The British Journal Of Nutrition[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Infant feeding practices and associated factors following the major earthquakes in Türkiye: a cross-sectional study.
Kahraman A, Çubukcu E, Gümüş M … +1 more , Karaarslan D
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42206594 · Publisher ↗
This study aimed to examine infant feeding practices and associated factors among infants affected by the great earthquakes in Türkiye. This descriptive, cross-sectional study included mothers of infants aged 4-12 months...
This study aimed to examine infant feeding practices and associated factors among infants affected by the great earthquakes in Türkiye. This descriptive, cross-sectional study included mothers of infants aged 4-12 months who experienced earthquakes in Kahramanmaraş, Kilis, Diyarbakır, Adana, Osmaniye, Gaziantep, Şanlıurfa, Adıyaman, Malatya and Hatay and who were residing in Hatay at the time of data collection. A total of 396 mothers participated in the study. All participants voluntarily completed the Family Introduction Form and the Complementary Feeding Transition Questionnaire. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and tests. Among the infants, 50 % were aged between 10 and 12 months and 61·6 % were male. 50·8 % did not continue breast-feeding after the earthquake, 59·6 % of infants under one year were not breastfed, and only 19·2 % were exclusively breastfed for the first six months. Additionally, 58·3 % of the infants began complementary feeding before six months of age, and 49·5 % initiated complementary feeding with jarred baby food. A statistically significant difference was observed among the number of relocations, first-degree loss due to the earthquake and continuation of breast-feeding ( = 0·016 and < 0·001, respectively). Mothers ceased breast-feeding after the earthquake and experienced a decline in milk supply; both relocation and the loss of a relative were found to adversely affect infant nutrition. To support optimal infant feeding, it is recommended that mothers be provided with comprehensive education and counselling on breast-feeding and transition to complementary foods.
Relative validity of a Meal-based Diet History Questionnaire against a 4-d weighed dietary record for assessing total and meal-specific amino acid intake in Japanese adults.
Lamma W, Shinozaki N, Kimoto N … +3 more , Masayasu S, Sasaki S, Murakami K
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42206592 · Publisher ↗
This study aimed to develop an amino acid composition table for Japanese foods and evaluate the relative validity of the Meal-based Diet History Questionnaire (MDHQ) in estimating total and meal-specific amino acid intak...
This study aimed to develop an amino acid composition table for Japanese foods and evaluate the relative validity of the Meal-based Diet History Questionnaire (MDHQ) in estimating total and meal-specific amino acid intake, using a 4-d weighed dietary record (DR) as the reference. A total of 111 Japanese women and 111 Japanese men completed both online and paper MDHQ, along with a 4-d non-consecutive DR. The amino acid composition table was constructed based on the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan 2020. Median amino acid intakes estimated by the online MDHQ were generally lower than those from the DR across all calculation methods (crude, residual, density and %protein) in both sexes, with significant differences observed for most of the eighteen amino acids. Median Spearman's correlation coefficients between the online MDHQ and DR for total amino acid intake were 0·43-0·44 in women and 0·31-0·37 in men. Concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) were lower than the corresponding Spearman coefficients, and Bland-Altman analyses showed wide limits of agreement with proportional bias. Similar findings were observed for the paper MDHQ. In conclusion, the MDHQ showed limited relative validity for ranking total and individual amino acid intakes at main meals, with weaker performance for snacks and limited ability to estimate absolute individual intakes. Despite these limitations, the MDHQ provides a novel approach for examining meal-specific dietary patterns and may offer useful insights in epidemiological studies when its limitations are appropriately considered.
Tracking changes in body composition in athletes: are rapid four-compartment models valid?
Silva TR, Poínhos R, Oliveira BMPM … +6 more , Santos DA, Matias CN, Sardinha LB, Teixeira VH, Heymsfield SB, Silva AM
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42206588 · Publisher ↗
While rapid four-compartment (4C) models have demonstrated cross-sectional validity in diverse populations, including athletes, their longitudinal validity remains unverified. This study aims to evaluate the longitudinal...
