Veterinary Research[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Effects of surgical timing on inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and immune modulation in Wagyu calves following castration.
Promsut W, Chalalai T, Saechue B … +5 more , Aengwanich W, Nueangnong A, Janchai W, Saoweang A, Srinontong P
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42343273 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Time-of-day-related physiological variation may influence immune, oxidative, and endocrine responses to surgical stress. This study evaluated the effects of morning versus afternoon surgical castration on inf...
BACKGROUND: Time-of-day-related physiological variation may influence immune, oxidative, and endocrine responses to surgical stress. This study evaluated the effects of morning versus afternoon surgical castration on inflammatory cytokine expression, oxidative stress markers, T-lymphocyte subpopulations, and cortisol levels in Wagyu calves. Twelve 4-month-old male Wagyu calves were randomly assigned to morning (10:00-11:30 h) or afternoon (14:30-16:00 h) castration groups (n = 6 per group). Blood samples were collected before castration and at 6, 24, and 72 h post-surgery. Inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression (IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α) was quantified by RT-qPCR, and oxidative stress markers were assessed using TBARS and FRAP assays. T-lymphocyte subpopulations were analyzed by flow cytometry. Serum cortisol concentrations were measured by ELISA. Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects models with Šidák adjustment for pairwise comparisons. RESULTS: Morning castration was associated with greater cytokine response, with IL-6 expression peaking at 143-fold at 6 h post-surgery, accompanied by concurrent IL-10 upregulation (13.47-fold) and a transient increase in TNF-α expression. The afternoon group showed minimal cytokine changes throughout the study period. CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-lymphocyte proportions were higher in the afternoon group before surgery, but were lower than those in the morning group at later post-surgical time points. γδ T cells increased at 24 and 72 h in both groups without significant surgery timing effects. Malondialdehyde concentrations were significantly higher in the afternoon group (P < 0.05), whereas total antioxidant capacity (FRAP) values were also significantly higher in the afternoon group (P < 0.05). Serum cortisol did not differ significantly between surgery time groups or sampling intervals. CONCLUSIONS: Morning surgery was associated with greater acute inflammatory cytokine responses, whereas afternoon surgery was associated with higher oxidative stress and antioxidant capacity. These findings suggest that surgical timing may influence acute postoperative inflammatory, oxidative, and immune responses in cattle and may therefore be relevant to postoperative management and animal welfare.
Effect of clove oil (Eugenia Caryophyllus) on drone semen quality after cryopreservation.
Önder NT, Çakmak SS, Aktar A … +6 more , Başer L, Gökdemir S, Aydın A, Tereci U, Çakmak İ, Alçay S
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42337762 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Clove oil, primarily extracted from the flower buds of the clove plant, is widely used in food, cosmetics, and traditional medicine due to its rich composition of phenolic acids and flavonoids, with eugenol b...
BACKGROUND: Clove oil, primarily extracted from the flower buds of the clove plant, is widely used in food, cosmetics, and traditional medicine due to its rich composition of phenolic acids and flavonoids, with eugenol being a major component. This essential oil exhibits numerous biological activities, including antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties. In the context of drone semen cryopreservation, challenges such as ice crystal formation, and oxidative stress hinder fertility outcomes. To address these issues, the study explores the effects of commercial clove oil preparation on the post-cryopreservation quality of drone semen, its antioxidant and antibacterial qualities. METHODS: The collected semen samples were pooled and divided among semen extenders containing different concentrations of clove oil (C-10, C-20, C-25) and a control extender containing no clove oil. Motility, plasma membrane integrity, acrosomal integrity, and mitochondrial membrane potential were evaluated using microscopic and flow-cytometric methods. Malondialdehyde and glutathione concentrations and catalase activity were also assessed. In addition, the minimum inhibitory concentration and antimicrobial effect of clove oil were evaluated. RESULTS: At the post-thaw stage, the highest motility was observed in the C-25 group; the C-20 group also showed a significant advantage compared with the control. The C-20 and C-25 groups provided a similar level of membrane integrity protection but better than the control. Acrosomal integrity protection was highest in C-25, and C-20 was also significantly higher than the Control group. The highest mitochondrial membrane potential values were observed in C-20 and C-25. Malondialdehyde concentration was highest in the Control group and lowest in the C-25 group; C-20 and C-25 remained similar to each other. Higher glutathione concentrations and catalase activity were observed in the C-25 group compared with the Control. Catalase activity in the C-20 group did not differ significantly from that in the C-10 or Control groups. The microbiological examination revealed no growth in any of the groups. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that supplementation with a commercial clove oil preparation at the tested doses may improve post-thaw drone semen quality.
Lameness-associated changes in milk yield, composition, and inflammatory quality indicators in dairy cows under tropical conditions in Bangladesh.
Shanta SA, Akter MT, Aktaruzzaman M … +3 more , Ahmed MS, Rahman AKMA, Islam MA
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42337750 · Full text
Lameness is a major welfare and economic challenge in dairy herds and is associated with reduced milk yield and compromised milk quality; however, evidence under tropical production systems such as Bangladesh remains lim...
