Singh S, Singh S, Pandey AK
… +4 more, Kumar R, Kumar S, Kant S, Verma AK
Indian J Clin Biochem
· 2025 Apr · PMID 40123621
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Inflammation plays an important role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Increasing evidence points to the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We investigated the adi...Inflammation plays an important role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Increasing evidence points to the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We investigated the adiponectin: leptin and IL-8 genes in COPD-induced T2DM patients, along with the effect of polymorphism on the levels of these cytokines. We enrolled COPD, COPD plus T2DM, and healthy subjects from the institution according to standard criteria. Further, we drew a blood sample and performed genotypic analysis and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We enrolled a total of 500 subjects in this study, including 250 controls, 191 COPD patients, and 59 COPD patients with T2DM. Genotyping of leptin (C/T), adiponectin (C/G), and IL-8 (C/T) polymorphisms was performed. Serum levels of leptin, adiponectin, and IL-8 were significantly higher ( < 0.001) in COPD with diabetes when compared with COPD in healthy individuals. The genotype frequency of the "CT" leptin gene variant was significantly associated with the risk of developing COPD by 3.7 folds, although it was not associated with the development of T2DM in COPD. Whereas genotype 'TT' was significantly associated with the risk of developing T2DM in COPD patients by 2.4 folds. It indicates that individuals with genotype 'TT' are at higher risk of developing COPD, and moreover, they are at higher risk of developing T2DM. We conclude that genotypes 'TT' of leptin, 'GG' diponectin, and 'TT' of IL-8 may be exploited as biomarkers for the prognosis and diagnosis of T2DM in COPD and COPD, respectively. While 'CT' of IL-8 was a protective biomarker against COPD.
Akhtar K, Rashid G, Rather TB
… +6 more, Maqbool I, Parveiz I, Bhat GA, Parray FQ, Yasin SB, Mudassar S
Indian J Clin Biochem
· 2025 Jan · PMID 39835242
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The increasing incidence of gastric cancer (GC) in the Kashmir Valley is concerning, but its root causes are largely unknown. Dysregulated activation of the Hedgehog signaling pathway has been linked to various cancers,...The increasing incidence of gastric cancer (GC) in the Kashmir Valley is concerning, but its root causes are largely unknown. Dysregulated activation of the Hedgehog signaling pathway has been linked to various cancers, and the Human Hedgehog Interacting Protein (HHIP), a tumor suppressor, is frequently dysregulated in malignancies. However, the expression of the HHIP gene in GC is inconsistent and poorly understood. This study aimed to examine HHIP gene expression in gastric cancer. We used methylation-specific PCR, Western Blot analysis, and quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) to assess the hypermethylation and expression levels of HHIP gene promoters. The correlation between these results and clinical parameters (e.g. age, gender, histological type, class, stage, and lymph node metastasis) was studied with samples from 53 GC patients confirmed by histology. In 69.81% (37 out of 53) of the tumor tissue, HHIP hypermethylation was found. Of the 45 cases examined for mRNA expression, 53.33% (24 out of 45) showed a decrease in the HHIP mRNA level compared to the normal sample. In addition, 49.05% (26 out of 53) showed a decline in the expression of HHIP proteins. Almost all GC samples with reduced protein expression also showed a reduction in mRNA levels. These results suggest that the hypermethylation of the HHIP promoter leads to a decrease in the regulation of HHIP, which contributes to the activation of the hedgehog signal path and may play a critical role in the progress of GC. Our study highlights the significant link between HHIP hypermethylation and reduced gene expression at both mRNA and protein levels, suggesting that target HHIP gene methylation could be a promising treatment strategy for gastric cancer.
