Cognitive Neuropsychiatry[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Lifetime employment in schizophrenia: correlates of developing long term unemployment after being employed before.
Fundora C, Cruz M, Barone K … +4 more , Penn DL, Jarskog LF, Pinkham AE, Harvey PD
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2021 Mar · PMID 33380266 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Challenges in employment are highly prevalent among people with schizophrenia regardless of their employment history. Although supportive employment can be effective, few participants sustain meaningful compe...
BACKGROUND: Challenges in employment are highly prevalent among people with schizophrenia regardless of their employment history. Although supportive employment can be effective, few participants sustain meaningful competitive employment. Our goal was to identify the correlates of developing sustained unemployment. METHODS: We examined employment outcomes by comparing clinical, neurocognitive, and social cognitive features in 234 participants with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders across t competitive employment outcomes: currently employed, participants who had never worked for a year, and those who had been employed but developed long-term unemployment. We examined social cognition and neurocognition, as well as positive and negative schizophrenia symptoms, and premorbid functioning and demographic factors. RESULTS: We found significant differences in age, race, premorbid functioning, cognitive performance, and social cognition between currently and formerly employed patients. When individual tasks were examined, emotion recognition and verbal working memory performance were the domains differentiating the groups. Older African Americans were over-represented in the formerly employed group. CONCLUSIONS: There were minimal differences other than age and race between formerly employed patients and those who had never worked. These data suggest the possibility that deterioration in employment outcomes may also co-occur with declines in other abilities. Opportunities and disparities may also be a contributor to re-entering the work force.
Interoception and stress in patients with Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder.
Williams IA, Reuber M, Levita L
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2021 Mar · PMID 33372576 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Research suggests that patients with Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (pwFND) struggle to identify their own emotions and associated physiological cues (interoceptive sensitivity, IS). However, it i...
INTRODUCTION: Research suggests that patients with Functional Neurological Symptom Disorder (pwFND) struggle to identify their own emotions and associated physiological cues (interoceptive sensitivity, IS). However, it is not known how this deficit interacts with stress. This study aimed to assess IS in pwFND at baseline and following stress induction, and relate the findings to self-reported emotion processing difficulties. METHODS: Twenty-six pwFND and 27 healthy controls performed the Heart Beat Detection Task pre- and post-stress induction with the Cold Pressor Test. Participants also completed questionnaires assessing anxiety (GAD-7) and depressive symptomology (PHQ-9), as well as emotion processing (EPS-25). RESULTS: Patients reported deficits in emotion processing (< . 001) and had lower IS ( = .032) than healthy controls. IS improved following stress induction across both groups ( = .003) but patients' IS was lower than that of healthy controls' pre-and post-stress induction. Exploratory analyses revealed that patients reporting sensory symptoms had lower IS at baseline than patients who did not. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that pwFND are relatively impaired in the identification of their emotions at baseline and following stress induction. This may be related to the experience of functional sensory symptoms and has implications for the psychological treatment of emotion dysregulation in this population.
When CAT is not an option: complementary methods of test abbreviation for neurocognitive batteries.
Moore TM, Butler ER, Cobb Scott J … +5 more , Port AM, Ruparel K, Njokweni LJ, Gur RE, Gur RC
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2021 Jan · PMID 33308027 · Full text
INTRODUCTION: There is an obvious need for efficient measurement of neuropsychiatric phenomena. A proven method-computerized adaptive testing (CAT)-is not feasible for all tests, necessitating alternatives for increasing...
INTRODUCTION: There is an obvious need for efficient measurement of neuropsychiatric phenomena. A proven method-computerized adaptive testing (CAT)-is not feasible for all tests, necessitating alternatives for increasing test efficiency. METHODS: We combined/compared two methods for abbreviating rapid tests using two tests unamenable to CAT (a Continuous Performance Test [CPT] and n-back test [NBACK]). N=9,498 (mean age 14.2 years; 52% female) were administered the tests, and abbreviation was accomplished using methods answering two questions: what happens to measurement error as items are removed, and what happens to correlations with validity criteria as items are removed. The first was investigated using quasi-CAT simulation, while the second was investigated using bootstrapped confidence intervals around full-form-short-form comparisons. RESULTS: Results for the two methods overlapped, suggesting that the CPT could be abbreviated to 57% of original and NBACK could be abbreviated to 87% of original with the max-acceptable loss of precision and min-acceptable relationships with validity criteria. CONCLUSIONS: This method combination shows promise for use in other test types, and the divergent results for the CPT/NBACK demonstrate the methods' abilities to detect when a test should not be shortened. The methods should be used in combination because they emphasize complementary measurement qualities: precision/validity..