Lameness is a major welfare and economic challenge in dairy herds and is associated with reduced milk yield and compromised milk quality; however, evidence under tropical production systems such as Bangladesh remains limited. This observational study was conducted at a commercial dairy farm in Mymensingh, Bangladesh (July 2024-June 2025) to evaluate the effects of lameness on milk yield and inflammatory milk quality indicators. Sixteen Holstein-Friesian lactating cows were enrolled, including 12 clinically lame cows and 4 healthy controls. Lame cows were observed at three predefined stages: 7 days before clinical diagnosis, on the diagnostic day, and 7 days after diagnosis; healthy cows were sampled once as baseline references. Lameness was assessed using a standardized 1-5 locomotion scoring system. Milk yield was obtained from farm records, and milk quality traits, including pH, electrical conductivity, somatic cell count (SCC), fat, protein, lactose, solid-not-fat, and total solids, were analyzed using Ekomilk Horizon Unlimited. Multivariable linear mixed-effects models revealed a significant reduction in milk yield during lameness (15.0 +/- 0.6 L/day) compared with pre-diagnosis values (19.0 +/- 0.5 L/day; p < 0.001), representing a 21% decline. SCC increased more than two-fold (812.8 +/- 45.6 × 10^3 cells/mL; p < 0.001), accompanied by significant increases in electrical conductivity, pH, milk fat, lactose, and total solids. Diagnostic-day lameness showed strong positive correlations with SCC (r = 0.84) and electrical conductivity (r = 0.89), and a strong negative correlation with milk yield (r = -0.76). These findings indicate that lameness is associated with measurable changes in milk quality and reduced milk production under tropical Bangladeshi field conditions.
Assessment of pharmacokinetic parameters, oral bioavailability, and physiological effects of amantadine in horses.
Riley HL, Mama KR, Jacobs ME … +3 more , McKemie DS, Kass PH, Knych HK
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42337734 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Without adequate pain management, central nervous system plasticity can result in acute or adaptive pain developing into chronic or maladaptive pain. This is difficult to manage and often unresponsive to trad...
BACKGROUND: Without adequate pain management, central nervous system plasticity can result in acute or adaptive pain developing into chronic or maladaptive pain. This is difficult to manage and often unresponsive to traditional analgesics. An important mechanism associated with maladaptive pain is central sensitization which results in part from increased NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor activation. Amantadine is an NMDA receptor antagonist that has been used in combination with opioids and NSAIDs in humans and dogs for the treatment of conditions associated with central sensitization. The goal of the current study was to describe the pharmacokinetics and physiological effects of amantadine in horses as a first step in assessing the utility of this drug in horses. Eight horses received a single intravenous administration of 5 mg/kg and oral administrations of 3, 5, and 10 mg/kg of amantadine in a randomized 4-way balanced crossover design. Blood samples were collected before drug administration and at predetermined time intervals for up to 96 h post-drug administration. Concentrations of amantadine were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and pharmacokinetic analysis was performed. Behavioral assessments (e.g., sedation, ataxia), locomotor activity, gastrointestinal borborygmi, and effects on heart rate were assessed. RESULTS: The C and T of amantadine were 208.7 ± 70.4, 347.9 ± 79.5, and 478.9 ± 165.6 ng/mL and 0.63 (0.16-0.75 h; median and range) 0.63 (0.16-1.0 h), and 1.0 (0.5-1.0 h) for 3, 5, and 10 mg/kg, respectively. The terminal half-life was 3.90 ± 1.24 following IV administration of 5 mg/kg, and 3.87 ± 2.17, 4.21 ± 1.41, and 4.87 ± 2.05 h following oral administration of 3, 5, and 10 mg/kg, respectively. A 2-compartment population PK model best described concentration data. The absorption rate constant was 3.16 1/h and the oral bioavailability was 23.2%. Transient signs, including ataxia and hypometria were observed in 5/8 horses following IV administration. CONCLUSION: Amantadine administration to horses was well tolerated, supporting additional study. This study provides pharmacokinetic and limited safety data that can be used to guide pharmacodynamic studies to assess the therapeutic efficacy of this compound in horses.
Exploratory analysis of risk factors associated with antimicrobial resistance in urinary Escherichia coli from dogs in the United States (2018-2024).
Ojasanya RA, Weese JS, Sobkowich KE … +5 more , Deckert A, Szlosek D, Plum A, Bernardo TM, Poljak Z
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42337613 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Bacterial cystitis, predominantly caused by Escherichia coli, is a leading cause for antimicrobial prescriptions in dogs. The use of antimicrobials contributes to selection pressure for antimicrobial resistan...