Indian J Clin Biochem
· 2025 Jan · PMID 39835241
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UNLABELLED: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in the women. Chemotherapy is a crucial part of breast cancer treatment especially for advanced and metastatic forms of the disease. However, chemotherapy has limit...UNLABELLED: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in the women. Chemotherapy is a crucial part of breast cancer treatment especially for advanced and metastatic forms of the disease. However, chemotherapy has limitations due to tumor heterogeneity, chemoresistance, and side effects. There is potential in combining chemotherapeutic drugs with natural items to enhance their effectiveness against cancer. In this study, we examined the synergistic effects of combining curcumin: piperine with sorafenib on the progression of breast cancer cells by altering many pathways associated with cancer and regulating the expression of numerous microRNAs. We tested the cytotoxic impact of curcumin: piperine on MCF-7 breast cancer cells using SRB assay. We analyzed the expression levels of selected microRNAs, genes, and proteins related to cancer stem cells, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, apoptosis and cell cycle progression using qPCR, ELISA and flow cytometry techniques. The findings of this study demonstrated that sorafenib and curcumin: piperine together enhances the suppression of MCF-7 cell survival. Molecular genetic analysis revealed that this combination provoked downregulation in oncomirs [miR-21 and miR-155], vimentin, Snail1, Notch, TGF-β1, Smad4, β-catenin1 and Wnt10b genes. Meanwhile, there were upregulation of tumor suppressor miRNAs [miR-28, miR-139 and miR-149] and E-cadherin gene expression level. Also, this combination resulted in a decrease of vimentin, IL-6, STAT3 and MMP-9; an increase of E-cadherin protein levels. Moreover, this combination induced apoptotic cell death and arrested cell cycles at specific phases. This study suggests that the combination of sorafenib and curcumin: piperine can combat breast cancer by modulating several microRNAs and signaling pathways involved in the development and progression of breast cancer. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12291-024-01212-0.
Sajjadi SZ, Alizadeh Z, Moghanibashi M
… +2 more, Mohamadynejad P, Naeimi S
Indian J Clin Biochem
· 2025 Jan · PMID 39835240
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The cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) gene plays a critical role in numerous physiological processes, including cellular proliferation, bioenergetics, and redox balance, and has been implicated in many cancers, including...The cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) gene plays a critical role in numerous physiological processes, including cellular proliferation, bioenergetics, and redox balance, and has been implicated in many cancers, including breast and gastric cancers. Previous studies have suggested that VNTR polymorphism in intron 13 of the CBS gene may influence enzyme activity, as an increase in the number of repeats in this VNTR leads to a reduction in the activity of the CBS enzyme. In this case-control study, for the first time, we genotyped 107 patients with gastric cancer (and 111 healthy controls) and 138 patients with breast cancer (and 124 healthy controls) for the CBS VNTR polymorphism using PCR. Our results showed that individuals with the 18/18 or 19/19 genotypes had a significantly higher risk of developing gastric cancer compared to those with the 17/17 genotype (OR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.12-4.09, = 0.021). Similarly, the 20/20 or 21/21 genotypes were associated with a significantly increased risk of gastric cancer compared to the 17/17 genotype (OR = 7.93, 95% CI 2.13-29.51, = 0.002). In contrast, the 18/18 or 19/19 genotypes were found to be significantly associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer compared to the 17/17 genotype (OR = 0.36, 95% CI 0.17-0.75, = 0.006). In conclusion, our study provides evidence that a higher number of VNTR repeats in intron 13 of the CBS gene is associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer, while a lower number of VNTR repeats is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.
Dwivedi T, Raj A, Das N
… +4 more, Gupta R, Bhatnagar S, Mohan A, Guleria R
Indian J Clin Biochem
· 2025 Jan · PMID 39835239
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The first two vaccines administered in the COVID-19 vaccination campaign of India were Covaxin (BBV152) and Covishield (ChAdOx1-nCoV-19). In this study, we evaluate the longevity and sustainability of the humoral immune...The first two vaccines administered in the COVID-19 vaccination campaign of India were Covaxin (BBV152) and Covishield (ChAdOx1-nCoV-19). In this study, we evaluate the longevity and sustainability of the humoral immune response after vaccination and various factors influencing it. An observational study was conducted in individuals who received both doses of Covaxin or Covishield vaccine, and their blood samples were analyzed for total-antiRBD-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Then, antibody titers were classified based on monthly time-intervals up to 360 days and their trend was analyzed. In addition, the correlation between antibody titers and factors such as previous SARS-CoV-2-infection status, vaccine type and presence of comorbidities was examined. Of the 2069 participants, most (1767;85.4%) had been vaccinated with Covaxin, but the higher antibody titers were induced by Covishield vaccine at all time points. However overall, antibodies persisted for at least 1 year, although a drop in antibody titers occurred in the 3rd and 6th months. In addition, 430 (20.8%) participants had prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (hybrid immunity) with a significantly higher humoral immune response compared with vaccine-induced immunity (naive immunity). No significant differences were observed in antibody titers related to age, sex and presence of comorbidities. We concluded that vaccine-mediated immunity lasts for at least one year. However, antibody titers decrease over time, which may be more pronounced in certain groups such as Covaxin vaccine, vaccine-induced-immunity, presence of comorbidities and > 60 years which should be considered when recommending booster vaccination, as these individuals may have a stronger and longer-lasting immune response to the virus.
