alteration in UA, FFA, TG, HDL and MDA. Fructose-induced cardiometabolic alterations were mitigated by acetate irrespective of the gestational status. Acetate restores mitochondrial oxidative capacity in pregnancy, making it a potential therapeutic agent for improving mitochondrial metabolic activities in debilitating gestational cardiac disorders.
Interplay Between Depression, Anxiety, and Working Memory among Students in College of Medical Sciences Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Nigeria.
Kabir AM, Akor-Dewu MB, Yusha'u Y … +3 more , Muhammad UA, Mujttapha H, Khalid FM
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2025 Dec · PMID 42008327
University life presents a mix of academic and social challenges that often contribute to stress and mental health issues. Chronic stress, particularly in university students, is a well-known risk factor for depression a...
University life presents a mix of academic and social challenges that often contribute to stress and mental health issues. Chronic stress, particularly in university students, is a well-known risk factor for depression and anxiety, which can lead to cognitive impairments such as deficits in working memory. This study explored the prevalence of depression and anxiety among students at the College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria, and examined their impact on working memory. A cross-sectional approach was used, involving undergraduates from different levels and departments within the college. Participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale to assess symptoms of depression and anxiety, while the 2-back task evaluated working memory performance. Findings revealed a high prevalence of depressive (47.84%) and anxiety (65.12%) symptoms among students. However, no significant relationship was found between these symptoms and working memory performance (p > 0.05). Students experiencing anxiety were 12 times more likely to develop depression, highlighting the strong co-occurrence of these conditions (p = 0.00). Age did not have a significant effect on these results. These results emphasize the urgent need for increased mental health awareness and accessible support services for university students to reduce the impact of depression and anxiety on academic performance and overall well-being.
Methanol Leaf Extract of Attenuates Lead Acetate-Induced Cardiorenal Toxicity in Rats.
AdeyeOluwa T, Oyagbemi A, Adedapo A … +2 more , Ashafa A, Omobowale T
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2025 Dec · PMID 42008325 · Publisher ↗
The toxic effect of lead on heart and kidney tissues has been associated with its ability to cause oxidative stress. Azadirachta indica is a versatile medicinal plant with diverse pharmacological potentials. The ameliora...
The toxic effect of lead on heart and kidney tissues has been associated with its ability to cause oxidative stress. Azadirachta indica is a versatile medicinal plant with diverse pharmacological potentials. The ameliorative effect of the methanol extract of Azadirachta indica leaf (MEAI) was studied on male Wistar rats exposed to lead acetate (PbAc). Preliminary assays were carried out to assess the total phenolic, total flavonoid, and total flavonol contents of the extract using quantitative phytochemical assays. Cytotoxicity was tested on Vero cells using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide [MTT] assay. Wistar rats were grouped into control, toxicant, and treated groups and administered distilled water, 0.1/0.2% PbAc, and 0.1/0.2% PbAc + 100/200 mg/kg MEAI respectively. Results showed that the total phenolic content of MEAI was negligible while the flavonoid (300±0.12 mg Quercetin/g) and flavonol (80±0.06 mg Rutin/g) contents were significant. LC50 value of MEAI was 0.05 mg/mL. MEAI significantly (p<0.05) increased weight, reduced blood pressure, and increased blood flow/volume in the treated groups. There was significant (p<0.05) reduction in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and significant (p<0.05) increase in Nitric oxide (NO) in some of the treated groups. Histopathology revealed that MEAI reduced the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the heart and kidney tissues of the treated groups when compared to those of the lead-exposed untreated groups. There were variations in the expression of cytochrome C in the heart and kidney tissues of the experimental groups compared with the control. This study demonstrates MEAI as a potential drug candidate in the amelioration of lead acetate-induced cardiorenal toxicity by inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation and by regulating apoptosis.
Protective Effects of Kolaviron against Phenylhydrazine-Induced Hepatotoxicity, Genotoxicity, and Splenic Pathology in Wistar Rats.
