The British Journal Of Nutrition[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Association of lifestyle and genetic susceptibility factors with body composition and fat distribution among women.
Liu H, Zhang C, Zhang S … +12 more , Shen Q, Wang S, Liu P, Zhang C, Wang Q, Chen X, Qu Y, Huang R, Chang J, Liu L, Chen X, Zhong R
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42093649 · Publisher ↗
Body composition and fat distribution were found to display differential effects on the incidence and mortality of chronic disease. However, it remained unclear whether there is an interaction between lifestyle factors a...
Body composition and fat distribution were found to display differential effects on the incidence and mortality of chronic disease. However, it remained unclear whether there is an interaction between lifestyle factors and genetic susceptibility on body composition and fat distribution. This study investigated the associations of lifestyle and genetic factors with body composition and fat distribution among 121 664 women from the UK Biobank cohort study. Women with a favourable lifestyle had lower BMI (BMI, -7·72 % (95 % CI: -7·93 %, -7·51 %)), fat mass index (FMI, -15·70 % (95 % CI: -16·09 %, -15·30 %)), fat-free mass index (FFMI, -2·86 % (95 % CI: -2·98 %, -2·74 %)), arm fat ratio (AFR, -5·19 %, (95 % CI: -5·38 %, -5·00 %)) and trunk fat ratio (TFR, -0·73 %, (95 % CI: -0·84 %, -0·62 %)) but higher leg fat ratio (LFR, 2·30 % (95 % CI: 2·16 %, 2·44 %)) than those with an unfavourable lifestyle. Significant interactions between lifestyle factors and genetic susceptibility on BMI, FMI and AFR were observed ( < 0·05). Among women with a high genetic susceptibility to body composition or fat distribution, those with a healthy lifestyle still had a lower BMI, FMI, FFMI, AFR and TFR and higher LFR ( < 0·001). Women who adhere to a favourable lifestyle tend to have healthy body composition and fat distribution, and this association is consistent across all strata of genetic risk.
Differing normative reference ranges for body composition and physical performance measures in Hong Kong Chinese and Canadian older adults: the Hong Kong Os study and the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging.
Shi K, Woo J, Schmidt KL … +4 more , Lai ETC, Leung J, Stringhini SE, Kobor MS
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42093620 · Publisher ↗
Normal reference values for body composition and physical performance measures are needed in order to determine cut-off values for suboptimal health such as obesity and related cardiometabolic diseases, and/or sarcopenia...
Normal reference values for body composition and physical performance measures are needed in order to determine cut-off values for suboptimal health such as obesity and related cardiometabolic diseases, and/or sarcopenia. Few studies have provided comparative normative reference ranges across different populations. We compare several body composition and physical performance measures between older Hong Kong Chinese and Canadians to derive and contrast their respective reference values. 17 451 older adults from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) and 4000 from the Hong Kong Mr. and Ms. Osteoporosis (Os) cohort aged 65 years and over were included to derive reference values for walking speed, grip strength, 5-times chair stand test (CST), percentage body fat (PBF), weight, BMI, waist:hip ratio (WHR) and Conicity Index (C-index), stratified by age and sex. Overall normal reference values for Hong Kong males were higher compared with Canadians, particularly in younger age groups. The observations were reversed for females. Not surprisingly, Canadians have higher body weight and BMI compared with Hong Kong older adults. Older Canadian males also have a higher PBF and WHR, compared with Hong Kong older males. When fat distribution was compared, Hong Kong Chinese females have higher C-index, indicating greater central fat distribution compared with Canadian females. Normative reference values are best derived in the context of ethnicity and geographic regions, when used in relation to health assessments requiring physical performance measures and body composition.
Impact of creatine monohydrate supplementation combined with multicomponent training in older adults (≥75 years): study protocol of a randomized controlled trial.
Fernández-González de la Riva ML, Zambom-Ferraresi F, Zambom-Ferraresi F … +10 more , Izco-Cubero M, Álvarez-Rodríguez P, Zugasti-Murillo A, Echeverría-Beistegui I, Cedeño-Veloz BA, Marcos-Pérez D, Capón-Sáez A, Moral-Cuesta D, Soto-Ruiz N, Martínez-Velilla N
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42093614 · Publisher ↗
Creatine monohydrate is a widely used supplement to improve physical performance and strength. Recent studies suggest it may also benefit cognitive function and depression treatment. However, data on its effects in older...
