Veterinary Research[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Multi-omics analysis reveals mechanisms of Qingying granules in treating porcine warm disease: dosage optimization and systems biology insights.
Yan Z, Lin S, Qiao H … +5 more , Zhao Z, Yin B, Yang S, Li K, Liu Y
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42380882 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Warm diseases in swine, particularly those associated with highly pathogenic viruses such as African swine fever virus (ASFV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), inflict devastati...
BACKGROUND: Warm diseases in swine, particularly those associated with highly pathogenic viruses such as African swine fever virus (ASFV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), inflict devastating economic losses on global pork production. Current control strategies rely heavily on antibiotics and vaccines; however, emerging antimicrobial resistance and vaccine efficacy variability necessitate alternative therapeutic approaches. Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine offers potential solutions, yet rigorous evidence-based studies are required to meet modern regulatory standards. This study aimed to investigate Qingying granules, a novel veterinary formulation derived from the classic Qingying decoction, for the treatment of warm disease in pigs and to elucidate its molecular mechanisms through multi-omics analysis. METHODS: A natural disease model was established using pigs presenting with warm disease. A single production batch of Qingying granules was chemically characterized by UPLC-QE-MS and quantified by HPLC for marker compounds (chlorogenic acid and berberine hydrochloride). Animals were randomly allocated to six dosage groups (0.25-2.00 g/kg/day), a positive control (Qingwen Baidu Powder), and a healthy control group (n = 8). Clinical efficacy was assessed by quantitative syndrome scores, body temperature normalization, weight gain, and lung histopathology. Lung tissues from the optimal-dose group, disease control, and healthy control were subjected to transcriptomic sequencing, untargeted metabolomics, and RT-qPCR validation. RESULTS: The optimal therapeutic dose of the Qingying granules was 0.75 g/kg/day, which significantly alleviated fever, reduced clinical signs, and inhibited morphological changes of lung tissue. HPLC analysis of the Qingying granules determined the concentrations of chlorogenic acid and berberine hydrochloride as 0.70 mg/g and 0.77 mg/g, respectively. Multi-omics analysis identified 1,955 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 23 altered metabolites between the untreated Disease Model and Healthy Control groups. Furthermore, Qingying granules treatment (0.75 g/kg/day) reversed the expression of key genes (LCN2, LRRC18, PDK4, IL1RL1, S100A4) and normalized critical metabolites (7-hydroxyetodolac). Integrated pathway analysis revealed modulation of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis. CONCLUSION: Qingying granules at 0.75 g/kg/day exerts potent therapeutic effects on porcine warm disease through multi-targeted regulation of inflammation, immune homeostasis, and metabolic balance. These findings establish a scientific foundation for evidence-based clinical application of traditional herbal formulations in antibiotic-free swine production and demonstrate the utility of multi-omics approaches in veterinary pharmacology research.
Assessing Malawi's animal health surveillance system using the FAO surveillance evaluation tool: gaps, strengths, and opportunities for one health resilience.
Mtila Y, Chikomola S, Kawaya EK … +13 more , Kapalamula T, Wekesa S, Kivaria F, Kamwendo G, Chulu J, Phonera M, Kachepa U, Nkhulungo E, Luwe M, Mwale P, Da Silva GOD, Kainga H, El Masry I
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42380855 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Animal health surveillance is essential for early disease detection, outbreak response, and the prevention of zoonoses. In June 2024, Malawi conducted its first national assessment of its animal h...
BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Animal health surveillance is essential for early disease detection, outbreak response, and the prevention of zoonoses. In June 2024, Malawi conducted its first national assessment of its animal health surveillance system using the FAO Surveillance Evaluation Tool (SET), specifically the 2024 SET Evaluation Guide, version 2 to evaluate institutional, operational, and technical capacities. A participatory assessment was undertaken by experts from the Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development (DAHLD) and FAO, involving document reviews, stakeholder interviews, and site visits in seven districts. The SET was used to score 96 indicators across various domains on a scale of 1 (no capacity) to 4 (advanced). RESULTS: The results indicated low overall performance. The weakest domains were active surveillance (5%), internal communication (12.6%), and risk assessment (16.7%). Relative strengths were observed in external communication (50%) and information systems (44.3%), though these were still below optimal levels. The system suffers from significant workforce shortages, with approximately 33% of officer positions vacant, placing a heavy burden on inadequately resourced community-based assistants. Laboratory capacity was found to be centralized and limited, with regional laboratories offering only basic diagnostic services. Data management is predominantly paper-based, and formal risk-based surveillance plans and feedback mechanisms are lacking. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: In conclusion, while Malawi's animal health surveillance system has an established institutional framework, it is weakly structured and inconsistently operationalized. This is characterized by limited proactive surveillance, significant workforce gaps, under-resourced laboratory diagnostics, and fragmented data and communication channels. Nonetheless, a foundation for improvement exists, including legal provisions, a dedicated Epidemiology Unit within DAHLD, and a tiered surveillance workforce. Prioritized recommendations include developing and operationalizing a national surveillance strategy, strengthening laboratory and data systems, addressing critical workforce gaps, and integrating animal health surveillance into broader One Health and emergency preparedness frameworks.