BACKGROUND: Bacterial cystitis, predominantly caused by Escherichia coli, is a leading cause for antimicrobial prescriptions in dogs. The use of antimicrobials contributes to selection pressure for antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a growing concern for veterinary and public health. This study examined risk factors for resistance in urinary E. coli isolates from dogs in the United States, focusing on prior positive cultures and other host, socioeconomic, and geographic factors using data from a national commercial diagnostic laboratory. Associations between selected exposures of interest and AMR were assessed using multilevel logistic regression models, accounting for clustering at the patient, county, and state levels. RESULTS: A total of 393,972 clinical urinary E. coli isolates from 339,977 dogs across the United States, submitted between 2018 and 2024, were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Resistance was highest to amoxicillin (27.39%; 95% CI: 27.25-27.53). When examined in multilevel logistic regression models, and across all antimicrobials, the greatest proportion of variance occurred at the patient level (range: 22.2-46.1%). The log odds of detecting resistance increased linearly with the number of prior positive cultures in the previous six months. After adjusting for all other covariates, every 1% increase in the annual county-level percentage of dogs with positive culture and antimicrobial susceptibility test was associated with a 1-2% decrease in the odds of resistance across all antimicrobials (OR range: 0.98-0.99; p < 0.001). States with 1,500-1,999 housing units per veterinarian had higher odds of marbofloxacin resistance (OR: 1.85, 95% CI: 1.20-2.85, adjusted p = 0.027) than states with 500-999 units, a pattern consistent across other antimicrobials. CONCLUSION: Patient-level factors, particularly recent repeated positive cultures examined in this study, are associated with AMR in canine urinary E. coli, likely reflecting cumulative antimicrobial exposure and/or chronic resistant infections. Additionally, lower odds of detecting AMR were observed in counties with higher microbiological testing frequency and in states with higher veterinarian density, which may reflect differences in access to veterinary care or diagnostic practices. However, because these variables are measured at the group level, they do not capture individual-level veterinary care. Further research incorporating patient-level measures of care access and prescribing practices will be crucial.
Effect of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) pretreatment on white noise-induced stress model in rats.
Bala DA, Akyazi I, Eraslan E … +3 more , Gursel FE, Akyol S, Dariyerli N
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42337594 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Environmental noise is a non-specific stressor that can activate stress-response pathways and increase the production of reactive oxygen species, contributing to oxidative stress in the brain. Limbic regions...
BACKGROUND: Environmental noise is a non-specific stressor that can activate stress-response pathways and increase the production of reactive oxygen species, contributing to oxidative stress in the brain. Limbic regions such as the amygdala and hippocampus play key roles in stress processing and are particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) has been reported to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine whether ASA pretreatment provides protective effects against white noise-induced oxidative stress and inflammation, both systemically and in brain tissue. In the study, ALT (Alanine aminotransferase), creatinine, glucose, total protein, HDL (high-density lipoprotein), urea, uric acid, plasma albumin, cholesterol, and cortisol levels were measured from plasma samples. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) levels were measured as an antioxidant from brain tissue homogenates of the whole brain, cortex, cerebellum, amygdala, and hippocampus. interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-2, IL-6, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF), interferon gamma ( IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), IL-4 and IL-10 levels were measured from plasma samples. RESULTS: In the present study, it was found that the MDA level in the amygdala tissue was significantly lower in the animals in ASA + stress group which underwent ASA pretreatment compared to the other groups (p ≤ 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in MDA levels in the amygdala tissues of the other three groups. A significant decrease was observed in ASA control group. MDA values in cortex tissue compared to stress control group (p ≤ 0.05). There was no significant difference between the groups regarding MDA levels of other brain regions. When whole brain tissue homogenates were examined in the ASA pretreatment groups, a significant decrease was observed in the vitamin C levels of the animals in ASA + stress group compared to the other groups. (p ≤ 0.05).There was no statistically significant change in IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, GMCSF, IFN-γ, and IL-10 levels. It was observed that TNF-α levels increased in the groups given aspirin, and this increase was significant in ASA control group compared to stress control group (p ≤ 0.05). In the study, there was no significant change in plasma biochemical parameters ALT, creatinine, glucose, total protein, HDL, urea, and uric acid evaluations. However, plasma albumin levels were found to be higher than in control group (p ≤ 0.05). Plasma cholesterol levels were found to be decreased in stress control group compared to control group (p ≤ 0.05). When plasma cortisol levels were examined between the groups, a significant increase was observed in stress control group compared to control group (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that acetylsalicylic acid may influence selected oxidative stress-related parameters in specific brain regions following white noise exposure. However, the observed effects were limited and not consistent across all biochemical and inflammatory markers examined. Further studies are needed to clarify the optimal dose and duration of ASA treatment for controlling stress-related effects.
Unilateral phaeochromocytoma in a dog with pre-existing, long-standing primary hypoadrenocorticism: a case report.
Tan SK, Hosgood GL, Curnow M
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42337531 · Full text
BACKGROUND: This is a rare occurrence of a phaeochromocytoma in a dog with pre-existing, long-standing primary hypoadrenocorticism that underwent successful surgical intervention with a favourable outcome. The objective...