Adedokun E, Ola-Davies O, Akinniyi O … +2 more , Ajibade T, Ola-Davies O
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2025 Dec · PMID 42008324 · Publisher ↗
Phenylhydrazine (PHZ) triggers oxidative stress through the generation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation, resulting in organ and DNA damage. Kolaviron (KV), a biflavonoid complex extracted from Garcinia k...
Phenylhydrazine (PHZ) triggers oxidative stress through the generation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation, resulting in organ and DNA damage. Kolaviron (KV), a biflavonoid complex extracted from Garcinia kola seeds, has shown properties that combat oxidative stress and protect cells. Aim was to evaluate the protective effects of kolaviron against phenylhydrazine-induced hepatotoxicity, splenic pathology, and genotoxicity in Wistar rats. Twenty-eight male rats were divided into four groups: Control (distilled water), PHZ (40 mg/kg intraperitoneally for 3 days), PHZ+KV (PHZ at 40 mg/kg+KV at 100 mg/kg orally for 14 days), and KV alone (100 mg/kg orally for 14 days). Hepatotoxicity, splenic pathology, and genotoxicity were assessed via biochemical analyses, oxidative stress markers, antioxidant parameters, histopathology, and micronucleus testing in bone marrow cells. Results showed PHZ significantly elevated liver enzymes (p<0.05), increased malondialdehyde levels, decreased antioxidant enzymes, and caused periportal fibrosis. Treatment with KV normalized these liver parameters and mitigated histopathological damage. In the spleen, PHZ induced lymphoid follicular hyperplasia, whereas in the PHZ+KV group, we observed lymphoid follicular necrosis; nonetheless, splenic oxidative stress and antioxidant levels remained similar across all groups. For genotoxicity, PHZ significantly increased micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes and reduced the polychromatic erythrocytes/normochromatic erythrocytes ratio (p<0.05), while KV treatment restored these to near-control levels. Kolaviron showed significant hepatoprotective and genoprotective effects against PHZ-induced toxicity, primarily through modulation of oxidative stress parameters, though its impact on splenic pathology was weak. Further research should investigate the best dosing regimens and molecular mechanisms underlying KV's protective effects against oxidative damage. Keywords: Kolaviron, Phenylhydrazine, Hepatotoxicity, Genotoxicity, Oxidative stress, splenic pathology.
Traditional Approaches to Treating Erectile Dysfunction in Africa.
Sulyman AO
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2025 Dec · PMID 42008323
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is an increasingly prevalent global health issue. Although FDA-approved medications like sildenafil are available, their use is often accompanied by undesirable side effects. Consequently, the...
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is an increasingly prevalent global health issue. Although FDA-approved medications like sildenafil are available, their use is often accompanied by undesirable side effects. Consequently, there is growing interest in traditional medicine as an alternative treatment option. This review provides a detailed mechanistic analysis of key African medicinal plants utilized for managing erectile dysfunction. Relevant literature was obtained from authoritative scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Search terms such as "erectile dysfunction," "African medicinal plants," "traditional medicine," and "mechanisms of action" were used to identify pertinent studies. A systematic review was conducted to evaluate research on African medicinal plants with reported efficacy in ED treatment. Studies were selected based on scientific rigor, pharmacological investigations, and mechanistic insights into their bioactive compounds and therapeutic pathways. Numerous African medicinal plants have exhibited efficacy in treating erectile dysfunction by mechanisms including the enhancement of nitric oxide production, the modulation of enzymatic pathways (e.g., phosphodiesterase-5 inhibition), and the improvement of blood circulation. While existing studies highlight their effectiveness, there is still limited understanding of their precise molecular mechanisms and possible adverse effects. African medicinal plants offer a promising alternative for ED management. However, further research, including mechanistic studies and clinical trials, is essential to establish their safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics. This review emphasizes the importance of integrating traditional medicine into ED treatment strategies. Keywords: Erectile dysfunction, Medcinal plants, Herbal remedies, Traditional medicine.