Effects of system conditions on growth performance reproductive efficiency, sex hormones and seeds production of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus.
Saleh HHE, Attia EI, Abdel-Wahed RK … +3 more , Hussein GHG, Hassaan MS, Soaudy MR
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42374451 · Full text
Biofloc technology (BFT) is an aquaculture practices which rely on maintaining a minimum-water exchange throughout the culture period, presenting a promising solution to enable a more sustainable and eco-friendly approac...
Biofloc technology (BFT) is an aquaculture practices which rely on maintaining a minimum-water exchange throughout the culture period, presenting a promising solution to enable a more sustainable and eco-friendly approach to fish farming. The present study examined the effect of different rearing conditions (three treatment with three replicates):first treatment non-water exchange (NWE) system; without carbon source addition and without water exchange, second treatment, clear water (CW) system: without carbon source addition and with 50% water exchange weekly, and third treatment, biofloc technology (BFT) system; addition of molasses as carbon source daily without water exchange on the growth performance, blood biochemical parameters, sex hormones, reproduction efficiency and larval production of catfish brood-stock. Two phases of brood-stock were examined under the different rearing conditions including grow out phase and spawning phase. For the grow-out phase immature catfish males and females were distributed in concrete ponds (2 × 2 × 1 m). Each pond stocked with 15 fish (8 females and 7 males) at stocking rate 5 fish m. Fish were fed at a rate of 2% of body weight/day, with a commercial diet containing 30% crude protein during the experimental period that continued for 120 days. For spawning phase brood fish were stocked in the same ponds and the same treatments at stocking rate of 4 brood-stock pond (2 females and 2 males). The best water quality conditions, the highest growth parameters values, the better Absolute fecundity (AF), relative fecundity (RF), gonado somatic index (GSI), and egg diameters were recorded in BFT system compared to NWE and CW systems. The best blood biochemical parameters (cortisol, glucose, cholesterol, creatinine and urea) were recorded in BFT system. The superior larvae parameters were recorded in BFT system compared to NWE and CW systems. In conclusion biofloc technology is an appropriate condition for rearing African catfish where it has a positive effect on growth and reproductive performance of the brood fish.
Epidemiology and genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii in rescued raptors from wildlife rehabilitation centres in Brazil.
Pena HFJ, Guimarães MB, Milanelo L … +7 more , Alves BF, Oliveira S, Abreu JAP, Marcili A, Gennari SM, Amaku M, Soares HS
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42374447 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Raptors, including the orders Accipitriformes (hawks and kites), Falconiformes (falcons and caracaras), Cathartiformes (New World vultures), and Strigiformes (owls), are found in small forest fragments, parks...
BACKGROUND: Raptors, including the orders Accipitriformes (hawks and kites), Falconiformes (falcons and caracaras), Cathartiformes (New World vultures), and Strigiformes (owls), are found in small forest fragments, parks, vacant lots, outskirts, and open areas within the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. However, few studies have examined the infectious agents that infect them, particularly protozoa. This research reports on the seroprevalence, isolation, and genetic diversity of the zoonotic parasite Toxoplasma gondii in rescued raptors from two wildlife rehabilitation centres. These birds were fed live mice from a certified institution, as well as quails and insects from commercial establishments. METHODS: A total of 151 raptor specimens was sampled, comprising five Cathartiformes, 30 Accipitriformes, 31 Falconiformes, and 85 Strigiformes, representing 19 species. Anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies were identified via the Modified Agglutination Test (MAT; cut-off ≥ 20). Bioassays in mice were performed to isolate T. gondii, and the genetic diversity of the isolates was examined via PCR-RFLP and microsatellite genotyping. RESULTS: Of the 151 birds, serum samples were collected from 150 specimens. MAT results showed that 62 birds (41.3%) across 14 species were seropositive, including 19 of 29 (65.5%) Accipitriformes, 19 of 31 (61.3%) Falconiformes, and 24 of 85 (28.2%) Strigiformes. Among the 128 bioassays conducted in mice, 27 (21.1%) T. gondii isolates were obtained from birds of nine species, including isolates from Rupornis magnirostris (7), Geranoaetus albicaudatus (2), and Elanus leucurus (1); Caracara plancus (9), Falco sparverius (3), and Falco femoralis (1); Asio clamator (2), Megascops choliba (1), and Asio stygius (1). PCR-RFLP genotyping identified 16 genotypes, and a mixed genotype, including genotypes #11 (Type BrII - 7 isolates), #19 (2), #21 (1), #22 (1), #33 (2), #51 (1), #69 (1), #111 (1), #162 (1), #175 (3) and five new genotypes designated #350, #351, #352, #353, and #354. Microsatellite analysis revealed 26 genotypes and a mixed genotype. Some rare alleles detected included 287 for TUB2, 246 for W35, 203 for TgM-A, 364 and 366 for B17, and 273 for MIV.1. CONCLUSIONS: Toxoplasma gondii is highly prevalent and genetically diverse among the wild raptors in the studied population. The same strains may circulate among wild raptors, domestic animals and humans.
Early-life exposure to vector-borne pathogens in moose calves from Finland: molecular and phylogenetic evidence.
