Nigerian Journal Of Physiological Sciences[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Comparative Efficacy of Soft Tissue Massage and Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation in the Management of Hemiplegic Shoulder Pain.
Badaru UM
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2020 Dec · PMID 34009203
BACKGROUND: Hemiplegic Shoulder pain (HSP) is a common clinical consequence of focal cerebral insult. The study investigated the comparative efficacy of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) and Soft Tissue...
BACKGROUND: Hemiplegic Shoulder pain (HSP) is a common clinical consequence of focal cerebral insult. The study investigated the comparative efficacy of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) and Soft Tissue Massage (STM) in the management HSP. METHOD: A total of 50 consenting stroke patients with HSP completed the 8 weeks pretest posttest quasi-experimental study. They were assigned into either TENS or STM groups using simple random sampling. Both TENS and STM treatments were administered on subscapularis, supraspinatus and posterior deltoid muscles for 16 sessions. HSP was evaluated pre and post intervention with visual analog scale. Within and between group differences in HSP were compared using paired and unpaired t-tests respectively with SPSS version 16.0 with probability level of 0.05 to indicate level of significance. RESULTS: The age of patients in the TENS and STM groups was 56±9.26years and 57±7.51years respectively. Duration of stroke was 10±6 months and 9±4 months for TENS and STM groups respectively. There was no significant between group differences in HSP at baseline (TENS=4.76±2.17; STM=5.48±2.06; p>0.05). Within group comparison of HSP scores pre and post intervention in the TENS group indicated a significant reduction (P<0.05); also the same applies to STM group (P<0.05). When the post treatment HPS scores were compared across the groups, there was a significant difference in favor of TENS group (TENS=1.48±0.51; STM=2.12±1.17; p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Both TENS and STM contribute to the modulation of HSP in stroke patients and both could become handy in augmenting other forms of management. However TENS is more effective.
Vinpocetine prevents haloperidol-induced cognitive and working memory deficits through attenuation of oxidative and nitrosative stress in mice.
Ishola IO, Isaac AI, Adeyemi OO
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2020 Dec · PMID 34009202
Vinpocetine has been shown to protect against degenerative senile cerebral dysfunction via enhancement of cerebral blood flow, cognition and neuroprotective action. This study sought to investigate the protective effect...
Vinpocetine has been shown to protect against degenerative senile cerebral dysfunction via enhancement of cerebral blood flow, cognition and neuroprotective action. This study sought to investigate the protective effect of vinpocetine against haloperidol-induced catalepsy in mice. Vinpocetine (5, 10 or 20 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered 1 h after haloperidol injection for 21 consecutive days. Effect on motor coordination, depressive-like behaviour and working memory were assessed with rotarod, forced swim (FST) and Y-maze tests, respectively. Brains were collected on day 21 for biochemical estimation of nitrosative and oxidative stress parameters. Vinpocetine (10 or 20 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reversed haloperidol-induced motor deficit in rotarod test and open field test and reduced the duration of catalepsy during acute and chronic catalepsy tests as compared to trihexylphenidyl but failed to reverse haloperidol-induced memory deficit in the Y-maze test. Haloperidol-induced increase in malondialdehyde and nitrite generation as well as deficits in antioxidant enzymes activities were attenuated by chronic administration of vinpocetine. These findings suggest that vinpocetine protects against haloperidol-induced catalepsy and motor deficits through attenuation of oxidative/nitrosative stress.
Influence of Varying Degree of Wood Dust Exposure on Pulmonary Function and Respiratory Symptoms among Wood Workers in Kano, North Western Nigeria.
Wali NY
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2020 Dec · PMID 34009201
One of the major occupation-related health challenges encountered by wood workers is respiratory disorder, which usually results from breathing in noxious or toxic chemicals such as wood dust. The aim of this study is to...