Zinc Supplementation Reverses Lead-Induced Anxiety-Like Behaviour and Social Deficits in Male Wistar Rats.
Abdulmajeed WI, Suleiman AA, Ismail SA … +11 more , Ajadi FO, Sanni TM, Adedeji TA, Imam A, Amin A, Dada M, Bolaji M, Alli-Oluwafuyi AM, Oyewole AL, Abdulrahim HA, Owoyele VB
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2025 Dec · PMID 42008322
Lead is a highly pervasive environmental toxin that exerts harmful effects on the body systems, especially the nervous system. Zinc is an essential trace element that has been found in eukaryotic cells. Lead has a seriou...
Lead is a highly pervasive environmental toxin that exerts harmful effects on the body systems, especially the nervous system. Zinc is an essential trace element that has been found in eukaryotic cells. Lead has a serious neurotoxic effect via mechanisms such as disruption of the antioxidant defense system and activation of inflammatory mediators (Ramírez Ortega et al., 2021; Virgolini & Aschner, 2021). Despite the extensive knowledge on the neurotoxic effects of lead, effective interventions in mitigating its effects are limited. This study aims to assess the effects of zinc supplementation on lead-induced neurotoxicity in male Wistar rats. Twenty-one male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three groups with seven rats in each group. Group I served as the control; group II, the lead-treated group, received 0.5% of lead in drinking water for 4 weeks; group III, Pb + Zn group, received 0.5% of lead in drinking water and 25 mg/kg of Zinc supplement by oral gavage for 4 weeks. Behavioral assessments were conducted using the Open Field Test (OFT), Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), and three-chamber sociability test to evaluate anxiety and social behavior. Biochemical and hematological analyses were performed to determine the serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), hematological indices, and electrolytes. The results revealed a significant increase in anxiety and a decrease in social behavior in the Pb-only group. Biochemically, there was a marked elevation in IL-1β and TNF-α, with a significant reduction in TAC in these rats. No marked changes were, however, observed in the serum electrolyte levels across all experimental groups. Contrastingly, zinc supplementation effectively ameliorated these effects. Rats in the Pb + Zn group demonstrated improved neurobehavioral outcomes, decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, restored antioxidant capacity, and increased Neutrophil to Lymphocytes Ratio (NLR). These findings suggest that zinc confers neuroprotective effects against lead-induced neurotoxicity, likely by modulating oxidative stress and suppressing inflammatory and neuroimmune responses.
Cardio-respiratory and haematological indices in factory workers exposed to cement dust.
Yussuf OE, Ige AO
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2025 Dec · PMID 42008319 · Publisher ↗
The Nigerian cement industry, which produces 58.9 million metric tonnes annually, creates occupational health risks for workers who regularly encounter cement dust containing fine particulates with crystalline silica and...
The Nigerian cement industry, which produces 58.9 million metric tonnes annually, creates occupational health risks for workers who regularly encounter cement dust containing fine particulates with crystalline silica and heavy metals. This study aims to investigate the effect of cement dust on cardio-respiratory and haematological indices in exposed factory workers. The research design utilized a cross-sectional approach on 111 participants (60 cement factory workers (53 male, 7 female) who had at least three years of exposure and 51 control subjects (44 male, 7 female), matched by demographic characteristics and unexposed to cement dust. Pulmonary function was assessed via spirometry, cardiovascular health was evaluated using electrocardiography and measurement of blood pressure by a digital sphygmomanometer, and a haematological analysis (full blood count) was carried out using standard methods. The study data demonstrated that exposed workers experienced significant decreases in forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), Forced Expiratory Flow at 75% of FVC (FEF75), and peak expiratory flow, which point towards restrictive pulmonary damage. The cardiovascular evaluations revealed elevated systolic blood pressure, along with prolonged QTc intervals and reduced T-wave amplitudes. Simultaneously, the haematological assessments revealed increased red cell distribution width and changes in white blood cell counts. The results demonstrate the occupational risk factors (marked declines in lung function, disruptions in cardiac indices, and haematological abnormalities) associated with cement dust contact, highlighting the necessity for stronger industrial regulations with protective measures.