Filip-Hutsch K, Oksanen A, Heikkinen P … +7 more , Asman M, Świsłocka-Cutter M, Młocicki D, Czopowicz M, Anusz K, Isomursu M, Werszko J
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42374431 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Vector-borne pathogens are expanding in northern Europe as climate and host-vector communities change, shifting vector distributions, yet baseline data from boreal systems and early-life wildlife hosts remain...
BACKGROUND: Vector-borne pathogens are expanding in northern Europe as climate and host-vector communities change, shifting vector distributions, yet baseline data from boreal systems and early-life wildlife hosts remain scarce. Moose (Alces alces) represent a useful sentinel species for monitoring pathogen circulation at the wildlife-vector interface because they occupy diverse habitats and are widely distributed across boreal ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the occurrence and phylogenetic location of Trypanosoma spp., Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Bartonella spp. in moose calves during their first season of life, providing insight into early exposure patterns relevant to integrated surveillance. Whole-blood samples from 23 calves (twenty-two hunted animals and one found dead) were screened by PCR and sequenced for 18S rRNA (Trypanosoma), 16S rRNA (A. phagocytophilum) and rpoB (Bartonella). RESULTS: At least one pathogen was detected in 44% (10/23) of calves. Trypanosoma DNA was found in 35% (8/23) and all isolates clustered within the TthII lineage of the Trypanosoma theileri complex, including three novel 18S rRNA haplotypes deposited in GenBank. Anaplasma phagocytophilum was detected in 17% (4/23), with sequences identical to reference haplotypes reported from Eurasia. Bartonella spp. were detected in 9% (2/23), with the rpoB haplotype identical to a lineage previously reported from North America and closely related to ruminant-associated Bartonella species. CONCLUSIONS: The detection of multiple vector-borne hemoparasites in moose calves indicates that exposure to diverse pathogens can occur early in life in boreal cervid communities. Phylogenetic relationships suggest that the detected lineages are part of widely distributed pathogen populations rather than locally confined variants. Although this study was not designed to quantify zoonotic risk, documenting pathogen circulation in free-ranging moose may support One Health-oriented surveillance integrating wildlife hosts, vectors, and environmental factors, particularly in regions where hunters and rural communities may be exposed to vector-borne pathogens. These findings establish the grounds for future monitoring efforts aimed at understanding pathogen dynamics, host condition, and emerging vector-borne risks in boreal ecosystems of northern Europe.
Molecular survey of Cryptosporidium spp. in ornamental birds and their sellers: implications for One Health.
Kholusi F, Javanmard E, Kazemirad E … +4 more , Mohaghegh MA, Larifi A, Mohebali M, Izadi S
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42374429 · Full text
Cryptosporidiosis, a disease caused by the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium, can lead to prolonged and chronic diarrhea in individuals with weakened immune systems. The zoonotic characteristics of this parasite may imp...
Cryptosporidiosis, a disease caused by the protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium, can lead to prolonged and chronic diarrhea in individuals with weakened immune systems. The zoonotic characteristics of this parasite may impose notable economic challenges. This study investigates the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in ornamental birds and their sellers in Isfahan, the central region of Iran.A total of 223 samples, comprising 193 bird faecal samples (86.55%) and 30 seller samples (13.45%), were collected from pet stores throughout Isfahan. The samples were microscopically examined using the modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining method. Positive samples were subsequently subjected to DNA extraction and nested PCR for Cryptosporidium species identification. Furthermore, a phylogenetic tree and a haplotype network were constructed to investigate the evolutionary relationships and haplotype network distribution patterns, respectively.The infection was detected in 4.66% (9/193) of ornamental birds and 13.33% (4/30) of bird sellers. Among the infected birds, 8 (4.15%) were identified as C. parvum and 1 (0.52%) as C. galli, while all infected sellers (4/30) harboured C. parvum. No significant correlation was observed between demographic variables and infection rates. Notably, in two pet shops, both birds and sellers were concurrently infected, indicating a potential zoonotic transmission link.This study reveals the presence of Cryptosporidium in pet birds and their sellers, emphasizing the potential for zoonotic transmission. By employing a One Health approach through phylogenetic tree construction and haplotype network analysis, the interconnectedness between human and pet bird populations is evident. As close contact between birds and their sellers may facilitate disease transmission, regular testing is highly recommended to monitor and prevent the spread of Cryptosporidium.
Assessment of drug storage temperature compliance in veterinary clinics within Nigeria's Federal Capital Territory.
Omeje JN, Akinbobola JS, Uzochukwu ID
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42374404 · Full text
The efficacy and safety of pharmaceutical products are critically dependent on maintaining appropriate storage temperatures throughout the supply chain, from manufacturer to end-user. In veterinary medicine, this include...
