Nigerian Journal Of Physiological Sciences[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
An Assessment of Physicochemical characteristics of Awotan dumpsite in Ibadan, South western Nigeria.
Oladejo OJ, Alaka OE, Jarikre TA … +4 more , Ockiya MA, Adeniran GA, Ajani RS, Emikpe BO
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2020 Jun · PMID 33084619
Gaseous emission, particulate emission, biological molecules and other harmful substances discharge into the atmosphere from dumpsite environment. The carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) content of the gaseous emissio...
Gaseous emission, particulate emission, biological molecules and other harmful substances discharge into the atmosphere from dumpsite environment. The carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) content of the gaseous emission from different platforms and offsets of the Awotan dump site were measured. P Sense CO2 Meter AZ 7755 was used to measure the level of carbon dioxide gas, temperature and relative humidity. K60 Gas detector was used to measure the level of methane (CH4) gas and Pm 2.5. Thermo-scientific MIE pDR 1500 PM monitor was used to measure the particulate matter on the dumpsite. The CO2 levels (697±28.84 - 502±2.19) were above the minimum permissible levels of ASHRAE of 400ppm for all platforms at the dumpsite. CH4 levels range (73.33±3.32 - 18.33±4.27) was above the methane explosive limits (MEL) of 15% for all Platforms, however the level at 25m and 50m offsets (14.83±4.11 - 13.83±2.48) was below the MEL for 75m and 100m offsets. PM2.5 levels were lower in the morning and peaked in the afternoon at Platform 5, 6 and 9 locations with values of 62.76±6.03, 63.9±11.37 and 32.06±3.89 respectively which is not within the WHO minimum permissible limit of 25µg/m3. There was a significant positive correlation between CO2 and CH4 (r=0.7558, p=0.028) but no significant correlation between CO2 and other meteorological parameters (temperature and humidity) (r=-0.1309, p=0.67and r=0.09644, p=0.754). The carbon dioxide and methane content of the gaseous emission from the Awotan dump site are potential health hazard, hence the need for an engineering design that will reduce the quantum of the emission thereby reducing the hazard.
Effects of Mosquito coil Smoke Inhalation on Spatial Memory in Mice.
Kurawa MI, Magaji RA, Yusuf T … +1 more , Magaji MG
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2020 Jun · PMID 33084618
BACKGROUND: Mosquito coil (MC) is widely used to repel mosquitoes in order to prevent malaria in many malaria-endemic countries. Although we are fully aware and concerned about carbon monoxide (CO) and its toxicity, expo...
BACKGROUND: Mosquito coil (MC) is widely used to repel mosquitoes in order to prevent malaria in many malaria-endemic countries. Although we are fully aware and concerned about carbon monoxide (CO) and its toxicity, exposure to CO from common, though occult sources like MC smoke is often overlooked. Equally, the adverse health effects, especially to the brain, are usually underestimated. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of exposure to CO from MC smoke inhalation on spatial memory in mice. METHODS: Sixteen, adult, male, mice, were randomly assigned to either the experimental or the control group; each having 8 mice. The experimental group was exposed to the MC smoke (Wavetide, China) that was allowed to burn inside the gas chamber (75 cm x 50 cm x 50 cm) for 15 minutes, daily, for 14 days. Digital CO meter (PCMM05 Pyle) was used to measure the amount of CO and Barnes maze protocol to assess the spatial memory. RESULTS: Our results indicate that burning MC for 15 minutes produced up to 312 parts per million (ppm) of CO and raised the blood carboxy-hemoglobin (COHb) level by 15.8%. This is higher than the WHO recommended limit (<100 mg/m3 or 87 ppm for 15 min.) of CO exposure and the %COHb level of <2%. Mosquito coil smoke was also associated with impaired spatial memory. However, the dose and duration of exposure did not significantly affect weight gain in the mice. CONCLUSION: Although widely used to prevent malaria, MC could serve as a potential source of CO and other neurotoxins that could be harmful to the brain; the use and toxicity of which is mostly overlooked even by the public health professionals.
Exposure to Mosquito Coil Smoke Delays Healing of Acetic Acid Induced Gastric Ulcer in Male Wistar Rats.
Odukanmi A, Salami AT, Olanrewaju TR … +1 more , Olaleye SB
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2020 Jun · PMID 33084617
Mosquito coil fumes (MCF) is used in several Nigerian homes and some part of the world with reported grave consequences to the respiratory tract majorly. There is paucity of information on its outcome on the gastrointest...