Intranasal Dexamethasone Selectively Impairs Exploratory and Learning Behaviour While Sparing Peripheral Metabolic and Oxidative Homeostasis in Adult Mice.
Amin A, Abdulmajeed WI, Nafiu AB … +10 more , Akinola O, Oyewole AL, Olagunju FF, Toyyib RM, Dada MO, Eneape S, Bello KI, Alli-Oluwafuyi A, Uthman YA, Imam A
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2025 Dec · PMID 42008317
Dexamethasone (Dex) is a potent synthetic glucocorticoid with broad clinical applications, but systemic administration often leads to metabolic disturbances and cognitive side effects. Intranasal Dex has potential to del...
Dexamethasone (Dex) is a potent synthetic glucocorticoid with broad clinical applications, but systemic administration often leads to metabolic disturbances and cognitive side effects. Intranasal Dex has potential to deliver glucocorticoids directly to the brain, minimizing systemic side effects associated with traditional administration. However, its comprehensive effects on metabolic, behavioural, and neurochemical endpoints after repeated dosing remain unclear. Adult male mice were randomly assigned to four groups: control (saline) and dexamethasone (Dex) doses of 5, 15, or 50 μg/kg administered intranasally once daily for seven days. Peripheral measures included body weight, fasting blood glucose, glucose tolerance test (GTT), fasting serum and brain insulin levels, HOMA‑IR, and serum corticosterone via ELISA. Behavioural assays comprised the Morris Water Maze, Elevated Plus Maze, Open Field Test, and Novel Object Recognition Test. Brain homogenates were analysed for oxidative stress markers (superoxide dismutase, glutathione), cholinergic activity (acetylcholinesterase), and trace minerals (Zn, Fe, Ca). Intranasal Dex did not affect body weight, glycaemic control, insulin sensitivity, or corticosterone levels. Dose‑dependent declines in locomotor exploration and spontaneous alternation were observed, alongside increased escape latencies during spatial learning without altering memory retention or novel object recognition. Oxidative stress markers and global Zn, Fe, and Ca remained stable; however, acetylcholinesterase activity trended downward and variability in Fe and Ca emerged at higher doses. Seven-day intranasal Dex selectively impairs exploratory behaviour and learning acquisition through central glucocorticoid receptor-mediated synaptic and cholinergic modulation, while preserving peripheral metabolic and oxidative balance.
Sex-Specific Sub-Acute Toxicity and Immunomodulatory Profile of a Nigerian Polyherbal Supplement (Napherbs) In Albino Wistar Rats.
Afolabi S, Olorundare O, Akanbi O … +1 more , Ibiyemi S
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2025 Dec · PMID 42008315 · Publisher ↗
NaPherbs, a Nigerian-based polyherbal supplement compounded with Moringa oleifera, Vernonia amygdalina, Garcinia kola, etc. is consumed locally as an immune-boosting nutraceutical. In this study, we investigated its prel...