Creatine monohydrate is a widely used supplement to improve physical performance and strength. Recent studies suggest it may also benefit cognitive function and depression treatment. However, data on its effects in older adults are scarce, highlighting the need for further research in this population. This study is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial assessing five weeks of creatine monohydrate (CrM) supplementation combined with physical training in older adults (≥75 years). Participants will be divided into four groups: placebo (PL), placebo with multicomponent training (PL + MT), creatine monohydrate supplementation (CrM), and creatine monohydrate with multicomponent training (CrM + MT). Evaluations will be conducted before, during, and after the intervention, and again after a five-week washout period. The training program includes supervised sessions twice a week over four weeks, focusing on resistance, cardiovascular, balance, reaction, and agility exercises. Functional capacity and fall risk will be measured, alongside physical tests such as handgrip strength and one-repetition maximum (1RM) tests for leg press, bench press, seated row, and leg extension. Cognitive and emotional assessments will also be conducted during the intervention. The results of this study aim to increase our understanding of the effects of CrM supplementation in older adults. This study is expected to generate valuable information on the impact and safety of this nutrition and exercise strategy, and its application can be extended to a variety of health conditions.
Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and adiposity in the UK Biobank Cohort: a cross-sectional and longitudinal prospective analysis.
Lai HTM, Westra J, De Jong E … +3 more , Tintle NL, Belury MA, Harris WS
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42089153 · Full text
The role of -6 PUFA, especially linoleic acid (LA), in adiposity remains contested. While clinical interventions suggest improved body composition with higher LA intake, observational evidence using dietary data is incon...
The role of -6 PUFA, especially linoleic acid (LA), in adiposity remains contested. While clinical interventions suggest improved body composition with higher LA intake, observational evidence using dietary data is inconsistent, and few studies consider circulating fatty acids or longitudinal changes in adiposity. Using multivariable linear models, we evaluated cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between -6 PUFA and waist circumference (WC), weight and whole-body fat mass (FM) in the UK Biobank Cohort. Cross-sectionally ( 272 587, 54 % female, mean age 57 years), higher circulating LA was inversely associated with WC, weight and FM. Participants in the highest . lowest quintile of LA had significantly smaller WC (-11·04 (-11·17, -10·91) cm), lower weight (-11·77 (-11·92, -11·62) kg) and lower FM (-7·87 (-7·97, -7·77) kg). Associations for total -6 were generally consistent with those for LA. Conversely, non-LA -6 was positively associated with WC (1·46 (1·32, 1·61) cm), weight (2·41 (2·25, 2·58) kg) and FM (1·81 (1·69, 1·92) kg). Longitudinal analyses ( 58 335, 51 % female, mean age 55 years) largely corroborate these patterns, with annual changes in WC, weight and FM inversely associated with LA and positively associated with non-LA -6. Higher circulating LA, but not non-LA -6, was associated with lower WC, weight and FM both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Our findings potentially support dietary recommendations to promote LA-rich oils. Divergent associations between LA and non-LA -6 caution against treating -6 PUFA as a homogeneous group. Examining the distinct health effects of individual non-LA -6 is warranted.
Supplementation with a cetoleic acid concentrate decreased the serum LDL-cholesterol concentration in healthy adults with overweight or obesity. A randomised double-blind controlled clinical trial.
Hansen K, Mjaatveit MA, Andreassen LV … +2 more , Mjøs SA, Gudbrandsen OA
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42087284 · Publisher ↗
Elevated LDL-cholesterol concentration is a major risk factor for CVD. Regular consumption of marine fish and seafood is associated with a reduced risk of CVD, although the -3 PUFAs EPA and DHA have no cholesterol-loweri...
Elevated LDL-cholesterol concentration is a major risk factor for CVD. Regular consumption of marine fish and seafood is associated with a reduced risk of CVD, although the -3 PUFAs EPA and DHA have no cholesterol-lowering effect when given in physiologically relevant doses. Recent studies have demonstrated a lower LDL-cholesterol concentration in rodents after intake of cetoleic acid (CA, C22:1-11), found in pelagic fish species such as herring. The primary aim was to investigate the effect of consuming capsules containing CA on LDL-cholesterol concentration in adults with overweight or obesity. The study was designed as a randomised clinical trial with two arms. Eighty participants were enrolled, and data from 75 participants were included in the statistical analyses. Participants consumed capsules containing either a CA concentrate (CECO group; 1480 mg CA and 232 mg EPA per day) or soyabean oil mixed with an -3 PUFA concentrate without CA as comparator arm (SOYO3 group; 258 mg EPA/d) for 8 weeks. The within-group changes in LDL-cholesterol were compared using ANCOVA with changes in body fat percentage as covariate. The LDL-cholesterol concentration was decreased from baseline to 8 weeks in the CECO group ( 37, median -0·1 (quartiles -0·1, 0·0) mmol/l) in comparison to the SOYO3 group ( 38, median 0·2 (quartiles 0·1, 0·2) mmol/l), with F = 19·35, = 0·033 and η = 0·212, corresponding to a 7 % reduction in the CECO group relative to the SOYO3 group. To conclude, 8 weeks of dietary supplementation with CECO decreased the LDL-cholesterol concentration in adults with overweight or obesity.