Clinical value of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in patients suspected of cognitive impairment in old age psychiatry. Using the MoCA for triaging to a memory clinic.
Dautzenberg G, Lijmer J, Beekman A
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2021 Jan · PMID 33272076 · Publisher ↗
Diagnostic pathways are limited. A validated instrument that can triage patients when they are suspected of mild dementia (MD) is necessary to optimise referrals. The MoCA is validated for identifying MD and mild cognit...
Diagnostic pathways are limited. A validated instrument that can triage patients when they are suspected of mild dementia (MD) is necessary to optimise referrals. The MoCA is validated for identifying MD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in a cohort of patients suspected of cognitive impairment (CI) after initial assessment in old age psychiatry. The reference standard was the consensus-based diagnoses for MD and MCI, adhering to the international criteria and using suspected patients, but without CI as comparisons (NoCI). The mean MoCA scores differ significantly between the groups: 24(SE: .59) in NoCI, 21(SE: .31) in MCI and 16,7(SE: .45) in MD (< .05). The AUC of MD against non-demented (MCI + NoCI) was 0.83(95%CI: 0.78-0.88) resulting in 90% sensitivity, 65% specificity, 50%PPV and 94%NPV at a "best" cutoff of <21 according the Youden index and respectively 0.77(95%CI: 0.69-0.85), 56%, 73%, 90%, 28% for CI (MD + MCI) against NoCI at <21. 90% of individuals with a MoCA of <21 will have CI (MD + MCI), while 94% with a MoCA of ≥21 will not have dementia. The MoCA can reduce referrals substantially (50%) by selecting who don't need further work up in a memory clinic, even if they were suspected of CI after initial assessment.
Cognitive and phenomenological characteristics of hallucination-proneness across the lifespan.
Thompson R, Hallas L, Moseley P … +1 more , Alderson-Day B
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2021 Jan · PMID 33238807 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The impact of age on hallucination-proneness within healthy adult cohorts and its relation to underlying cognitive mechanisms is underexplored. Based on previously researched trends in relation to cognitive...
INTRODUCTION: The impact of age on hallucination-proneness within healthy adult cohorts and its relation to underlying cognitive mechanisms is underexplored. Based on previously researched trends in relation to cognitive ageing, we hypothesised that older and younger adults, when compared to a middle adult age group, would show differential relations between hallucination-proneness and cognitive performance. METHODS: A mixed methods, between-groups study was conducted with 30 young adults, 26 older adults, and 27 from a "middle adulthood" group. Participants completed a source memory task, jumbled speech task, Launay-Slade hallucination scale, unusual experiences schedule, and control measures of delusion-proneness and attitudes to mental health. RESULTS: Compared to older age-groups, younger participants demonstrated better scores on the source memory task, and reported hearing more words in jumbled speech. Additionally, younger cohorts rated higher on hallucination-proneness and disclosed more unusual experiences on a customised schedule designed to gather further qualitative data. Jumbled speech scores positively correlated with hallucination-proneness scores, particularly for the "middle" age group. Source memory performance unexpectedly correlated positively with hallucination-proneness, although this may be the product of age differences in task performance. CONCLUSIONS: Age differences in hallucination-proneness are evident on self-report and cognitive measures. Implications are discussed for potentially non-overlapping cognitive mechanisms underlying hallucination-proneness in non-clinical groups.
Validation of the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy in patients with schizophrenia, major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder.
Liang YS, Yang HX, Zhang YJ … +10 more , Cai XL, Wang YY, Ni K, Pu CC, Zhou SZ, Ma YT, Lui SSY, Wang Y, Yu X, Chan RCK
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2020 Nov · PMID 33172340 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Alteration of empathy is common in patients with psychiatric disorders. Reliable and valid assessment tools for measuring empathy of clinical samples is needed. The Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective...