NaPherbs, a Nigerian-based polyherbal supplement compounded with Moringa oleifera, Vernonia amygdalina, Garcinia kola, etc. is consumed locally as an immune-boosting nutraceutical. In this study, we investigated its preliminary immune-boosting mechanisms and sub-acute toxicity profile in both male and female albino Wistar rats. A total of 40 Wistar rats (20 males and 20 females) were randomly allotted to 5 experimental groups (n=8, 4 males and 4 females); control, 125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day of NaPherbs for 30 consecutive days. The animals were anesthetized, and cardiac puncture was used to obtain serum for biochemical assays such as the serum lipid profile, immunoglobulins concentration, proinflammatory cytokines' concentration and liver function enzymes; and whole blood for hematological assessment. In vivo antioxidant assays were carried out also on the liver homogenates, while the liver and kidneys were examined histologically in both male and female animals. There was a dose-dependent increase in the neutrophil: leucocyte ratio in the female animals. This has been linked to physiological stress, underlying disease condition and most recently a risk factor for early onset chronic kidney disease (CKD). NaPherbs did not pose any major cardiovascular risk across the groups, and there seemed to be some level of cardioprotection judging from the reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) observed in both sexes. The antioxidant indices assayed for were not significantly (P<0.05) affected by NaPherbs treatment, except for the catalase enzyme which was significantly increased in the female animals. As a purported immune-boosting supplement, we carried out a preliminary investigation on its effect on pro-inflammatory cytokines and immunoglobulins. NaPherbs did not significantly (P<0.05) alter these indices. Histological examination of the liver and kidneys showed that NaPherbs did not cause any major deleterious effect to these organs, except for mild infiltration of the sinusoids with inflammatory cells in the hepatocyte. NaPherbs showed a consistent profile of safety across the animals and doses considered in this study. However, further immunologic assays must be explored to validate its immune boosting claims and more specific toxicity assays must be employed to focus more on neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and gonadotoxicity in both sexes.
Pretreatment with vincristine attenuates haematological and plasma biochemical alterations in isoprenaline treated rats.
Asiwe JN, Okonofua DE, Ben-Azu B … +2 more , Orji JC, Fasanmade AA
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2025 Dec · PMID 42008314 · Publisher ↗
Sustained adrenergic stimulation is linked to altered plasma biochemistry and haematological functions. However, whether vincristine, a vinca alkaloid with acclaimed cardioprotective property, can protect against biologi...
Sustained adrenergic stimulation is linked to altered plasma biochemistry and haematological functions. However, whether vincristine, a vinca alkaloid with acclaimed cardioprotective property, can protect against biological alteration remains unknown. Hence, this present study investigated the protective impact of vincristine against plasma biochemical alteration caused by sustained beta-adrenergic stimulation in male Wistar rat. Animals were randomly divided into four groups; Group 1 served as normal control and was treated with saline (10 mL/kg), Group 2 received isoprenaline (ISO) (1 mg/kg) group daily for 14 days, group 3 was treated with ISO (1 mg/kg) and vincristine (25 µg/kg) simultaneously for 14 days while group 4 was pre-treated with vincristine (25µg/kg) for 14 days before exposure to isoprenaline. All treatment was done intraperitoneal. Following euthanasia, extract plasmas were used for haematological and plasma biochemical assays. Our results showed a significant erythrocytosis, haematocrit, haemoglobinemia and leucocytosis while there was a decreased in lymphocyte and thrombocyte in ISO-treated animals when compared with the control animals. However, VCR pre-treatment reversed these haematological parameters to normal levels. Liver (ALP, AST and ALT) and kidney (Creatinine, BUN, globulin, albumin and total protein) function markers were greatly altered in ISO-treated animals. However, pretreatment with VCR significantly modulated these markers. Plasma electrolytes were also modulated by VCR pre-treatment against the derangement caused by ISO treatment. Finally our study suggest that vincristine pre-treatment protected animals exposed to sustained β-adrenergic stimulation from haematological, liver and kidney function alterations.
Histochemical Study of Nissl Substance and Astrocytes in a Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Model of Epilepsy Treated with Stem Juice.
Bassey IF, Umo NM, Mba E … +7 more , Ajaba MO, Nnenna WA, Kanu BE, Okpabi FN, Ekanem AE, Udoaffah GU, Ushie A
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2025 Dec · PMID 42008313
Epilepsy disrupts the transmission of electrical signals within the brain and is characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate epileptic seizures, with an average epidiemologic index of 60 million affected indi...