Chrononutrition-based hypocaloric diets with varying macronutrient and protein distribution in shift workers with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
Rodrigo-Carbó C, Tous-Espelosin M, Gracia-Rubio I … +6 more , Pérez-Calahorra S, Lezcano-Enciso Á, Monjón-González R, Lamiquiz I, Lamiquiz-Moneo I, Mateo-Gallego R
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42087280 · Publisher ↗
Shift work is associated with an increased risk of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes, largely due to circadian misalignment, irregular meal patterns, and suboptimal diet quality. Chrononutrition, which focus...
Shift work is associated with an increased risk of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes, largely due to circadian misalignment, irregular meal patterns, and suboptimal diet quality. Chrononutrition, which focuses on aligning nutrient intake with circadian rhythms, has emerged as a promising strategy to improve metabolic health. Protein intake plays a key role in glucose homeostasis, and high-protein hypocaloric diets have shown benefits in people with type 2 diabetes. However, the effects of higher evening protein intake in shift workers remain unclear. This trial aims to analyze the effect of three hypocaloric diets differing in macronutrient composition and distribution throughout the day on glycemic control, body composition, and other secondary outcomes in shift workers with overweight or obesity and prediabetes or type 2 diabetes. This is a 12-week, three-arm, parallel-group, single-blind randomized controlled trial including 126 shift workers. Participants are randomized equally to: (A) a high-protein diet with protein-enriched dinner (50-60% of daily protein); (B) a high-protein diet with protein-restricted dinner (10-20% of daily protein); or (C) a normoproteic control diet with usual protein distribution. Primary outcomes include changes in glycemic control and DXA-derived body composition. Secondary outcomes are lipid profile, sleep quality, and quality of life. Other clinical and lifestyle parameters are evaluated to monitor changes throughout the intervention. Assessments are performed at baseline, week 6, and week 12. All analyses will follow the intention-to-treat principle. This study will provide new evidence on how evening protein intake may influence metabolic health in populations exposed to circadian disruption.
Association Between Dietary Inflammatory Index and Cardiometabolic Risk in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.
Ulug E, Aksun S, Acikgoz Pinar A … +1 more , Yildiz BO
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42087274 · Publisher ↗
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic disorders, often exacerbated by chronic inflammation. This study aims to investigate the effects of the Dietary Inflammatory Index...
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic disorders, often exacerbated by chronic inflammation. This study aims to investigate the effects of the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), a measure of the inflammatory potential of diet, on cardiometabolic risk factors in women with PCOS. We hypothesized positive associations between DII and adverse cardiometabolic profile in PCOS. In this case-control study, thirty-eight women with PCOS (mean age 21.6 years, BMI 26.3 kg/m) and 39 age- and BMI-matched healthy controls (mean age 21.2 years, BMI 25.9 kg/m) were included. Clinical, hormonal and biochemical assessments were conducted. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire to calculate DII. Women with PCOS exhibited significantly higher fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, and a more adverse lipid profile compared to healthy controls, indicating increased cardiometabolic risk. These differences remained significant after adjusting for the DII, suggesting they are primarily attributable to PCOS, as shown by ANCOVA analysis. In contrast, higher TyG, CMI, and VAI values observed in the PCOS group were largely explained by DII. Furthermore, DII was positively associated with anthropometric and biochemical markers, including waist-to-hip ratio, fasting glucose, triglycerides, and cardiovascular risk indices, indicating that higher dietary inflammation is linked to poorer cardiometabolic health in women with PCOS. A pro-inflammatory dietary pattern, reflected by a higher DII score, is associated with unfavorable cardiometabolic risk factors in women with PCOS. These findings underscore the importance of dietary inflammation in the pathophysiology of PCOS and support anti-inflammatory dietary strategies to mitigate associated risks.
The last bite on the plate: association of plate-clearing tendency and sustainable nutrition with weight gain in pregnancy.
Şarahman-Kahraman C, Memiç-İnan C, Hür A
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42087271 · Publisher ↗
The aim is to examine the relationship between factors thought to potentially influence weight gain, such as sustainable nutrition (SN) behaviour and plate-clearing tendency (PCT) during pregnancy and gestational weight...