INTRODUCTION: Alteration of empathy is common in patients with psychiatric disorders. Reliable and valid assessment tools for measuring empathy of clinical samples is needed. The Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE) is a newly-developed instrument to capture cognitive and affective components of empathy. This study aimed to validate the QCAE and compared self-reported empathy between clinical groups with varied psychiatric diagnoses and healthy sample. METHODS: The present study performed factor analysis for the QCAE on clinical samples in the Chinese setting (n = 534), including patients with schizophrenia (n = 158), bipolar disorder (n = 213) and major depressive disorder (n = 163). Internal consistency, internal correlation and convergent validity was examined in the subsample (n = 361). Group comparison among patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder and healthy controls (n = 107) was conducted to assess the discriminant validity. RESULTS: Our results indicated acceptable factor model, good reliability and validity of the QCAE. Impaired cognitive empathy was found in clinical samples, especially in patients with schizophrenia, while higher affective empathy was found in patients with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. CONCLUSION: The QCAE is a useful tool in assessing empathy in patients with varied psychiatric diagnoses.
A linguistic approach to the psychosis continuum: (dis)similarities and (dis)continuities in how clinical and non-clinical voice-hearers talk about their voices.
Collins LC, Semino E, Demjén Z … +4 more , Hardie A, Moseley P, Woods A, Alderson-Day B
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2020 Nov · PMID 33158372 · Full text
: "Continuum" approaches to psychosis have generated reports of similarities and differences in voice-hearing in clinical and non-clinical populations at the cohort level, but not typically examined overlap or of differ...
: "Continuum" approaches to psychosis have generated reports of similarities and differences in voice-hearing in clinical and non-clinical populations at the cohort level, but not typically examined overlap or of difference between groups. : We used a computer-aided linguistic approach to explore reports of voice-hearing by a clinical group (Early Intervention in Psychosis service-users; = 40) and a non-clinical group (spiritualists; = 27). We identify semantic categories of terms statistically overused by one group compared with the other, and by each group compared to a control sample of non-voice-hearing interview data (log likelihood (LL) value 6.63+=< .01; effect size measure: log ratio 1.0+). We consider whether individual values support a continuum model. : Notwithstanding significant cohort-level differences, there was considerable continuity in language use. Reports of negative affect were prominent in both groups (< .01, log ratio: 1.12+). Challenges of cognitive control were also evident in both cohorts, with references to "disengagement" accentuated in service-users (< .01, log ratio: 1.14+). : A corpus linguistic approach to voice-hearing provides new evidence of differences between clinical and non-clinical groups. Variability at the individual level provides substantial evidence of continuity with implications for cognitive mechanisms underlying voice-hearing.
Reduced left visual field bias for faces in adolescents with social anxiety disorder.
Löwenberg EB, Aili F, Serlachius E … +2 more , Högström J, Kleberg JL
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2020 Nov · PMID 33054523 · Publisher ↗
Individuals tend to explore the left side of a face first and for a longer time in comparison to the right side. This left visual field (LVF) bias is suggested to reflect right hemispheric dominance for face processing....
Individuals tend to explore the left side of a face first and for a longer time in comparison to the right side. This left visual field (LVF) bias is suggested to reflect right hemispheric dominance for face processing. Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is associated with maladaptive interpretations of facial expressions, but it is not known whether this is linked to an atypical LVF bias. Previous studies have reported a reduced LVF bias in autism, a condition overlapping with SAD. This pre-registered study examined the LVF bias in adolescents with SAD. Eye-tracking was used to investigate the ratio of first fixations to the left on upright and inverted face stimuli in 26 adolescents (13-17 years) with SAD and 23 healthy controls primed to look either between the eyes or at the mouth. The SAD group showed a smaller LVF bias and an atypical face inversion effect when primed to look at the eyes. Autistic traits predicted a smaller LVF bias, independently of social anxiety level. Results suggest that SAD is associated with impaired processing of faces at an early stage of visual scanning. The findings contribute to a better understanding of SAD and its overlap with autism.
The impact of neurocognition on mentalizing in euthymic bipolar disorder versus schizophrenia.
Konstantakopoulos G, Ioannidi N, Psarros C … +3 more , Patrikelis P, Stefanatou P, Kravariti E
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2020 Nov · PMID 33050828 · Publisher ↗
Theory of mind (ToM) or mentalizing deficits have been found in schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD), but their relationships to patients' coexistent neurocognitive deficits are still unclear. The present study a...