Mosquito coil fumes (MCF) is used in several Nigerian homes and some part of the world with reported grave consequences to the respiratory tract majorly. There is paucity of information on its outcome on the gastrointestinal tract being a related organ to the respiratory tract. Forty five male Wistar rats (123.1 ± 7.3g) were used in this study, they were grouped into 3 (n=15/group; 5 each day of experiment). Rats in group 1 served as control (no MCF). Groups 2 and 3 were exposed to MCF for 8-10 h daily for 2 (2p) and 6 (6p) weeks respectively, in a well-ventilated room of 38.3m3 in size each day. After the period of exposure, chronic gastric ulcer were induced by intraluminal application of 50% acetic acid. The animals were sacrificed on days 0 (no ulcer induction), 3 and 10 post ulceration for complete blood count and ulcer scores. Stomach was excised for histology and biochemical assays, homogenized gastric tissues were analyzed by spectrophotometry for malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase and nitric oxide (NO) estimations. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM. Gross ulcer area (mm3) increased significantly on days 3 and 10 in 6p (167.3±16.03; 65.20±3.93) and 2p (152.7±6.20; 68.70±3.45) compared to control (93.26±2.80; 34.82 ±1.84) respectively. Lymphocytes count (%) decreased significantly on day 3 in 2p (60.60 ±1.97) compared to control (70.60 ± 0.87), Neutrophil count (%) in 6p (36.40 ±1.08: 30.20 ±1.46) increased significantly compared with control (25.60±0.80; 26.00 ±1.58) on day 3 and 10 respectively. MDA concentration in 6p and 2p increased significantly compared to control on day 3. Nitric oxide decreased significantly in 6p and 2p on day 3and 10 compared to control. Mosquito coil fumes proofs toxic to the stomach especially to inflamed rats stomach by delaying healing of gastric ulcer through reduction in NO and raised oxidative stress markers.
Cardiac and Renal Protective Effect of Vitamin E in Dexamethasone-Induced Oxidative Stressed Wistar Rats.
Owu DU, Okon IA, Ufot UF … +1 more , Beshel JA
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2020 Jun · PMID 33084616
Vitamin E has been used as antioxidant and in the treatment of various ailments due to oxidative stress. The cardio-protective effect of vitamin E in dexamethasone induced oxidative stress was studied. Forty Wistar rats...
Vitamin E has been used as antioxidant and in the treatment of various ailments due to oxidative stress. The cardio-protective effect of vitamin E in dexamethasone induced oxidative stress was studied. Forty Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups of 10 rats each. Control group received normal rat chow. Oxidative stress was induced using 30µg/kg body weight of dexamethasone (DEX) intraperitonealy in DEX+Vit E and DEX only groups while Vitamin E was administered orally at a dose of 300 IU/kg to Vitamin E only group and DEX+Vit E group daily for 14 days. All animals were fed ad libitum and had free access to water. Blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture for biochemical analyses while heart and kidney were processed for histological staining. The result shows a significant (p<0.05) decrease in serum nitric oxide, bilirubin and superoxide dismutase concentration in DEX-only group which was elevated following vitamin E treatment. The angiotensin converting enzyme and lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activities were significantly (p<0.01) elevated in DEX-only group compared with control and DEX+Vit E groups. These enzyme levels were significantly (p<0.01) reduced in DEX + vitamin E group. The histology of the heart and the kidney in DEX-only group showed cardiac hypertrophy and kidney injury but were ameliorated by vitamin E treatment. The results suggest that vitamin E has cardiac and renal protective effect and ameliorates oxidative injury to the heart and kidney due to oxidative stress.
Mechanisms of enhanced vascular smooth muscle contraction induced by sickle erythrocyte constituents.
Azubuike-Osu S, Uche OK, Ajayi IO … +1 more , Ebeigbe AB
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2020 Jun · PMID 33084615
The mechanisms of the increased vascular tone associated with vaso-occlusive crisis of sickle cell disease have not been clearly defined. The goal of the present study was to examine the role of vascular smooth muscle me...
The mechanisms of the increased vascular tone associated with vaso-occlusive crisis of sickle cell disease have not been clearly defined. The goal of the present study was to examine the role of vascular smooth muscle membrane Na+-K+-ATPase enzyme activity as well as nitric oxide synthase inhibition on the contractile responses induced by sickle erythrocyte constituents. 2 mm ring segments of rabbit carotid arterial ring preparations were placed in 20 ml organ baths containing physiological salt solution (PSS) bubbled with 95% O2, 5% CO2, at 37oC and pH 7.4 and isometric contractions recorded, under an initial load of 2g. Arterial rings were exposed to 50 µl of each erythrocyte constituent at an adjusted haematocrit of 0.6. The magnitude of K+-induced relaxation of 10-7 M phenylephrine (PE)-precontracted rings exposed for 30 minutes to K+-free PSS (which inhibits Na+-K+ pump) was estimated in the absence (control) or presence of RBC constituents (ghosts, erythrocytes or haemoglobin solution) from Hb SS subjects. Secondly, the influence of 20-minute exposure of the rings to SS GHOSTS on acetylcholine-induced, endothelium-dependent relaxation of 10-7 M PE phenylephrine-precontraction (in the absence or presence of L-NAME) was evaluated. Our results show that K+-induced relaxation was significantly and differentially attenuated by erythrocyte constituents (p<0.05) in the order: SS GHOST > SS HBS > SS RBC. NO synthase inhibition with L-NAME further potentiated the enhanced PE contractions induced by SS GHOSTS and caused a greater attenuation of Ach-induced relaxation (compared with SS GHOSTS alone). The results suggest that SS erythrocyte GHOSTS induce enhancement of vascular smooth muscle tone via impairment of vascular Na+-K+ ATPase enzyme activity as well as attenuate endothelium-dependent relaxation. These functional changes in vascular smooth muscle and endothelial function may contribute to the pathophysiology of vaso-occlusive crisis of sickle cell disease.