The aim is to examine the relationship between factors thought to potentially influence weight gain, such as sustainable nutrition (SN) behaviour and plate-clearing tendency (PCT) during pregnancy and gestational weight gain (GWG). This cross-sectional correlational study was conducted on 340 women in the last trimester of pregnancy. Study data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a questionnaire form between October and December 2024. PCT is lower among younger women, those with low income and those with insufficient GWG ( < 0·05). SN behaviours are higher in those who are older, have higher education levels, have lower income and have moderate physical activity ( < 0·05). A negative correlation was found between food preference, a component of SN behaviours, and GWG ( < 0·05). In the binary logistic regression model, higher pre-pregnancy BMI significantly increased the likelihood of excessive GWG (OR = 1·49, 95 % CI 1·332, 1·665, < 0·001), whereas high physical activity was found to be protective against excessive GWG (OR = 0·214, 95 % CI 0·061, 0·747, = 0·016). It was determined that pre-pregnancy BMI was higher and physical activity was lower in those with excessive GWG; in addition, food preference, one of the factors of SN behaviour, affected weight gain. Food preference can be considered as a factor that may affect GWG.
Maternal first trimester SIMPLE nutritional score and intrauterine fetal growth trajectory: a prospective multicentre Italian study (SIMPLE study).
Parisi F, Esposito G, Anelli G … +16 more , Lubrano C, Savasi V, Spinillo A, Capobianco G, Bosco M, Petraglia F, Ciavattini A, Lanzone A, Greco P, Odicino F, Colacurci N, Bifulco G, Vignali M, Palumbo M, Cetin I, SIMPLE Study Group
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42087268 · Publisher ↗
This longitudinal, prospective, multicentre observational cohort study investigates the associations between maternal nutritional status - assessed using the first trimester SIMPLE score and pregestational BMI - and feta...
This longitudinal, prospective, multicentre observational cohort study investigates the associations between maternal nutritional status - assessed using the first trimester SIMPLE score and pregestational BMI - and fetal growth trajectories and velocity, as proxies for intrauterine development. Healthy women with singleton pregnancies undergoing first trimester screening were enrolled. Adherence to a healthy lifestyle was evaluated using the SIMPLE score, categorising participants into low (< 6) and high (≥ 6) adherence groups. Fetal growth parameters - including biparietal diameter, head circumference, abdominal circumference (AC), femur length and estimated fetal weight (EFW) - were assessed during second and third trimester ultrasounds, and birth outcomes were recorded. Multi-adjusted linear mixed models examined associations between SIMPLE score groups, individual score items, pregestational BMI and fetal growth, with analyses stratified by fetal sex. Out of 938 enrolled women, 109 (11·6 %) were classified as the low-adherence group. Multi-adjusted linear mixed models showed that low adherence was associated with decreased EFW acceleration from the second to the third trimester. Stratification by fetal sex confirmed the association only among male fetuses. Analysis of pregestational BMI and individual SIMPLE score items revealed significant positive associations between pregestational BMI, AC and EFW growth velocity and a negative association between first trimester Hb (> 110 g/l) and EFW growth velocity. Overall, these findings confirm the clinical utility of the SIMPLE score, demonstrating significant associations with intrauterine growth trajectories and velocity, independent of other markers of nutritional status (e.g. pregestational BMI).
Overweight and obesity among Vietnamese university students: prevalence and associated factors.
Phuong DT, Huong LT, Xuan LTT … +7 more , Khanh DN, Quan PT, Giang NTH, Ngoc BH, Lieu NTT, Huy DD, Giang LM
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42083485 · Publisher ↗
Overweight and obesity are emerging public health challenges among young adults in Vietnam, particularly within university settings where lifestyle transitions frequently occur. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of...
Overweight and obesity are emerging public health challenges among young adults in Vietnam, particularly within university settings where lifestyle transitions frequently occur. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among university students in Vietnam and identify associated socio-demographic and behavioural factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 2000 students from ten universities across Northern, Central and Southern Vietnam. Anthropometric measurements were collected using standardised procedures. Overweight and obesity were diagnosed according to the WHO recommendations for Asian populations, with a cut-off of BMI ≥ 23 kg/m. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to examine factors independently associated with overweight and obesity. Results: Among 2000 students, 25·5 % were overweight or obese (12·3 % overweight and 13·2 % obese), with prevalence significantly higher in males than females (35·1 % . 17·5 %, < 0·001). Regional differences were observed, with underweight more common in Central Vietnam and overweight and obesity most prevalent in the South, < 0·05. Multivariable analysis showed significant associations between overweight or obesity and male sex (OR = 2·8), ethnic minority status (OR = 1·7), Southern residence (OR = 1·9), high waist:hip ratio (OR = 4·2) and being married (OR = 3·2). Prolonged weight loss dieting was positively associated (OR = 2·9), while sleeping 8-10 h per day was associated with lower odds (OR = 0·6). Conclusion: Overweight and obesity affect approximately one in four university students in Vietnam. Targeted prevention and long-term weight management strategies are needed for young adults in academic settings.