The efficacy and safety of pharmaceutical products are critically dependent on maintaining appropriate storage temperatures throughout the supply chain, from manufacturer to end-user. In veterinary medicine, this includes storage within clinics and during ambulatory services. The Federal Capital Territory (FCT) of Nigeria experiences high ambient temperatures, posing a significant risk to drug stability. This study aimed to investigate drug storage temperatures in veterinary clinics that also dispense and retail veterinary pharmaceuticals within the FCT and to assess their compliance with manufacturers' recommended storage conditions. A cross-sectional study was conducted across 23 veterinary clinics in four Area Councils of the FCT (AMAC, Bwari, Gwagwalada, Kuje). A structured questionnaire was used to gather data on storage infrastructure, including refrigerator use, alternative power supply, and temperature monitoring devices. The temperature of drug storage areas was recorded over two weeks (March 1st-15th, 2025) using an HTC-2 thermometer (Guangdong, China). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. While all 23 (100%) clinics possessed a refrigerator, only 60% had an alternative power supply. Critically, 60.9% (n = 14) of clinics lacked any form of temperature monitoring device in their storage areas. The mean ambient storage temperatures in all clinics exceeded the recommended maximum of 30 °C for pharmaceuticals stored in cabinets, with some clinics recording temperatures above 36 °C. During ambulatory services, 87% of Clinicians used drug storage boxes, but 30% parked their vehicles in areas without shade, potentially exposing drugs to high temperatures during transport. This study reveals a significant gap in compliance with manufacturer drug storage temperature recommendations among veterinary clinics in the FCT. The lack of temperature monitoring and exposure to excessive ambient temperatures may compromise drug quality and pose a risk to patient safety and treatment efficacy.
Ovine epididymitis - a neglected notifiable disease in Germany: a case report.
Brangsch H, Peters M, Liebler-Tenorio EM … +4 more , Poppe M, Moog U, Ashford RT, Melzer F
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42365375 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Ovine contagious epididymitis is an infectious disease caused by Brucella ovis. Its occurrence in EU member states must be reported to the relevant authorities. Although it is considered endemic in parts of E...
BACKGROUND: Ovine contagious epididymitis is an infectious disease caused by Brucella ovis. Its occurrence in EU member states must be reported to the relevant authorities. Although it is considered endemic in parts of Europe and other sheep-rearing regions world-wide, the disease is rarely reported. Hence, detailed information about the epidemiological situation and transmission events in Europe remains scarce. Unlike other forms of Brucella infection, B. ovis is not transmissible to humans, making it primarily an economic and animal health problem. Nevertheless, the same control measures can be applied for outbreaks of ovine epididymitis and livestock brucellosis caused by other Brucella species in Germany. CASE PRESENTATION: In 2024 B. ovis was isolated from two stillborn lambs found dead in Germany. Immunohistochemistry detected Brucella antigen in the pulmonary airways of both lambs. Additionally, one lamb exhibited necrotizing hepatitis of the liver. One B. ovis isolate was sequenced and genotyped, revealing genomic similarity to other European B. ovis strains. Two rams from the same flock tested serologically positive for B. ovis, but none of the ewes with a history of abortion did. There was also no increase in the rate of abortions or stillbirths in this flock. Following the slaughter of two of the tested rams in 2025, the testicles and epididymides of both animals were examined and B. ovis could be detected by immunohistochemistry and PCR in some of the tissues, although no isolate could be obtained. CONCLUSIONS: Little is known about the prevalence of ovine epididymitis in Germany. The case presented here suggests that the disease is likely underdiagnosed and therefore underreported. Although the pathogen is not zoonotic, awareness of B. ovis infections should nevertheless be raised to improve animal welfare.
Correction: Feasibility and usefulness of inhospital and at-home salivary sampling in healthy dogs and trilostane-treated dogs with Cushing's syndrome: a prospective observational study.
Meunier SM, Voegel CD, Neubert E … +5 more , Harburger LA, Riond B, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Boretti FS, Sieber-Ruckstuhl NS
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42365334 · Full text
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Antimicrobial peptide CAP18 as a natural alternative to antibiotics: effects on gut health, immunity, and meat quality in broiler chickens.
Jebalbarezi P, Afsharmanesh M, Lohrasbi-Nejad A … +2 more , Salarmoini M, Bami MK
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42365297 · Full text
BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with an antibiotic or the antimicrobial peptide CAP18 on growth performance, immune response, intestinal microbiota, gut morphology, and meat qualit...
BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with an antibiotic or the antimicrobial peptide CAP18 on growth performance, immune response, intestinal microbiota, gut morphology, and meat quality in broiler chickens. A total of 480 one-day-old Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with five replicates of 24 birds each: (1) basal diet (control), (2) basal diet + 500 mg/kg antibiotic (5% oxytetracycline), (3) basal diet + 10 mg/kg CAP18, and (4) basal diet + 20 mg/kg CAP18. RESULTS: Supplementation with CAP18 at either 10 or 20 mg/kg maintained body weight gain, feed intake, or feed conversion ratio compared with the control or antibiotic treatments. However, CAP18 improved intestinal health by increasing the ileal lactic acid bacteria-to-coliform ratio (P < 0.05) and enhancing ileal morphology, with birds receiving 20 mg/kg CAP18 showing reduced crypt depth and a higher villus height-to-crypt depth ratio (P < 0.05). Meat quality was also enhanced in CAP18-fed birds, as indicated by lower thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, reduced cooking loss, and higher water-holding capacity compared with the antibiotic group (P < 0.05). Moreover, at 42 days, serum IgG levels were elevated in birds receiving 20 mg/kg CAP18, demonstrating enhanced humoral immunity (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, dietary CAP18 at 10 mg/kg maintained growth performance while promoting a healthier intestinal microbiota, enhanced meat quality, and strengthened immune responses compared with the antibiotic treatment.