BACKGROUND: This is a rare occurrence of a phaeochromocytoma in a dog with pre-existing, long-standing primary hypoadrenocorticism that underwent successful surgical intervention with a favourable outcome. The objective of this case report is to describe the diagnosis, management and outcome for unilateral phaeochromocytoma in a dog with pre-existing chronic adrenal insufficiency and atrophy. CASE PRESENTATION: A 14-year-old neutered female Jack Russell Terrier had a 1-week history of hyporexia, lethargy and progressive weight loss of 1.4 kg in 5 months. Computed tomography identified a left adrenal gland nodule of 5.3 mm diameter, several 1 to 2 mm soft tissue attenuating pulmonary nodules, and a large 65 mm diameter intraparenchymal right renal mass. A left adrenalectomy and right nephroureterectomy were performed. Histopathology with immunohistochemistry confirmed the diagnosis of phaeochromocytoma and renal cell carcinoma. The dog continued treatment for hypoadrenocorticism and was in good clinical condition at 3, 7, and 11 weeks postoperative follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: This report details a unique finding of phaeochromocytoma in a dog with long-standing adrenocortical insufficiency and highlights the need for consideration of this as a differential for adrenal nodules, even in dogs with known cortical insufficiency and adrenal gland atrophy.
Multilayered nucleotide organization reveals purifying selection and host-driven adaptation in CPV and FPV.
Feng X, Xu L, Zhang C … +2 more , Zhou J, Bai X
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42337529 · Full text
Since feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is considered the most likely ancestor of canine parvovirus (CPV), comprehensive comparisons of nucleotide organization in corresponding viral genes between CPV and FPV may provide...
Since feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is considered the most likely ancestor of canine parvovirus (CPV), comprehensive comparisons of nucleotide organization in corresponding viral genes between CPV and FPV may provide novel insights into the evolutionary dynamics underlying the divergence of these two viruses. Here, we characterize the evolutionary patterns of CPV and FPV genes across multiple levels of nucleotide organization. Both viruses exhibited highly conserved nucleotide usage at nonsynonymous sites, with Ka/Ks patterns consistent with strong purifying selection, whereas synonymous sites showed greater variability. CpG dinucleotides were markedly underrepresented across all four viral genes, suggesting host-associated selective pressure and/or intrinsic nucleotide compositional constraints. Extensive nonrandom biases in synonymous codon usage, codon neighboring nucleotide context, and codon pair usage further revealed fine-scale genomic optimization shaped by natural selection and nucleotide compositional constraints. Structural protein genes (VP1 and VP2) displayed stronger codon usage bias and higher tRNA adaptation than nonstructural genes. Moreover, CPV genes showed greater translational adaptation to feline hosts than to canine hosts. These findings highlight how closely related parvoviruses exploit flexible nucleotide organization to facilitate host adaptation while maintaining essential protein functions.
Epidemiological patterns of animal bites in urban and rural areas of Sarakhs County, Iran: a cross-sectional study (2017-2024).
Lael-Monfared E, Paydar M, Nabizadeh SM … +2 more , Farkhani EM, Mohammadi M
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42337527 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Animal bites are a significant public health concern, particularly in regions with high exposure to domestic and wild animals. Understanding their epidemiological patterns and determinants is essential for ef...
BACKGROUND: Animal bites are a significant public health concern, particularly in regions with high exposure to domestic and wild animals. Understanding their epidemiological patterns and determinants is essential for effective rabies prevention and control. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiological patterns and determinants of animal bites in urban and rural areas of Sarakhs County, Iran, from 2017 to 2024. METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study analyzed 6,371 recorded cases of animal bites reported to rabies prevention centers in Sarakhs County from 2017 to 2019. Data were collected using a census approach and extracted from the national portal system. Demographic and clinical variables were analyzed using SPSS v.26. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were employed to identify significant associations. RESULTS: The average annual incidence rate was 790.12 per 100,000 population. The majority of bite victims were male (78.8%), and most incidents occurred in the 20-49 age group (41.5%). Students constituted the most affected occupational group (28.1%). A large proportion of bites occurred in rural areas (84.4%), mainly during the spring season (27.2%), with a peak in May (9.5%). Dog bites accounted for 90.1% of all cases, and 95% of the biting animals were domestic. The most common site of injury was the lower limbs (57.3%), and in 43.2% of cases, the bites occurred in the afternoon hours. A statistically significant relationship was observed between the frequency of bites and variables such as age, sex, occupation, time of day, season, type of animal, and injury site (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Animal bites in Sarakhs County predominantly affect rural male students and are largely caused by domestic dogs. The findings highlight the need for targeted educational programs and preventive measures, especially in rural communities and among school-aged populations.
Acaricidal activity of Laurus nobilis L. against Varroa destructor: nanoemulsion and molecular docking.
Güneşdoğdu M, Abacı SH
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42332756 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) is one of the most significant threats to honeybee health, and sustainable alternatives to synthetic acaricides are urgently needed. Essential oil (EO)-based nanoformulati...
BACKGROUND: Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) is one of the most significant threats to honeybee health, and sustainable alternatives to synthetic acaricides are urgently needed. Essential oil (EO)-based nanoformulations have emerged as promising candidates due to their enhanced stability and bioavailability. METHODS: In this study, the acaricidal effect of a nanoemulsion (NEms) of Laurus nobilis L. EO was evaluated through field trials. The chemical composition of the oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the physicochemical properties of the NEms were characterized. Additionally, molecular docking analysis was performed to investigate interactions between major components and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). RESULTS: GC-MS analysis revealed 1,8-cineole (40.65%) as the main component, followed by α-terpinyl acetate and β-phellandrene. The NEms exhibited a mean droplet size of 72.36 nm with good stability. Field results demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in mite density, reaching 70.3% efficacy at 200 ppm, compared to 40.2% for the positive control (flumethrin). Molecular docking showed strong binding interactions with AChE, with α-terpinene exhibiting the highest affinity (-6.874 kcal/mol), followed by 1,8-cineole (-6.163 kcal/mol). CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that L. nobilis NEms may represent an effective and environmentally friendly alternative for controlling Varroa mites, supported by a plausible neurotoxic mechanism. To our knowledge, this study is among the first to integrate NEms -based field efficacy with AChE-targeted molecular docking, linking biological activity with mechanistic insight.