Relationship between dietary flavanone intake and kidney stones in US adults: insight from NHANES.
Liang H, Chen H, Wei Y
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42071263 · Publisher ↗
Flavanones represent a significant subgroup of flavonoids and offer various advantages for the human body, such as aiding in metabolic regulation and providing antioxidant properties. The objective of this research was t...
Flavanones represent a significant subgroup of flavonoids and offer various advantages for the human body, such as aiding in metabolic regulation and providing antioxidant properties. The objective of this research was to investigate the relationship between dietary flavanones and the prevalence of kidney stones among adults in the USA. Flavanones, including eriodictyol, hesperetin and naringenin, were sourced from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2007-2010 and 2017-2018, utilising two 24-h dietary recall interviews. The definition of kidney stones was established through a self-administered questionnaire. To evaluate the relationships between dietary flavanones and kidney stones, a variety of statistical methods were utilised, such as multivariable regression analysis, restricted cubic splines (RCS) and subgroup analysis. Data from 9790 participants were included in this analysis, with 9·67 % of them indicating that they had experienced kidney stones. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, it was found that kidney stones exhibited a negative correlation with total flavanones and naringenin, with OR of 0·96 (95 % CI 0·93, 1·00) and 0·89 (95 % CI 0·80, 0·99) for the highest intake group compared with the lowest intake group. The RCS plot revealed a notable negative linear association between the consumption levels of total dietary flavanones and the risk of kidney stones, including naringenin. The results of the subgroup analysis indicated that no significant interactions were observed in each subgroup. Our research indicated that a higher intake of flavanones correlates with a lowered prevalence of kidney stones in adults.
Optimising Nutritional Psychiatry Treatment: Investigating the Mediterranean Diet to Improve Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder (OPTIMISM): A double-blind sham-controlled randomised feeding trial protocol.
Tien DSY, Hockey M, Muller K … +10 more , Milton T, Putkonen L, Mohebbi M, Yao CK, Jacka F, Kratochvil D, Haddad PM, Clarke G, Rocks T, Staudacher HM
Br J Nutr · 2026 May · PMID 42071179 · Publisher ↗
Depression is a common mental disorder and a leading cause of global disease burden. Emerging evidence supports diet as an adjunct treatment for depression. Previous studies are limited, meaning it is unclear whether imp...
Depression is a common mental disorder and a leading cause of global disease burden. Emerging evidence supports diet as an adjunct treatment for depression. Previous studies are limited, meaning it is unclear whether improvements are directly due to dietary change. The OPTIMISM trial aims to address this gap through a sham-controlled randomised feeding trial design.The OPTIMISM trial is a 4-week double-blind, sham-controlled, randomised feeding trial. A total of 44 participants with MDD in a current major depressive episode of moderate to severe severity will be recruited and randomised to a Mediterranean or a sham control diet, designed to reflect typical dietary intake of the general population. All food will be provided for four weeks. Participants will complete assessments and have blood and stool collected at baseline and four weeks. The primary outcome is the differential change in clinician-rated depressive severity at four weeks. Exploratory outcomes include patient-rated depressive and anxiety symptoms, and quality of life. Potential mechanisms will be evaluated through analysis of biological samples. An additional group of 22 healthy individuals without depression will also be recruited and will receive a Mediterranean diet for four weeks; their data will determine whether clinical and biological responses to the intervention are unique to depression and whether the diet treatment modulates depression-related pathology.If the intervention diet leads to a greater reduction in depressive symptoms compared with a sham control diet, this trial will provide preliminary evidence supporting the use of a Mediterranean diet in the treatment of depression.
Inequity on energy and nutrient consumption among urban residents of Ethiopia may impact the effectiveness of large-scale food fortification.
Saje SM, Ander L, Ferguson EL … +1 more , Gashu D
Br J Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 42052854 · Publisher ↗
Intra-household energy and nutrient inequity occur when food is distributed differentially, leaving some members without adequate nutrition. If unaddressed, this can reduce the effectiveness of food based nutrition inter...
