The British Journal Of Nutrition[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Associations of carbohydrate intake, high-speed running and testosterone levels with body fat percentage in professional female football players: a longitudinal study.
Peña N, Amézaga J, Santesteban V … +4 more , Martinez AB, Bulla M, Subirana I, Tueros I
Br J Nutr · 2026 Feb · PMID 41449896 · Publisher ↗
Body composition (BC) offers essential insights into the physical condition and performance capacity of athletes. Several factors can influence athletes' BC, such as nutrition, which can improve lean mass (LM) and body f...
Body composition (BC) offers essential insights into the physical condition and performance capacity of athletes. Several factors can influence athletes' BC, such as nutrition, which can improve lean mass (LM) and body fat percentage (%BF). This longitudinal observational study aimed to investigate the factors influencing BC in professional female football players, including hormones, dietary habits and physical activity, as these are relevant to their sport performance and health. Data related to dietary habits, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements, serum hormones, menstruation and global position system metrics were collected in November 2023 and late March 2024 from thirty-eight female football players from the Real Sociedad team. Of the thirty-eight players enrolled, thirty-five completed all assessments and were included in the final analyses. Spearman correlations and linear regression analyses were performed. Statistically significant models were executed for %BF and LM (adjusted R = 0·55 and 0·47, respectively). For %BF, total testosterone had a positive influence, while high-speed running per minute, follicle-stimulating hormone, distance covered per minute, prolactin and fat intake influenced negatively. In the LM model, positive associations were total testosterone, progesterone, age, adrenocorticotropic hormone and carbohydrate intake, while insulin, distance covered per minute and sex hormone binding globulin had negative associations. These results emphasise the complexity of the factors influencing BC in female football players. Personalising and periodising carbohydrate intake and monitoring training loads are crucial to prevent adverse effects such as higher %BF and muscle catabolism. Establishing healthy nutritional practices is essential for long-term health and performance.
Effects of probiotic supplementation on intestinal microbiota in patients with diabetes/prediabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Hong L, Zheng Y, Yang W … +7 more , Jiang M, Zheng K, Shen S, Han H, Xia S, Yang Z, Li C
Br J Nutr · 2026 Feb · PMID 41449894 · Publisher ↗
This study systematically evaluates the effects of probiotic interventions on gut microbiota and clinical outcomes in diabetic patients to determine the optimal target population and conditions for effective use, with an...
This study systematically evaluates the effects of probiotic interventions on gut microbiota and clinical outcomes in diabetic patients to determine the optimal target population and conditions for effective use, with an emphasis on precision treatment. A comprehensive search was performed across PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, China National Knowledge Internet (CNKI), and Wanfang databases until April 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing probiotics as adjunctive therapy for diabetes were included. The control group received standard care, and the intervention group received probiotics alongside standard care. Data were managed with Endnote and Excel, and analyses were conducted using Revman 5.3 and Stata 16. Twelve RCTs involving 1113 participants were included. Probiotics significantly increased fecal Lactobacillus (standardized mean difference (SMD) 1.42, < 0.0001, I = 95 %) and Bifidobacterium levels (SMD 1.27, < 0.0001, I; = 90 %) and reduced fasting plasma glucose (SMD -0.35, = 0.004). Subgroup analysis showed that shorter intervention durations (≤ 3 months) improved FPG, HbA1c, and Bifidobacterium levels, while younger patients (≤ 60 years) experienced the most significant improvements in Bifidobacterium levels. In conclusion, probiotics improve gut microbiota and clinical outcomes in diabetic patients, with intervention duration and patient age as key factors influencing treatment effectiveness.
The association between intake of main flavonoid classes and menopausal age: a population-based and cross-sectional study.
Wei R, Liu L, Zhao R … +2 more , Zhang X, Lu C
Br J Nutr · 2026 Feb · PMID 41449884 · Publisher ↗
Menopausal age represents the endpoint of the entire reproductive cycle of women, and it is a biological marker that indicates the overall health and ageing status of women. Flavonoids are the most common polyphenolic co...