Micro- and Intermediate Filaments of the Testis of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Treated with a Sub Lethal Dose of Carbendazim.
Aina OO, Ozegbe PC, Adeyemo OK
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2020 Jun · PMID 33084614
This study highlighted the effect of Carbendazim on the testicular micro and intermediate filaments adult male African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Previous studies related to carbendazim toxicity in fish have been limi...
This study highlighted the effect of Carbendazim on the testicular micro and intermediate filaments adult male African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Previous studies related to carbendazim toxicity in fish have been limited to mortality patterns and degree of sensitivity across species. Literature on actual pathology in fish is scanty. The fish were exposed to a pre-determined sub-lethal concentration (1.4 mg/L) of Carbendazim for seven and fourteen days, 10 fish were sedated by cold shock, and sacrificed on days seven and 14. Another untreated group (control) were sacrificed at the same periods. The testes were harvested and weighed. Testicular actin microfilament, cytokeratin, desmin and vimentin intermediate filaments were determined using standard immunohistochemistry protocols. Variations in the intensity and pattern of immuno-expression of the testicular actin, cytokeratin, desmin and vimentin were significant in a phase dependent manner with day 14 being more pronounced. Immunohistochemical features of degenerated and necrotic germinal and Sertoli cells in the treated group, with loss of wire-mesh network which supported the mature germinal cells in the testicular lumen were also observed. A sub-lethal dose of carbendazim exposure for either seven or 14 days, induced deliterous changes in the testicular micro- and intermediate filaments, of the African catfish. This portends a reduction in the male reproductive potentials of the exposed species and resultant negative impact on production.
Similar Lung Function Impairment In Auto Mechanics Operating In Stand-alone Auto Repair and Auto Repair Shops Shared with Spray Painters.
Aribo E
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2020 Jun · PMID 33084613
Automotive mechanics are reported to have lower lung function indices. Spray painting is associated with impairment of lung function among spray painters. It is a common practice by auto repairers in Calabar to operate i...
Automotive mechanics are reported to have lower lung function indices. Spray painting is associated with impairment of lung function among spray painters. It is a common practice by auto repairers in Calabar to operate in the vicinity of spray painting shops. Whether such dual exposure to auto repair and spray painting environments worsens the lung function of auto mechanics is not documented. Lung function was evaluated in 300 males divided into three groups: control (group1), auto mechanics in stand-alone auto repair shops (group 2) and auto mechanics working in the vicinity of spray painting shops (group 3). Each group consisted of 100 subjects. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and forced expiratory volume in the first second expressed as percentage of FVC (FEV1%) were assessed using a Vitalograph spirometer. Percentage oxygen saturation was evaluated using a pulse oximeter. Results showed no significant differences in age, weight and height among various groups. FVC was significantly reduced in groups 2 and 3 (p< 0.05 and p<0.001 respectively) compared to control but not between groups 2 and 3. FEV1 was significantly reduced in groups 2 and 3 (P <0.001 each) compared with control but not significantly different between groups 2 and 3. FEV1% was significantly lower in groups 2 and 3 (p< 0.001 each) compared with control but not between groups 2 and 3. The PEFR was significantly reduced in groups 2 and 3 (p<0.001 each) compared with control but not significantly different between groups 2 and 3. Percentage oxygen saturation was significantly reduced in groups 2 and 3 (p<0.05 and p<0.001 respectively) and also significantly lower in group 2 compared with group 3 (p<0.01). In conclusion, auto mechanics in auto repair only and auto repair shops shared with spray painters have lower lung function compared with control but no significant difference in lung function between auto mechanics in stand-alone auto repair shops compared with those in auto repair shops shared with spray painters.
Effects of Clarithromycin Administration on Gastric Acid Secretion and Cytoprotection in Wistar Rats.
Ezomike NE, Ezomike UO, Osim EE
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2020 Jun · PMID 33084612
The incidence of peptic ulcer disease in Nigeria is 28% (Ndububa and Adeyemi, 2008). Clarithromycin (CLX) is used in the treatment of peptic ulcer owing to its antibacterial effect. Whether CLX has effects on other gastr...