Singh S, Jalan D, Bhardwaj P
… +2 more, Sharma P, Elhence A
Indian J Clin Biochem
· 2025 Jan · PMID 39835238
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Many studies showed Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in healthy individuals. We planned to study the normal levels of Vitamin D in healthy individuals and make recommendation for defining deficiency of 25(OH)D in...Many studies showed Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in healthy individuals. We planned to study the normal levels of Vitamin D in healthy individuals and make recommendation for defining deficiency of 25(OH)D in Indian population. ormal healthy subjects 18 to 60 years of age were included. Estimation of serum calcium, serum phosphorus, iPTH and bone alkaline phosphatase levels with vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels were done to study the normal 25(OH)D levels and make recommendation for defining deficiency of 25(OH)D in Indian population. Meta-analysis was performed of studies which estimated the mean vitamin D levels in healthy individuals. There was significant positive correlation of serum 25(OH)D levels with calcium levels (r = 0.148; p-value = 0.003). The normal mean values of 25(OH)D levels in total population was 13.5 ± 7.83 ng/ml, iPTH was 59.8 ± 28.84 pg/ml, bone ALP was 14.6 ± 6.66 microg/ml. The normal upper bound of 25(OH)D in 97.5% of total population in our study is less than 33.19 ng/ml. The normal upper bound of iPTH and bone ALP in 97.5% of total population in our study was less than 123.97 pg/ml and 32.19 microg/ml, respectively. Pooled analysis of 33 studies revealed overall mean 25(OH)D levels in total population to be 13.95 ng/ml (95%CI - 12.37-15.54). The concept of initializing treatment based on serum Vitamin D levels using the RDA (20ng/ml) and EAR (16ng/ml) values as "cutoff-points" is not recommended as per Institute of Medicine Committee on Dietary Reference Intakes, Washington DC. Vitamin D levels less than 12.5ng/ml in a symptomatic individual should be the sole criteria for treatment rather than Vitamin D levels alone. : CTRI/2018/02/011820; CTRI/2018/02/011913.
Indian J Clin Biochem
· 2025 Jan · PMID 39835236
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Liquid biopsy is gaining importance in oncology in the age of precision medicine. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), among other tumor-derived indicators, are isolated and analysed from bodily fluids. EVs are secreted by both...Liquid biopsy is gaining importance in oncology in the age of precision medicine. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), among other tumor-derived indicators, are isolated and analysed from bodily fluids. EVs are secreted by both healthy and cancerous cells and are lipid bilayer-enclosed particles that are diverse in size and molecular makeup. Since their quantity, phenotype, and molecular payload, which includes proteins, lipids, metabolites, and nucleic acids, mirror the nature and origin of parental cells, EVs are valuable transporters of cancer information in tumour context. This makes them interesting candidates for new biomarkers. Being closely linked to the parental cells in terms of composition, quantity, and roles is a crucial aspect of EVs. Multiple studies have shown the crucial part tumor-derived EVs plays in the development of cancer, and this subject is currently a hot one in the field of oncology. The clinical applications of EVs-based technology that are currently being tested in the areas of biomarkers, therapeutic targets, immune evasion tools, biologically designed immunotherapies, vaccines, neutralising approaches, targeting biogenesis, and extracorporeal removal were the main focus of this review. However, more bioengineering refinement is needed to address clinical and commercial limitations. The introduction of these new potential diagnostic tools into clinical practise has the potential to profoundly revolutionise the cancer field, primarily for solid tumours but also for haematological neoplasms. The development of EV-based therapies will be facilitated by improvements in EV engineering methodology and design, transforming the current pharmaceutical environment.
Viswas A, Dabla PK, Gupta S
… +4 more, Yadav M, Tanwar A, Upreti K, Koner BC
Indian J Clin Biochem
· 2025 Jan · PMID 39835235
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) have found it be associated with drug resistance in epilepsy. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of SCN1A gene polymorphism in developing drug resistance in idiopat...Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) have found it be associated with drug resistance in epilepsy. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of SCN1A gene polymorphism in developing drug resistance in idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) patients, along with increased oxidative stress. The study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Delhi, India. We recruited 100 patients diagnosed with IGE patients, grouped as drug-resistant and drug-responsive, and then further compared the SCN1A SNP rs10167228 A*/T analysis between the two groups. We utilized the PCR-RFLP technique to investigate the association between polymorphisms and refractory epilepsy. Serum HMGB1 levels were estimated using the ELISA technique to analyze oxidative stress in both groups. rs10167228 A*/T polymorphism genotypes AT and AA genotypes are significantly associated with an increased risk of developing drug resistance. Serum HMGB1, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels were significantly higher in drug-resistant cases, compared to the drug-responsive group. The association of SCN1A gene polymorphisms, in conjunction with raised oxidative stress, may be predictive of the development of drug-resistant epilepsy. The AT and AA genotypes of rs10167228 may pose a risk factor for developing drug-resistant epilepsy.