Unique occurrence of trichilemmal carcinoma in the scrotal skin of a giant panda: a pathological analysis.
Li C, Xiong Z, Ling S … +11 more , Zhu Y, Deng L, Yang M, Wang C, Wang Q, Chen D, Huang M, Wang K, Li D, Chen Z, Li C
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42363183 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Trichilemmal carcinoma (TC) is a rare cutaneous appendage malignancy with scarce human cases and very few animal cases have been documented in the available literature, especially in giant pandas. CASE PRESEN...
BACKGROUND: Trichilemmal carcinoma (TC) is a rare cutaneous appendage malignancy with scarce human cases and very few animal cases have been documented in the available literature, especially in giant pandas. CASE PRESENTATION: A 23-year-old male captive giant panda had 4-week scrotal hyperplasia and ulceration, with a 4.5 cm×4 cm irregular lesion and neutrophils were elevated. Pathology revealed dermal lobular/cord-like invasive atypical clear cells, squamous nests and outer root sheath cysts. PAS staining was positive. Immunohistochemistry showed Her-2 (+), CK5/6 (++), p63 (++), Ki-67 (+), CD34 (+), and p53 (+), excluding squamous cell carcinoma and trichofolliculoma. Local resection (0.8 cm margin) was done under general anesthesia. Postoperative anti-infection led to 2-week wound healing; 3-month follow-up showed no recurrence with normal behavior. CONCLUSIONS: This first reported giant panda TC with human-like immunophenotype provides evidence for managing rare animal cutaneous appendage tumors.
Clustering of sperm by chromatin integrity features reveals breed and monthly effects, as well as a link between double-strand DNA breaks and litter size in pigs.
Ribas-Maynou J, Martínez-Díaz P, Drago J … +5 more , Parra A, Lucas X, Yeste M, Roca J, Barranco I
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42363158 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Identifying sperm biomarkers that predict fertility in swine is important for improving animal selection and production. In this context, however, sperm chromatin in swine remains understudied, and whether it...
BACKGROUND: Identifying sperm biomarkers that predict fertility in swine is important for improving animal selection and production. In this context, however, sperm chromatin in swine remains understudied, and whether it varies by breed and season remains unresolved. Additionally, the impact of sperm chromatin protamination, condensation, and DNA integrity on reproductive outcomes (farrowing rate and litter size) is unclear in swine. This study aimed to improve the understanding of sperm chromatin features by evaluating breed- and month-related differences and determining their influence on fertility outcomes. To this end, we evaluated sperm chromatin protamination and condensation, as well as global and double-strand DNA damage, in 91 ejaculates from 41 boars (25 Landrace and 16 Large White) using chromomycin A3, dibromobimane, and alkaline and neutral Comet assays, respectively. RESULTS: Single sperm analysis revealed six clusters associated with chromatin protamination, four clusters related to chromatin condensation, and two clusters corresponding to global DNA damage. Differences between the Landrace and Large White breeds were observed in the percentage of sperm with global DNA damage (P = 0.015), and in chromatin protamination (P = 0.012) and condensation (P < 0.001). Overall, sperm chromatin integrity was better in Large White than in Landrace boars. Monthly analysis revealed that sperm chromatin quality worsened in September due to an increase in global DNA damage (P < 0.01), affecting condensation in one cluster and sperm protamination in two clusters (P < 0.05). Finally, multivariate analysis showed that the percentage of sperm with double-strand DNA breaks was associated with litter size in both breeds. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified sperm subpopulations based on chromatin features in swine. Differences were observed between Large White and Landrace breeds, with the sperm from Large White boars having healthier chromatin quality in terms of DNA damage, protamination, and condensation. Monthly variations were also seen, primarily in relation to global DNA damage. Finally, our study showed an association between the incidence of sperm with double-strand DNA breaks and litter size in both breeds.
Virus and host-associated variations in the interaction of low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses with the epithelial target tissue of the chicken reproductive tract.
Abukhadra BA, Bexter F, Mohamed SI … +4 more , Vervelde L, Sutton K, de Wit S, Rautenschlein S
Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42351262 · Full text
Low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) show pathogenesis variations, suggested of being impacted by virus and host characteristics. This study aimed to understand the interaction of virus and host factors in LPA...