While rapid four-compartment (4C) models have demonstrated cross-sectional validity in diverse populations, including athletes, their longitudinal validity remains unverified. This study aims to evaluate the longitudinal validity of utilising dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived estimates of body volume (BV) and bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS)-derived total body water (TBW) in rapid 4C models in athletes. Criterion 4C used DXA for bone mineral content, air displacement plethysmography for BV and H dilution for TBW. Analyses of longitudinal changes in fat mass (FM), in both kilograms and percentage, were performed in participants who experienced changes greater than 1 % ( 60) and in a subgroup exceeding the least significant change (1·97 kg, 25). All alternative estimates underestimated changes relative to criterion 4C, with 4C TBW providing the smaller mean difference (MD) (0·41 kg) and DXA the larger (0·94 kg). The MD for 4C BVTBW and 4C BVTBW were 0·48 kg and 0·50 kg, respectively. Bland-Altman analyses showed wide limits of agreement (LOA) for all methods. Even the alternative with the smaller 95 % LOA had a wide LOA (4C TBW: -2·9 %, 4·0 %, 60). This investigation demonstrates that these rapid 4C models exhibit precision superior to or equivalent to DXA alone while offering reduced assessment times and broader accessibility than the criterion 4C. Regarding accuracy for evaluating changes over time, despite acceptable results at the group level, interpretation should be careful at the individual level.
Adherence to Mediterranean-style diet and premenstrual syndrome severity: a cross-sectional study.
Granda D, Szmidt MK, Kaluza J
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42188429 · Publisher ↗
Evidence on the association between the Mediterranean diet and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) remains inconclusive; therefore, this study examined the relationship between adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet and overall...
Evidence on the association between the Mediterranean diet and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) remains inconclusive; therefore, this study examined the relationship between adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet and overall PMS severity and specific psychological and physical symptoms. This cross-sectional study included 606 women aged 18-35 years. Premenstrual symptoms and their severity were assessed using the validated Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool and the Calendar of Premenstrual Experiences. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was assessed using a modified Mediterranean diet score (mMDS; range 0-9 points), derived from a validated 138-item semi-quantitative FFQ. Logistic regression was used to estimate OR with 95 % CI to examine the association between adherence to the Mediterranean-style diet and PMS severity. Three overall PMS severity groups were identified: No-PMS (21·8 %), Mild-PMS (50·2 %) and Moderate/Severe-PMS (28·0 %). No association was observed between adherence to the Mediterranean-style diet and overall PMS severity. Compared with women with Low mMDS (0-3 points), women with Moderate mMDS (4-5 points) had an OR of 1·11 (95 % CI 0·63, 1·94) for Moderate/Severe-PMS. Among women with High mMDS (6-9 points), the corresponding OR was 1·37 (95 % CI 0·75, 2·53). Of the thirty-two specific premenstrual symptoms, only headache was inversely associated with Mediterranean-style diet adherence in the Moderate . Low mMDS group (OR = 0·75, 95 % CI 0·59, 0·95), but not in the High . Low mMDS group (OR = 0·80, 95 % CI 0·63, 1·03). Given the lack of a significant association, further prospective and intervention studies are needed.
Influence of diet quality on body composition, cardiometabolic health and weight gain in pregnancy.
Söderström Shields E, Sandborg J, Flor-Alemany M … +2 more , Henriksson P, Löf M
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42187427 · Publisher ↗
Diet is key for a healthy lifestyle, yet evidence on how diet quality affects body composition and cardiometabolic health during pregnancy is insufficient. The aims of this study were to examine associations of diet qual...
Diet is key for a healthy lifestyle, yet evidence on how diet quality affects body composition and cardiometabolic health during pregnancy is insufficient. The aims of this study were to examine associations of diet quality (Swedish Healthy Eating Index (SHEI)) with body composition, cardiometabolic health in early and late pregnancy (gestational weeks 14 and 37) and gestational weight gain (GWG). This observational study used cross-sectional and prospective data from the HealthyMoms trial at two timepoints: early ( 302) and late pregnancy ( 134). Exposure was diet quality (SHEI) assessed through online 24 h recalls, and outcomes included body composition (body fatness, BMI, fat mass index (FMI)), cardiometabolic health (homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), metabolic syndrome (MetS) score, glycaemia) and GWG. Linear regression was used to investigate associations between SHEI and outcomes. In the cross-sectional analyses, higher SHEI was associated with lower body fatness, BMI, FMI and MetS score in early pregnancy (all B ≤ -0·14, all ≤ 0·02). Similar results were seen in late pregnancy, with the addition of an association with HOMA-IR (all B ≤ -0·20, all ≤ 0·008). Prospectively, higher SHEI in early pregnancy was associated with lower body fatness, BMI, FMI, glycaemia, HOMA-IR and MetS score in late pregnancy (all B ≤ -0·09, all ≤ 0·01). There were no statistically significant associations of change in SHEI with GWG or other outcomes ( ≥ 0·09). In conclusion, a healthy diet, especially in early pregnancy, seems beneficial for body composition and cardiometabolic health. Focusing on key dietary advice, as captured by SHEI, may be advantageous and feasible within maternity care.