Theory of mind (ToM) or mentalizing deficits have been found in schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD), but their relationships to patients' coexistent neurocognitive deficits are still unclear. The present study aimed to explore the possible differential involvement of neurocognitive deficits in ToM impairments in SZ and euthymic BD. Fifty-three euthymic patients with BD type I, 54 clinically stable patients with SZ, and 53 healthy participants were assessed with an advanced ToM task (Faux Pas Recognition Test) which measures cognitive and affective ToM components, and a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological measures. The three groups were matched for gender, age and education. Patients with BD showed significant impairment, comparable to that in SZ, only in the cognitive facet of ToM, whereas SZ patients had significantly poorer performance than both BD patients and healthy participants in overall and affective ToM. In both SZ and euthymic BD, ToM performance was related to deficits in particular cognitive functions. After controlling for coexistent neurocognitive deficits, overall and affective ToM in SZ were still impaired whereas the cognitive ToM impairment in BD and SZ did not remained statistically significant. Our findings suggest a different profile of ToM deficits between SZ and BD and an independence of ToM dysfunction from concurrent neurocognitive deficits in SZ but not in BD.
Hallucinations and source monitoring in Alzheimer's disease.
El Haj M, Badcock JC, Larøi F
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2020 Nov · PMID 33043861 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: the source monitoring account has been widely investigated for hallucinations in schizophrenia. According to this account, hallucinations are inner events that are misattributed to another source. Our paper...
INTRODUCTION: the source monitoring account has been widely investigated for hallucinations in schizophrenia. According to this account, hallucinations are inner events that are misattributed to another source. Our paper investigated this account for Alzheimer's disease. METHOD: we investigated hallucination experiences in participants with Alzheimer's disease and age-matched healthy controls, as well as their source monitoring ability. The assessment of source monitoring included three conditions. In the first condition, participants had to remember whether objects were previously manipulated by themselves or by the experimenter (i.e. reality monitoring). In the second condition, they had to remember whether objects were previously manipulated by a black or white experimenter-gloved hand (i.e. external monitoring). In the third condition, participants had to remember whether they had previously manipulated objects or had imagined having done so (i.e. internal monitoring). RESULTS: relative to healthy control participants, participants with Alzheimer's disease experienced hallucinations more often and lower hits on source monitoring. Interestingly, significant correlations were only observed between hallucinations and the internal monitoring condition in participants with Alzheimer's disease. DISCUSSION: hallucinations in Alzheimer's disease seem to be related to the processes of making judgments about the (internal) context in which an event has occurred.
Exploration of the paranoia hierarchy in the general population: evidence of an age effect mediated by maladaptive emotion regulation strategies.
Clara DL, Frank L, Stéphane R … +2 more , Etienne Q, Julien L
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2020 Sep · PMID 33016249 · Publisher ↗
Positive psychotic symptoms are suggested to be more prevalent in early adulthood. However, no previous study has examined a potential age effect especially for paranoia considering social reference and persecution as se...
Positive psychotic symptoms are suggested to be more prevalent in early adulthood. However, no previous study has examined a potential age effect especially for paranoia considering social reference and persecution as separated hierarchical dimension. Moreover, no previous study has examined the mechanisms involved in the decrease of paranoia with age. This study aims to explore (1) the age effect on paranoia and (2) whether the age effect is mediated by maladaptive emotion regulation strategies (MERS). A sample of 1644 participants from the general population completed the Green et al., Paranoid Thoughts Scale with measures of MERS and was split into three age groups (18-29; 30-54; 55-82). Age groups comparisons revealed a significant decrease of social reference with age but not of persecution. Mediation analyses indicated that this age effect was partially mediated by MERS. Additional analyses suggested that social reference moderated the relation between age and persecution. The present study showed that social reference and persecution are not equally affected by age and that MERS are important factors to consider when trying to understand the nature of paranoia. Finally, a younger age and the use of MERS are suggested to be risk factors for developing paranoia.
Frontal alpha asymmetry in schizotypy: electrophysiological evidence for motivational dysfunction.
Le TP, Lucas HD, Schwartz EK … +2 more , Mitchell KR, Cohen AS
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2020 Sep · PMID 32873177 · Publisher ↗
Schizotypy is defined as personality traits reflecting an underlying risk for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. As yet, there is a dearth of suitable objective markers for measuring schizotypy. Frontal alpha asymmetry, c...