Low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) show pathogenesis variations, suggested of being impacted by virus and host characteristics. This study aimed to understand the interaction of virus and host factors in LPAIV reproductive tract infection. Oviduct organ cultures (OOCs) were prepared from two chicken lines, brown layers (BL) and white layers (WL), to compare virus replication, microscopical lesions, and host-immune responses between two atypical virulent LPAIV strains H3N1 (A/chicken/Belgium/460/2019) and H6N1 (A/chicken/Netherlands/917/2010), and an avirulent H9N2 strain (A/chicken/Saudi Arabia/2525/2000). mRNA levels of interferon λ (IFN λ), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), host factors such as importin (Imp) α3, α8, and chemerin were measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). High-throughput transcriptomic profiling of innate immune genes using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) array focused on H3N1- and H9N2-infected BL-OOCs. H3N1- and H6N1-infected BL-OOCs showed significantly higher viral loads compared with H9N2-inoculated OOCs (p < 0.05). This was associated with higher mRNA levels of innate-immunity related genes, including Pentraxin (PTX3) at 48 hours post-infection (hpi) after H9N2 inoculation. Compared with H9N2, H3N1 triggered a stronger yet delayed innate immune response at 48 hpi with an 8- and 256-fold increase in IFN λ and C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4) expression, respectively, along with upregulation of Imp α3 in BL-OOCs. WL-OOCs were less susceptible to H6N1 with lower viral loads compared with BL-OOCs, which coincided with lower IFN λ expression levels after virus infection (p < 0.05). Overall, the OOCs model was a suitable model to demonstrate variable pathogenicity of LPAIV strains across chicken genotypes. Variations in host responses were detected impacting virus replication in a strain-dependent manner.
An updated assessment of the molecular prevalence and risk factors of Babesia infection among crossbred cattle: a diagnostic cross-sectional study.
Gareh A, Sadek HA, Dyab AK … +3 more , Arafa MI, Sayed GM, Nageib BR
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42351231 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Bovine babesiosis is a hemoprotozoal disease that poses a serious danger to cattle productivity in tropical and subtropical areas. The goal of the current study is to update the data regarding Babesia spp. PR...
BACKGROUND: Bovine babesiosis is a hemoprotozoal disease that poses a serious danger to cattle productivity in tropical and subtropical areas. The goal of the current study is to update the data regarding Babesia spp. PREVALENCE: Assessing the risk variables linked to the illness in crossbred cattle from January to December 2025 in Assiut, Egypt. METHODS: A total of 200 blood samples were obtained from crossbred cattle, including 84 apparently healthy and 116 showing clinical signs suggestive of babesiosis. Giemsa-stained blood smears were inspected microscopically, and molecular analysis that targeted the Babesia 18 S rRNA gene verified the results. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of Babesia spp. infection detected microscopically was 6% (12/200). The percentage of animals with symptoms was 8.6% higher than in apparently healthy ones. Epidemiological analysis showed higher infection rates in males (8.33%) compared to females (4.3%), and in cattle younger than one year (8.75%). There was a discernible seasonal variation in infestation rates, which peaked at 7.7% during the hot season and dropped to 4.2% over the cold season, even though age, sex, and season were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). A significant association was found between Babesia infection and hard tick infestation (OR = 21.64; 95% CI: 2.35-199.12; P = 0.001) suggesting that ticks play a critical role in the spread of disease. The presence of B. bovis and B. bigemina in crossbred cattle in Assiut Province was confirmed by molecular confirmation of a few heavily infected samples using PCR targeting the Babesia 18 S rRNA gene. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time, this work uses combination microscopy and PCR to confirm the existence of two Babesia species (B. bovis and B. bigemina) in Assiut province, upper Egypt. The data indicate that the parasite is actively circulating, emphasizing the significance of good tick management and increased diagnostic surveillance in order to prevent economic losses and maintain animal health.
Modulatory effects of plant extract combinations on growth performance, hepato-intestinal homeostasis, intestinal microbiota, and Streptococcus agalactiae resistance in Acrossocheilus fasciatus.
Qian L, Yang D, Yin Y … +3 more , Huang M, Yang S, Fei H
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42351217 · Full text
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a composite herbal extract (CSPS), formulated with Caesalpinia sappan, Schisandra chinensis, Prunus mume, and Syzygium aromaticum at an optimized ratio of 2.96:3.00:1.11:1.04,...
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a composite herbal extract (CSPS), formulated with Caesalpinia sappan, Schisandra chinensis, Prunus mume, and Syzygium aromaticum at an optimized ratio of 2.96:3.00:1.11:1.04, on the growth performance, hepato-intestinal homeostasis, intestinal microbiota, and anti-Streptococcus agalactiae resistance of Acrossocheilus fasciatus. In vitro antibacterial assays showed CSPS exhibited a 29.70 mm inhibition zone and a minimum inhibitory concentration of 31.25 mg·mL⁻¹ against Streptococcus agalactiae strain ZSTU01. A two-phase feeding trial was conducted: Phase I (28 days) identified 0.5 g·kg⁻¹ feed as the optimal CSPS dose, yielding the highest survival rate (70.0%) post-S. agalactiae challenge (LD₅₀ = 6.88 × 10⁶ CFU·g⁻¹). Phase II (28 days) confirmed this dose had no adverse effects on growth performance or feed utilization but significantly improved hepato-intestinal health: it reduced hepatocyte vacuolation, increased intestinal villus height, modulated hepatic enzyme activities (decreased AST and AKP, increased ACP), and reshaped the intestinal microbiota. Specifically, CSPS supplementation elevated beneficial bacteria (Cetobacterium somerae, Cloacibacterium) and reduced pathogenic taxa (Aeromonas veronii, Neochlamydia), without altering microbial α‑diversity. These changes enhanced non-specific immunity and intestinal health, contributing to improved resistance against S. agalactiae. Collectively, dietary CSPS at 0.5 g·kg⁻¹ is a potential antibiotic alternative candidate for A. fasciatus aquaculture, exerting protective effects via gut microbiota modulation and physiological homeostasis regulation.
Epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in commercial eggs across different production systems in Spain.
Marco-Fuertes A, Cerdà-Cuéllar M, Ayats T … +3 more , Muñoz-Baquero M, Marin C, Montoro-Dasi L
Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42351190 · Full text
The European poultry sector is transitioning towards alternative production systems, driven by consumer concerns about animal welfare. However, these systems, by providing access to the outdoors, increase exposure to the...
The European poultry sector is transitioning towards alternative production systems, driven by consumer concerns about animal welfare. However, these systems, by providing access to the outdoors, increase exposure to the environment and wildlife, raising the risk of disease spread and antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of AMR and multidrug resistance (MDR) in Escherichia coli isolates from commercial eggs from the four production systems in Spain: organic, free-range, floor and cage, and their genetic diversity using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis. To this end, 1200 eggs were collected from the main supermarket chains over the course of a year. The shell and contents were analysed, evaluating the susceptibility of isolates to 15 antimicrobials. A total of 49 E. coli isolates were found, only on the shell. Overall, resistance to at least one antimicrobial was found in 69.4% of the isolates, and 44.9% showed MDR. When compared, the prevalence of MDR was significantly higher in organic systems (61.5%) than in cage systems (22.2%; p < 0.05). Moreover, PFGE analysis revealed great genetic diversity with 37 distinct pulsotypes, observing that E. coli isolates with similar genetic profiles presented different AMR patterns. These results suggest that the outdoor environment and contact with wildlife are crucial for AMR acquisition, even in organic systems with restricted antimicrobial use. It is imperative to implement rigorous perimeter and environmental biosecurity measures in poultry production systems to mitigate the spread of AMR, addressing this public health challenge through a comprehensive One Health perspective.
Artemisia argyi-enriched fermented soybean meal alleviates ETEC K88-induced intestinal injury in mice in association with gut microbiota remodeling and purine metabolic alterations.
Wang W, Wang H, Sun C … +5 more , Chen Q, Zhang Y, Miao C, Zhu S, Xiong W
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42351143 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 is an important enteric pathogen associated with diarrhea, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and gut microbial dysbiosis. Fermented soybean meal (FSBM) has shown pote...
BACKGROUND: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 is an important enteric pathogen associated with diarrhea, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and gut microbial dysbiosis. Fermented soybean meal (FSBM) has shown potential for improving intestinal health, but its effects on ETEC-induced injury and the related microbiota-metabolite changes remain unclear. METHODS: Male BALB/c mice were assigned to control, model, chlortetracycline, and FSBM groups. After ETEC K88 challenge, growth performance, diarrhea score, serum cytokines and immunoglobulins, colonic tight-junction gene expression, fecal physicochemical characteristics, cecal microbiota composition by 16 S rRNA sequencing, and cecal metabolomic profiles by untargeted LC-MS were analyzed. RESULTS: FSBM improved body-weight recovery and alleviated diarrhea in ETEC K88-challenged mice. It reduced serum TNF-α and IFN-γ levels, increased IL-10, IgA, and IgG levels, and upregulated colonic ZO-1 and ZO-2 expression. FSBM also decreased fecal pH, increased lactic acid and acetic acid levels, and promoted lactic acid bacteria proliferation. In addition, FSBM reshaped the cecal microbial community, notably enriching Lactobacillus and other beneficial taxa. Metabolomic analysis revealed a distinct metabolic profile in the FSBM group, with purine metabolism identified as the most prominent altered pathway. CONCLUSIONS: FSBM alleviated ETEC K88-induced intestinal injury in mice and was associated with alterations in gut microbiota composition and purine metabolism. These findings support the potential of FSBM as a functional nutritional strategy for improving intestinal health under enteric stress.
Knowledge, attitudes, and practices on injection site complications among small ruminant animal health providers in Kumasi, Ghana.
Teye A, Gyasi B, Ameyaw ASE … +5 more , Opoku-Agyemang T, Folitse RD, Takyi PN, Luguterah AEW, Emikpe BO
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42351133 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Injection-site complications are a poorly recognised problem in small ruminant production in Ghana. The improper injection can lead to tissue damage, abscesses, fibrosis, drug residues, lower meat quality and...