One of the major occupation-related health challenges encountered by wood workers is respiratory disorder, which usually results from breathing in noxious or toxic chemicals such as wood dust. The aim of this study is to evaluate the respiratory functions and symptoms among wood workers exposed to varying degrees of wood dust in Kano, Nigeria. This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 370 randomly selected wood workers in Kano wood market. Lung function test was performed, while semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaire was used to rate respiratory symptoms. The study demonstrated that there was low percentage predicted force expiratory volume at one minute (PPFEV1) and percentage predicted ratio of FEV1 and FVC, whereas, the percentage predicted forced vital capacity (PPFVC) of the respondents across all age groups remained unchanged. Similarly, a negative correlation was observed between degree of exposure to the hazards and lung function of the workers (r = -0.655, P-Value = 0.0001). A statistically significant association existed between exposure to wood dust and respiratory symptoms, thereby contributing to the observed manifestation of respiratory symptoms such as chronic cough, corrhiza, breathlessness and wheezing among 61% of wood dust exposed workers. Keywords: Wood workers, Wood dust, Occupational hazard, Lung function, Respiratory symptoms.
Effect of Tamsulosin Administration on Oral Glucose Tolerance (OGT) In Normal Wistar Rats.
Dikko M, Sarkingobir Y, Umar AI
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2020 Dec · PMID 34009200
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of administration of tamsulosin on oral glucose tolerance in normal Wistar rats. Forty (40) male albino Wistar rats were selected and divided into four (4) groups o...
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of administration of tamsulosin on oral glucose tolerance in normal Wistar rats. Forty (40) male albino Wistar rats were selected and divided into four (4) groups of ten (10) rats each, viz, GROUP I, II, III and IV. Group I (Normal control): Distilled water (5ml/kg), Group II (Positive control): Carvedilol(800µg/kg), Group III (Tamsulosin treated): Tamsulosin (12µg/kg), Group IV (Tamsulosin treated): Tamsulosin (40µg/kg).Different treatments of Distilled water, Carvedilol and Tamsulosin were administered once every day orally for the period of six (6) weeks. After the 6th week of the study, all the treatments were withdrawn for a further 2 weeks (7th and 8th weeks). The Animals underwent 8 hours fasting. OGTT was done at baseline (0th), and then at3rd, 6th, 7thand 8th weeks. The blood glucose of all the animals was measured via tip tail incision at 0hours (pre-glucose load). Then, 2g/kg of D(+)-glucose powder dissolved in distilled water was administered to all the animals orally; after which blood samples were measured via tail tip incision at 30, 60 and 120 minutes using standard glucometer. ANOVA and Tukey Kramer post hoc test was used. The results were revealed therein. At the baseline of the study, 2nd, 3rd week, the groups of rats treated with carvedilol (positive control),tamsulosin high dose (40µg/kg) or low dose (12µg/kg) did not show any significant difference (P>0.05) in total area under the oral glucose tolerance curve compared to the normal control group and other inter group comparison. At the 6th week of the study, the group of rats treated with carvedilol (positive control), tamsulosin low dose (12µg/kg) and tamsulosin high dose (40µg/kg) revealed significantly higher values (P<0.05) of total area under the oral glucose tolerance curve compared to the normal control group. Other inter-group comparisons were not significantly different (P>0.05). At the 7th week of the study, the group of rats treated with carvedilol (positive control), tamsulosin low dose (12µg/kg) and tamsulosin high dose (40µg/kg) revealed no significant differences (P>0.05) in total area under the oral glucose tolerance curve compared to normal control group and other inter-groups comparison. At the 8th week of the study (two weeks after treatments withdrawal), only group of rats treated with carvedilol (positive control) revealed a significant higher values (P<0.05) of total area under the oral glucose tolerance curve than the normal control group. Other inter-group comparisons were not significantly different. The current study revealed that tamsulosin affects the glucose tolerance of the Wistar rats, thereby causing hyperglycemia.
Intestinal Glucose Release Following Insulin-induced Hypoglycemia in Dogs: Implication of Gluconeogenesis and Glycogenolysis.
Shittu ST, Alada AA, Oyebola D
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2020 Dec · PMID 34009199
This study was designed to investigate the source of the glucose released by the small intestine during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in dogs. Experiments were carried out on fasted, male, anaesthetized mongrel dogs divi...