Menopausal age represents the endpoint of the entire reproductive cycle of women, and it is a biological marker that indicates the overall health and ageing status of women. Flavonoids are the most common polyphenolic compounds in the daily diet, and their intake is related to reduced risks of certain diseases. Our study aimed to analyse the relationships between the intake of flavonoids and menopausal age. We selected 29 940 participants from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database from 2007-2008, 2009-2010 to 2017-2018. A total of 680 participants were included in our analysis after screening. Multiple logistic regression was used to explore the association between dietary flavonoid subclasses intake and menopausal delay (≥ 55 years old). Restricted cubic splines plots were generated to reveal the nonlinear relationships between the subclasses of flavonoids intake and menopausal age. According to the adjusted multiple factor logistic regression analysis, the top quartile intake (compared with bottom intake) of anthocyanidins was positively associated with delayed menopause (OR = 4·123; 95 % CI: 1·130, 15·041; = 0·036), whereas the moderate intake of flavonols was negatively associated with delayed menopause (Q2 . Q1, OR = 0·081 (95 % CI: 0·025, 0·261), = 0·001; Q3 . Q1, OR = 0·271 (95 % CI: 0·093, 0·791), = 0·023). The restricted cubic splines revealed that non-linear association was observed between the intake of isoflavones, flavan-3-ols, flavonols and later menopause ( value for non-linearity < 0·05). Our findings suggest that specific dietary flavonoids intake may have potential roles in regulating menopausal timing.
Food patterns and body weight in young adulthood and associations with food consumption throughout childhood: findings from a birth-cohort study.
Dubois L, Bédard B, Goulet D … +3 more , Prud'homme D, Tremblay RE, Boivin M
Br J Nutr · 2026 Feb · PMID 41449882 · Full text
This study aimed to investigate (1) the longitudinal associations between food patterns and body weight in young adulthood and (2) how food patterns of young adults relate to food consumption in early, middle and late ch...
This study aimed to investigate (1) the longitudinal associations between food patterns and body weight in young adulthood and (2) how food patterns of young adults relate to food consumption in early, middle and late childhood. The study sample includes 700 participants of the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development. During childhood, frequency of consumption of various foods was reported on ten occasions between 1·5 and 13 years. At age 22 years, food frequency questions (with quantities) were used to derive four food patterns (labelled healthy, beverage rich, protein rich and high energy density) through exploratory factor analysis. Self-reported height and weight were collected at 22 and 23 years. Regression analyses were performed to assess the associations between (1) food patterns and weight outcomes a year later (BMI, BMI change and overweight status) and (2) frequency of consumption of eight food groups in childhood and food patterns in adulthood. Dietary habits characterised by the consumption of vegetables, fruit, plant-based sources of protein and whole-grain cereal products were related to a lower risk of obesity a year later. Conversely, dietary habits characterised by a high consumption of energy-dense foods, of animal sources of proteins and, among women, of high quantities of liquids were associated with higher risk of excess weight a year later. Healthier food choices in childhood were associated with healthier food patterns in young adulthood. These findings reinforce the value of preventive dietary interventions in the early years to foster eating environments that favour healthy eating and healthy weights in adulthood.
Polyphenol intake and depressive symptoms in young adults: evidence from a population-based longitudinal study.
Gamage E, Lane MM, Mohebbi M … +7 more , Lotfaliany M, Ashtree DN, Jacka FN, Orr R, O'Neil A, Dawson SL, Marx W
Br J Nutr · 2025 Dec · PMID 41449881 · Full text
Due to the high prevalence of depression among young adults, identifying prevention strategies during young adulthood is crucial. Dietary polyphenols have been associated with depression in older cohorts; however, the as...
Due to the high prevalence of depression among young adults, identifying prevention strategies during young adulthood is crucial. Dietary polyphenols have been associated with depression in older cohorts; however, the association remains unclear, particularly in young adults. This study aimed to assess the prospective association between the intake of total polyphenols, polyphenol classes and polyphenol subclasses with depressive symptoms in young adults. Data from 1484 Raine Study Generation 2 participants (52·7 % female; baseline mean age (sd): 20 (0·5)) at the -20, -22, and -27 year follow-ups ( 964, 979 and 1094, respectively), with overlap across follow-ups, were used. Energy-adjusted polyphenol intake was estimated from FFQ data using our expansion of the AUSNUT 2011-13 and Phenol-Explorer to include polyphenol content data and categorised into quartiles. The primary outcome was self-reported depressive symptoms assessed via the twenty-one-item Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale averaged across the three time points. Linear mixed-effects models were used to assess the association between the polyphenol intake exposures and depressive symptoms. Sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle- and health-related behaviours were adjusted for. Participants in the highest quartiles for flavonol and hydroxybenzoic acid intake had lower depressive symptoms across time than participants in the lowest quartiles (flavonols (Q4 Q1 mean difference: -1.38; 95% CI -2.48, -0.28); hydroxybenzoic acids (Q4 Q1: -1.40; 95% CI -2.53, -0.27). We found no evidence of a highest lowest association for all other polyphenol categories. Future studies are required to investigate whether increasing polyphenol intake could protect against depression in young adults.
Are the UK's vitamin C recommendations evidence-based? A critical comment.