BACKGROUND: Injection-site complications are a poorly recognised problem in small ruminant production in Ghana. The improper injection can lead to tissue damage, abscesses, fibrosis, drug residues, lower meat quality and carcass condemnation, which can cause economic and public health issues. Veterinarians are legally qualified to give injections, but in practice, para-veterinarians and animal herders often do so, as they are in close contact with livestock and are often responsible for immediate animal care. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes and practices of animal health providers on injection-site complications in Kumasi, Ghana. METHODS: A comparative cross-sectional study was carried out among 230 respondents including veterinarians (59), para-veterinarians (18), animal herders (143) and meat handlers (10) with a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests were used to collect and analyse data on knowledge, attitudes, anatomical injection-site preferences and injection practices. Retrospective abattoir records from January to August 2025 were also reviewed to determine the prevalence and distribution of injection-site lesions in slaughtered small ruminants. RESULTS: Occupation, age, gender, years of experience, and formal training were significantly associated with the level of knowledge (p < 0.05). Veterinarians had the highest awareness of injection-site complications and correct anatomical injection sites, whereas animal herders had lower awareness, especially about tissue necrosis, contamination-related infections, and improper drug absorption. The neck area was the most common site for intramuscular injection by veterinarians, while the thigh and gluteal muscles were the most common sites for para-veterinarians and animal herders. A total of 100 injection-site lesions were found in 43,483 slaughtered animals during abattoir inspection, with lesions mainly located in the thigh area. There was a significant association between formal training and positive attitudes with good injection practices (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: There were significant differences in knowledge and practices about injection-site complications among animal health providers in Kumasi. Injection administration by para-veterinarians and herders, and inappropriate injection-site selection, may be factors in the lesions seen during meat inspection. Injection safety, meat quality and animal welfare can be enhanced through targeted training and inclusive veterinary extension programs that engage all livestock handlers.
Isolation and molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease viruses from small ruminants in Nigeria.
Ehizibolo DO, Oyekan O, Oguche MO … +12 more , Ardo A, Ludi AB, Wood BA, Gubbins S, Hicks HM, Wadsworth J, Chevanne E, Rosso F, Knowles NJ, Mioulet V, King DP, Limon G
Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42343415 · Full text
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) poses significant economic challenges to the livestock industry in Nigeria due to its widespread prevalence and detrimental impacts on animal health and international trade. Documented FMD ou...
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) poses significant economic challenges to the livestock industry in Nigeria due to its widespread prevalence and detrimental impacts on animal health and international trade. Documented FMD outbreaks in the endemic areas of West and Central Africa consistently highlight the role of cattle as the indicator species for FMD. However, the role of small ruminants (SR) is poorly understood. Aiming to improve our understanding of the role of SR in the epidemiology of the disease, this study investigated FMD outbreaks on farms where cattle intermixed with sheep and goats. Blood and oral swabs (n = 177) were collected from 138 sheep and 39 goats in nine local government areas (LGAs) of Plateau State, Nigeria. Additionally, epithelial tissue samples were obtained from suspected cases of FMD in six sheep and three goats in four of the LGAs. The majority (71.2%, 95% CI 64-77) of SR sampled seroconverted to FMDV measured by a 3ABC non-structural protein (NSP) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) where 77.5% (95% CI 70.7-84.5) of sheep and 48.7% (95% CI 33-64.4) goats tested positive for FMDV-NSP antibodies. FMDV genomic RNA was detected in 36.6% (95% CI 25-49) of oral swabs samples collected from SR and two FMDV serotypes: O and A were detected using antigen-ELISA. Phylogenetic analyses of the VP1 coding sequences indicate that these viruses were closely related to those identified from cattle in the same farms and to those previously published from the same region. The findings from this study demonstrate that SR should be considered when developing FMD risk-based surveillance and control strategies in Nigeria.
Different replication behavior of a contemporary porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus strain Gent/PS412 compared with the historical neurotropic reference strain VW572.
Aslam A, Saleem W, Zarak I … +2 more , Van Cleemput J, Nauwynck H
Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42343363 · Full text
Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), first identified in 1957, has been described as a neurotropic virus of pigs. However, more recent strains were mainly associated with respiratory problems. This st...
Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), first identified in 1957, has been described as a neurotropic virus of pigs. However, more recent strains were mainly associated with respiratory problems. This study compared the replication kinetics of the historical neurotropic PHEV strain isolated in Belgium in 1972 (VW572) with the replication kinetics of a contemporary 2020 strain (PS412; isolated from nasal secretions during a monitoring study), using RPD (rein de porc diploid) cells, nasal and ethmoidal mucosa explants, and primary porcine respiratory epithelial cells (PoRECs). EGTA was used to disrupt intercellular junctions to facilitate the access of the virus to basolateral receptors. In RPD cells, VW572 showed an early advantage in initiating infection, whereas PS412 exhibited stronger replication and viral release at later stages, highlighting distinct replication dynamics between the two strains. The replication kinetics of both strains in nasal explants and PoRECs did not differ significantly. In ethmoidal explants, PHEV only replicated in sustentacular cells with VW572 infecting more cells than PS412. EGTA treatment had no effect on the PHEV infection in nasal explants but significantly increased in PoRECs and ethmoidal explants for VW572, suggesting a stronger reliance on basolateral receptors in sustentacular cells. Genomic analysis identified 2 spike protein mutations that led to amino acid changes at the receptor binding site: N512K, K576E. These changes switched the regional polarity on the surface of the spike protein that may affect the PHEV receptor use. In conclusion, the historical and contemporary PHEV isolates VW572 and PS412 replicate differently in the respiratory/neural tissues of the upper respiratory tract which may be associated with amino acid variations in the receptor binding domain of the spike protein.
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