Indian J Clin Biochem
· 2025 Jan · PMID 39835234
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The study evaluates Asprosin's value in diabetic postmenopausal women, examining its reliability as a predictor for osteoporosis (OP) in the second type of diabetes (T2D) women. A case-control study recruited 255 postmen...The study evaluates Asprosin's value in diabetic postmenopausal women, examining its reliability as a predictor for osteoporosis (OP) in the second type of diabetes (T2D) women. A case-control study recruited 255 postmenopausal women attending the geriatric department of the University Hospital. They were grouped into controls (non-OP non-T2D), and study cases. The latter were subdivided into: non-OP T2D, and OP T2D postmenopausal women (85/255) for each. Serum Asprosin level showed a significant increase in postmenopausal T2D women with OP (42.51 ± 2.97 ng/mL, < 0.001) compared with postmenopausal T2D women without OP and controls. Additionally, there is a significant interrelationship between OP radiological indicators and bone-forming hormone in T2D women, osteocalcin. Moreover, bone resorption and glycemic markers in T2D women correlated significantly and positively with Asprosin. The Receiver operator characteristic curve discriminates OP T2D postmenopausal women from non-OP T2D postmenopausal women by estimating cutoff value (> 39.3 ng/mL) at 90% sensitivity, 63.3% specificity, and < 0.001.
Saberian E, Jenčová J, Jenča A
… +4 more, Jenča A, Petrášová A, Jenča J, Akbarzadehkhayavi A
Indian J Clin Biochem
· 2025 Jan · PMID 39835233
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Oral cavity cancer poses a significant health threat due to its aggressive nature and limited responsiveness to traditional therapies like chemotherapy and radiation, highlighting the need for more effective treatment op...Oral cavity cancer poses a significant health threat due to its aggressive nature and limited responsiveness to traditional therapies like chemotherapy and radiation, highlighting the need for more effective treatment options. To address this, researchers have explored a novel approach using niosome nanoparticles to co-encapsulate curcumin (CUR) and cisplatin (Cis), to enhance therapeutic efficacy. While CUR has anti-cancer properties, its poor bioavailability limits its effectiveness. Cis, on the other hand, is hindered by severe side effects and resistance. A dual-drug delivery system that encapsulates both CUR and Cis in niosome nanoparticles seeks to leverage the synergistic effects of these agents to improve treatment outcomes. The study synthesized Cis and CUR co-loaded nanoparticles (Cis/CUR-NPs) using reverse microemulsion and film dispersion methods, resulting in nanoparticles with an average size of 220.9 nm and a consistent size distribution. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the nanosized Cis/CUR-NPs could release both Cis and CUR, achieving a synergistic effect on OECM-1 cells at an optimal ratio (1:6) of the two drugs. Overall, the findings suggest that Cis/CUR-NPs offer a promising and effective strategy for leveraging the synergistic effects of Cis and CUR in treating oral cancer.