The incidence of peptic ulcer disease in Nigeria is 28% (Ndububa and Adeyemi, 2008). Clarithromycin (CLX) is used in the treatment of peptic ulcer owing to its antibacterial effect. Whether CLX has effects on other gastrointestinal parameters that reduce peptic ulcer has not been previously investigated. Therefore the effects of CLX on gastric acid secretion, mucus secretion and gastric ulcer scores in rats were investigated. A total of 30 albino wistar rats were used for the study. Out of this number, 10 rats each were used for gastric acid secretion, mucus secretion and ulcer scores respectively. In each of these sub groups, 5 rats served as test and were treated with CLX orally and 5 rats served as control. Standard methods were used for the estimation of these parameters of gastric function. The results showed that basal gastric acid, peak acid output following histamine stimulation and mucus secretion were significantly increased (p<0.001) in CLX-treated (test) rats than in their control. Furthermore, ulcer scores were significantly reduced (p<0.001) in the CLX-treated rats than control. In conclusion, Clarithromycin administration reduced gastric ulcers in rats. This may be attributable to not only its antibiotic property but also its ability to increase gastric mucus which counteracts the aggressive effect of the acid.
The Changing Faces of a Novel Disease.
Olaleye SB
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2020 Jun · PMID 33084611
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
An Editor bows out - Tribute to former Editor, Prof. Anthony Ebeigbe as he retires.
Olaleye SB
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2020 Jun · PMID 33084610
This tribute was written to appreciate the longest-serving Editor-in-Chief in the history of this journal as he retires from active teaching and research. His contributions to the Physiological Society of Nigeria is outs...
This tribute was written to appreciate the longest-serving Editor-in-Chief in the history of this journal as he retires from active teaching and research. His contributions to the Physiological Society of Nigeria is outstanding and his relationship with colleagues highly commendable.
Cardiorenal Effects of Pharmaceutical Plant Effluent in Mice (Mus musculus).
Abdulkareem AO, Olafimihan TF, Busari SA … +2 more , Garuba A, Oladipo SO
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2019 Dec · PMID 32343273
Many pharmaceutical industries carelessly handle their effluents and indiscriminately release same to aquatic environment. These effluents often find their ways into surface and ground waters, contaminating public water...
Many pharmaceutical industries carelessly handle their effluents and indiscriminately release same to aquatic environment. These effluents often find their ways into surface and ground waters, contaminating public water and thus, serving as a potential threat to animals and human health. In this study, we investigated the cardiorenal effects of chronic oral exposure to pharmaceutical effluent in mice. Thirty male mice (Mus musculus) were randomly divided into groups A-F and treated with 0.2 mLs 0.0 %, 2.5 %, 5.0%, 10.0%, 20.0% and 40% concentration (v/v, effluent/distilled water) of the effluent for 28 days, respectively. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined in serum and heart homogenate, while uric acid, creatinine and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, bicarbonate and chloride ions) were determined in serum only. Data were expressed as Means ± standard error of mean and values were considered significant at p < 0.05. Results showed that, oral exposure to pharmaceutical effluent reduced (p < 0.05) cardiac ALP, AST and ALT activities as well as serum ALT activity. However, serum activities of ALP, creatinine and uric acid were elevated (p < 0.05). Similarly, there was derangement of electrolytes (potassium, chloride, bicarbonate and sodium ions) in the exposed mice, compared with control. This study has demonstrated that poorly treated pharmaceutical effluent disrupted cardiac and serum enzyme activities, caused electrolytes imbalance and elevated serum uric acid level, suggesting that, drinking water contaminated with pharmaceutical effluent may impair kidney and cardiac functions. Further study, investigating the histology of the kidney and heart of the pharmaceutical effluent-exposed animals as well as mechanism(s) of cardiorenal toxicity of the effluent, should be carried out to exploit its roles in pathogenesis of cardiorenal diseases.
Effects of Uvaria chamae Root Extracts on Blood Glucose, Inflammatory Markers, Lipid Profile, Liver and Renal Status in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats.
Olumese FE, Omoruyi FO, Onoagbe IO
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2019 Dec · PMID 32343272
Uvaria chamae roots are traditionally used in the treatment of diabetes in many parts of the world, but the use of the extracts in the treatment of diabetes has not been scientifically validated. Thirty-six Sprague Dawle...