This study was designed to investigate the source of the glucose released by the small intestine during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia in dogs. Experiments were carried out on fasted, male, anaesthetized mongrel dogs divided into 3 groups (n = 5 each). Group 1 received normal saline (0.2 ml/kg) and served as the control while groups 2-3 were injected with low (5 i.u/kg) and high (8 i.u/kg) doses of insulin. The left femoral artery and vein were cannulated for arterial sampling and intravenous administration route, respectively. Through a midline laparatomy, a vein draining the upper jejunum was cannulated for Intestinal Blood Flow (IBF) measurement and jejunal venous sampling. In stabilized animals, basal measurement of IBF and levels of glucose and lactate in blood were obtained prior to the injections and monitored for 90 minutes post injection. Intestinal Glucose/Lactate Uptake was calculated as the product of IBF and arterio-venous glucose /lactate difference. Jejunal tissue samples were obtained for the determination of Glycogen Content and activities of glycogen synthase, glycogen phosphorylase 'a', hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphatase. Data are presented as Mean ± SEM and compared by student's t-test and ANOVA. Intestinal blood flow was significantly increased by insulin. Within 20 minutes post injection of insulin, glucose uptake was negative while lactate uptake increased. Glycogen content, glycogen synthase activity and hexokinase activity were significantly reduced in the insulin treated groups compared with the control while glycogen phosphorylase 'a' and glucose-6-phosphatase activities were increased significantly. In conclusion, the glucose released during insulin-induced hypoglycemia may receive inputs from the breaking down of glycogen and synthesis of glucose within the small intestine.
Effect of furosemide on dexmedetomidine anaesthesia in cats.
Oguntoye O
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2020 Dec · PMID 34009198
The effects of intramuscular (IM) administrations of 10mcg/kg dexmedetomidine, followed 10 minutes later by either IM injection of 10mg/kg ketamine alone (DK) or with 2.5 mg/kg furosemide (DKF) were assessed in five he...
The effects of intramuscular (IM) administrations of 10mcg/kg dexmedetomidine, followed 10 minutes later by either IM injection of 10mg/kg ketamine alone (DK) or with 2.5 mg/kg furosemide (DKF) were assessed in five healthy cats (3 males and 2 females) using selected anaesthetic indices (Time to onset of anaesthesia (OA), Duration of Analgesia (DA), Duration of Recumbency (DR), and Time to Standing (TS), as well as, changes in heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and rectal temperature (RT) , following loss of righting reflex, and at 10 min intervals for 60-minute. The OA for DKF group (2.2 ±0.45 min) was not significantly (P>0.05) different from that for DK group (2.4± 1.14 min). The DA (42.6 ±13.01min) and DR (71.6 ±17.94min) for DKF group were longer than respective values of DA (31.8± 14.3) and DR (51.2 ± 16.2min) for the DK group. The TS for DKF (3.6 ± 2.8 min) was shorter than TS (8.0±3.8) for DK. However, these differences were not statistically significant (P ˃ 0.05). HR, RR and RT were from 84.8 ± 8.7 to 113.2±30.7 beats/min, 17.4± 6.2 to 48.8 ±12.1 breaths/min and from 36.0±0.5 to 37.6 ± 0.6°C (DKF); 96.0±19.4 beats/min, 24.8±19.1 to 71.2 ± 34.3breaths/min and from 35.1±1.2 to 37.6 ±0.8 °C. There were no significant differences (P ˃ 0.05) in the vital parameters between the DKF and DK treatments. The values for HR and RR for DKF were generally lower than those for DK group. It was concluded that concurrent administration of furosemide with dexmedetomidine- anaesthesia in cats prolonged the duration of analgesia and recumbency but had no effect on onset of anaesthesia. A cat on this anaesthetic combination concurrently placed on furosemide medication will therefore need to be carefully monitored until full recovery.
Plasma Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Responses to Salt-Loading in Salt-Sensitive and Salt-Resistant Normotensive and Hypertensive Nigerians.
Abidoye O
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2020 Dec · PMID 34009197
Salt-sensitivity is more common in blacks than whites but the underlying cause is not fully known. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentrations might play a role. This study investigated plasma ANP concentrations and...