Hemilä H, Chalker E
Br J Nutr · 2026 Feb · PMID 41424103 · Full text
There is substantial international variation in recommended vitamin C intake levels. In the USA, the recommendation is 90 mg/d for men and 75 mg/d for women, while in the UK, the current recommendation – established in 1...
There is substantial international variation in recommended vitamin C intake levels. In the USA, the recommendation is 90 mg/d for men and 75 mg/d for women, while in the UK, the current recommendation – established in 1991 – is only 40 mg/d for adults. This UK level was based on the 1953 Sheffield study, which found that 10 mg/d prevents scurvy, with 40 mg/d chosen as the recommended level for yielding somewhat higher plasma levels. In this commentary, we argue that the UK recommendation overlooked key evidence available at the time. Specifically, at least six controlled trials published before 1991 reported benefits from vitamin C supplementation in participants whose baseline vitamin C intake was already 40 mg/d or higher. One randomised controlled trial, published in 1993, found benefits from vitamin C supplementation even at a baseline intake of about 500 mg/d; however, this trial involved ultramarathon runners, and the findings should not be broadly generalised. Nonetheless, such results challenge the assumption that 40 mg/d is universally adequate to maintain full health. We also highlight that the UK recommendations were narrowly focused on preventing dermatological symptoms of scurvy, despite strong evidence – even at the time – that vitamin C deficiency can also cause cardiac dysfunction and greater morbidity due to respiratory infections. We conclude that the current UK vitamin C recommendation should be re-evaluated in light of controlled trial evidence and broader clinical outcomes.
Artificial intelligence applications for assessing ultra-processed food consumption: a scoping review.
Campbell JL, Schofield G, Tiedt HR … +1 more , Zinn C
Br J Nutr · 2026 Feb · PMID 41423345 · Full text
Ultra-processed foods (UPF), defined using frameworks such as NOVA, are increasingly linked to adverse health outcomes, driving interest in ways to identify and monitor their consumption. Artificial intelligence (AI) off...
Ultra-processed foods (UPF), defined using frameworks such as NOVA, are increasingly linked to adverse health outcomes, driving interest in ways to identify and monitor their consumption. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers potential, yet its application in classifying UPF remains underexamined. To address this gap, we conducted a scoping review mapping how AI has been used, focusing on techniques, input data, classification frameworks, accuracy and application. Studies were eligible if peer-reviewed, published in English (2015-2025), and they applied AI approaches to assess or classify UPF using recognised or study-specific frameworks. A systematic search in May 2025 across PubMed, Scopus, Medline and CINAHL identified 954 unique records with eight ultimately meeting the inclusion criteria; one additional study was added in October following an updated search after peer review. Records were independently screened and extracted by two reviewers. Extracted data covered AI methods, input types, frameworks, outputs, validation and context. Studies used diverse techniques, including random forest classifiers, large language models and rule-based systems, applied across various contexts. Four studies explored practical settings: two assessed consumption or purchasing behaviours, and two developed substitution tools for healthier options. All relied on NOVA or modified versions to categorise processing. Several studies reported predictive accuracy, with F1 scores from 0·86 to 0·98, while another showed alignment between clusters and NOVA categories. Findings highlight the potential of AI tools to improve dietary monitoring and the need for further development of real-time methods and validation to support public health.
The usual dietary recall as a dietary assessment method: a scoping review.
Valença SEO, Almeida LFF, Castro JDS … +5 more , Almeida PHRF, Fernandes DPS, Dos Santos CA, Novaes JF, Ribeiro AQ
Br J Nutr · 2026 Feb · PMID 41404769 · Publisher ↗
The evaluation of usual food intake is of central importance in nutritional epidemiology studies. Some authors propose the usual dietary recall (UDR) as a viable method for assessing usual food intake; however, its chara...
The evaluation of usual food intake is of central importance in nutritional epidemiology studies. Some authors propose the usual dietary recall (UDR) as a viable method for assessing usual food intake; however, its characteristics remain poorly understood. The objective of this study is to review the literature on the application and performance characteristics of the UDR as a dietary assessment method. Electronic search strategies were conducted using the Excerpta Medica Database, Publisher Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) Periodicals Portal, and Google Scholar. Studies published in Portuguese, English, and Spanish were included, with no restrictions on publication date. Eligible studies included those utilising the UDR in experimental or observational designs, as well as literature reviews. A total of 116 studies were included in the review. The most common application method ( 34; 29·3 %) involved reporting foods typically consumed over a 24-h period. However, most studies ( 66; 56·9 %) did not specify the method for applying the UDR. Key limitations identified included under or overestimation ( 9; 7·8 %), memory bias ( 7; 6·0 %) and the lack of instrument validation ( 5; 4·3 %). Findings show that the UDR lacks a standardised application method, and its validity remains unconfirmed. Future research should establish a standardised protocol and assess its psychometric properties to reduce errors and biases, ensuring accurate dietary assessments in nutritional epidemiology.