The association between dietary diversity and depressive symptoms among adult population in rural Western Kenya.
Opondo C, Kamadi J, Akiruga J … +2 more , Pastakia SD, Rosenberg M
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42187274 · Publisher ↗
Low dietary diversity is a predictor of depression in high-income countries, but evidence from low-income settings where poor nutrition and depression often co-occur is scarce. We examined the association between dietary...
Low dietary diversity is a predictor of depression in high-income countries, but evidence from low-income settings where poor nutrition and depression often co-occur is scarce. We examined the association between dietary diversity and depression in rural Western Kenya. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data collected between June and August 2025 from 311 participants enrolled in a group-based microfinance ('BIGPIC') program. Depression was measured using twenty-item Centre for Epidemiologic Studies for Depression Scale, and dietary diversity was assessed based on the consumption of five food groups in the previous 24 hours using a validated scale. We used linear regression models to estimate the association between high dietary diversity and depression scores and assessed effect measure modification by wealth status. Quantile regression was used to examine variation across the distributions of depression scores. Higher dietary diversity was associated with lower depression scores (adjusted (95 % CI): -3·49 (-6·62, -0·38)). This association was stronger among individuals with lower wealth (adjusted (95 % CI): -6·00 (-10·46, -1·42)), compared with those with high wealth (adjusted (95 % CI): -0·53 (-4·76, 3·68); Wald -value for interaction = 0·0003). Effect sizes were larger at higher quantiles across 75th (Q75: = -7·56; 95 % CI: -12·82, -2·27) and 90th (Q90: = -6·01; 95 % CI: -12·43, 0·43) quantiles, though estimates were imprecise. These findings suggest that greater dietary diversity may be associated with improved mental health, particularly among socio-economically vulnerable individuals, and those with severe depression. Future work using longitudinal and quasi-experimental designs are needed to strengthen causal inference and clarify underlying mechanisms.
Including fruit juice and smoothies within 5-a-day fruit and vegetable intake recommendations: a randomised controlled trial investigating impact on levels of intake, mood and markers of health.
Neal C, Lietz G, Brandt K … +2 more , Watson AW, Shannon OM
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42169606 · Publisher ↗
Consuming fruit juice/smoothies could help overcome barriers to fruit and vegetable () intake. However, their contribution towards intake within a healthy diet is contentious. We investigated how intake is affected by...
Consuming fruit juice/smoothies could help overcome barriers to fruit and vegetable () intake. However, their contribution towards intake within a healthy diet is contentious. We investigated how intake is affected by UK 5-a-day advice, with and without one portion/d of fruit juice/smoothies and explored how these interventions impacted markers of health. Healthy individuals ( 42) with low intake (≤ 2 servings/d) completed a 4-week, parallel-group randomised controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT06628401). Participants were randomised to (1) control, (2) whole (FV) or (3) whole plus fruit juice/smoothies (FV + FJ). All groups received weekly financial support (to remove financial barriers to purchase in the intervention groups). FV and FV + FJ also received a co-designed educational booklet. We investigated the intervention effects on self-reported intake (primary outcome), biomarkers of intake and metabolism, mood, gut symptoms and acceptability. Post-intervention intake differed between groups ( < 0·001; = 0·62). It was significantly higher in FV ((estimated marginal means (se)); 8·9 (0·64) portions/d, < 0·001) and FV + FJ (6·6 (0·64), < 0·001) . control (2·45 (0·64)), but there was no difference between FV and FV + FJ ( = 0·051). Both interventions showed good acceptability. Depression symptoms differed between groups ( = 0·01; = 0·21); they were significantly lower in FV + FJ than control. There were no differences in anxiety or gut symptoms, nor in intake or metabolic biomarkers. A financial and educational intervention based on UK 5-a-day recommendations, with or without fruit juice/smoothies, significantly increased short-term intake and benefited mood without adversely impacting health markers in the short-term. Funder: Fruit Juice Science Centre.
Reduced plasma concentration of branched-chain amino acids in sarcopenic older subjects: a cross-sectional study - CORRIGENDUM.
Ottestad I, Ulven SM, Øyri LKL … +7 more , Sandvei KS, Gjevestad GO, Bye A, Sheikh NA, Biong AS, Andersen LF, Holven KB
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42168831 · Publisher ↗
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Association between provitamin A carotenoid-rich foods intake and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease risk: mediating effects of socio-economic status and healthy lifestyle.