Schizotypy is defined as personality traits reflecting an underlying risk for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. As yet, there is a dearth of suitable objective markers for measuring schizotypy. Frontal alpha asymmetry, characterised by reduced left versus right frontal region activity, reflects trait-like diminished approach-related systems and has been found in schizophrenia. The present study used electroencephalography (EEG) recorded on a consumer-grade mobile headset to examine asymmetric resting-state frontal alpha, beta, and gamma power within the multidimensional schizotypy (e.g. positive, negative, disorganised) during a three-minute "eyes closed" resting period in college undergraduates (=49). Findings suggest that schizotypy was exclusively related to reduced left versus right-lateralised power in the alpha frequency (8.1-12.9 Hz., = .16). Follow-up analysis suggested that positive schizotypy was uniquely associated with increased right alpha activity, indicating increased withdrawal motivation. Frontal asymmetry is a possible ecologically valid objective marker for schizotypy that may be detectable using easily accessible, consumer-grade technology.
Developing thinking around mental health science: the example of intrusive, emotional mental imagery after psychological trauma.
Singh L, Espinosa L, Ji JL … +2 more , Moulds ML, Holmes EA
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2020 Sep · PMID 32847486 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: One route to advancing psychological treatments is to harness mental health science, a multidisciplinary approach including individuals with lived experience and end users (e.g., Holmes, E. A., Craske, M. G...
INTRODUCTION: One route to advancing psychological treatments is to harness mental health science, a multidisciplinary approach including individuals with lived experience and end users (e.g., Holmes, E. A., Craske, M. G., & Graybiel, A. M. (2014). Psychological treatments: A call for mental-health science. , (7509), 287-289. doi:10.1038/511287a). While early days, we here illustrate a line of research explored by our group-intrusive imagery-based memories after trauma. METHOD/RESULTS: We illustrate three possible approaches through which mental health science may stimulate thinking around psychological treatment innovation. First, focusing on single/specific target symptoms rather than full, multifaceted psychiatric diagnoses (e.g., intrusive trauma memories rather than all of posttraumatic stress disorder). Second, investigating mechanisms that can be in treatment (treatment mechanisms), rather than those which cannot (e.g., processes only linked to aetiology). Finally, exploring novel ways of delivering psychological treatment (peer-/self-administration), given the prevalence of mental health problems globally, and the corresponding need for effective interventions that can be delivered at scale and remotely for example at times of crisis (e.g., current COVID-19 pandemic). CONCLUSIONS: These three approaches suggest options for potential innovative avenues through which mental health science may be harnessed to recouple basic and applied research and transform treatment development.
Effort and liberal acceptance bias in patients with schizophrenia.
Moritz S, Scheunemann J, Peters MJV
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2020 Sep · PMID 32791935 · Publisher ↗
A liberal acceptance bias is implicated in the formation and maintenance of delusions in schizophrenia. The present study tested the hypothesis that patients with schizophrenia are more quickly satisfied with their task...
A liberal acceptance bias is implicated in the formation and maintenance of delusions in schizophrenia. The present study tested the hypothesis that patients with schizophrenia are more quickly satisfied with their task performance than controls despite poor objective performance. Fifty patients with schizophrenia and 50 healthy controls performed the newly developed copy figure task in which participants copy a complex geometrical figure up to eight times until they are satisfied with the result. Objective performance was scored blind to group status. Subjective performance was rated on a 10-point scale. Carefulness of the drawing using anchor points served as a proxy for effort. Patients made as many attempts as controls to copy the figure despite their worse subjective and objective performance. The number of attempts was negatively correlated with (persecutory) delusions and the PANSS total score. Neither effort nor possible frustration due to a plateau in performance was a reason for task termination. This exploratory study is in line with predictions based on the liberal acceptance model. For future studies, we recommend further cross-validating this paradigm and testing whether patients' retrospective assessment of their performance is exaggerated relative to controls. We also suggest that researchers pursue this line of research with personally meaningful material where a decreased threshold of acceptance may more easily translate into the subsequent fixation of ideas.
Resting frontal EEG asymmetry and schizotypal traits: a test-retest study.
Yu XY, Liao KR, Niu ZK … +4 more , Wang K, Cheung EFC, Li XL, Chan RCK
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2020 Sep · PMID 32731803 · Publisher ↗
Increase in right relative to left frontal electroencephalography (EEG) activity has been observed in patients with schizophrenia, both in cognitive tasks and during rest; and this lateralisation may be related to the se...