Salt-sensitivity is more common in blacks than whites but the underlying cause is not fully known. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentrations might play a role. This study investigated plasma ANP concentrations and effect of salt-loading in salt-sensitive (SS) and salt-resistant (SR) normotensive (NT) and hypertensive (HT) Nigerians of both genders Forty-three (43) apparently healthy (NT) adult volunteers and thirty-seven (37) age-matched newly diagnosed (HT) Nigerians were grouped into SS and SR volunteers based on the mean changes in their mean arterial blood pressure ≥ 5 mmHg, following a 5-day administration of 200 mmol of sodium in each of the volunteers. ANP concentrations were determined before and after salt loading. Prevalence of SS and SR in the NT and HT Nigerians was 51.2% and 48.8%, respectively. Basal ANP levels in SS and SR NT and HT participants were similar but salt significantly raised ANP concentrations in SS (p < 0.01), SR (p < 0.001) NT volunteers only. Besides, basal ANP concentrations observed in SS and SR NT and HT males and females were similar but salt loading significantly increased ANP levels in SS NT males (p <0.05), SR NT (p < 0.001) and HT (p < 0.05) females only. These findings showed that salt-sensitive hypertensive individuals demonstrated a blunted ANP response to salt loading. However, salt-resistant normotensive volunteers showed a significant increase in ANP concentrations. with higher levels in NT females than males. The impaired ANP response to salt challenge might be the basis for the higher prevalence of salt-sensitivity among blacks.
Blood pressure, hematologic and biochemical changes following L-arginine supplementation in children with sickle cell anaemia already on hydroxyurea therapy.
Temiye EO, Eimunjeze OP, Ogungbemi SI … +1 more , Jaja SI
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2020 Dec · PMID 34009196
Hydroxyurea is an approved therapy in the management of children suffering from sickle cell disease (SCD). In adults co-administration of hydroxyurea and L-Arginine in adult sufferers of SCD had shown some benefits. This...
Hydroxyurea is an approved therapy in the management of children suffering from sickle cell disease (SCD). In adults co-administration of hydroxyurea and L-Arginine in adult sufferers of SCD had shown some benefits. This study examined the effect of co-administration of hydroxyurea (15-35mg/kg/day) and L-Arginine (500 mg/day) for 6 weeks on blood pressure, haematological parameters, liver and antioxidant enzymes levels. The levels of these parameters when the subjects were on hydroxyurea alone were taken as control values. Results showed that the combined therapy (HU + L-Arginine) decreased SBP, DBP, MAP and PP (p <0.01 in each case) but increased %HbF, Hb and PCV (p< o.001 in each case). It elevated CAT, SOD, GPX (p < 0.001 in each case) but depressed MDA, AST, ALT and ALP (p < 0.001 in each case). The study shows that L-Arginine used as an adjunct to hydroxyurea therapy may be beneficial to children suffering from sickle cell anaemia.
The Foetal Anatomy and Allantoic Placenta of An African Fruit Bat (Epomops franqueti).
Olude MA, Aina OO, Obasa AA … +2 more , Adeyanju TE, Olopade JO
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2020 Dec · PMID 34009195
Bats and human biological structures are believed to be similar in terms of phylogeny, reproductive biology, and early development. Adequate knowledge of placental morphology will have important implications for research...
Bats and human biological structures are believed to be similar in terms of phylogeny, reproductive biology, and early development. Adequate knowledge of placental morphology will have important implications for research and in comparative anatomy. This report is a part of on-going studies on the African fruit bat species and is a case report from an incidental discovery of the foetus and placenta in an African fruit bat (Epomops franqueti) captured for research.
Hepato-Genoprotective Activities of Methanol Extract of The Stem Bark of Adansonia Digitata LINN. In Wistar Rats Challenged with Sodium Arsenite.
Adegoke A, Gbadegesin MA, Odunola OA
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2020 Dec · PMID 34009194
Arsenic exposure is an issue of concern in developing countries, consequently leading to arsenicosis which has been implicated in the development of cancers. The stem bark of Adansonia digitata (SBAD) has many traditiona...