Intra-household energy and nutrient inequity occur when food is distributed differentially, leaving some members without adequate nutrition. If unaddressed, this can reduce the effectiveness of food based nutrition interventions. This study assessed energy and micronutrient intake inequities among urban Ethiopian households before and after wheat flour and edible oil fortification. Using 24-h dietary recall data from the 2013 Ethiopian Household Food Consumption Survey, we analysed 375 households with adult men and women. The Ethiopian mandatory fortification standard for wheat flour and edible oil was considered in the simulation. Usual intake estimates and fortification modelling were performed using the Simulating Intake of Micronutrients for Policy Learning and Engagement macro 1-day method. Inequity ratios were calculated by comparing energy and nutrient intakes with dietary requirements for each group. Prefortification, the median nutrient consumption was generally higher among men, except for vitamin A. Fortification of wheat flour with Zn and vitamin B, along with vitamin A-fortified vegetable oil, led to a 26-74 percentage point reduction in nutrient inadequacy among all participants. Men could benefit more from Zn and vitamin A fortification, whereas women could benefit more from vitamin B fortification. Inequity estimates before and after fortification ranged from 1 to 1·5, favouring men. Although intra-household food allocation was not directly assessed, observed differences in nutrient intake between men and women suggest gender-related disparities that should be considered in nutrition interventions.
Patterns of dietary habits are associated with metabolic health status in adults.
Balali A, Poursalehi D, Heidari Z … +6 more , Rouhani P, Shahdadian F, Hajhashemy Z, Mohammadi S, Mokhtari E, Saneei P
Br J Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 42051144 · Publisher ↗
Metabolic disorders, as a global burden, have a detrimental effect on individuals' health status, regardless of their weight. We aimed to assess the link between diet-related behaviors and metabolic health status as well...
Metabolic disorders, as a global burden, have a detrimental effect on individuals' health status, regardless of their weight. We aimed to assess the link between diet-related behaviors and metabolic health status as well as serum levels of adropin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). A cross-sectional investigation involving 527 adults with ages of 20 and 65 years was carried out in Isfahan, Iran. Using a pre-tested questionnaire, dietary habits were assessed in five domains including meal pattern, eating rate, meal-to-sleep interval, intra-meal fluid intake, and fatty food intake. To identify these dietary behaviors, latent class analysis was performed. Based on the lipid and glycemic profile, inflammation status, and insulin resistance (IR), participants were classified as having either metabolically healthy (MH) or metabolically unhealthy (MU) status. Serum concentrations of BDNF and adropin were evaluated by obtaining a blood sample from participants after an overnight fast. Metabolic unhealthy normal-weight and overweight/obese status were respectively prevalent in 8.7% and 33.8% of study population. We recognized three distinct eating rate classes: 'moderate', 'fast', and 'slow'; two major meal pattern classes: 'regular' and 'irregular'; two main meal-to-sleep interval classes: 'short' and 'long'; two intra-meal fluid intake classes: 'moderate' and 'more'; and two major fatty food intake classes: 'high' and 'low'. After controlling for potential confounders, slow eating rate was related to lower odds of MU profile (OR=0.39, 95% CI: 0.17-0.91). Moreover, fast eating rate was positively associated with hyperglycemia (OR=3.55, 95% CI: 1.48-8.51). More intra-meal fluid intake was also associated with higher chance of MU profile (OR=2.21, 95% CI: 1.35-3.63), high HOMA-IR (OR=2.20, 95% CI: 1.06-4.58), hypertriglyceridemia (OR=2.23, 95% CI: 1.36-3.65), and hypertension (OR=1.66, 95% CI: 1.03-2.69). Serum BDNF or adropin was not associated with classes of diet-related habits. More intra-meal fluid intake was linked to higher chance of having MU profile, while slow eating rate was related to decreased odds of MU profile among Iranian adults.
Association between the Mediterranean dietary pattern and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a longitudinal analysis from UK BIOBANK.
George ES, Sualeheen A, Freer C … +4 more , Georgeousopoulou EN, Roberts SK, Daly RM, Tan SY
Br J Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 42051084 · Publisher ↗
Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is central to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) management; however, evidence in non-Mediterranean populations is limited. This study examined the association b...
Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is central to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) management; however, evidence in non-Mediterranean populations is limited. This study examined the association between MedDiet adherence and MASLD, hospitalisation and mortality in a non-Mediterranean population. This longitudinal study included 119 536 UK Biobank adults with at least one 24-hour dietary recall and available sociodemographic and clinical data. Diet quality was assessed using the Modified-Mediterranean Diet Score (M-MedDietScore). MASLD was determined by fatty liver index (FLI) at baseline and by liver imaging in a subgroup. Hospitalisation and mortality data were obtained from linked records, with MASLD outcomes identified using International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision codes. Binary logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard models estimated Odds Ratio (OR) for MASLD and hazard ratio (HR) for hospitalisation and mortality. Each five-unit increase in M-MedDietScore was associated with 19 % lower OR of MASLD as identified by FLI and confirmed in the imaging sub-analysis in a multivariate adjusted Model 2. Higher adherence to the MedDiet was associated with lower HR of hospitalisation due to liver-related, CVD, diabetes, respiratory and renal disease (all < 0·05). During a median follow-up of 9·7 years, 5552 deaths occurred. Higher MedDiet adherence was associated with lower HR of all-cause, CVD and extrahepatic cancer mortality and lower all-cause mortality risk in those with MASLD (HR: 0·94, 95 % CI: 0·90, 0·98). Higher adherence to the MedDiet was associated with lower odds of MASLD and with reduced MASLD-related hospitalisations and mortality and lower all-cause mortality in those with MASLD. These findings support the role of MedDiet in reducing hepatic and cardiovascular burden in non-Mediterranean population.
Contribution of meals to energy and nutrient intakes and implication of skipping meals on nutritional status among primary schoolchildren in Malaysia.
Yeo GS, Lee ST, Wong JE … +4 more , Khouw I, Safii NS, Poh BK, SEANUTS II Malaysia Study Group
Br J Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 42050767 · Publisher ↗
Understanding children's diet quality is crucial for developing effective interventions to address dietary-related issues. Thus, this study examines the distribution of energy and nutrient intakes across meals and snacks...
Understanding children's diet quality is crucial for developing effective interventions to address dietary-related issues. Thus, this study examines the distribution of energy and nutrient intakes across meals and snacks among primary schoolchildren aged 6·0-12·9 years in Peninsular Malaysia and the implications of meal skipping on their nutritional status. Data from 1102 children in Peninsular Malaysia from the South East Asian Nutrition Surveys (SEANUTS) II were analysed. Children's height, weight and waist circumference were measured. Questionnaires captured sociodemographic information and meal consumption patterns. Nutrient distribution across meals and snacks was assessed through a 1-d 24-h dietary recall approach. Logistic regression analysed the association between meal skipping and nutritional status. Breakfast contributed significantly to essential micronutrients but provided the least energy and macronutrients compared with lunch and dinner. Approximately one-third of daily nutrient intake came from snacking, with contributions ranging from 25 % for cobalamin to 36 % for both Ca and thiamine. Children who skipped main meals had higher odds of being overweight/obese (skipped one type of meal at least once weekly (1·59; 95 % CI (1·08, 2·33)); skipped > 1 type of meal (1·77; 95 % CI (1·12, 2·79)) and abdominal obese (skipped > 1 type of meal (1·91; 95 % CI (1·17, 3·12))). In conclusion, primary schoolchildren in Peninsular Malaysia tended to have higher micronutrient intakes at breakfast and higher energy and macronutrients in subsequent main meals. Meal skipping was linked to elevated body fat. This study underscores the need to prioritise continued education on the importance of healthy dietary habits among children.
Association between SFA intake and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: mediating roles of insulin resistance and serum albumin - CORRIGENDUM.
Liu X, Men F
Br J Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 42046218 · Publisher ↗
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Effects of vitamin D on biochemical markers of osteoporosis: a meta-analysis of randomised trials.
Alber CS, Halsey J, Emberson J … +4 more , Hin H, Hill M, Armitage J, Clarke RJ
Br J Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 42036999 · Full text
Plasma levels of procollagen type 1 N-propeptide (P1NP) and C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX) are bone turnover markers (BTM) used to predict risk of fracture. We compared the effects of vitamin D supplemen...
Plasma levels of procollagen type 1 N-propeptide (P1NP) and C-terminal telopeptide of type 1 collagen (CTX) are bone turnover markers (BTM) used to predict risk of fracture. We compared the effects of vitamin D supplements on plasma levels of P1NP and CTX in the Biochemical Efficacy and Safety Trial of vitamin D (BEST-D) trial (305 participants) after treatment with 2000 IU/d or 4000 IU/d vitamin D or placebo. The results of BEST-D were combined in a meta-analysis of all trials of vitamin D . placebo on levels of P1NP (12 trials, 2654 participants) or CTX (16 trials, 2695 participants). In BEST-D, allocation to vitamin D resulted in a dose-dependent increase in 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels but had no effects on P1NP or CTX. Geometric mean (se) levels at 12 months were similar for P1NP (41·7 (0·7) . 42·9 (1·0) ng/ml; = 0·29: either dose . placebo) and likewise for CTX (0·23 (0·01) . 0·23 (0·01) ng/ml; = 0·98). In a meta-analysis of eighteen trials, the average difference between the within-trial change in P1NP for allocated vitamin D and control was -3·3 % (95 % CI -5·6, -1·0, < 0·005). For CTX, this difference was slightly greater (-3·8 % (-6·8, -0·8); = 0·01). There was no significant heterogeneity between these trials after stratifying trials with or without Ca, higher or lower doses of vitamin D, or lower . higher pre-treatment levels of 25(OH)D. Overall, vitamin D supplementation was associated with modest reductions in both P1NP and CTX, and results provide support for further trials of vitamin D for prevention of fracture in older people.