Brazilian school menus: an analysis of patterns and their relationship with sociodemographic factors and nutritional quality.
Martins IP, Camargo RGM, Ribeiro EMS … +1 more , Domene SMÁ
Br J Nutr · 2026 Feb · PMID 41403084 · Publisher ↗
There is a gap in the understanding of meal patterns offered to students targeted by the National School Feeding Programme (PNAE). This study aimed to identify and analyse the menu patterns planned in schools participati...
There is a gap in the understanding of meal patterns offered to students targeted by the National School Feeding Programme (PNAE). This study aimed to identify and analyse the menu patterns planned in schools participating in the PNAE. This observational cross-sectional study was carried out from a database consisting of 557 weekly menus from primary schools across Brazilian municipalities. We used factor analysis (FA) with principal components analysis (PCA) to identify menu patterns. Nutritional quality assessment of the menus was based on the Revised School Feeding Menu Quality Index (IQCAE-R). Differences in nutritional quality and associations with sociodemographic factors were analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Wilcoxon testing with Bonferroni correction. Two menu patterns were identified: (1) 'Traditional', predominantly composed of cereals and pasta, roots and tubers, legumes, vegetables, and meats and eggs; and (2) 'Snack', with a higher occurrence of bread, cakes, and biscuits, milk and dairy products, chocolate powder, and coffee and tea. The 'Traditional' pattern, consisting of food items commonly found in Brazilian food culture, and the 'Snack' pattern, characterised by the presence of sweets and highly processed foods, showed significant relationships with sociodemographic variables and nutritional quality of menus. Stimulating schools to provide meals that resemble the 'Traditional' pattern may contribute to the adoption of healthier dietary patterns, thus benefiting and strengthening health promotion through PNAE.
Purified diet reduces intestinal IgA and alters the microbiota accordingly.
Goto M, Watanabe J, Tamura M … +2 more , Takano-Ishikawa Y, Wakagi M
Br J Nutr · 2026 Feb · PMID 41403081 · Full text
Diet can affect health directly or by altering the gut microbiota; thus, there are strong interrelationships between the gut immune system, gut microbiota and diet. This study examined the effects of ingesting AIN-93M pu...
Diet can affect health directly or by altering the gut microbiota; thus, there are strong interrelationships between the gut immune system, gut microbiota and diet. This study examined the effects of ingesting AIN-93M purified diet (PD) on gut immune function and gut microbiota in DO11·10 mice, in which T cell-dependent and T cell-independent (TI) IgA can be analysed separately. Ingestion of the PD for 2 weeks reduced both T cell-dependent and TI secretory IgA in the faeces compared with non-PD, whereas the diet did not affect T cell-dependent and TI serum IgA. Ingestion of the PD had no effect on systemic immune system splenocyte responses. Ingestion of the PD reduced intestinal tissue expression levels of B-cell activating factor and A proliferation-inducing ligand, cytokines involved in TI-IgA production and polymeric Ig receptor, which transports IgA into the intestinal lumen. Co-abundance group (CAG) analysis of the intestinal microbiota was conducted based on correlations between changes in the abundance of bacterial genera, and the correlations between CAG and IgA were determined. The -dominated CAG expanded following ingestion of the PD, accompanied by an inverse correlation with the decrease in faecal IgA, whereas the -dominated CAG shrank relative to the -dominated CAG. These results suggest that TI-IgA suppresses the expansion of some intestinal bacteria and that ingestion of the PD induces dysbiosis via impaired IgA secretion into the intestinal lumen.
The relationship between low-fat diets and telomere length among USA adults: nationwide cross-sectional study.
Huang Y, Li X, Zhang B … +2 more , Hu H, Tang Z
Br J Nutr · 2026 Feb · PMID 41403080 · Publisher ↗
Previous studies have shown that low-fat diet (LFD) is associated with various health benefits, and that lipid and fatty acid metabolism is linked to telomere shortening. However, no epidemiological studies have examined...