Liu C, Qu L, Tang X … +5 more , Sun Y, Yao D, Hu J, Tang Z, Cheng J
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42168801 · Publisher ↗
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) was very common worldwide and was associated with metabolic syndrome, modifiable lifestyle factors and socio-economic status (SES). Although provitamin A c...
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) was very common worldwide and was associated with metabolic syndrome, modifiable lifestyle factors and socio-economic status (SES). Although provitamin A carotenoid-rich foods have shown potential protective effects against MASLD, there was limited population-based evidence in this regard, and the mediating role of healthy lifestyle and SES in the association of carotenoids induced MASLD was still unclear. This study aimed to assess the association of provitamin A carotenoid-rich foods intake with MASLD risk and the mediating effects of healthy lifestyle and SES. Provitamin A carotenoid-rich foods intake was assessed using a 24-h recall data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The USA Fatty Liver Index value ≥ 30 was used to define the MASLD status. SES (education/income) and healthy lifestyle (smoking/drinking/physical activity) were categorised via latent class analysis. Multivariable logistic regression and mediation analysis were used for analyses. A total of 6613 participants (mean (sd) age 50·8 (17·7) years; 53·6 % female) were included. Provitamin A carotenoid-rich foods intake was inversely associated with MASLD risk (adjusted OR, 0·684; 95 % CI: 0·532, 0·879). SES (mediation proportion, 12·92 %) and healthy lifestyle (16·84 %) exerted significant mediating effects. Subgroup analyses showed stronger associations in females (OR, 0·572; 95 % CI: 0·406, 0·805) and adults aged < 45 years (OR, 0·519; 95 % CI: 0·367, 0·734). Higher provitamin A carotenoid-rich foods intake was associated with lower MASLD risk, partially mediated by SES and healthy lifestyle. This provided a feasible dietary strategy for MASLD prevention, especially in females and younger adults.
Mediterranean diet adherence and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease risk in Turkish adults: a case-control study.
Khoshbakht Farshad R, Akbaş E, Ertaş Öztürk Y
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42157699 · Publisher ↗
The Mediterranean diet has emerged as a promising dietary pattern for preventing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study aimed to examine the role of the Mediterranean diet on the risk of NAFLD in Turkish a...
The Mediterranean diet has emerged as a promising dietary pattern for preventing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study aimed to examine the role of the Mediterranean diet on the risk of NAFLD in Turkish adults. A total of 252 individuals (126 NAFLD and 126 age- and sex-matched controls) participated in this case-control study. Dietary intake was assessed with a 24-h recall, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet was evaluated using the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS). Logistic regression models were applied to estimate OR. The prevalence of NAFLD was higher in the lowest tertile (64·6 %) and lower in the highest tertile (30·5 %; < 0·001). Moderate adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with a 57·0 % lower risk of NAFLD after adjusting for age, sex, BMI and energy intake. High adherence conferred an 86·0 % reduction after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, energy intake and co-morbidities. Frequent consumption of butter, margarine, cream (OR = 2·75; 95 % CI 1·72, 6·43) and sugar-sweetened beverages (OR = 2·87; 95 % CI 1·20, 6·87) significantly increased the risk. However, consuming nuts three or more servings per week was protective (OR = 0·46; 95 % CI 0·21, 0·99). In individuals who did not consume ≥ 3 servings of fruit daily, the risk of NAFLD was significantly reduced (OR = 0·28; 95 % CI 0·16, 0·69). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was strongly associated with a reduced risk of NAFLD, highlighting the importance of limiting saturated fats and sugar-sweetened beverages while promoting nuts as practical strategies for prevention.
Impact of Dietary Protein Intake on Gut Microbiota: A Narrative Review of Biological Effects and Clinical Relevance.
Neto JBC, Martins-Santos MES
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42157380 · Publisher ↗
Protein intake is essential for maintaining physiological functions, with standard recommendations suggesting ∼0.7 g/kg/day for healthy adults. In recent years, high-protein diets have gained popularity due to their pote...