Uvaria chamae roots are traditionally used in the treatment of diabetes in many parts of the world, but the use of the extracts in the treatment of diabetes has not been scientifically validated. Thirty-six Sprague Dawley rats were assigned by weight into six groups [6 rats per group, average body weight 265.23 ± 7.20g]. Diabetes mellitus was induced by a single administration of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Normal and diabetic rats were treated with aqueous or ethanolic extract (300 mg/kg body weight/day/rat) of Uvaria chamae for 35 days. Rats were allowed free access to food, and extract added to the water bottle. Animals were euthanized on day 35 after an overnight fast and blood was collected for glucose, renal function, liver, serum lipid profile, and inflammatory markers assays. The blood glucose levels decreased by 38% and 53% in the diabetic rats administered aqueous or ethanolic extract respectively compared to an increase in the diabetic control (45%). The levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C, TG/HDL-C, and non-HDL-C were decreased in untreated rats, while the HDL-C was increased when the extracts were administered. There was a diminishing trend in IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β levels in the treated diabetic groups. Serum creatinine level was slightly elevated in the diabetic group administered ethanolic extract. Overall, the consumption of Uvaria chamae extracts lowered blood glucose levels, lipid profile and increased HDL-C, while the IL-6 was decreased. The non-significant changes in renal function parameters indicated no adverse effects on the kidney in this short-term study.
Effect of Byrsocarpus Coccineus (Connaraceae) Aqueous Leaf Extract on Pancreatic Islets Volume in Type 2 Diabetic Male Wistar Rats.
Dawud FA, Iliya IA, Francis PD … +2 more , Francis I, Nafisa YW
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2019 Dec · PMID 32343271
Diabetes mellitus is a devastating illness associated with alterations in the pancreatic islet of Langerhans and the islet volume constitutes a significant variable in diabetic investigations. This study investigates the...
Diabetes mellitus is a devastating illness associated with alterations in the pancreatic islet of Langerhans and the islet volume constitutes a significant variable in diabetic investigations. This study investigates the volume of pancreatic islets in type 2 diabetic rats following treatment with aqueous extract Byrsocarpus coccineus leaves. Twenty-five male Wistar rats weighing between 100-120g were divided into five groups. Group 1 served as the normal control given distilled water while type 2 diabetes mellitus was induced by a high fat diet feeding for five weeks and a single dose of streptozotocin (35mg/kg, i.p.) in groups 2,3,4 and 5. After confirmation of diabetes, animals in groups 2,3,4 and 5 were administered normal saline, 50 mg/kg metformin, 800 mg/kg Byrsocarpus coccineus leaves leaf extract (BCLE) and 400 mg/kg BCLE respectively for 21 days. The pancreas was harvested, fixed in neutral buffered formalin and processed for stereological and histological analysis. Isotropic uniform random samples were obtained with the orientator grid. Serial sections were cut with a rotatory microtome and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin. Pancreatic islet volumes were measured with the aid of a Cavalieri estimator grid. The result showed significant (p<0.05) increase in the blood glucose level of the diabetic control group, when compared to the normal control. But blood glucose levels from groups 4 and 5 were significantly (p<0.05) decreased when compared to the diabetic control. Pancreatic islet volume estimations showed a significant decrease in the diabetic control group when compared to the normal control (p<0.05), while pancreatic islet volumes in groups 3, 4 and 5 were significantly increased when compared to the diabetic control group (p<0.05). In a likewise manner the histology of the pancreas of the diabetic control shows damaged pancreatic islet cells and surrounding tissue that was reduced in all the treated group. In conclusion the aqueous extract of Byrsocarpus coccineus has shown an anti- hyperglycaemic effect in the experimental rats and increased the volumes of the pancreatic islet cells as well as ameliorated the pathological changes in the pancreas.
Antidepressant-like effect of ethanol extract of Blighia unijugata Bak. (Sapindaceae) leaves in acute and chronic models of depression in mice.
Bakre AG, Olayemi JO, Ojo OR … +3 more , Odusanya ST, Agu GA, Aderibigbe AO
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2019 Dec · PMID 32343270
Blighia unijugata (Sapindaceae) is an indigenous tree belonging to the tropical forests of West Africa. It is called "Ako Isin" by the Yoruba people of Southern-Western part of Nigeria, where it is among plants used trad...
Blighia unijugata (Sapindaceae) is an indigenous tree belonging to the tropical forests of West Africa. It is called "Ako Isin" by the Yoruba people of Southern-Western part of Nigeria, where it is among plants used traditionally in the management of depressive psychosis. The aim of this present study was to evaluate the anti-depressant activity of ethanol extract of Blighia unijugata leaves in-vivo using acute and chronic experimental models of depression. The antidepressant activity of ethanol extract of B. unijugata leaves was investigated using acute and chronic unpredictable mild stress. Depression tests used included forced swimming, tail suspension, yohimbine induced lethality and reserpine induced depression tests. Oxidative stress markers were also assessed in the brain homogenates after chronic unpredictable mild stress. The acute toxicity studied using oral route of administration was 1414 mg/kg. The results showed that, B. unijugata produced significant reduction in immobility time in forced swimming and tail suspension tests without stimulating in locomotor activity in open field test. It was also found that B. unijugata significantly reversed diarrhea, ptosis and hypothermia in reserpine model of depression. 2.5 mg/kg B. unijugata potentiated yohimbine induced lethality in mice and also reduced the oxidative stress markers. The ethanol extract of B. unijugata leaves possessed antidepressant action, thus justifying its use in the management of mental illness.