Previous studies have shown that low-fat diet (LFD) is associated with various health benefits, and that lipid and fatty acid metabolism is linked to telomere shortening. However, no epidemiological studies have examined the association between LFD and telomere length (TL). Dietary information was collected using 24-h recalls among 6981 adults from a nationwide cross-sectional study. Diet quality was assessed using overall LFD, healthful LFD (hLFD) and unhealthful LFD (uLFD). TL was measured using quantitative PCR. Linear regression was employed to evaluate the association between LFD and log-transformed TL, and ordinal logistic regression was performed to assess the association of LFD with ordinal quintiles of TL in descending order. In both fully adjusted linear and ordinal regression models, higher overall LFD (Tertile 3 . Tertile 1: percentage change = 2·48 %, 95 % CI: 0·60 %, 4·40 %, = 0·003; OR = 0·79, 95 % CI: 0·68, 0·93; = 0·001) and hLFD (Tertile 3 . Tertile 1: percentage change = 2·71 %, 95 % CI: 0·87 %, 4·58 %; = 0·002; OR = 0·84, 95 % CI: 0·72, 0·97; = 0·003) scores were significantly associated with longer TL. The positive association between hLFD and TL was observed in other racial/ethnic groups, but not in non-Hispanic whites ( < 0·005). There was no significant association between uLFD and TL in all the models. Our results suggest that LFD rich in high-quality carbohydrates, unsaturated fat and plant protein is associated with longer TL and underscore the need to consider the quality and dietary sources of the macronutrients.
The effect of MEditerranean DIet and MINdfulness eating on Depression severity in people with major depressive disorder and obesity (MEDIMIND): a study protocol of a randomised controlled clinical trial with multifactorial design.
Moosburner A, Bilc MI, Anheyer D … +4 more , Schleinzer A, Rahmdel S, Vitinius F, Cramer H
Br J Nutr · 2026 Feb · PMID 41403078 · Full text
Obesity and depression are highly prevalent diseases that are strongly correlated. At the same time, there is a growing gap in care, and treatment options should be improved and extended. Positive effects of a Mediterran...
Obesity and depression are highly prevalent diseases that are strongly correlated. At the same time, there is a growing gap in care, and treatment options should be improved and extended. Positive effects of a Mediterranean diet on mental health have already been shown in various studies. In addition to the physiological effects of nutrients, the way food is eaten, such as mindful eating, seems to play a role. The present study investigates the effect of a Mediterranean diet and mindful eating on depression severity in people with clinically diagnosed major depressive disorder and obesity. Participants will be randomised to one of the four intervention groups (Mediterranean diet, mindful eating, their combination and a befriending control group). The factorial design allows investigating individual effects as well as potential synergistic effects of the interventions. The study consists of a 12-week intervention period, where five individual appointments will take place, followed by a 12-week follow-up. The primary outcome is depression severity. Secondary outcomes are remission of depression, assessor-rated depression severity, quality of life, self-efficacy, BMI, waist:hip ratio and body composition; adherence to the Mediterranean diet and mindful eating will also be assessed. Alongside mediator and moderator analysis, a microbiome analysis, a qualitative evaluation and an economic analysis will be conducted. The study investigates an important health issue in a vulnerable target group. It allows to draw valuable conclusions regarding the effectiveness of different interventions and therefore contributes to improving available care options for people suffering from depression and obesity.
Individual and environmental factors affect the consumption of ultra-processed foods among Brazilian adolescents: results from the National School Health Survey.
Andrade MEDC, Vianna RPT, Vale D … +1 more , Palmeira PA
Br J Nutr · 2026 Feb · PMID 41367210 · Publisher ↗
This population-based cross-sectional study investigated the complex interplay of factors influencing high ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption among Brazilian adolescents using a hierarchical socio-ecological model. D...
This population-based cross-sectional study investigated the complex interplay of factors influencing high ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption among Brazilian adolescents using a hierarchical socio-ecological model. Data from 100 028 adolescents (13-17 years) enrolled in public and private schools nationwide were collected via self-administered questionnaires from the 2019 National School Health Survey. High UPF consumption was defined as ≥ 7 subgroups consumed on the previous day based on the NOVA classification. Poisson regression adjusted for complex sampling and hierarchical structure identified prevalence ratios (PR) for associated factors. High UPF consumption was significantly associated with younger age (PR = 1·22; 95 % CI 1·11, 1·34), regular breakfast consumption (PR = 1·32; 95 % CI 1·23, 1·42), regular screen time during meals (PR = 1·36; 95 % CI 1·27, 1·45), frequent UPF purchases at and around school (PR for canteen: 1·57; 95 % CI 1·43, 1·72; street vendors: 1·71; 95 % CI 1·55, 1·89), higher maternal education (PR 1·23, 95 % CI 1·12, 1·36) and lower parental supervision (PR 1·34, 95 % CI 1·11, 1·62). Living in the South (PR 1·50, 95 % CI 1·34, 1·69), Southeast (PR 1·30, 95 % CI 1·17, 1·44) and Midwest regions (PR 1·21, 95 % CI 1·09, 1·34) also correlated with higher consumption. Conversely, high body satisfaction and attending private school showed an inverse association. These findings underscore the intricate, multilevel influences on UPF consumption among Brazilian adolescents. Integrated interventions, spanning schools, family environments and public policies are crucial for promoting healthier eating habits and preventing obesity in this vulnerable population.