Protein intake is essential for maintaining physiological functions, with standard recommendations suggesting ∼0.7 g/kg/day for healthy adults. In recent years, high-protein diets have gained popularity due to their potential metabolic benefits, including reduced visceral adiposity, improved hormonal regulation, and preservation of muscle mass. However, the effects of high-protein intake on gut microbiota and overall health remain controversial. Emerging evidence indicates that excessive protein consumption, particularly from animal sources, may negatively impact gut health by increasing intestinal permeability, promoting chronic low-grade inflammation, and impairing mucosal immunity. These effects appear to depend on protein source, intake level, duration, and host-specific factors such as age, metabolic status, and immune function. While moderate protein intake seems to have minimal effects on microbial diversity, chronic high intake may disrupt gut microbiota composition and favor pro-inflammatory profiles, potentially contributing to metabolic dysfunction. Additionally, co-ingested dietary factors, including fat content, processed meat compounds, and fiber intake, may confound these outcomes. Certain populations, such as athletes, older adults, and individuals with type 2 diabetes, may benefit from higher protein intake, although these effects are context-dependent. In contrast, high-protein diets may be detrimental for individuals at risk of chronic kidney disease. Overall, the gut microbiota plays a central role in mediating the health effects of dietary protein, highlighting the importance of balanced and personalized nutritional strategies.
Estimation of sex- and age-specific food portion sizes among Japanese children and adolescents aged 3-17 years.
Tajima R, Okubo H, Shinozaki N … +3 more , Masayasu S, Sasaki S, Murakami K
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42145210 · Publisher ↗
To provide a scientific basis for establishing a portion size database for dietary assessment and nutritional education, we determined the portion sizes of commonly consumed food groups among Japanese children and adoles...
To provide a scientific basis for establishing a portion size database for dietary assessment and nutritional education, we determined the portion sizes of commonly consumed food groups among Japanese children and adolescents aged 3-17 years. This study analysed 8-d weighed dietary record data from a nationwide survey conducted between November 2016 and August 2020. Participants were grouped into preschoolers (3-6 years, 572), elementary schoolchildren (7-12 years, 406) and middle/high school students (13-17 years, 379). Age- and sex-specific portion sizes of seventy-three food groups were calculated as weighted averages of median portion sizes of the food items within each group, using the number of consumers for each item as weights. Overall, older participants had larger portion sizes than younger participants, but the magnitude of this difference varied between sexes and food groups. For most food groups, middle/high school students consumed 1·2-1·5 times (29 and 45 food groups for boys and girls, respectively) or 1·6-1·9 times (32 and 18 food groups for boys and girls, respectively) larger portion sizes than preschoolers. Portion sizes among middle/high school students were at least twice as large as those among preschoolers for ten food groups in boys, including staple foods, pork/beef, some vegetables, some beverages and salty snacks, but only for three food groups in girls. In conclusion, these differences in portion sizes according to age, sex and food group should be taken into account when assessing dietary intake and designing nutritional education for portion size control.
From single conventional regression to ensemble modelling: relative importance of the Healthy Eating Index-2015 components in relation to adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Petersen JM, Bodnar LM, Naimi AI … +1 more , Kirkpatrick SI
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42145204 · Full text
The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) is widely used to assess diet quality, but certain contexts (e.g. pregnancy) may benefit from tailored versions. We evaluated whether the HEI's current approach of assigning approximately e...
The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) is widely used to assess diet quality, but certain contexts (e.g. pregnancy) may benefit from tailored versions. We evaluated whether the HEI's current approach of assigning approximately equal weights to all components to compute the total score is appropriate when studying diet quality around conception. Data were from a US prospective cohort of individuals who had not delivered a previous pregnancy past 20 weeks' gestation (2010-2013, 7882). Usual dietary intake around conception was estimated from FFQ. Select adverse pregnancy outcomes (gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, preterm delivery and small-for-gestational age birth) were abstracted from the medical record. We regressed each outcome on the thirteen HEI-2015 component scores using SuperLearner, an ensemble machine learning method that combines predictions from multiple algorithms and avoids relying on parametric assumptions that characterise standard regression. We assessed the relative importance of each component using two permutation-based metrics: change in negative log likelihood (global influence) and absolute difference in the predicted probabilities (individual-level influence). Six of the thirteen components (Greens and Beans, Saturated Fats, Total Protein Foods, Seafood and Plant Proteins, Fatty Acids and Added Sugars) were important according to at least one metric for at least two of the four outcomes. In contrast, the Refined Grains component was not appreciably important for any outcome. These findings suggest that equal weighting of the HEI components may not be appropriate when evaluating diet quality for studies of pregnancy.
Krill Oil for Pain in Elders: protocol for a pilot, double-blind, randomised controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of 4 g/d krill oil supplementation for chronic musculoskeletal pain and mobility limitations in older adults.
