Haque SM, Ashwaq O, Sarief A
… +1 more, Azad John Mohamed AK
Future Virol
· 2020 Sep · PMID 33224265
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The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first identified in China, December 2019. Since then, it has spread the length and breadth of the world at an unprecedented, alarming rate. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronav...The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was first identified in China, December 2019. Since then, it has spread the length and breadth of the world at an unprecedented, alarming rate. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2, which causes COVID-19, has much in common with its closest homologs, SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV. The virus-host interaction of SARS-CoV-2 uses the same receptor, ACE2, which is similar to that of SARS-CoV, which spreads through the respiratory tract. Patients with COVID-19 report symptoms including mild-to-severe fever, cough and fatigue; very few patients report gastrointestinal infections. There are no specific antiviral strategies. A few strong medications are under investigation, so we have to focus on proposals which ought to be taken to forestall this infection in a living host.
Future Virol
· 2020 Sep · PMID 33224264
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BACKGROUND: Regulatory roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) during viral infection has become more evident in last decade, but are yet to be explored for SARS-CoV-2. MATERIALS & METHODS: We analyzed RNA-seq dataset of...BACKGROUND: Regulatory roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) during viral infection has become more evident in last decade, but are yet to be explored for SARS-CoV-2. MATERIALS & METHODS: We analyzed RNA-seq dataset of SARS-CoV-2 infected lung epithelial cells to identify differentially expressed genes. RESULTS: Our analyses uncover 21 differentially expressed lncRNAs broadly involved in cell survival and regulation of gene expression. These lncRNAs can directly interact with six differentially expressed protein-coding genes, and ten host genes that interact with SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Also, they can block the suppressive effect of nine microRNAs induced in viral infections. CONCLUSION: Our investigation determines that deregulated lncRNAs in SARS-CoV-2 infection are involved in viral proliferation, cellular survival, and immune response, ultimately determining disease outcome.
Future Virol
· 2020 Oct · PMID 33224263
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AIM: Data are limited on clinical characteristics and outcomes of recovered the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients with the reoccurrence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. PATIENTS & METHODS: Discharged patients in our hospita...AIM: Data are limited on clinical characteristics and outcomes of recovered the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients with the reoccurrence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. PATIENTS & METHODS: Discharged patients in our hospital were included, who had recovered from COVID-19 with the reoccurrence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. RESULTS: Six patients were redetectable and positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA after discharge from 3 to 15 days. The main symptoms, although no fever, included fatigue, dry cough and pharyngeal or chest discomfort, which were generally milder in the repositive period compared with the period of initial infection. Their laboratory indexes were significantly improved compared with the initial infection, and the pulmonary lesions were continuously improving. All close contacts were SARS-CoV-2 RNA-negative. CONCLUSION: No worsening outcomes or active transmission to close contacts were found for the repositive COVID-19 patients.
Yang D, Wei K, Gao X
… +8 more, Zhang Y, Gao P, Li H, Liu X, Yuan Z, Xiao T, Zhao W, Duan X
Future Virol
· 2020 May · PMID 33169084
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COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and discovered in 2019. The clinical manifestations include fever, coughing, difficulty...COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and discovered in 2019. The clinical manifestations include fever, coughing, difficulty in breathing and even death from multiple organ failure. Nucleic acid test is the golden standard method for confirmation of infection. According to the Chinese 'Seventh Edition of the COVID-19 Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol', suspected patients with negative nucleic acid tests from two consecutive airway specimens can be excluded from diagnosis and released from quarantine. The current report describes a suspected COVID-19 case that had a history of close contact with a COVID-19 patient. The diagnosis was confirmed after the SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid was detected after four sputum sample tests (sampling interval of at least 24 h).
Future Virol
· 2020 Aug · PMID 33005213
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AIM: In the diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) technique is often used. We evaluated the compatibility of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR kits containing diffe...AIM: In the diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) technique is often used. We evaluated the compatibility of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR kits containing different gene targets during the pandemic. MATERIALS & METHODS: Samples were tested by Bio-Speddy ( gene) and Diagnovital ( genes). The correlation between two assays were determined by Deming regression analysis and chi-square analyses. RESULTS: Diagnovital PCR kit showed amplification in a narrow Ct range and conveniently sharper exponential amplification curves than Bio-Speedy PCR kit. While the correlation between the findings of the two kits was apparent even with single gene target, this correlation increased when a secondary biomarker was added to the correlation calculations. CONCLUSION: We have observed high correlation between different PCR kits, however, using different PCR kits during the pandemic may provide a more accurate diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2, since despite correlation there are a number of patients showing contradicting diagnosis.
Future Virol
· 2020 Jul · PMID 33005212
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AIM: The aim of this study was to computationally predict conserved RNA sequences and structures known as -acting RNA elements (CREs) in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genome. MATERIALS...AIM: The aim of this study was to computationally predict conserved RNA sequences and structures known as -acting RNA elements (CREs) in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genome. MATERIALS & METHODS: Bioinformatics tools were used to analyze and predict CREs by obtaining viral sequences from available databases. RESULTS: Computational analysis revealed the presence of RNA stem-loop structures within the 3' end of the ORF1ab region analogous to previously identified SARS-CoV genomic packaging signals. Alignment-based RNA secondary structure predictions of the 5' end of the SARS-CoV-2 genome also identified conserved CREs. CONCLUSION: These CREs may be potential vaccine and/or antiviral therapeutic targets; however, further studies are warranted to confirm their roles in the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle.