Arsenic exposure is an issue of concern in developing countries, consequently leading to arsenicosis which has been implicated in the development of cancers. The stem bark of Adansonia digitata (SBAD) has many traditional medicinal uses. The aim of the present study was to assess the antigenotoxic and hepatoprotective effects of methanol extract of SBAD (MESBAD) against sodium arsenite - induced toxicities in Wistar rats. These were assessed using the micronucleus induction assay and liver function tests with histology respectively. Thirty (30) rats distributed into six groups of five animals each were used for the experiment. Negative control (distilled water and rat pellets only), positive control [2.5 mg/kg body weight of sodium arsenite (SA)]. Test animals were challenged with SA and treated with 300 or 400 mg/kg body weight of MESBAD. The phytochemical analysis was also carried out according to standard procedures. The SA significantly (p<0.05) increased the activities of aspartate aminotransferace (AST) and the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (nMPCEs) induced in the bone marrow as compared with the negative control. Treatment with MESBAD significantly (p<0.05) reduced the activities of AST and nMPCEs induced, histopatological examination of the liver showed that MESBAD reduced the severe portal and central venous congestion induced by SA, phytochemical analysis showed that MESBAD possess high concentration of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and total polyphenols. Methanol extract of the stem bark of Adansonia digitata mitigates SA-induced toxicities probably through radical scavenging activities.
Sars-Cov-2 Infection Screening Using Two Serological Testing Methods.
Arinola OG, Edem VF, Rahamon SK … +3 more , Yaqub SA, Fashina AO, Alonge TO
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2020 Dec · PMID 34009193
The challenges associated with adequate deployment of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) in developing countries underscores the important role of simple but sensitive and specific serological testing kits in COVID...
The challenges associated with adequate deployment of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) in developing countries underscores the important role of simple but sensitive and specific serological testing kits in COVID-19 diagnosis. Presently, there are a number of point-of-care tests for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) screening. However, the reliability of these test kits is poorly documented and hence, needs to be ascertained. This study was therefore designed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of two serological test kits for COVID-19 screening with the view to providing necessary information on the suitability of their deployment as routine test kits for SARS-CoV-2 in Nigeria. Forty-seven (47) asymptomatic adults who had been tested for SARS-CoV-2 with the real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase-chain reaction (RT-PCR) were enrolled into this study. Blood samples were obtained for qualitative determination of serum IgM and IgG antibodies to the S-antigen of SARS-CoV-2 using a commercially available IgM and IgG Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The association between the test kits (ELISA and RDT) and PCR in diagnosing COVID-19 was determined using the Fisher's Exact test at P<0.05. The sensitivity and specificity of the test kits were determined using ROC while the Positive Predictive Value (PPV), Negative Predictive Value (NPV), Positive Likelihood Ratio (PLR), Negative Likelihood Ratio (NLR), Diagnostic Odds Ratio (DOR) and accuracy were calculated as appropriate. Twenty-eight (59.6%) of the study participants had positive PCR result. ELISA and RDT identified 20 (42.6%) and 13 (27.7%) participants respectively as having anti- SARS COV-2 specific antibodies. ELISA had a better sensitivity performance, NPV, PLR, DOR and accuracy than the RDT while the RDT had a better specificity performance than ELISA. The proportion of participants with anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibody identified using ELISA was significantly higher compared with RDT. In contrast, the proportion of participants with positive anti- SARS COV-2 IgG antibody identified using RDT was significantly higher compared with ELISA. ELISA has a better sensitivity for detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike-protein specific antibodies than the RDT. However, combination of RDT and ELISA for the detection of anti-SARS-COV-2 antibodies might be useful for population COVID-19 screening.
Profile of a Don - Prof. Eme Osim Retires.
Owu DU
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2021 Feb · PMID 34009192
Prof Eme E. Osim served Editor-in-Chief of Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences between 1999 and 2009. This tribute highlights his immense contributions to the development of the journal and academia.
Prof Eme E. Osim served Editor-in-Chief of Nigerian Journal of Physiological Sciences between 1999 and 2009. This tribute highlights his immense contributions to the development of the journal and academia.
Histomorphometry of Rat Testes Following Intestinal Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury and Splenectomy.
Olatunji-Akioye A
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2020 Dec · PMID 34009191
Intestinal Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury as distinct from Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury is what occurs when blood supply to the intestines is cut off either inadvertently in some gastrointestinal emergencies or during abdo...