Tamargo JA, Simic K, Capote S … +4 more , Przkora R, Sibille KT, Cruz-Almeida Y, Anton SD
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42144560 · Full text
Mobility limitations due to chronic musculoskeletal pain are a major contributor to disability in older adults, yet current pharmacological treatments often have limited efficacy and increase the risk of polypharmacy. Om...
Mobility limitations due to chronic musculoskeletal pain are a major contributor to disability in older adults, yet current pharmacological treatments often have limited efficacy and increase the risk of polypharmacy. Omega (ω)-3 PUFA, particularly EPA and DHA, have demonstrated anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, but are under-consumed among older USA adults. Krill oil, a marine-derived source of EPA and DHA with enhanced bioavailability compared with typical fish oils and additional bioactive compounds such as astaxanthin and choline, may offer a promising nutritional intervention. This pilot study will assess the feasibility and acceptability of a 3-month randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of krill oil supplementation (4 g/d: 1288 mg EPA + DHA, 0·45 mg astaxanthin, 320 mg choline) . placebo (mixed vegetable oils) in forty community-dwelling adults aged ≥ 60 years with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Primary outcomes include feasibility (recruitment, retention and adherence) and acceptability (participant satisfaction). Secondary outcomes include changes in the omega-3 index, ω-6/ω-3 ratio and inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein), as well as exploratory changes in pain intensity and functional interference, and physical function (Short Physical Performance Battery, 6-Minute Walk Test). Findings will inform the design of future fully powered trials that may ultimately contribute to the evidence for omega-3 supplementation as a non-pharmacological strategy to support healthy aging and functional independence in older adults.
Differences in sociodemographic, lifestyle and dietary characteristics between dietary supplement users and non-users: a cross-sectional study among three generations of Japanese women.
Ogata R, Shinozaki N, Murakami K … +2 more , Iida K, Sasaki S
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42144555 · Publisher ↗
We examined differences in characteristics between dietary supplement (DS) users and non-users in three age groups of Japanese women, including younger women (dietetic students), middle-aged women (their mothers) and old...
We examined differences in characteristics between dietary supplement (DS) users and non-users in three age groups of Japanese women, including younger women (dietetic students), middle-aged women (their mothers) and older women (their grandmothers). In total, 3952 younger women (aged 18 years), 3780 middle-aged women (aged 34-60 years) and 2192 older women (aged 61-94 years) participated in this cross-sectional study in 2011 and 2012. DS use and other characteristics were self-reported using a questionnaire, and dietary intake from foods was assessed using a validated, self-administered diet history questionnaire. DS users were defined as participants who reported using DS at least once in the past month. We calculated the percentage of participants with nutrient intakes below the estimated average requirement (EAR) from the Japanese Dietary Reference Intakes. The proportion of DS users was 5·7 % in younger women, 24·3 % in middle-aged women and 27·7 % in older women. In younger and older women, DS users were more likely to live in a city with a population of ≥1 million. In middle-aged women, DS users were more likely to have an education level of more than high school or to be former smokers. In older women, DS users tended to have shorter sleep duration. Among the 15 nutrients examined, DS users were less likely to have intake levels below the EAR for 10 nutrients in younger women, 9 nutrients in middle-aged women and 4 nutrients in older women. Some characteristics of Japanese female DS users differed from non-users depending on the age group.
Emotional eating in Turkish adults: behavioural and psychological determinants with a psychometric evaluation of the Comprehensive Emotional Eating Scale.
Aslan B, Tamer F, Önal Ö
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42136558 · Publisher ↗
This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Comprehensive Emotional Eating Scale (CEES) and examined its associations with emotion regulation, cognitive control, cognitive flexibility a...
This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Comprehensive Emotional Eating Scale (CEES) and examined its associations with emotion regulation, cognitive control, cognitive flexibility and perceived stress in adults. A cross-sectional design was conducted with 1521 adults aged 18-74 years (68 % female). The CEES was adapted following standard cross-cultural guidelines, including translation, back-translation and approval by the original scale developer. Participants also completed the Emotional Appetite Questionnaire (EMAQ), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, Cognitive Control and Flexibility Questionnaire and Perceived Stress Scale. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) assessed construct validity, while internal consistency, convergent validity and multiple linear regression analyses explored predictors of emotional eating. CFA supported a four-factor structure representing Undereating - Positive Emotions, Undereating - Negative Emotions, Overeating - Positive Emotions and Overeating - Negative Emotions, with item loadings of 0·48-0·77; one item was removed due to low loading. Internal consistency was high ( = 0·88-0·91), and convergent validity was confirmed via EMAQ correlations. Multiple regression analyses indicated that greater difficulties in emotion regulation, higher perceived stress, lower cognitive control and flexibility, smoking, higher BMI and chronic disease significantly increased emotional eating. Women showed higher Undereating - Negative Emotion and total emotional eating scores, while smoking, higher BMI and chronic disease elevated scores on specific subscales. The Turkish CEES demonstrates robust psychometric properties and reliably captures multidimensional emotional eating in adults. Psychological and demographic factors increase emotional eating subscales and total scores, supporting the scale's use in research and clinical settings in Türkiye.