Increase in right relative to left frontal electroencephalography (EEG) activity has been observed in patients with schizophrenia, both in cognitive tasks and during rest; and this lateralisation may be related to the severity of schizotypal traits. We used the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) to assess schizotypal traits, and examined the correlation between these traits and resting EEG frontal asymmetry (left-right) in 52 college students, as well as the reliability of this correlation over a three-month interval. A higher total score on the SPQ was correlated with reduced asymmetry in different frequency bands: gamma and beta2 frequency bands at baseline, and delta and alpha frequency bands three months later. Additionally, the reduced left relative to right frontal gamma and beta2 asymmetry was correlated with the participants' verbal fluency ability. However, this correlation was no longer statistically significant after the total SPQ score was controlled. These findings suggest that resting frontal EEG asymmetry is correlated with powers in different frequency bands, and may be an endophenotype for schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
Too much or too little? Exploring effort perception in schizophrenia within the framework of motivational intensity theory.
Décombe A, Brunel L, Capdevielle D … +1 more , Raffard S
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2020 Jul · PMID 32727294 · Publisher ↗
To explain motivational difficulties in schizophrenia (SZ), attention has focused on the reward system and effort-based decision-making deficits. However, according to motivational intensity theory (MIT), effort is not d...
To explain motivational difficulties in schizophrenia (SZ), attention has focused on the reward system and effort-based decision-making deficits. However, according to motivational intensity theory (MIT), effort is not directly determined by reward but by task difficulty. Moreover, no studies have examined the effort perception in the SZ. Therefore, this cross-sectional study compared effort perception in SZ group with healthy controls. Task difficulty was manipulated by increasing the distance covered (from 8 to 48 metres). Walking speed, perceptions of difficulty and effort were assessed for all difficulty levels. Clinical and bodyweight variables were recorded. As postulated by MIT, perceived effort and difficulty increased with task difficulty in both groups. Perceived effort and difficulty were higher in the SZ group. Perceptions of effort were positively correlated with BMI in SZ, but not with clinical variables. Importantly, although SZ patients perceived the task as more effortful, walking speed was similar between groups. Taken together, these results suggested that individuals with SZ perceived more strongly the effort and the difficulty of the task but could mobilise more effort to complete it. This observation may explain in part the decrease in engaging in physical demanding activities in daily life in SZ.
Dissociation and interoception in functional neurological disorder.
Pick S, Rojas-Aguiluz M, Butler M … +3 more , Mulrenan H, Nicholson TR, Goldstein LH
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2020 Jul · PMID 32635804 · Publisher ↗
We aimed to examine susceptibility to dissociation and the impact of dissociation on interoceptive processing in individuals with functional neurological disorder (FND). We hypothesised that dissociative states would be...
We aimed to examine susceptibility to dissociation and the impact of dissociation on interoceptive processing in individuals with functional neurological disorder (FND). We hypothesised that dissociative states would be elevated and interoceptive accuracy and awareness impaired at baseline in people with FND, and that such differences would be exacerbated following acute dissociation. Nineteen adults with FND were compared to 20 healthy controls. A modified heart-beat tracking task measured interoceptive accuracy and awareness (confidence) before and after a validated dissociation induction procedure. An exteroceptive processing control task was included. Mann-Whitney tests and -values (effect size) were computed for between-group comparisons. The FND group displayed elevated dissociation at baseline (= 0.001, 0.528) compared to controls which increased following dissociation-induction ( < 0.001, = 0.663). Interoceptive accuracy did not differ between groups at baseline (= 0.967, = 0.009); however, the FND group had lower accuracy scores post-induction (= 0.021, = 0.379). A negative correlation (trend) between change scores for dissociation and interoceptive accuracy was noted (= -0.411, = 0.057). Confidence ratings on interoceptive and exteroceptive processing tasks were lower in the FND group (-values < 0.05 or <0.01, -values 0.331-0.489). Individuals with FND experienced greater susceptibility to dissociation, metacognitive deficits and impaired interoceptive accuracy than controls after acute dissociation.
The association of schizotypal traits with Prepulse Inhibition: a double approach exploration.