Differential regulation of autophagy and metabolic pathways by dietary methionine and lysine deficiency in goats.
Ahmed S, Wu J, Liu Z … +5 more , Jiang A, Zhou C, Tan Z, Chen L, Kang J
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42332751 · Full text
This research aimed to explore the effect and mechanism of dietary methionine and lysine deficiency on autophagy of gastrointestinal tract and liver tissues. Thirty goats were divided into three groups: control (Con), me...
This research aimed to explore the effect and mechanism of dietary methionine and lysine deficiency on autophagy of gastrointestinal tract and liver tissues. Thirty goats were divided into three groups: control (Con), methionine deficiency (MD), and lysine deficiency (LD) groups. The expression levels of autophagy marker proteins LC3 and p62 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (n = 5), and mRNA expression levels of autophagy-related genes ATF4, FOXO3, Beclin-1, Atg13 and eIF2α were analyzed through qPCR. No significant differences were found for LC3, but optical density for p62 of jejunal mucosa in LD was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than Con and MD. The mRNA expression level of rumen epithelial ATF4 in LD was significantly higher compared to control and MD, but FOXO3 in LD was significantly higher than control (P < 0.01). In the jejunal mucosa, LD had the highest ATF4 mRNA expression level, while Beclin-1 mRNA expression level was lowest (P < 0.01) compared to control. Metabolomics of jejunal mucosa showed that sorbitol and N-acetylglucosamine in MD and DL-Homocystine and eight other metabolites in LD were significantly increased compared to control. Overall, the degradation process of autophagy was blocked in the jejunum when the diet was lacking of lysine in jejunum, and ATF4 was upregulated to maintain the metabolic balance of amino acids in rumen, jejunum and ileum. However, dietary MD primarily affected metabolic pathways rather than autophagy.
The relationship between morphometric measurements and radiographic changes associated with distal interphalangeal joint flexural deformity in donkeys.
El-Marakby AI, Mostafa MB, Soliman AS … +1 more , Abdelgalil AI
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42332697 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Flexural deformity of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint is a common condition in both working and non-working donkeys, arising from congenital or acquired causes, or as a secondary consequence of trauma...
BACKGROUND: Flexural deformity of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint is a common condition in both working and non-working donkeys, arising from congenital or acquired causes, or as a secondary consequence of trauma or chronic lameness. The deformity results in abnormal weight distribution on the hoof. Although radiography is essential for identifying osseous and articular abnormalities, few studies have documented the morphometric and radiographic changes associated with DIP joint flexural deformity in donkeys. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between morphometric parameters and radiographic findings in donkeys with DIP joint flexural deformity. Twenty-three forefeet with DIP joint flexural deformity were collected from Egyptian donkeys. Lateral photographic evaluation was used to assess morphometric parameters, including toe length (TL), toe angle (TA), heel length (HL), heel angle (HA), coronet length (CL), coronary band angle (CBA), dorsal coronary band height (DCBH), palmar coronary band height (PCBH), hoof base of support (HBS), foot base of support (FBS), hoof pastern axis (HPA), base of support difference (FBS-HBS), and toe-heel angle difference (TA-HA). The following ratios were also determined: toe - to - heel length ratio (TL: HL), height index (HI), dorsal coronary band height to hoof base of support ratio (DCBH: HBS), and toe length to hoof base of support ratio (TL: HBS). Lateromedial (LM) and dorsopalmar (DP) radiographic views were obtained to identify radiographic abnormalities. RESULTS: Radiographic changes included osteolytic lesions affecting the solar and dorsal aspects of the third phalanx (P3), with additional abnormalities observed in the second phalanx (P2), the navicular bone, the collateral ligaments of the DIP joint, degenerative joint disease (DJD) of the DIP joint, and exostosis of P3. Regarding morphometric parameters, TA, HA, and PCBH were increased, whereas most linear and angular parameters - including TL, HL, coronary band measures, HBS, HPA, and HI - were decreased. CONCLUSIONS: The results reveal correlations between morphometric parameters and radiographic findings in hoof capsule structures, which should be considered during the management of DIP joint flexural deformity in donkeys.
Short-term outcomes and mortality predictors in 41 dogs undergoing cholecystectomy for gallbladder mucocele: a single referral centre study.
Pagani G, Ferraris EI, Montinaro V … +4 more , Buracco P, Capra G, Mazzone E, Olimpo M
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42332686 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Gallbladder mucocele (GBM) in dogs is a challenging disease associated with variable surgical outcomes. Several prognostic factors have been proposed, but predictors of short-term mortality remain incompletel...