Macronutrient and energy metabolism changes in domestic cats when fed cornstarch, whey protein, and, poultry fat.
Jantzi SAM, Anan SF, Brewer J … +5 more , Lanman C, Seymour DJ, Labussière E, Steele MA, Shoveller AK
Br J Nutr · 2026 Feb · PMID 41367205 · Full text
There is a lack of knowledge available on how cats adjust their macronutrient partitioning due to the consumption of single-macronutrient meals. The objective of this study was to evaluate consumption of a single meal of...
There is a lack of knowledge available on how cats adjust their macronutrient partitioning due to the consumption of single-macronutrient meals. The objective of this study was to evaluate consumption of a single meal of ingredients that contained foods of strictly carbohydrates (CHO), fat (FAT) or protein (PRO), on energy expenditure (EE) and macronutrient metabolism in cats. Ten domestic shorthair adult cats (1·9 years; 4·12 kg) were fed 22-24 g of chicken fat (FAT), 56-62 g of whey protein solution (PRO) or 54-56 g of cornstarch solution (CHO) for a single day in a randomised complete block design. Indirect calorimetry was conducted for 24 h post-feeding. Mean average EE over 24 h was highest in cats fed PRO (44 kcal/kg BW) and FAT (43 kcal/kg BW) compared with that in cats fed CHO (42 kcal/kg BW; < 0·01). During 0 to 4 h, cats fed FAT had greater EE (49 kcal/kg BW), suggesting that cats respond to oxidising more dietary fat over protein in the early postprandial stage. Mean 24 h respiratory quotient (RQ) was greatest for cats fed CHO (0·76) followed by PRO (0·75) and FAT (0·74; < 0·05). During 4 to 8 h, the RQ of cats fed PRO was the greatest (0·77), suggesting that cats initially increase gluconeogenesis from amino acids for subsequent glucose oxidation. In comparison to omnivores and herbivores, obligate carnivores have unique responses to single macronutrient intake, where they apparently generate energy from carbohydrate metabolism and rely more on gluconeogenic precursors.
Association of dietary choline intake with all-cause and disease-specific mortality among individuals with diabetes: a population-based prospective cohort study.
Ye M, He Y, Xia Y … +3 more , Zhong Z, Yang L, Li Q
Br J Nutr · 2026 Feb · PMID 41365816 · Publisher ↗
Evidence regarding the association between dietary choline intake and mortality in individuals with diabetes remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between dietary choline intake and all-cause, CV...
Evidence regarding the association between dietary choline intake and mortality in individuals with diabetes remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between dietary choline intake and all-cause, CVD and cancer-related mortality among adults with diabetes. A total of 4712 participants with diabetes were included from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2018 cycles. Dietary choline intake was estimated using two 24-h dietary recalls, and mortality outcomes were ascertained via linkage to National Death Index records through 31 December 2019. Cox proportional hazards models and Kaplan-Meier analyses were employed to assess the associations between choline intake and mortality. Restricted cubic spline models were used to examine potential non-linear relationships, and threshold analyses were conducted to identify inflection points. Over a median follow-up of 6·42 years, 805 deaths were documented, including 267 from CVD and 126 from cancer. A U-shaped association was observed between dietary choline intake and all-cause mortality ( < 0·0001). Compared with the lowest quartile, multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for all-cause mortality were 0·64 (95 % CI 0·47, 0·88) for the second quartile, 0·59 (0·43, 0·82) for the third and 0·69 (0·43, 1·09) for the highest quartile. No significant associations were found between choline intake and either CVD or cancer mortality. These findings indicate a U-shaped relationship between dietary choline intake and all-cause mortality in individuals with diabetes, with intakes between 286·77 and 538·86 mg/d associated with the lowest risk - providing potential implications for dietary guidance in diabetes management.
Adaptive thermogenesis in response to weight loss and weight regain: first evidence in adolescents with severe obesity.
Thivel D, Doucet É, Lazzer S … +6 more , Montaurier C, Pereira B, Bosy-Westphal A, Muller MJ, Boirie Y, Isacco L
Br J Nutr · 2026 Jan · PMID 41365814 · Publisher ↗
While the effects of multidisciplinary weight loss (WL) on resting energy expenditure remain unclear in adolescents with obesity, the potential presence of adaptive thermogenesis (AT) has never been explored, which was t...