Waters R, Ndengane M, Abrahams MR
… +3 more, Diedrich CR, Wilkinson RJ, Coussens AK
Future Virol
· 2020 Feb · PMID 32273900
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Accelerated tuberculosis and AIDS progression seen in HIV-1 and ()-coinfected individuals indicates the important interaction between these syndemic pathogens. The immunological interaction between HIV-1 and has been l...Accelerated tuberculosis and AIDS progression seen in HIV-1 and ()-coinfected individuals indicates the important interaction between these syndemic pathogens. The immunological interaction between HIV-1 and has been largely defined by how the virus exacerbates tuberculosis disease pathogenesis. Understanding of the mechanisms by which pre-existing or subsequent infection may favor the replication, persistence and progression of HIV, is less characterized. We present a rationale for the critical consideration of 'latent' infection in HIV-1 prevention and cure strategies. In support of this position, we review evidence of the effect of infection on HIV-1 acquisition, replication and persistence. We propose that 'latent' infection may have considerable impact on HIV-1 pathogenesis and the continuing HIV-1 epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa.
Future Virol
· 2019 Apr · PMID 32201500
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Coronaviruses (CoVs) infect many species causing a variety of diseases with a range of severities. Their members include zoonotic viruses with pandemic potential where therapeutic options are currently limited. Despite t...Coronaviruses (CoVs) infect many species causing a variety of diseases with a range of severities. Their members include zoonotic viruses with pandemic potential where therapeutic options are currently limited. Despite this diversity CoVs share some common features including the production, in infected cells, of elaborate membrane structures. Membranes represent both an obstacle and aid to CoV replication - and in consequence - virus-encoded structural and nonstructural proteins have membrane-binding properties. The structural proteins encounter cellular membranes at both entry and exit of the virus while the nonstructural proteins reorganize cellular membranes to benefit virus replication. Here, the role of each protein in membrane binding is described to provide a comprehensive picture of their role in the CoV replication cycle.
Choudhry H, Bakhrebah MA, Abdulaal WH
… +13 more, Zamzami MA, Baothman OA, Hassan MA, Zeyadi M, Helmi N, Alzahrani F, Ali A, Zakaria MK, Kamal MA, Warsi MK, Ahmed F, Rasool M, Jamal MS
Future Virol
· 2019 Apr · PMID 32201499
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The first case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was identified in the year 2012, which spread rapidly and increased to more than 2200 in 2018. This highly pathogenic virus with high mortality ra...The first case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was identified in the year 2012, which spread rapidly and increased to more than 2200 in 2018. This highly pathogenic virus with high mortality rate is among one of the major public health concerns. Saudi Arabia remains to be the most affected region with the majority of MERS-CoV cases, and currently, no effective drugs and vaccines are available for prevention and treatment. A large amount of information is now available regarding the virus, its structure, route of transmission and its pathophysiology. Therefore, this review summarizes the current understanding of MERS-CoV's pathogenesis, treatment options and recent scientific advancements in vaccine and other therapeutic developments, and the major steps taken for MERS prevention control.
Future Virol
· 2019 Jan · PMID 31933674
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Viruses represent one of the major environmental agents that cause human illness and disease. However, the ability to diagnose viral infections is limited by detection capability and scope. Here we describe several emerg...Viruses represent one of the major environmental agents that cause human illness and disease. However, the ability to diagnose viral infections is limited by detection capability and scope. Here we describe several emerging technologies that provide rapid and/or high-quality viral diagnostic information. Two technologies, novel CRISPR-based diagnostics and a portable DNA sequencing instrument, are uniquely suited to increase the number of viral agents analyzed, even in point of care settings. We also discuss a phage-based method for generating comprehensive viral profiles of previous exposure/infection and a fluid-phase immunoassay that yields highly quantitative viral antibody analyses. Future applications of these approaches will accelerate on-site clinical diagnosis of viral infections and provide insights into the role viruses play in complex diseases.
Future Virol
· 2019 May · PMID 31263508
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HIV infection has been associated with alterations in gut microbiota and related microbial metabolite production. However, the mechanisms of how these functional microbial metabolites may affect HIV immunopathogenesis an...HIV infection has been associated with alterations in gut microbiota and related microbial metabolite production. However, the mechanisms of how these functional microbial metabolites may affect HIV immunopathogenesis and comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease and other metabolic diseases, remain largely unknown. Here we review the current understanding of gut microbiota and related metabolites in the context of HIV infection. We focus on several bacteria-produced metabolites, including tryptophan catabolites, short-chain fatty acids and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), and discuss their implications in HIV infection and comorbidities. We also prospect future studies using integrative multiomics approaches to better understand host-microbiota-metabolites interactions in HIV infection, and facilitate integrative medicine utilizing the microbiota in HIV infection.
Future Virol
· 2019 Mar · PMID 31073324
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Follicular helper T cells (T) are a predominant subset of CD4 T cells specialized in providing help to B cells in germinal centers and necessary to generate T cell-dependent antibody responses. Peripheral T (pT) are the...Follicular helper T cells (T) are a predominant subset of CD4 T cells specialized in providing help to B cells in germinal centers and necessary to generate T cell-dependent antibody responses. Peripheral T (pT) are the counterpart of T found in the circulation, which resemble T in many aspects of their phenotype and function. The CD4 pT subset has received a lot of interest recently because they are easy to access and have the potential to serve as a biomarker for long-lasting humoral immunity. This review will discuss recent findings of pT in human acute viral diseases with a focus on dengue infection.
Future Virol
· 2019 Feb · PMID 32601524
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"The EVICT study was the first study to demonstrate a step-wise approach on how to safely screen EVD survivors for cataract surgery, providing evidence that vision restoration though surgical management was safe and feas..."The EVICT study was the first study to demonstrate a step-wise approach on how to safely screen EVD survivors for cataract surgery, providing evidence that vision restoration though surgical management was safe and feasible in this cohort of EVD survivors".