BACKGROUND: Gallbladder mucocele (GBM) in dogs is a challenging disease associated with variable surgical outcomes. Several prognostic factors have been proposed, but predictors of short-term mortality remain incompletely defined. This retrospective study aimed to report the 30-day mortality rate following cholecystectomy for GBM and to evaluate potential prognostic factors in a population of client-owned dogs treated at a referral centre between 2016 and 2022. RESULTS: Forty-one dogs met the inclusion criteria. The overall 30-day mortality rate was 14.6% (6/41). Factors significantly associated with mortality included preoperative leukopenia (P = 0.01), abdominal effusion detected on preoperative ultrasonography (P = 0.05), and necrotizing cholecystitis, diagnosed on histopathology (P = 0.05). Elevated C-reactive protein (> 0.8 mg/dL) was associated with higher 30-day mortality compared to normal CRP (3/6 [50.0%] vs. 7/35 [20.0%]; P = 0.01), as were leukopenia (3/6 [50.0%] vs. 9/35 [25.7%]; P = 0.01), abdominal effusion (5/6 [83.3%] vs. 26/35 [74.3%]; P = 0.05), and necrotizing cholecystitis (3/6 [50.0%] vs. 7/35 [20.0%]; P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Leukopenia, increased C-reactive protein, and abdominal effusion are preoperatively identifiable predictors of poor outcome following cholecystectomy for GBM in dogs, and their early recognition may improve risk stratification and perioperative decision-making. Necrotizing cholecystitis was also identified as a histopathological predictor of mortality; while this finding is not available in time to influence postoperative management, it represents an interesting prognostic observation. These findings should be interpreted cautiously due to the retrospective design and limited sample size.
Detecting and measuring respiratory events in horses during exercise with a microphone: deep learning vs. standard signal processing.
Parmentier JIM, Aarts RM, Hernlund E … +2 more , Rhodin M, van der Zwaag BJ
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42332659 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Monitoring respiration parameters such as respiratory rate could be beneficial to understand the impact of training on equine health and performance and ultimately improve equine welfare. In this work, we com...
BACKGROUND: Monitoring respiration parameters such as respiratory rate could be beneficial to understand the impact of training on equine health and performance and ultimately improve equine welfare. In this work, we compare deep learning-based methods to an adapted signal processing method to automatically detect cyclic respiratory events and extract the dynamic respiratory rate from microphone recordings during high-intensity exercise in Standardbred trotters. RESULTS: Our deep learning models are able to detect exhalation sounds (median F1 score of 0.94) in noisy microphone signals and show promising results on unlabelled signals at lower exercise intensity, where the exhalation sounds are less recognisable. Temporal convolutional networks were better at detecting exhalation events and estimating dynamic respiratory rates (median F1: 0.94, Mean Absolute Error (MAE) ± Confidence Intervals (CI): 1.44 ± 1.04 bpm, Limits Of Agreements (LOA): 0.63 ± 7.06 bpm) than long short-term memory networks (median F1: 0.90, MAE ± CI: 3.11 ± 1.58 bpm) and signal processing methods (MAE ± CI: 2.36 ± 1.11 bpm). CONCLUSION: This work is the first to automatically detect equine respiratory sounds and automatically compute dynamic respiratory rates in exercising horses. In the future, our models will be validated on lower exercise intensity sounds and different microphone placements will be evaluated in order to find the best combination for regular monitoring.
Feeding compound yeast culture alters hepatic metabolic profiles in weaned lambs: insights into antioxidant enhancement and energy redistribution.
Wang Y, Bai P, Hao P … +5 more , Bi W, Li C, Zhang C, Liu D, Chen H
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42324540 · Full text
Yeast culture has been widely used to modulate health and physiological functions in ruminants. However, its regulatory effects on hepatic metabolism remain incompletely understood. This study aimed to investigate the ef...
Yeast culture has been widely used to modulate health and physiological functions in ruminants. However, its regulatory effects on hepatic metabolism remain incompletely understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of compound yeast culture (CYC) on hepatic metabolic characteristics in lambs using untargeted metabolomics and to explore the underlying regulatory mechanisms. Eighteen weaned lambs were randomly assigned to three groups: a control group (Con) fed a basal total mixed ration (TMR), and two treatment groups supplemented with CYC at 40 g/d (Group M) or 50 g/d (Group Y) per head. Untargeted metabolomic analysis of lamb liver revealed that antioxidant-related metabolic pathways were significantly upregulated in Group M. In Group Y, in addition to the activation of antioxidant pathways, several energy metabolism-related pathways were downregulated. Biochemical validation further showed that the higher dose of CYC (50 g/d per head) exerted a stronger regulatory effect on hepatic antioxidant capacity and energy metabolism. Overall, these findings suggest that CYC may regulate hepatic metabolism through coordinated modulation of antioxidant metabolism and energy utilization, thereby exerting protective metabolic effects on the lamb liver in a dose-dependent manner.
Evaluation of post-vaccination flock immunity against Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) in small ruminants across selected districts of Borana zone, Southern Ethiopia.
Desa G, Sibhatu D, Aklilu F … +6 more , Asgedom H, Abebe A, Worku T, Moges M, Tadesse M, Lolo G
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42324530 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious transboundary viral disease affecting small ruminants, with significant socio-economic consequences in areas such as Borana Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Thi...