Epilepsy disrupts the transmission of electrical signals within the brain and is characterized by an enduring predisposition to generate epileptic seizures, with an average epidiemologic index of 60 million affected individuals worldwide. The study examined the neurohistochemistry of Nissl substance and astrocytes in epileptic rats administered Musa paradisiaca (MP) stem juice. Sixty minutes after the administration of escalating doses of MP stem juice and diazepam (an anticonvulsant), a seizure was induced using Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). The animals were arbitrarily distributed into the groups A, B, C, D, and E. All of the animals were fed rat pellets and purified water. Group A served as the standard control, receiving rat pellets and deionized water. The animals in Group B, which served as the PTZ control, received intraperitoneal administration of 65mg/kg body weight of PTZ. Group C was the PTZ + Diazepam (DZP) treatment group, and the animals were given 4 mg/kg body weight of DZP orally 60 minutes prior to intraperitoneal administration of PTZ. Group D was given 2500 mg/kg body weight of MP stem juice orally for seven days prior to intraperitoneal administration of Pentylenetetrazole, followed by an hour of MP stem juice treatment [Low dose] Group E (PTZ + MP [High dose]) received 5000mg/kg body weight of MP stem juice orally for 7 days prior to intraperitoneal PTZ administration, followed by 1 hour of MP stem juice [High dose] post-treatment. On the histochemical components of tissue sections, MP stem juice (2500mg/kg and 5000mg/kg) and the DZP group of animals exhibited significant antiepileptic effects. Histochemical studies revealed that the intensity of staining of Nissl substances in Group B decreased in comparison to the treated groups (C, D, and E). Immunohistochemistry analysis of astrocytes revealed that DZP and MP treated groups (D and E) had fewer astrocyte expressions than the PTZ control group, which was densely populated with astrocytes. The findings indicate that administration of MP stem juice is beneficial for the local management of epilepsy and can also mitigate the neuronal damage associated with epileptic seizures to some extent.
Raw garlic homogenate ameliorates cardiometabolic effect of high caloric intake in Wistar rats.
Ademilusi E, Ojetola A, Ademilusi O … +2 more , Asiwe J, Fasanmade A
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2025 Dec · PMID 42008311 · Publisher ↗
Fructose consumption has tremendously increased due to increased consumption of sweeteners in beverages, and this has been suggested to increase caloric intake. Higher caloric intake had been linked with diverse health c...
Fructose consumption has tremendously increased due to increased consumption of sweeteners in beverages, and this has been suggested to increase caloric intake. Higher caloric intake had been linked with diverse health consequences such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Garlic (Allium sativum) has also been reported to be protective against adverse dietary effects. We hypothesized that increased caloric intake via sweetened drinks can cause hemorheologic, haematopoietic, nutritional, and metabolic derangements and that raw garlic homogenate consumption can mitigate these adverse effects. Therefore, we investigated the effects of increased caloric intake via sweetened drink as well as examined the potentials of raw garlic homogenate (RGH) to ameliorate such effects in Wistar rats. Twenty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=5): Control, Fructose (F) given fructose sweetened drink (FSD), Allium Sativum (AS) given raw garlic homogenate (RGH) (250 mg/kg/day) and F+AS given FSD and RGH (250 mg/kg/day) for nine weeks. Energy intake, haematopoiesis, metabolic risk factors, hemorheologic variables, fluid intake, liver enzymes and serum proteins were significantly increased by increased caloric intake via FSD consumption, however, RGH mitigated these effects in treated rats as observed from comparison between groups F and F+AS rats. The findings of this study revealed the fact that sugar sweetened beverages can increase caloric intake tremendously, even in the face of significantly reduced food intake and that RGH can ameliorate the adverse effects induced by high caloric intake in Wistar rats.
Haematological and biochemical changes in arsenic trioxide-induced toxicity in Wistar rats treated with methanol extract of Parquetina nigrescens leaf.
Daramola OO, Oyeyemi WAO, Akinola AOA … +1 more , Raji YR
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2025 Jan · PMID 40156818
This study was designed to investigate the phytochemical composition and protective effects of methanol extract of Parquetina nigrescens leaf (MEPL) in male Wistar rats. Phytochemical screening, in vitro antioxidant assa...