In vivo Safety Evaluation of a Nigerian Polyherbal Mixture in Female Wistar Rats.
Olutimehin OM, Adeneye AA, Awodele O … +1 more , Soyemi SS
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2019 Dec · PMID 32343269
The present study evaluates the oral safety and oral toxicity reversibility of a Nigerian Polyherbal Mixture (NPM) in female Wistar rats. In this study, acute oral toxicity was conducted on 20 female Wistar rats using th...
The present study evaluates the oral safety and oral toxicity reversibility of a Nigerian Polyherbal Mixture (NPM) in female Wistar rats. In this study, acute oral toxicity was conducted on 20 female Wistar rats using the limit dose test of Up-And-Down Procedure of the OECD Acute Oral Toxicity Testing 425 guidelines at 5000 mg/kg of NPM. Additionally, 40 female Wistar rats (120-150 g) were divided into 4 groups (n=10) and orally treated with 10ml/kg of distilled water, 82 mg/kg, 410 mg/kg and 2050 mg/kg of NPM, respectively, for 90 days. Five rats from each group were sacrificed while the remaining rats in each group were kept for another 14 days for oral toxicities reversibility test. Blood samples and vital organs were obtained for biochemical, hematological and histological changes. Results showed that acute oral toxicity testing of NPM caused no death in any of the three sequentially treated rats and its estimated LD50 value was greater than 5000 mg/kg. Chronic oral treatment with 82-2050 mg/kg NPM caused significant elevations in the serum urea and creatinine and full blood count parameters (except differential WBC counts). The elevated renal function parameters were corroborated by dose-related histological changes of renal tubular congestions. also caused profound thrombocytosis and histopathological changes of pulmonary interstitial widening and gastritis. In conclusion, NPM may not be considered safe for consumption on prolonged use and at a high dose due to its profound tendencies to cause pulmonary fibrosis, nephrotoxicity, gastritis and thrombo-embolism. However, all the biochemical and hematological but histopathological alterations induced by NPM were reversed 14 days after the treatment cessation.
Comparative Neuroprotective Effect of Celosia argentea Linn. and Vitamin E on Mercury-induced Oxidative and Histological Parameters of Rat Brain.
Owoeye O, Obazie FI, Atiba FA … +1 more , Malomo AO
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2019 Dec · PMID 32343268
Mercury contamination of our environment in Nigeria is increasing as mining activity increases. Its exposure causes human toxicological effects which include neurotoxicity through reactive oxygen species. This study inve...
Mercury contamination of our environment in Nigeria is increasing as mining activity increases. Its exposure causes human toxicological effects which include neurotoxicity through reactive oxygen species. This study investigated the ameliorative effects of the flavonoid-rich aqueous extract of Celosia argentea (AECA) and vitamin E (VitE) in the brain of rats treated with mercuric chloride (HgCl2). Twenty-five adult male Wistar rats were randomized into five treatment groups (n=5). Group 1- control; Group 2- HgCl2 (4 mg/kg); Group 3- AECA (400 mg/kg); Group 4- HgCl2 (4 mg/kg) + AECA (400 mg/kg); Group 5- HgCl2 (4 mg/kg) + VitE (500 mg/kg). All items were administered using an oral cannula daily for 14 days. Behavioural studies were carried out on the 16th day of experiment after which rats were euthanized. Thereafter, gross, haematological and biochemical parameters [malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)] were assessed. Mercuric chloride significantly (p<0.05) reduced body weight of rats, SOD activity and GSH level but increased MDA level, CAT activity and the number of degenerated neurons in the cerebral cortex relative to control group. Microscopically, HgCl2 induced degeneration of cerebral cortical neurons and Purkinje neurons of the cerebellum. Treatment of HgCl2 and AECA and VitE caused a reversal of these HgCl2-induced alterations. The behavioural and haematological parameters were not significantly affected through the groups. The results suggest Celosia argentea Linn and vitamin E protected against mercury-induced gross, oxidative, cerebral and cerebellar damage. Both AECA and Vitamin E demonstrated neuroprotection in this experiment.
Sexual Dimorphism in Osteometric Indices of Kuri Cattle Skulls.
Gambo BG, Yahaya A, Abdulhamid MB … +1 more , Olopade JO
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2019 Dec · PMID 32343267
This work investigated 30 skulls of the Kuri cattle comprising 15 males and 15 females, of three age groups, 10 young (9 months to less than 3 years), 10 middle aged (3 to 5 years) and 10 aged (greater than 5 years). The...