Mild ketosis, metabolic syndrome and genetic-lifestyle interactions in the UK Biobank.
Park S, Choi J
Br J Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 42036791 · Publisher ↗
The relationship between mild ketosis and metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the association between serum ketone levels and MetS and to examine how genetic and lifestyle factors influence...
The relationship between mild ketosis and metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the association between serum ketone levels and MetS and to examine how genetic and lifestyle factors influence this relationship. We conducted a cross-sectional observational study using data from the UK Biobank, comprising 269 178 participants. Participants were categorised into low and high serum ketone groups based on -hydroxybutyrate levels (cut-off: 0·12 mM). Dietary patterns were assessed using validated questionnaires, and a polygenic risk score (PRS) was generated to examine genetic influences on ketone metabolism. Individuals with higher ketone levels showed significantly lower MetS prevalence, with reduced BMI, waist circumference, TAG and glucose levels, alongside higher HDL-cholesterol. These individuals also exhibited distinct dietary patterns, characterised by lower carbohydrate (CHO) and higher fat intake, as well as increased physical activity. The PRS was inversely associated with MetS risk, particularly for abdominal obesity, TAG and HDL-cholesterol components. Notably, PRS modified the relationship between plant-based diet and ketone levels, with stronger positive associations observed in individuals with higher PRS. However, a high CHO diet showed weaker associations with PRS. In conclusion, genetic predisposition influenced ketone metabolism and its protective association with MetS risk. The interaction between genetic predisposition and lifestyle factors has crucial clinical implications for developing personalised dietary and lifestyle interventions. This research provides evidence for individualised approaches to optimise metabolic health through targeted ketone metabolism modulation, which could inform precision medicine strategies for MetS prevention and management.
The effectiveness of a targeted education intervention to increase protein intake in people with CHD: a pilot feasibility randomised controlled trial.
James E, Das R, Brownson-Smith R … +4 more , Rickelton E, Goodall S, Nichols S, O'Doherty AF
Br J Nutr · 2026 Apr · PMID 42036628 · Publisher ↗
Low protein intake is prevalent in people with CHD and is inadequately addressed in UK-based cardiac rehabilitation. This pilot feasibility study aimed to identify whether targeted education increases protein intake in p...
Low protein intake is prevalent in people with CHD and is inadequately addressed in UK-based cardiac rehabilitation. This pilot feasibility study aimed to identify whether targeted education increases protein intake in patients with CHD and low protein intake, compared with standard cardiac rehabilitation dietary education. People referred to cardiac rehabilitation with CHD (≥ 50 years) underwent anthropometric assessment and completed a food diary, sit-to-stand test and three questionnaires (physical activity, sarcopenia screening and nutrition knowledge). Participants with low protein intake (≤ 1·2 g/kg per d) were randomised to receive either extra protein education (intervention; protein group) or standard education (control; control group), embedded within their usual 6-week cardiac rehabilitation programme. At 6 and 12 weeks, outcome measures were repeated; thirty-four participants provided baseline data. Protein intake was inversely associated with waist circumference ( = -0·348). Twenty-seven participants (79 %) with low protein intake were randomised to the protein group ( 15) or control group ( 12). At week 6, the median (interquartile range) change in protein intake was 0·0 (-0·0-0·3) and 0·4 (0·2-0·5) g/kg per d in the protein group and control group, respectively (effect size 0·5). At week 12, the change in protein intake was 0·0 (-0·0-0·1) and -0·0 (-0·2-0·2) g/kg per d in the protein group and control group, respectively (effect size 0·3). Effect sizes for all other variables were ≤ 0·4. The intervention appeared well-received by those who completed the study; however, changes to primary and secondary outcomes were minimal. Uptake of the study was low, and attrition was high, limiting the interpretation of efficacy and the implementation of a definitive trial.
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