While the effects of multidisciplinary weight loss (WL) on resting energy expenditure remain unclear in adolescents with obesity, the potential presence of adaptive thermogenesis (AT) has never been explored, which was the objective of the present work. Twenty-six adolescents (14·1 (sd 1·5) years) with severe obesity completed a 9-month inpatient multidisciplinary intervention followed by a 4-month follow-up. Anthropometric measurements, body composition (dual X-ray absorptiometry) and resting energy expenditure (REE, indirect calorimetry) were assessed before (T0) and after 9 months of WL intervention (T1) and after a 4-month follow-up (T2). AT, at the level of REE, was defined as a significantly lower measured . predicted (using regression models with baseline data) REE. Two pre-cited REE equations were used, using both fat mass and fat-free mass (FFM) (predicted REE using equation 1) or FFM only (predicted REE using equation 2). Measured and predicted REE significantly decreased between T0 and T1 ( < 0·001) and remained lower at T2 compared with T0 (measured REE: = 0·017; predicted REE: < 0·001). Predicted REE using equation 2 was significantly higher than measured REE at T1 ( = 0·012), suggesting the presence of AT. FFM at T0 was negatively correlated with ATp1T1 (Rho = -0·428; = 0·033) and ATp2T1 (Rho = -0·485; = 0·014). The variation of FFM between T0 and T1 was negatively correlated with AT at T1 and T2. These preliminary results suggest the existence of AT in response to WL in adolescents with obesity, independently of the degree of WL. AT was associated with subsequent body weight and fat regain, suggesting AT may represent a damper to WL attempts while increasing the adolescents' risks for subsequent weight and adiposity rebounds.
Sex differences in the optimal cut-off values of visceral fat area for predicting metabolic syndrome among Chinese middle-aged and elderly populations: a cross-sectional study.
Pu F, He R, Wei Y … +4 more , Li J, Liao X, Shi L, Hu W
Br J Nutr · 2026 Feb · PMID 41365812 · Publisher ↗
The threshold values of visceral fat area (VFA) proposed by existing studies for predicting metabolic syndrome (MetS) are contentious, necessitating further empirical evidence. We conducted a cross-sectional study to ass...
The threshold values of visceral fat area (VFA) proposed by existing studies for predicting metabolic syndrome (MetS) are contentious, necessitating further empirical evidence. We conducted a cross-sectional study to assess VFA using bioelectrical impedance analysis technology among middle-aged and elderly individuals in the Sichuan area of China. First, we compared the predictive ability of VFA, waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) among participants with MetS (excluding WC). In males, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0·680 for VFA, 0·670 for WC and 0·665 for BMI, with corresponding optimal cut-off values of 77·45 cm, 83·50 cm and 24·19 kg/m. In females, the AUC values and optimal cut-offs were 0·628 (103·55 cm) for VFA, 0·671 (77·50 cm) for WC and 0·643 (24·32 kg/m) for BMI. Additionally, for MetS defined with WC included, the AUC of VFA for prediction was higher in males (0·785) than in females (0·717), with optimal cut-offs of 85·15 cm (males) and 109·55 cm (females). Further age-stratified analysis revealed sex-specific VFA cut-offs: in males, 80·95 cm (45–59 years), 85·15 cm (60–74 years) and 77·50 cm (≥ 75 years); in females, 109·65 cm (45–59 years), 112·15 cm (60–74 years) and 103·05 cm (≥ 75 years). In conclusion, VFA is an effective predictor of MetS, with its optimal cut-off value varying by age and being higher in females than in males.
The effect of a person-centred lifestyle programme on cancer-related fatigue in colorectal cancer survivors: a randomised trial.
de Vries-Ten Have J, Winkens LHH, Verkaar AJCF … +10 more , Bloemhof SAG, Schepers L, Manusama K, Beijer S, Sommeijer DW, van Eekeren RRJP, Kruyt F, Guitink A, Kampman E, Winkels RM
Br J Nutr · 2026 Feb · PMID 41363069 · Full text
Cancer-related fatigue is a common problem among colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors even after completion of treatment. In a randomised trial, we assessed the effect of a person-centred lifestyle programme on cancer-relat...