This study was designed to investigate the phytochemical composition and protective effects of methanol extract of Parquetina nigrescens leaf (MEPL) in male Wistar rats. Phytochemical screening, in vitro antioxidant assay, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and LD50 were determined. Forty male Wistar rats were grouped into eight and orally treated for 54 days as follows: Group 1 (10% tween 80), Group 2 (3 mg/kg As2O3) Groups 3, 4 and 5 (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg MEPL) and groups 6, 7 and 8, (250 mg/kg+As2O3, 500 mg/kg+As2O3 and 1000 mg/kg+As2O3). The animals were sacrificed on day 55 under anaesthesia. Blood was collected by cardiac puncture for heamatological studies. Liver concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were determined spectrophotometrically. Liver histology was also assessed. Flavonoids, tannin, alkaloids, saponin, and anthraquinone were present in MEPL, also, MEPL scavenged 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) and Azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radical (ABTS+). The IC50 of MEPL required to chelate metal was also low. The GC-MS revealed the presence of 24 essential oil. The LD50 was > 5000 mg/kg. Packed cell volume and red blood cell count were significantly reduced in 1000 mg/kg MEPL group, white blood cell count and SOD activity reduced (P<0.05) in 3 mg/kg As2O3 when compared with control but increased in groups co-treated with As2O3 and 250, 500 or 1000 mg/kg + As2O3. MDA concentration, AST, ALT and ALP activities increased significantly in 3 mg/kg As2O3 group but decreased (P<0.05) in groups co-treated with As2O3 and 250, 500 or 1000 mg/kg. The methanol extract of Parquetina nigrescens leaf in male Wistar rats has antioxidant, hepatoprotective and white blood cell protective effects.
In Vitro and In Vivo Investigation of the Antidiabetic Mechanisms of Action of Rauvolfia vomitoria leaf.
Akpojotor P, Ebomoyi MI
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2024 Jun · PMID 40156817 · Publisher ↗
Rauvolfia vomitoria is a medicinal plant that has been implicated by various scientific studies as possessing strong anti-diabetic action; however, the mechanism of action is lacking. Hence this study investigated the an...
Rauvolfia vomitoria is a medicinal plant that has been implicated by various scientific studies as possessing strong anti-diabetic action; however, the mechanism of action is lacking. Hence this study investigated the anti-diabetic mechanisms of action of Rauvolfia vomitoria through in vitro and in vivo studies. In the in vitro study, the α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of hydromethanolic Rauvolfia vomitoria leaf extract were investigated in comparison with acarbose; while in the in vivo, the effect of the extract on plasma insulin levels of normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar rats were investigated in comparison with glyburide. Results from the in vitro study showed the percentage inhibition of α-amylase by the extract (100 mg/ml) to be 62.28 (4.73) with an IC50 values of 74.35 mg/ml, while acarbose had a percentage inhibition and IC50 values of 72.81 (2.52) and 66.05μg/ml, respectively. The percentage inhibition of α-glucosidase by the extract (100 mg/ml) was 79.63 (4.09) and an IC50 values of 58.85 mg/ml, while acarbose had a percentage inhibition and IC50 values of 82.11 (1.84) and 56.79μg/ml, respectively. From the in vivo study, the result showed that the extract caused a dose and treatment-duration dependent significant (P<0.05) increase in the plasma insulin levels of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats in a manner comparable to glyburide. From the results of these investigations, it is therefore concluded that Rauvolfia vomitoria leaf effect its anti-diabetic actions via two separate mechanisms; the plasma insulin increasing mechanism and the α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory mechanism. Keywords: Rauvolfia vomitoria leaf extract, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, plasma insulin, acarbose, glyburide.
Efficacy of Aqueous Extract of Talinum Triangulare on the Microanatomy of the Hippocampus and Short-Term Memory of Scopolamine Hydrobromide-Induced Alzheimer's Type Cognitive Dysfunction Rats.