Intestinal Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury as distinct from Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury is what occurs when blood supply to the intestines is cut off either inadvertently in some gastrointestinal emergencies or during abdominal surgical interventions. The phenomenon leads to formation of reactive oxygen species and subsequent up-regulation upon reaching the spleen and consequent effects in organs of the body such as increased sperm cell abnormalities. The changes which occur in the intestine and some distant organs due to remote effects of intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion have been demonstrated but there is paucity of information on these effects on the testes with implications on fertility which was investigated in this study. Fifteen adult male Wistar rats were used for this study. Group A was the control in which a sham laparatomy was done, Group B, in which intestinal ischaemia- reperfusion was set up and C in which splenectomy was done before setting up intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion by clamping the superior mesenteric artery. The ishaemia was for an hour and reperfusion also for an hour. Following reperfusion, portions of the intestines, epididymis and testes were harvested. Histomorphometry of intestines revealed a villus height of 93.98µm, 91.44µm, and 110.48µm in control, intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion and splenectomised rats and villi width of 24.5µm, 24.6µm and 38.5µm respectively. Testicular histomorphometry revealed seminal tubular diameter as189µm, 197µm and 215µm and luminal diameter of 58µm, 59µm and 62µm. Histopathology revealed congestion, desquamation and defoliation of germinal epithelium in all three groups but control rats had sperm cells present. In IIR group tubular damage and oedema were present and sperm cells were absent but in splenectomised rat, sperm cells were present in some tubules and absent in others but no tubular damage was observed. Splenectomy does exert a protective effect on intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion by moderating the effects in remote organs, as seen in testes.
Some Aspects of Neuromorphology, and the Co-localization of Glial Related Markers in the Brains of Striped Owl (Asioclamator) from North East Nigeria.
Olopade JO, Karatu AL, Olopade FE … +3 more , Folarin OR, Ladagu AD, Kwari HD
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2020 Jun · PMID 33084626
The striped owl (Asioclamator) is unique with its brownish white facial disc and they are found in the north eastern part of Nigeria. Little is known in the literature on the basic neuroanatomy of this species. This stud...
The striped owl (Asioclamator) is unique with its brownish white facial disc and they are found in the north eastern part of Nigeria. Little is known in the literature on the basic neuroanatomy of this species. This study focuses on the histology and glial expression of some brain regions of the striped owl. Five owls were obtained in the wild, and their brains were routinely prepared for Haematoxylin and Eosin, and Cresyl violet staining. Immunostaining was done with anti-Calbindin, anti MBP, anti-GFAP, and anti-Iba-1 antibodies; for the expression of cerebellar Purkinje cells and white matter, cerebral astrocytes and microglia cells respectively. These were qualitatively described. We found that the hippocampal formation of the striped owl, though unique, is very similar to what is seen in mammals. The cerebellar cortex is convoluted, has a single layer of Purkinje cells with profuse dendritic arborization, a distinct external granular cell layer, and a prominent stem of white matter were seen in this study. The astrocytic population in cerebral gray is similar, though lacking in many processes as is typical in protoplasmic astrocytes, while the microglia were not strongly stained. The few stained microglia cells did not, however, show any features of activation. The striped owl's brain reveals some conserved aspects of cellular neuroanatomy in both the avian and mammals that are typical in these species. More work is however needed particularly in age related differences in these structures. This is perhaps the first report of Calbindin immunostaining in the brain of the striped owl.
Relaxation Responses of Ketamine and Propofol to Vasoactive Agents in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.
Facey J, Young L, Nwokocha C
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2020 Jun · PMID 33084625
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major risk factor for the development of endothelial dysfunction which affects the ability of blood vessels to regulate vascular tone. The study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of vasodila...