Cancer-related fatigue is a common problem among colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors even after completion of treatment. In a randomised trial, we assessed the effect of a person-centred lifestyle programme on cancer-related fatigue among CRC survivors who completed treatment. Survivors who completed treatment at least 6 months but no longer than 5 years ago and who were experiencing cancer-related fatigue were randomised to intervention or control group. The intervention group worked with a lifestyle coach for 6 months during twelve sessions to stepwise increase adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute of Cancer Research cancer prevention guidelines on healthy diet and physical activity. The control group did not receive lifestyle coaching. Changes in cancer-related fatigue from baseline to 6 months were assessed with the FACIT (Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy) - Fatigue Scale. As a secondary outcome, we assessed changes in health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Higher scores indicate less fatigue and better HRQoL. Eighty participants were randomised to the intervention group; eighty-one to the control group. Baseline characteristics were similar: mean age 64·1 (sd 10·9) years; 55·3 % were women; and 72 % had colon cancer. There were favourable changes in dietary behaviours and physical activity in the intervention group; the control group did not show changes to the same extent. The programme did not result in statistically significant differential changes over time between intervention and control group in cancer-related fatigue (0·8; 95 % CI -1·6, 3·2) or HRQoL (1·3; 95 % CI -2·2, 4·8). A person-centred lifestyle programme improved the lifestyle of CRC survivors, but the programme was not effective in reducing cancer-related fatigue or in improving HRQoL.
Impact of early neonatal nutrition on neurodevelopment and the limbic system in very low birth weight infants.
Uberos J, Carrasco-Solis M, Laynez-Rubio C … +6 more , Nieto-Ruiz A, Ruiz-López A, Contreras-Chova F, Fernández-Marin E, Campos-Martínez A, Collaborative NeuroPrem group
Br J Nutr · 2026 Feb · PMID 41362242 · Full text
The limbic system is a brain structure involved in emotional regulation. Since nutritional interventions in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants may be associated with measurable differences in brain structure and functi...
The limbic system is a brain structure involved in emotional regulation. Since nutritional interventions in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants may be associated with measurable differences in brain structure and function, we designed this prospective study to evaluate the impact of early nutritional support in VLBW infants on the volume of the regions that comprise the limbic system, as well as on the emotional and neuropsychological development of these infants. This is a prospective observational study of a historical cohort of children with a history of prematurity. Seventy-four preterm infants, with a mean age of 11·1 (sd 2·9) years, underwent neuropsychological assessment using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children and functional MRI (fMRI). We recorded the nutritional intake during the first week of the neonatal period, as well as data related to neonatal morbidity. The association between the results of the brain structural analysis, psychometrics variables and nutritional intake was determined using simple and multivariate linear regression adjusted for child age and BMI in the structural analysis of fMRI. Lipids intake was also associated with the volume of the left thalamus ( = 50·7; = 0·014), the right thalamus ( = 47·4; = 0·018) and the left nucleus accumbens ( = 5·02; = 0·031). We conclude that lipids intake in the first week of life in VLBW newborns is associated with the volume of various structures of the limbic system, namely the thalamus and the nucleus accumbens.
Association of chrono-nutrition components with anthropometric measures and body composition in adults living in Tehran.
Jabbarzadeh-Ganjeh B, Mirrafiei A, Norouziasl R … +7 more , Ghaemi S, Bafkar N, Firouzi M, Tijani Jibril A, Djafarian K, Bahrami A, Shab-Bidar S
Br J Nutr · 2026 Feb · PMID 41347499 · Publisher ↗
We aimed to investigate the association of chrono-nutrition components with anthropometric measures and body composition in adults living in Tehran. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 450 healthy adults. The exp...
We aimed to investigate the association of chrono-nutrition components with anthropometric measures and body composition in adults living in Tehran. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 450 healthy adults. The exposures of the study were meal frequency, meal timing, meal irregularity, breakfast skipping, night fasting duration, time of the first and last eating occasion and the time interval from the last meal to bed. The outcomes were BMI, waist circumference, neck circumference (NC), waist:hip ratio, waist:height ratio (WHtR), body adiposity index (BAI), body roundness index (BRI), a body shape index, percentage of body fat (PBF), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass and muscle mass. Bonferroni correction was applied, and the significance level was less than 0·004. Using ANCOVA, after adjusting for confounders, late lunch eating was associated with a lower PBF. There was a positive trend across the tertiles of dinner time with greater WHtR (mean difference = 0·019; = 0·025) and BRI (mean difference = 0·24; = 0·022). Moreover, increased irregularity at dinner time was associated with higher levels of PBF ( = 0·026) and FM ( = 0·025). Also, longer overnight fasting was associated with lower NC ( = 0·049) and a greater BRI ( = 0·050). We found differences across the time interval from the last meal to bed with greater means of BAI ( = 0·026), PBF ( = 0·014) and FM ( = 0·020). However, after applying the Bonferroni correction, we found no significant association between chrono-nutrition components and anthropometric measures and body composition in adults living in Tehran. Further studies are necessary to confirm the results.
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