BMI growth channel transitions predict underweight and overweight outcomes in young adults.
De Oliveira MH, Santos IKSD, Mazzeti CMDS … +3 more , Costa RFD, Conde WL, Davison K
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42136556 · Publisher ↗
This study examined the association between transitions in BMI growth channel (BMI-GC) and the odds of underweight and overweight in young adulthood. Data were drawn from 2,759 participants in the Young Lives study (YL)...
This study examined the association between transitions in BMI growth channel (BMI-GC) and the odds of underweight and overweight in young adulthood. Data were drawn from 2,759 participants in the Young Lives study (YL) and 2,782 participants in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97). Normal Weight (NW) subsamples, consisting of 1,922 participants from YL and 1,477 from NLSY97, were selected for sensitivity analyses. Individual BMI-GC trajectories were estimated using linear mixed-effects models, and classified into four groups: Stable, Crossing Upwards, Crossing Downwards, and Fluctuating. Associations between BMI-GC groups and underweight and overweight at age 22 were assessed using logistic regression models. Compared to the Stable group, participants in the Crossing Downwards group had higher odds of being underweight in YL (OR: 2.62; 95%CI: 1.95-3.54), whereas those in the Crossing Upwards group had higher odds of overweight in YL (OR: 3.96 (95%CI: 2.61-5.99)) and in NLSY97 (OR: 2.55 (95%CI: 1.95-3.33)). In sensitivity analysis (NW subsamples), Crossing Downwards remained associated with underweight in YL (OR: 1.75; 95%CI: 1.23-2.48), and Crossing Upwards remained associated with overweight in both cohorts (OR: 1.95; 95%CI: 1.14-3.34 in YL and OR: 1.67; 95%CI: 1.00-2.78 in NLSY97). Crossing BMI-GC was associated with both underweight and overweight outcomes, including among participants with normal weight during childhood and adolescence. These findings highlight the importance of BMI-GC in weight assessments, offering a more nuanced understanding of growth trajectories and emphasizing the need to move beyond BMI categories alone to predict long-term nutritional risks.
Energy and nutrient intake across Nova food groups by quintiles of ultra-processed food energy contribution among Brazilian children aged 6-59 months.
Oliveira N, Schincaglia RM, Carneiro LBV … +10 more , Lacerda EMA, Crispim SP, Berti TL, Dos Santos IN, Lepsch J, Farias DR, Alves-Santos NH, Normando P, Ribeiro de Castro IR, Kac G
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42130471 · Publisher ↗
The objective is to describe energy, macro- and micronutrient intake according to Nova food groups and to estimate its association with ultra-processed foods (UPF) energy participation in the diets of children, stratifie...
The objective is to describe energy, macro- and micronutrient intake according to Nova food groups and to estimate its association with ultra-processed foods (UPF) energy participation in the diets of children, stratified by age (6-23 m/24-59 m). A single 24-h recall from 12 553 children in the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition was used to estimate the relative energy contribution of Nova groups: unprocessed or minimally processed foods and culinary ingredients (G1 + G2); processed foods (G3) and UPF (G4). Age-stratified linear regression and 95 % CI assessed differences in nutrient intake (per 1000 kcal) across UPF energy quintiles. The G1 + G2 group accounted for most of the energy consumed (6-23 m: 74·5 %; 24-59 m: 65·1 %) compared with G3 or G4. For both age groups, in the lowest quintile of UFP participation, ≤ 2 % of energy came from UPF, while in the highest quintile, this proportion was > 55 % and the G1 + G2 group provided most nutrients. In 6-23 m, higher UPF quintiles were associated with lower fat (: -3·1 (-3·6, -2·5)), potassium (: -49·7 (-67·9, -31·4)) and vitamin A RAE (: -113·7 (-136·7, -90·6)) intake, but higher Ca ((: 75·5 (57·6, 93·4)), Fe (: 2·9 (2·5, 3·3)), vitamin A RE (: 104·3 (72·3, 136·3)) and folate (: 15·7 (12·0, 19·5)) intake. In 24-59 m, nutrient intake generally decreased with increasing UPF quintiles. For 6-23 m/24-59 m, UPF consumption was positively associated with energy (: 73·6 (44·6, 102·7); 92·8 (66·7, 118·8), respectively) and carbohydrate (: 7·3 (5·8, 8·7); 2·3 (1·2, 3·3), respectively), while contributing little to overall micronutrient intake.