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major risk factor for the development of endothelial dysfunction which affects the ability of blood vessels to regulate vascular tone. The study aimed to investigate the mechanisms of vasodilator action of the anaesthetic agents ketamine and propofol in diabetic rat aorta. 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two equal groups: (i) non-diabetic control (ii) Streptozotocin-induced diabetic group. DM was induced by a single intra-peritoneal injection of streptozotocin at 50 mg/kg body weight. Blood samples were taken from the tail vein after 24 hours and tested for glucose level using an automated glucose analyser. A blood glucose ≥10 mmol/L confirmed hyperglycaemia and the development of DM. Rats were sacrificed, and the aortae excised. The vascular responses of aortic rings from both groups to ketamine, propofol in the presence of vasoactive agents were studied using standard organ bath procedures. Ketamine and propofol reduced Phe-induced contraction similarly in the diabetic and control groups. Barium chloride, attenuated the relaxation response to propofol in diabetic aorta when compared to ketamine. 4-aminopyridine significantly attenuated the relaxation response to ketamine and propofol in diabetic aorta. Glibenclamide, significantly reduced ketamine-induced relaxation in diabetic aorta when compared to propofol. Activation of K+ channels with nicorandil or NS1619 did not affect the relaxation response to ketamine or propofol in diabetic aorta. The results recommend that propofol can be effective in mitigating the consequences of hemodynamic instability in glibenclamide treated diabetics when compared to ketamine. This response is mediated by propofol-induced inhibition of intracellular calcium influx.
Immune Responses During Human Coronavirus Infection: Suggestions for Future Studies.
Arinola OG
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2020 Jun · PMID 33084624
Severe Acute Respiratory human Coronavirus 2 (SARS-hCOV 2) infection which began in December 2019 has rapidly disseminated worldwide due to non-availability of anti-viral treatment or vaccine, no knowledge of virus-human...
Severe Acute Respiratory human Coronavirus 2 (SARS-hCOV 2) infection which began in December 2019 has rapidly disseminated worldwide due to non-availability of anti-viral treatment or vaccine, no knowledge of virus-human interaction, lack of prognostic factors for stages of illness and ability of hCoV 2 to rapidly mutate and infect multiple cell types. Host inflammation and evasion of host immune responses by viruses are believed to play major roles in disease severity of human Corona viruses (hCoVs), thus uses of anti-inflammatory and immune-boosting agents apart from complete multi-disciplinary approach are suggested to combat the ranvaging SAR-hCOV 2 infection. This paper related the structural proteins and life cycle of CoV with host immune responses to CoV. This is to bring out gaps in knowledge for possible future researches.
Long-Term Hyperglycemia Impairs Hormonal Balance and Induces Oxidative Damage in Ovaries of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Wistar Rat.
Olawale F, I I A, U I A … +1 more , Nwozo SO
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2020 Jun · PMID 33084623
Reproductive dysfunction following insulin deficiency in Diabetes Mellitus has been well reported among diabetic patients. However, the mechanism through which Diabetes alters reproductive function remains oblivion. Whil...
Reproductive dysfunction following insulin deficiency in Diabetes Mellitus has been well reported among diabetic patients. However, the mechanism through which Diabetes alters reproductive function remains oblivion. While most studies have focused on diabetes mellitus in male subjects, there have been cases on altered reproductive functions in females. These present study aims to investigate the effect of long term hyperglycemia on diabetic rats' ovary. Female Wistar rats were assigned into control and diabetic group, each consisting of five animals. The later was induced with STZ (50mg/Kg intraperitoneal injection) and the animals were sacrificed after 14 weeks. The blood glucose, body and organ weight, serum hormone level along with oxidative stress parameters of the ovary and uterus were determined. Histology of the ovary and expression levels of CD79 in the ovary was also assessed. The weight of the diabetic rats after the experiment was significantly lower (p<0.05) than the control. The level of Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing hormone and estrogen was significantly lower in the diabetic group. The antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-s-transferase (GST) were significantly lower in the diabetic ovary and uterus while the Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration significantly increased compared to the control group. Histological observation of the ovary showed signs of chronic inflammation and immunohistochemistry for CD79 showed positive expression in the diabetic ovary. Our research findings suggest that Diabetes mellitus alters ovarian health by altering hormonal balance and stimulating oxidative damage.
Combating COVID-19 Lockdown Inactivity in the African Population: Use of Cultural practices and One Health Approach.
Moses MO, Emikpe AO, Moses MK … +1 more , Emikpe BO
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2020 Jun · PMID 33084622
A novel pulmonary illness caused by coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) of unknown origin was first reported in China. This disease has claimed over a million human lives worldwide. This pandemic respiratory disease spread throu...