BACKGROUND: Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious transboundary viral disease affecting small ruminants, with significant socio-economic consequences in areas such as Borana Zone, Southern Ethiopia. This sero-monitoring study was conducted in Yabello, Taltale, and Elwaya districts of Borana zone to evaluate the Post-vaccination immunity status of local sheep and goats against PPR. METHODS: Three stage sampling methods were used to select peasant associations (PA), villages and individual animals. A total of 901 sera samples were collected from 578 to 323 vaccinated goats and sheep, respectively. Competitive ELISA was employed as a tool of diagnosis. RESULTS: An overall sero-conversion rate of 93.23% (95% CI: 91.40%-94.69%) was recorded. Statistically significant differences in sero-conversion were observed across age groups (higher in small ruminants > 2 years; P = 0.001; odds ratio = 3.35) and history of movement (higher in those having no history of migration; P = 0.04; odds ratio = 2.15). However, no significant differences were observed among species (P = 0.95; odds ratio = 1.02), sex groups (P = 0.16; odds ratio = 2), districts (P = 0.23; odds ratio = 1.66), and timing between vaccination and sampling for sero-monitoring (P = 0.06; odds ratio = 2.18). CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest the effectiveness of the vaccination program. The development of protective immunity in substantial proportion of goats and sheep after vaccination confirmed successful induction of flock immunity. Developing a strategy to track and manage the movement of small ruminants to minimize the introduction of unvaccinated animal is suggested.
GBP5-triggered AIM2 inflammasome drives host defense and exacerbates disease severity during Neospora caninum infection.
Chen M, Zhang X, Wang X … +12 more , Liu Z, Du B, Yuan X, Sun Z, Chen S, Yu Y, Gong P, Zhang N, Li H, Li J, Zhang X, Li X
Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42323653 · Full text
Neospora caninum is a major cause of abortion in cattle worldwide, leading to substantial economic losses in the livestock industry. As no effective drug or vaccine is currently available, a deeper understanding of the h...
Neospora caninum is a major cause of abortion in cattle worldwide, leading to substantial economic losses in the livestock industry. As no effective drug or vaccine is currently available, a deeper understanding of the host immune response against N. caninum is essential for developing effective control strategies. The absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome is involved in host defense and regulation of disease pathology, while its role in N. caninum infection remains unclear. This study shows that N. caninum activates the AIM2 inflammasome in wild-type (WT) murine peritoneal macrophage (PMϕs), characterized by increased expression of AIM2, pro-IL-1β, caspase-1 p20, and IL-1β p17, along with elevated IL-1β secretion and cell death rates. Guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) are involved in regulating AIM2 inflammasome activation. Here, we observed that both GBP2 and GBP5 were upregulated by N. caninum, but only GBP5 overexpression played a functional role, as its overexpression enhanced, whereas its knockdown significantly attenuated AIM2 inflammasome in WT PMϕs, suggesting N. caninum activates the AIM2 inflammasome in a GBP5-dependent manner. To further investigate the role of AIM2 in parasite infection, AIM2 mice were used. In AIM2 PMϕs, inflammasome activation was reduced, accompanied by increased parasite proliferation. In vivo, N. caninum-infected AIM2 mice exhibited higher parasite loads but showed increased survival rates, reduced macrophage recruitment, decreased levels of IFN-γ, and IL-18, and alleviated pathological damage. In summary, our findings demonstrate that the AIM2 inflammasome is activated by N. caninum in a GBP5-dependent manner and plays a dual role by restricting parasite proliferation while exacerbating disease pathology.
Multifocal non-epitheliotrophic cutaneous B-cell Lymphoma in a dog: cytologic, histopathologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular findings.
Jeong Y, Lee MJ, Choi S … +4 more , Kim DY, Chung JY, Ahn JO, Choi EW
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42323604 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma is extremely rare in dogs; only few cases have been reported in veterinary literature, and its clinicopathological characteristics, biological behavior, and classification remain inc...
BACKGROUND: Cutaneous B-cell lymphoma is extremely rare in dogs; only few cases have been reported in veterinary literature, and its clinicopathological characteristics, biological behavior, and classification remain incompletely characterized. CASE PRESENTATION: A 12-year-old spayed female Shih Tzu presented with extensive, multifocal subcutaneous nodules. Histopathology revealed infiltration of neoplastic lymphoid cells within the dermis and subcutaneous tissue without epidermal involvement. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong positivity for cluster of differentiation (CD)79a and paired box 5 (PAX5), no CD3 expression, strong nuclear expression of multiple myeloma oncogene 1 (MUM-1), and a relatively low Ki-67 labeling index (14.28%), suggesting limited proliferative activity. Flow cytometric analysis confirmed B cell dominance, and polymerase chain reaction for antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR) demonstrated clonal rearrangement of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene. Cytological evaluation of the liver and spleen did not reveal definitive evidence of lymphoma infiltration, and PARR analysis of the splenic aspirate showed polyclonal lymphoid population, providing no molecular evidence of clonal lymphoid proliferation. Despite treatment with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisolone (CHOP)-based chemotherapy, only a transient partial response was observed, followed by rapid disease progression. CONCLUSION: This case report describes a rare multifocal non-epitheliotrophic cutaneous B-cell lymphoma in a dog, characterized by aggressive biological behavior, high proliferative activity, and poor response to conventional chemotherapy. These findings highlight the need for further studies to better define the clinicopathological spectrum and optimal management of canine cutaneous B-cell lymphoma.