This work investigated 30 skulls of the Kuri cattle comprising 15 males and 15 females, of three age groups, 10 young (9 months to less than 3 years), 10 middle aged (3 to 5 years) and 10 aged (greater than 5 years). The skulls were prepared using hot water maceration technique. Using Ruler, thread and divider; 59 Osteometric parameters were taken to determine sexual dimorphism, only 6 indices showed statistically significant differences between the sexes. These indices were maximum intercondylar width (MICW), right supraorbital foramen to interfrontal suture (ISRSOF), left supraorbital foramen to interfrontal suture (ISLSOF), lateral intercornual length (LICL), intertemporal line width (ITLW) and horn base circumference (HBC). The female had longer viscerocranial length (VCrL) both on the nasal and palatal aspects, but were wider in the male. The male had longer and wider neurocranium. The paracondylar process length (PCPL) was longer in the female, but the male had wider interparacondylar width (IPCW) and maximum intercondylar width (MICW) While the ISRSOF significant difference appeared only at the middle-age group at p<0.05, the ISLSOF did not differ significantly at any particular age group but only overall mean of all the three age groups (n=15) presented the difference significantly. The MICW showed significant difference (p<0.05) at two age groups; young and the middle-age. The LICL and ITLW values are highly significant (p<0.01) and the HBC value was also significant (p<0.05) all at the middle age. No significant difference was recorded between the two sexes in the aged Kuri cattle; indicating that the female tends to progressively increase in size beyond 5 years old thereby making these values insignificant from the male counterpart at old age. In conclusion, the middle-age Kuri cattle have the most sexually dimorphic osteometric landmarks in the skull with the male having higher values than the female. This data will be useful for anatomical, developmental, anthropological forensic and clinical studies, and form basis for comparison with other breeds of cattle.
Protective Effects of Magnesium Chloride on Liver Enzymes and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in high fat diet fed Rats.
Mohammed KA, Goji ADT, Tanko Y … +2 more , Muhammed A, Salisu IA
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2019 Dec · PMID 32343266
The excessive consumption of high cholesterol diet has been associated with an increased incidence of obesity. This is because obesity induced pathologies with high mortality, such as complications of dyslipidaemia, diab...
The excessive consumption of high cholesterol diet has been associated with an increased incidence of obesity. This is because obesity induced pathologies with high mortality, such as complications of dyslipidaemia, diabetes mellitus, arthritis, hypertension, myocardial infarction, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the associated, disease are enhanced by formation of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and hypercholesterolaemia. Magnesium chloride is found to be beneficial in a wide range of diseases. Magnesium is one of the most neglected mineral in human body. It is crucial for a healthy and lasting life. Magnesium is responsible for the activation of more than 300 enzymes in the body. The present study intends to determine the protective effect of magnesium chloride on liver enzyme and biomarker of oxidative stress in high fat diet fed rats. Twenty (20) adult Male Wistar rats weighing (100 - 150) grams randomly divided into three treatments and one control groups of five rats each (n = 5). Group I Normal control receive normal feed only for 6weeks, Group II received high fat diet only for 6weeks, Group III received high fat diet with 250 mg/kg for 6weeks of mgcl2 and Group IV received 500 mg/kg for 6weeks of MgCl2 respectively all treatments were administered via oral route, at the end of the sixth week rats were euthanized and blood samples were drawn from the heart by cardiac puncture and used to estimate oxidative stress biomarkers (Superoxide dismutase, Catalase and Glutathione peroxidase), lipid peroxidation biomarkers (Malondialdehyde) and liver enzymes. Analysis of variance and Turkey's post hoc test were used to analyze the data obtained. In relation to the liver enzyme, the showed that there was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in value of AST, ALT and ALP in the group co-administered with the doses of the Magnesium chloride to compared to the control. For the oxidative stress biomarkers assessed, the results showed that there was significant decrease (P < 0.05) in the SOD, CAT and GPx level of the high fat diet fed groups, co-administered with 250 and 500 MgCl2, when compared with the high fat diet fed group only. Also, the lipid peroxidation shows significant (p<0.05) decrease in the groups administered the two doses of Magnesium chloride (250 and 500 mg/kg) respectively as compared to control. In relation to the liver enzyme, the showed that there were significant (p<0.05) changes in value of AST, ALT and ALP in the group co-administered with the two doses of the Magnesium chloride compared to the control. The result showed that high-fat diet induces ROS, dyslipidaemia and release of biological metabolite, as evidenced by the rise in oxidative stress and activities of liver enzymes. MgCl2 administration also protected the body against rise in the metabolites despite consumption of high-fat diet by the Wistar Rats.
Effects of Castration on Epidural Administration of Lidocaine-Tramadol in West African Dwarf (Wad) Goats.
Olaifa AK, Oguntoye CO
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2019 Dec · PMID 32343265
Epidural anesthesia is routinely used in ruminants for obstetric manipulations and caudal surgical procedures owing to complications associated with general anaesthesia in this species. Castration is a common farm practi...