Indian J Clin Biochem
· 2025 Jan · PMID 39835232
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Radiation therapy uses ionizing radiation (IR) to kill cancer cells. However, during radiotherapy normal cells are also damaged and killed by the generation of reactive oxygen species. Polyphenolic compounds are known to...Radiation therapy uses ionizing radiation (IR) to kill cancer cells. However, during radiotherapy normal cells are also damaged and killed by the generation of reactive oxygen species. Polyphenolic compounds are known to mitigate the damaging effects of radiation. Grape () contains a variety of bioactive phytochemicals. We investigated the Ferric reducing antioxidant power assay for commonly available four grape ( L.) cultivars, including 'Flame seedless', 'Kishmish chorni', 'Red globe' and 'Thompson seedless'. Grape seed showed the maximum reducing power and antioxidant capacity, followed by its skin, and then pulp of the same cultivars. Kishmish chorni seed showed maximum reducing and antioxidant power. Therefore, we had selected the Kishmish chorni cultivars to determine the protective efficacy against γ-ray irradiated DNA damage and apoptotic gene expression in human peripheral lymphocytes, and their efficacy was compared with widely cultivated Thompson seedless Cultivars. Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide double staining suggested that apoptosis is a major mode of induction of cell death after irradiation in human lymphocytes. Comet assay revealed that DNA damage in human lymphocytes due to gamma irradiation at a dose of 4-Gy is significantly ( < 0.05) mitigated by pretreatment with grape extracts. Bax and p53 mRNA levels that were up-regulated in gamma irradiated lymphocytes, were significantly down-regulated when irradiated lymphocytes were pretreated with grape extracts. In conclusion, the grape extracts of different cultivars act as an essential source of natural antioxidants at varying degree, which are able to attenuate DNA damage by scavenging free radicals, and regulate apoptosis by modulating apoptotic genes such as p53 and Bax in human lymphocytes induced by IR.
Sowndarya K, Manjrekar PA, Shenoy R
… +1 more, Hegde A
Indian J Clin Biochem
· 2025 Jan · PMID 39835231
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Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is one of the factors contributing to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD). Besides nutritional deficiency disorders, genetic polymorphism predominantly related to point mutation...Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is one of the factors contributing to the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD). Besides nutritional deficiency disorders, genetic polymorphism predominantly related to point mutation in the gene coding for Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), a key enzyme in the metabolism methionine-homocysteine (Hcy) has been implicated in HHcy. PubMed survey related to MTHFR gene polymorphism in CAD retrieved 143 articles from which 20 were selected in which MTHFR gene polymorphism and Hcy were estimated. The selected studies had estimated either MTHFRC677T or A1298C or both. All the studies detected presence of MTHFRC677T in CAD. Hcy levels were found to range from normal to HHcy with debatable association to CAD.
Singh MPSS, Kumar R, Patel P
… +3 more, Uikey R, Mun A, Shanmugam R
Indian J Clin Biochem
· 2025 Jan · PMID 39835230
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Sickle cell disease (SCD) and thalassemia are the most common hereditary disorders encountered in Central India. Timely identification of these disorders is critical to reduction in severe clinical manifestations and for...Sickle cell disease (SCD) and thalassemia are the most common hereditary disorders encountered in Central India. Timely identification of these disorders is critical to reduction in severe clinical manifestations and for identifying disease burden. Present study reports spectrum of hemoglobinopathies among the referred anemia patients to single centre in central India. All individuals referred to the institute from 1st January 2012 to 31st August 2020 for diagnosis were included in the study. Demographic details, clinical and transfusion history were obtained. Hemoglobin electrophoresis or High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (Variant II, Bio-Rad) was performed to identify the type of hemoglobinopathy. Molecular characterization of unknown or rare variants was performed wherever necessary. During the study period 13,587 individuals were screened. Homozygous beta thalassemia was observed in 0.6% of the patients, whereas SCD was observed in 12% of the patients. Seventy-four individuals have either hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) or delta beta thalassemia. More than 50% of SCD patients referred were over the age of 12 years. SCD disease was more common among Pradhan, Gond and Baiga tribes whereas HPFH and delta beta thalassemia was found among Other socially and educationally backward classes. High occurrence of hemoglobinopathies in central India warrants the need of large scale screening in highly prevalent communities for its prevention.
Goud VK, Goud AC, Ramassamy S
… +3 more, Jayanthi M, Medha R, Chandrashekar L
Indian J Clin Biochem
· 2025 Jan · PMID 39835229
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UNLABELLED: Methotrexate is used to manage moderate to severe psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Methotrexate acts by inhibiting the enzymes involved in nucleotide synthesis. Methotrexate polyglutamates (MTXPGs) have a h...UNLABELLED: Methotrexate is used to manage moderate to severe psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Methotrexate acts by inhibiting the enzymes involved in nucleotide synthesis. Methotrexate polyglutamates (MTXPGs) have a higher potency to inhibit Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide transformylase (ATIC), and thymidylate synthase (TS), compared to naïve methotrexate. Among all the MTXPGs, methotrexate polyglutamate three (MTXPG-3) is a more potent inhibitor of DHFR, ATIC, and TS enzymes. MTXPG-3 is anticipated to allow therapeutic drug monitoring in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. We aim to study MTXPG-3 levels as a biomarker for both efficacy and adverse events among psoriatic patients treated with methotrexate monotherapy. We used the LC-MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry) system for measuring erythrocyte MTXPG-3. We recruited 106 patients with psoriasis who were treated with methotrexate. Sixty-one of them had psoriatic arthritis (concomitant or in the past). The mean age was 45.08 ± 13.04 years. After twenty-four weeks of methotrexate treatment, 73(69%) were responders, and 33(31%) were non-responders. Thirty-nine (36%) experienced adverse effects, and 67(64%) did not experience any adverse effects. We observed a significant positive correlation between erythrocyte MTXPG-3 and methotrexate dose per week at weeks 12 and 16 but not at week 24. Erythrocyte MTXPG-3 did not correlate with response or adverse effects. It can be used as a marker of compliance. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12291-024-01269-x.