Mba E, Udo-Affah GU, Bassey IF … +6 more , Uruakpa KC, Paulinus SO, Oku ME, Umoh NM, Anani SE, Agiri AO
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2025 Jan · PMID 40156816 · Publisher ↗
The study aimed at elucidating the potency of aqueous extract of Talinum triangulare on the hippocampal neurons, astrocytes as well as assessing short term memory of scopolamine-induced Alzheimer's type rats. Fifty-four...
The study aimed at elucidating the potency of aqueous extract of Talinum triangulare on the hippocampal neurons, astrocytes as well as assessing short term memory of scopolamine-induced Alzheimer's type rats. Fifty-four Wistar rats (180-200g) were used for the study; thirty experimental rats were randomly grouped into five, each containing six rats designated A, B, C, D and E while twenty-four rats were used to establish 50% lethal dose (LD50). Alzheimer's type cognitive dysfunction was intraperitoneally (ip) induced with scopolamine hydrobromide (1mg/kg, ip) for seven days in groups B-E prior to the oral administration of the aqueous extract (875 and 1750mg/kg) and donepezil (1mg/kg), followed by the novel object recognition test, histological and GFAP staining processes. Results revealed atrophied pyramidal cells, hyperchromatic, numerous glial cells with pale cytoplasmic inclusions and astrogliosis in groups B, C, and E while group D showed ameliorative potentials compared to group A. Also, short term memory was significantly higher in group D compared to groups B, C and E. In conclusion, aqueous extract of Talinium triangulare leaves reduced the potentials of scopolamine hydrobromide by restoring abnormal neurons, hence, enhancing cognitive memory in the rats used in the present study.
Abnormal Haematological Profile caused by Potassium Bromate in Wistar Rats is corrected by Parkia biglobosa seed.
Uche CL, Ugwu NI, Ogbenna AA … +11 more , Okite UP, Chikezie K, Ezirim EO, Oladele FC, Abali IO, Nwobodo MU, Ejikem PI, Otuka OAI, Jibiro P, Esonu CE, Airaodion AI
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2024 Jun · PMID 40156815 · Publisher ↗
Many biological tissues and organs are affected by the toxicity of potassium bromate (KBrO3). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Parkia Biglobosa (P. Biglobosa) seed's ability to treat KBrO3-induced haematolog...
Many biological tissues and organs are affected by the toxicity of potassium bromate (KBrO3). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Parkia Biglobosa (P. Biglobosa) seed's ability to treat KBrO3-induced haematological parameters derangement. After becoming accustomed to the lab, 24 Wistar rats were randomly assigned to groups A, B, C, and D. Group A was given distilled water to drink. Each of the groups in B, C, and D got 100 mg/kg of KBrO3. Also, for 28 days prior to sacrifice, groups C and D received 100 and 200 mg/kg of P. biglobosa, respectively. Blood was drawn, and the haemogram was examined using a haematology autoanalyzer. When KBrO3 was added compared to the control, the results showed a substantial decrease in both haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume (PCV), and red blood cell count from 17.262.84 g/dL, 39.732.58%, 5.120.83 x 1012/L to 13.251.25 g/dL, 27.931.44%, and 3.470.22 x 1012/L, respectively. The effect of KBrO3 was dose-dependently counteracted by P. biglobosa treatments of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight. However, there was no discernible difference in the MCV, MCH, and MCHC values between the control and test groups. Similar to how P. biglobosa reduced the effects of KBrO3 in a dose-dependent manner, P. biglobosa also induced a substantial decrease in white blood cell count, its differentials, and platelet counts (P0.05). KBrO3-induced deranged haematological parameters were mitigated by Parkia biglobosa in a dose-dependent manner. Care must be taken with the consumption of this addictive due to its numerous toxic effects. However, consumption of P. biglobosa, a tropical homemade food is recommended for families to benefit from the barrage of its health benefits. This will also alleviate the toxic effect of KBrO3 if consumed inadvertently. Human clinical trial is needed to substantiate these findings.
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