Giakoumaki SG, Karagiannopoulou L, Karamaouna P … +2 more , Zouraraki C, Bitsios P
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2020 Jul · PMID 32539604 · Publisher ↗
According to the , schizotypy is a personality trait present in the population in a continuous manner while the emphasises its extreme presentations. In this study we examined the relationship between sensorimotor gatin...
According to the , schizotypy is a personality trait present in the population in a continuous manner while the emphasises its extreme presentations. In this study we examined the relationship between sensorimotor gating, a core risk-index of the schizophrenia-spectrum, and four schizotypal factors in a dimensional-wise and a dichotomising-wise approach. Two-hundred and eighty-three participants were assessed with the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire and were tested for Prepulse Inhibition (PPI). Associations between the schizotypal factors and startle measures were examined with stepwise regressions (dimensional-wise approach). Individuals in the lower 20% or the upper 20% for each schizotypal factor were identified and between-group comparisons were conducted (dichotomising-wise approach). We found that with both approaches, only high paranoid or negative schizotypy were associated with reduced PPI. The low negative schizotypy group had prolonged onset and peak latencies, indicating that prolonged stimulus detection accompanies superior sensorimotor gating in this group. The findings suggest that although differentiating the effects of the various schizotypal factors is primary, the approach employed is secondary. The study also adds evidence in the literature supporting PPI as a useful endophenotypic marker of the schizophrenia-spectrum and highlights the contribution of specific aspects of schizotypy.
Perceiving and attributing intentionality in schizophrenia.
Langdon R, Boulton K, Connaughton E … +1 more , Gao T
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2020 Jul · PMID 32522078 · Publisher ↗
People with schizophrenia perform poorly on theory-of-mind (ToM) tasks. They also generate less mental-state language to describe test stimuli depicting intentionality. Some of these individuals also show excessive menta...
People with schizophrenia perform poorly on theory-of-mind (ToM) tasks. They also generate less mental-state language to describe test stimuli depicting intentionality. Some of these individuals also show excessive mentalising when objective cues of intentionality are absent. We tested perceiving and attributing intentionality to resolve this paradox. 23 schizophrenia patients and 20 healthy controls completed the chasing detection task to assess perceptual sensitivity to cues of intentionality. Other tasks assessed spontaneous attributions of intentionality (irrespective of accuracy) and accurate ToM inferences. Perceptual sensitivity to cues of intentionality did not differ between groups. Patients were less likely to spontaneously attribute intentionality (irrespective of accuracy) or perform ToM tasks accurately. Chasing-detection response bias, but not perceptual sensitivity, correlated with attributions of intentionality. Referential (and to less extent) persecutory ideation associated with excessive mentalising when cues of intentionality were absent. Intentionality can be directly perceived, independent of attributions or inferences, in people with schizophrenia. We conclude that the flow of information from intact perceptual detection to evoke spontaneous attributions of intentionality is disrupted in schizophrenia, with flow-on detrimental effects on accurate ToM reasoning. Referential/persecutory ideation motivates inappropriate mentalising when objective cues of intentionality are absent.
The cognitive neuropsychiatry of Tourette syndrome.
Cavanna AE, Ganos C, Hartmann A … +3 more , Martino D, Pringsheim T, Seri S
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2020 Jul · PMID 32372718 · Publisher ↗
Converging evidence from both clinical and experimental studies has shown that Tourette syndrome (TS) is not a unitary condition, but a cluster of multiple phenotypes, which encompass both tics and specific behavioural a...
Converging evidence from both clinical and experimental studies has shown that Tourette syndrome (TS) is not a unitary condition, but a cluster of multiple phenotypes, which encompass both tics and specific behavioural and cognitive symptoms (mainly attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder). We conducted a narrative review of the recent literature on the cognitive neuropsychiatry of TS. Although clinical research has shown that TS is not associated with cognitive deficits per se, the findings of recent studies have suggested the presence of subtle alterations in specific cognitive functions. A promising line of research on imitative behaviour could provide a common background for the alterations in executive control and social cognition observed in TS. Two different (but not mutually exclusive) neurocognitive theories have recently suggested that TS could originate from altered perception-action binding and social decision-making dysfunction, respectively. Since the presence of behavioural comorbidities influences individualised treatment approaches, it is likely that a more precise characterisation of TS phenotypes, including cognitive aspects, will result in improved levels of care for patients with tic disorders.
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