Small ruminant production system characteristics and their influence on use, alternatives of, and resistance to antimicrobials in Nigeria.
Odetokun I, Omotoso RO, Adeyemo IA … +12 more , Ajao JJ, Ahmed OA, Alhaji NB, Abubakar MI, Ade-Yusuf RO, Raufu IA, Adetunji VO, Cole J, Elsabagh M, Fruitós EG, Aris A, Odetokun IA
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42321859 · Full text
BACKGROUND: As the threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) escalates globally, the influence of indiscriminate antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock cannot be overlooked. Antimicrobial use practices are continually explo...
BACKGROUND: As the threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) escalates globally, the influence of indiscriminate antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock cannot be overlooked. Antimicrobial use practices are continually explored in larger food-producing animals; however, small ruminants (sheep and goats) receive comparatively less research attention. Our study addresses this gap by investigating small ruminant production practices in Nigeria and exploring how they affect the use of antimicrobials and alternatives. METHODS: We adopted a mixed-methods study design. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 785 farmers. Following this, a focus group discussion (FGD) was conducted with 23 small ruminant industry stakeholders, which included farmers, para-veterinarians, and butchers. Participants were split into three round tables, with 7-8 participants per table. RESULTS: Of questionnaire respondents, 68% of farmers never vaccinated their flock against peste de petits ruminants (PPR) nor contagious caprine pleuropneumonia virus. Several health problems were regularly experienced by animals, including PPR, mastitis, and dermatophilosis. Diseases were mostly self-managed with antibiotics and herbs (> 70%) rather than through reliance on veterinary care (< 15%). More farmers (48%) used antibiotics than herbal remedies (14%) over the previous three months. Farmers' use of herbs was affected by their having low awareness of available options and how to use them appropriately. Perceived effectiveness also influenced farmers' choice between antibiotics and herbs, while economic considerations also led them to sell off sick animals before or during treatment. Among farmers who used animal health services, more farmers (59%) consulted unlicensed para-veterinarians and drugstore vendors rather than licensed government and private veterinarians (36%), a disparity attributed to the unavailability of qualified veterinary doctors. Most farmers had poor knowledge (62%), attitudes (47%), and practices (43%) towards AMU and AMR. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend conducting further studies to identify and investigate the efficacy of currently used herbs in treating common diseases. There is a crucial need to improve farmers' access to vaccines, veterinary care, and laboratory diagnostics. Barriers that hinder better compliance with regulations that govern the use of non-prescribed antimicrobials should be explored. Awareness programmes could be conducted to improve farmers' awareness of AMR and appropriate disease preventive practices.
Modulation of feeding behavior by central adropin injection in neonatal broiler chicks: evidence for NPY and melanocortin signaling pathways involvement.
Garousi G, Alimohammadi S, Zendehdel M … +1 more , Hassanpour S
BMC Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42321854 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Adropin, a peptide hormone encoded by the Energy Homeostasis Associated (Enho) gene, is involved in regulating food intake, energy homeostasis, and diverse metabolic functions; it is predominantly produced in...
BACKGROUND: Adropin, a peptide hormone encoded by the Energy Homeostasis Associated (Enho) gene, is involved in regulating food intake, energy homeostasis, and diverse metabolic functions; it is predominantly produced in the liver and brain and exerts its effects on both central and peripheral tissues. METHODS: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of intracerebroventricular (ICV) adropin administration on food intake and its interactions with NPY and melanocortin systems. This research encompassed 6 experiments organized into 4 distinct groups. In experiment 1, chickens received ICV injections of saline or adropin (0.5, 1, and 2 µg). In experiment 2, birds received ICV injection of saline, B5063 (NPY receptor antagonist, 1.25 µg), adropin (2 µg) and co-injection of the B5063 + adropin. Experiments 3 to 6 mirrored the methodology of experiment 2, with the sole modifications being the substitution of B5063 with SF22 (NPY receptor antagonist, 1.25 µg), SML0891 (NPY receptor antagonist, 1.25 µg), SHU9119 (MC3/MC4 receptor antagonist, 0.5 nmol) and MCL0020 (MC4 receptor antagonist, 0.5 nmol). At 30, 60, and 120 min subsequent to ICV injection, cumulative food intake was evaluated. RESULTS: Adropin produced a significant reduction in food intake in a dose-responsive manner compared with control animals (p < 0.05). Co-injection of B5063 alongside adropin intensified the hypophagic response elicited by adropin (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the anorexigenic response triggered by adropin was negated when SHU9119 and MCL0020 were given alongside it (p < 0.05). Adropin-mediated suppression of feeding was unaffected by the administration of SF22 and SML0891 (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the NPY, MC3, and MC4 receptors contribute to the hypophagic response triggered by adropin.
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