Radenković N, Milutinović M, Nikodijević D
… +2 more, Jovankić J, Jurišić V
Indian J Clin Biochem
· 2025 Jan · PMID 39835228
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The most common method for detection of apoptosis is flow cytometry. In previously published studies there are some uncertainties and problems about the preparation of adherent cell lines for analysis. Thus, the aim of t...The most common method for detection of apoptosis is flow cytometry. In previously published studies there are some uncertainties and problems about the preparation of adherent cell lines for analysis. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine and describe how preparing the sample of SW-480 cells in two different ways affects the reliability of the results. In Protocol 1 the total cell number, cells in flow media and cells which adhere, were used, while in Protocol 2 the medium was removed after cell incubation and only the adherent cells were used. Results show statistically significant changes in percentages of different cell types (viable, apoptosis, and necrosis) between two different protocols. Protocol 2, where the first medium with dead cells were removed and only the cells that were attached to the bottom were used for analysis, give better cell viability in the control sample. Removing the medium is especially recommended for long-term treatments, where the cells consume nutrients and, due to lack, initiate apoptosis. After 72 h, spontaneous apoptosis is detectable in control cells and indicates low viability of the control sample, while in treated cells by proapoptotic substances, together with induced apoptosis leads to cumulative or synergistic effects.
Girija Sivasankaran R, Edachalil Veeraraghavan M, Sidharthan N
Indian J Clin Biochem
· 2025 Jan · PMID 39835226
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Multiple myeloma (MM) is a highly heterogeneous disease characterised by neoplastic clonal plasma cell proliferation and a wide range of clinical manifestations including skeletal destruction, hypercalcemia, anaemia, ren...Multiple myeloma (MM) is a highly heterogeneous disease characterised by neoplastic clonal plasma cell proliferation and a wide range of clinical manifestations including skeletal destruction, hypercalcemia, anaemia, renal failure, and immune suppression. Currently accepted and widely used staging criteria for MM patients are the International staging system (ISS) and the Revised International staging system (R-ISS). In order to anticipate outcomes for these patients and to select a risk-adapted therapy, a staging approach that can classify MM patients based on risk at the time of diagnosis itself may be helpful. For MM patients with high-risk characteristics, recognising their risk profile at diagnosis and maintaining remission are clinically significant. In this study, we looked at the risk stratification done in our hospital setting among Newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients (NDMM), and we noticed a time-based improvement in both ISS and R-ISS documentation, which reflects the evolution of better risk stratification of patients in clinical practice.
Indian J Clin Biochem
· 2025 Jan · PMID 39835225
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Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is a serious disorder characterized by the adrenal glucocorticoid deficiency. Regardless of the etiology, AI patients need long-term replacement therapy for glucocorticoids and, in some cases,...Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is a serious disorder characterized by the adrenal glucocorticoid deficiency. Regardless of the etiology, AI patients need long-term replacement therapy for glucocorticoids and, in some cases, for mineralocorticoids. The replacement therapy cannot completely mirror the physiological secretion patterns, and therefore, glucocorticoid excess is a common sequela in AI patients. Moreover, due to the absence of the reliable clinical markers to monitor the adequacy of the replacement therapy, clinicians often over-treat the AI patients to avoid adrenal crisis. Long-term glucocorticoid use is associated with the loss of bone density and osteoporosis, increasing the risk of fractures. Moreover, glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus further aggravates the bone disorders. In the recent years, ameliorating effects of metformin on glucocorticoid-induced bone disorders, as well as hyperglycemia, have been reported by a multitude of studies; and here, we reviewed and discussed the most recent findings regarding the positive effects of metformin on alleviating the bone disorders, and their implications in the AI patients.