Epidural anesthesia is routinely used in ruminants for obstetric manipulations and caudal surgical procedures owing to complications associated with general anaesthesia in this species. Castration is a common farm practice for derived production benefits. The responses of a castrate to anaesthesia may differ from that of an intact animal because of possible anaesthetic-hormonal interplay. This study compared the anaesthetic indices, haemato- biochemical parameters (PCV, Hb, WBC, PLT, Na+, K+, Cl-, urea, creatinine, Cu2+) between castrated and intact goats subjected to epidural anaesthesia with tramadol-lidocaine mixture. Experimental animals were six West African Dwarf (WAD) goats (3 intact and 3 castrated bucks). The drugs were administered into the lumbosacral epidural space. Heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature at 15minutes interval for 90minutes and anaesthetic indices were taken. Blood was obtained for haematology and serum chemistry before drug administration and hourly thereafter for three hours. The onset of drug action in the castrated goats (1.7±0.9 min) compared well with that of the non-castrated goats (2.0±0.0min). However, the duration of analgesia was significantly shorter in the castrated goats (26.7±5.2min) than in the non-castrated goats (83.7±20.8 min), while the duration of recumbency was significantly longer in the castrated goats (23.3 ± 8. 6min) than in the non- castrates (14.8 ± 3.7min). Mean heart rates ranged between 96.0±6.1 to 116.0±16.2 beats/min for non- castrated goats and 94.7±14.8 to 121.0 ±8.1beats/min for the castrated goats. Mean respiratory rates ranged between 60.0±14.4 to 89.3±16.2 breaths/min and 61.0± 31.5 to 122.3±10.0 in the non -castrated and castrated goats respectively. Mean temperature ranged between 39.6±0.4 to 40.8±0.4°C in the non-castrated goats and 40.3±0.3 to 41.4±0.3°C in the castrated goats. Anaesthetic indices and haematobiological parameters were compared using Student's t-test, while physiological parameters were compared using ANOVA for repeated measures. There was reduction in pre-treatment values of some of the haematological, biochemical and hormonal values especially urea in the non- castrate (pre-treatment value-of 22±4.16 and 3-hour post treatment value of 13.3±0.33). The combination of tramadol-lignocaine epidurally is safe in castrate animals as well as in intact animals especially West African dwarf goats as there were no deleterious effects. However, further studies could combine adrenaline for prolonged recumbency when required.
Alterations in Gonadal Oxidative Stress Markers and Reproductive Function of Balb/C Mice Infected with Plasmodium Berghei.
Ekhoye EI, Aloamaka CP, Nwangwa EK
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2019 Dec · PMID 32343264
Infertility is generally regarded as a major clinical problem, and it adversely affects people both psychologically and medically. In this study, the changes in gonadal oxidative stress markers and reproductive function...
Infertility is generally regarded as a major clinical problem, and it adversely affects people both psychologically and medically. In this study, the changes in gonadal oxidative stress markers and reproductive function of BALB/c mice were investigated. Forty-eight (48) BALB/c mice acquired for this study were randomly divided into four (4) groups of eight (8) mice each. Each group was further sub-divided into male and female groups with equal number of mice. The groups were represented as thus: Group A: normal mice; Group B: mice infected with Plasmodium berghei; Group C: Plasmodium berghei infected mice treated with Artemether/Lumefantrine; Group D: Plasmodium berghei infected mice treated with Vitamin E. The experimental mice were inoculated with the Plasmodium berghei, and the parasites were confirmed in the mice four days later before the commencement of the experiments. After the experimental procedures which lasted for fourteen (14) days, the mice were sacrificed, blood samples collected for serum testosterone, estrogen and progesterone assay; semen were collected for semen analysis; and testes and ovaries were harvested for histological analyses and oxidative stress marker determination. Result show that Plasmodium berghei significantly (p<0.05) decreased the sperm count, percentage of sperm with progressive motility and percentage of sperm with normal morphology. The parasites also decreased the serum concentrations of testosterone and progesterone. Plasmodium berghei, also caused significant (p<0.05) reductions in testicular and ovarian activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione and peroxidase catalase while significantly (p<0.05) increasing the malonaldehyde level. The parasites also caused marked histological distortions in the testes and ovaries of the mice. Treatment with Artemether/Lumefantrine and Vitamin E separately reversed the detrimental changes induced by the parasites by increasing the semen quality and hormonal concentrations. Treatment with Artemether/Lumefantrine and Vitamin E also decreased the oxidative stress level of the gonads and improved the histological features of the testes and ovaries of the infected mice. This study therefore showed Plasmodium berghei infection posed anti-fertility threat while treatment with Artemether/Lumefantrine and Vitamin E ameliorates the effect of the parasites.
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