A novel pulmonary illness caused by coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) of unknown origin was first reported in China. This disease has claimed over a million human lives worldwide. This pandemic respiratory disease spread through droplets on surfaces and community spread. Government of different countries adopted a total lockdown to reduce human to human contact and keep families safe from the disease. This compulsory movement restriction reduces physical activity of individuals which could pose cardiovascular risk to physically inactive African population. This brief states the various cultural and one health approaches that could be adopted to increase physical activity within the home setting. Literature search using pubmed, scopus and google scholar and views of one health personnel in the promotion of physical activity at home during the compulsory lockdown were sought for to identify some simple approaches and gaps that need to be researched on. The overview identified culturally related indoor physical activities in Africa such as ampe or tente that could enhance health. It encouraged dog walking, tending backyard farm and catering for indigenous chicken and small ruminants as means of increasing physical activity. Counseling was proffered by nurses to increase health promotion activities such as setting reminders for physical activities and routine house chores. This submission bring to bear indigenous, flexible and simple measures to combat boredom, promote cardiovascular health by increasng physical activity during the compulsory lockdown currently being experienced in Africa, a known cardiovascular risk, physically inactive population.
Bromelain: A Review on its Potential as a Therapy for the Management of Covid-19.
Owoyele BV, Bakare AO, Ologe MO
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2020 Jun · PMID 33084621
Coronavirus Disease 2019 is a wide-spreading severe viral disease caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) virus that needs to be urgently eradicated. SARS-COV-2 has infected millions of...
Coronavirus Disease 2019 is a wide-spreading severe viral disease caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) virus that needs to be urgently eradicated. SARS-COV-2 has infected millions of people worldwide and results in more than three hundred thousand deaths. Several repurposed drugs have failed to successfully eradicate the infection. Multiorgan failure caused by pronounced inflammation and systemic coagulation accounts for severe complications and death associated with diseases. Bromelain appears to be a potential candidate that may be used to inhibit or prevent the symptoms of the diseases. Its anti-inflammatory and anticoagulatory properties make it a potential agent that may slow the progression of the disease. In this review, we highlighted the beneficial effects of bromelain based on both experimental and clinical evidence that make bromelain a good candidate for the treatment of symptoms of CoVID-19 infection.
Selenium Supplementation Increases Hepatic Glucose-6-Phosphatase and Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator-1α Activity in Male Wistar Rats.
Ige AO, Fatokun BP, Emediong IE … +3 more , Odetola AO, Adele BO, Adewoye EO
Niger J Physiol Sci · 2020 Jun · PMID 33084620
Increased selenium supplementation has been implicated in diabetes mellitus via peroxisome-proliferator-activated-receptor-gamma-coactivator-1-alpha (PGC-1α) associated pathways. This study was designed to investigate th...
Increased selenium supplementation has been implicated in diabetes mellitus via peroxisome-proliferator-activated-receptor-gamma-coactivator-1-alpha (PGC-1α) associated pathways. This study was designed to investigate the effect of selenium supplementation on PGC-1α and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) as well its likely hepato toxicity in male Wistar rats. Animals were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=10/group) and treated orally with water (0.2ml - group 1) or selenium (25µg/day -group 2; 50µg/day - group 3) for 28 and 56days, respectively. Thereafter, blood samples were collected and estimated for glucose, alkaline-phosphate (ALP), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and aspartate-aminotransferase (AST). Liver homogenates were analyzed for PGC-1α and G6Pase activity. Significant dose-dependent increases in blood glucose, hepatic PGC-1α and G6Pase activities were observed on days 28 and 56 in selenium groups compared to group 1. Serum GGT activity increased in both selenium groups on day 28 however, on day 56 values in group 2 were reduced and increased in group 3, respectively. Compared to control ALP reduced in selenium groups while AST was not significantly different. This study suggests that selenium supplementation increases hepatic peroxisome-proliferator-activated-receptor-gamma-coactivator-1α and glucose-6-phosphatase activity leading to a likely increase in hepatic glucose output. It also shows that though selenium supplementation at the doses used maybe nontoxic to hepatocytes, it may however exert potential toxicity on the biliary tract.
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