Diet and risk of multiple myeloma: findings from a case-control study.
Cheah S, Hodge AM, Bassett JK … +9 more , Afshar N, Bruinsma FJ, Cozen W, Harrison SJ, Jayasekara H, Prince HM, Wong Doo N, Giles GG, Milne RL
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42124491 · Publisher ↗
Multiple myeloma (MM) is one of the most common blood cancers. Despite lengthening survival with modern therapy, it remains largely fatal. Understanding the influence of common modifiable risk factors on MM risk is neces...
Multiple myeloma (MM) is one of the most common blood cancers. Despite lengthening survival with modern therapy, it remains largely fatal. Understanding the influence of common modifiable risk factors on MM risk is necessary to inform prevention. We investigated the association between dietary exposures and MM in an Australian population-based case-control study (2010-2016). Incident cases of MM ( 746) were recruited primarily via cancer registries. Controls ( 706) were siblings or spouses of cases. We estimated OR and 95 % CI for associations between MM and dietary exposures, including dietary patterns, fish consumption and a healthy lifestyle index, adjusting for confounders. Higher scores on a modified version of the Alternative Healthy Eating Index-2010 were associated with reduced risk of MM (mAHEI: OR = 0·88, 95 % CI = 0·78, 0·98). There was weaker evidence for reduced risk associated with higher healthful plant-based dietary index score (hPDI: OR = 0·91, 95 % CI = 0·81, 1·02). Increased MM risks were observed with higher scores on empirical dietary indices for inflammatory pattern (OR = 1·20, 95 % CI = 1·07, 1·35), hyperinsulinaemia (OR = 1·15, 95 % CI = 1·02, 1·31) and insulin resistance (OR = 1·21, 95 % CI = 1·08, 1·37). There was no clear evidence of association with MM risk for fish consumption or a healthy lifestyle index. We observed an association between adherence to a healthy diet and lower MM risk. Adherence to dietary patterns with the potential to increase insulin levels, insulin resistance or promote inflammation was associated with increased MM risk. Results of studies assessing dietary intervention for MM prevention could reveal whether dietary modification directly influences MM risk.
Mean corpuscular Hb and red cell distribution width for early screening of non-anaemic Fe deficiency in children: a retrospective study.
Guo C, Zhou F, Qu Z … +4 more , Ma M, Qiu J, Ge P, Guo J
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42120340 · Publisher ↗
Fe deficiency (ID) is a common nutritional disorder, especially among children and women of reproductive age. Detecting ID before it progresses to Fe deficiency anaemia (IDA) is critical for prevention. This study assess...
Fe deficiency (ID) is a common nutritional disorder, especially among children and women of reproductive age. Detecting ID before it progresses to Fe deficiency anaemia (IDA) is critical for prevention. This study assessed mean corpuscular Hb (MCH) and red cell distribution width (RDW) as complete blood count (CBC) based markers for early non-anaemic Fe deficiency (NAID). We retrospectively analysed records of children aged 2 months to 6 years who underwent regular general health checks at Fujian Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital between July 2022 and July 2024. ID was defined by serum ferritin < 15 µg/l. Children with thalassemia, inflammatory conditions (C-reactive protein > 5 mg/l) or incomplete data were excluded. Logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between CBC indices and ID. Model discrimination was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and externally validated using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (August 2021-August 2023, Cycle 12) data. A total of 2018 children were included (training: 1413, testing: 605; external validation: 232). MCH (OR = 0·63; 95 % CI, 0·52, 0·76; < 0·001) and RDW (OR = 1·44; 95 % CI, 1·16, 1·79; = 0·001) were independent predictors of ID. The model showed consistent performance, with AUC of 0·77 (training), 0·81 (testing) and 0·87 (validation). MCH and RDW are practical markers for early NAID detection in Chinese and US children, offering a valuable tool for any setting with an automated haematology analyser, particularly when access to advanced Fe studies is restricted.
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