Infectious Disorders Drug Targets[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
The Effect of Licorice Extract on Clinically Isolated Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis.
Memar MY, Bohlouli S, Mirzapour SM … +4 more , Nasiri I, Eslami H, Dizaj SM, Sharifi S
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2026 Mar · PMID 41832621 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) are key pathogens in periodontitis. Considering the antibacterial properties of licorice, this study investigated the...
INTRODUCTION: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) are key pathogens in periodontitis. Considering the antibacterial properties of licorice, this study investigated the prevalence of Aa and P. gingivalis in patients with chronic periodontitis using PCR and evaluated the antimicrobial effects of licorice root extract. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subgingival samples were obtained from 50 patients with chronic periodontitis at the Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. DNA was extracted, and specific primers were used for PCR detection. All positive isolates (n=24) were cultured, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of licorice extract (Barij Esans Co., Iran) were determined in triplicate using the microbroth dilution method. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA and chi-square tests with SPSS 24. RESULTS: Aa and P. gingivalis were detected in 48% of samples (Aa: 18%, P. gingivalis: 26%, both: 4%). The MIC and MBC values of licorice extract were 7.81 ± 0.42 mg/mL and 20.53 ± 0.61 mg/mL for Aa, and 4.69 ± 0.37 mg/mL and 10.94 ± 0.54 mg/mL for P. gingivalis, respectively. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences in bacterial prevalence between localized and generalized periodontitis (p < 0.05). DISCUSSION: Due to the potential toxicity of licorice, such as hypertension and hypokalemia, careful dose standardization and toxicity evaluation must be performed before clinical use. CONCLUSION: Licorice extract demonstrated promising in vitro antibacterial activity against Aa and P. gingivalis. These findings suggest that licorice may serve as a potential adjunctive agent in the management of chronic periodontitis. However, further in vivo and clinical studies are required before clinical application.
Global Trends of Research on Meningococcal Disease in the 21st century.
Chen H, Li J
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2026 Mar · PMID 41832620 · Publisher ↗
Meningococcal disease (MD) is an infectious disease caused by Neisseria meningitides (Nm) with high morbidity and mortality. The disease has been studied for more than two centuries and remains a serious concern in globa...
Meningococcal disease (MD) is an infectious disease caused by Neisseria meningitides (Nm) with high morbidity and mortality. The disease has been studied for more than two centuries and remains a serious concern in global public health. To assess the evolving research landscape of MD, an extensive analysis was conducted on multiple indicators retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) database. These indicators comprised publication volume, country, author and affiliation, number of citations, journal, keyword cluster, and research impact bursts. The findings from the bibliometric evaluation and visualization tools revealed a volatile increase in publication volume on MD after 2000. The United States and European countries, such as the United Kingdom and France, have been conducting extensive research on MD. France, the United Kingdom, and the United States have emerged as the predominant research groups for MD in recent years. The application of keyword co-occurrence investigation and the identification of impactful citation bursts elucidated the primary research focus in MD research. Vaccine development, immunization practice, epidemic prevention, and MD control are fields that have attracted continuous attention in MD research. The research maps generated from our comprehensive analysis provide invaluable support to researchers exploring MD.
Ribosome-targeted and Adjuvant Strategies to Combat Antibiotic Resistance.
Porwal S, Malviya R, Belagodu Srighar S … +1 more , Shareef J
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2026 Mar · PMID 41820207 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: This study examines ribosome-targeted and adjuvant strategies to combat the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), with a focus on novel therapeutic approaches, including phage therapy, monoclona...
INTRODUCTION: This study examines ribosome-targeted and adjuvant strategies to combat the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), with a focus on novel therapeutic approaches, including phage therapy, monoclonal antibodies, CRISPR systems, and AI-driven drug discovery. The objective is to review current challenges and evaluate innovative strategies targeting bacterial ribosomes, a primary site for antibiotic action. METHODS: A systematic literature review was conducted using databases, such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar. RESULTS: The study indicates that bacteria evade ribosome-targeting antibiotics through various mechanisms, including porin modification, efflux pumps, ribosomal mutations, and enzymatic degradation. Innovative strategies, including AI-enabled virtual screening, phage-antibiotic synergy, ribosomal protein-targeted monoclonal antibodies and vaccines, and CRISPR-Cas systems, have shown potential in overcoming these mechanisms and restoring antibiotic efficacy. DISCUSSION: These advanced strategies represent a significant shift from traditional approaches, as they directly target ribosomal functions or resistance genes. While promising, limitations such as phage specificity, challenges in CRISPR delivery, and regulatory concerns must be addressed to ensure clinical translation. The integration of AI with molecular techniques enhances therapeutic precision and development speed. CONCLUSION: Ribosome-targeted therapies and adjunctive strategies, such as AI, phage therapy, monoclonal antibodies, and CRISPR, offer precise and innovative solutions to overcome antibiotic resistance.
Comparison of Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Properties of a New Endodontic Sealer against Enterococcus faecalis with AH Plus Sealer.
Shahi S, Maleki Dizaj S, Motallebi N … +3 more , Sharifi S, Haghighi D, Yaltaghiani M
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2026 Mar · PMID 41820206 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of a novel endodontic sealer against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). Long-lasting antimicrobial sealers can inhibit bacterial g...
INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of a novel endodontic sealer against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). Long-lasting antimicrobial sealers can inhibit bacterial growth and reduce persistent infections following root canal treatment. The primary objective was to compare the new sealer with the AH Plus sealer in terms of antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy. METHODS: Five experimental sealer formulations (Groups A-E) were prepared using the spatula mixing method. Disks (6 mm diameter) were fabricated and evaluated using colony-forming unit (CFU) counts and disk diffusion assays. Biofilm formation by E. faecalis was assessed prior to testing the antibiofilm activity, which was quantified using the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC). RESULTS: Group D and AH Plus sealer demonstrated the lowest CFU counts among the new sealer formulations (P>0.05). Group D exhibited the largest inhibition zone compared to the other experimental groups (P>0.05). The mean MBIC against E. faecalis was 256 μg/mL for both Group D and AH Plus sealer. DISCUSSION: The newly developed sealer (Group D) displayed antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects comparable to AH Plus sealer against E. faecalis. CONCLUSION: Group D shows promise as a candidate for further evaluation in clinical studies, demonstrating efficacy similar to the commercially available AH Plus sealer.
The Deceptive Signal: p16 Positivity Suggestive of Human Papilloma Virus Infection Masking a Second Primary Malignancy - A Case Report and Review on Literature.
Kumar N, Rathod G, Srirambhatla A … +4 more , Mangla M, Chandramouli R, Setty A, Rathod PT
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2026 Feb · PMID 41755403 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Synchronous primary malignancies of the female genital tract are rare, comprising a small subset of gynecologic cancers. The concurrent presence of endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma and Squamous Cell...
INTRODUCTION: Synchronous primary malignancies of the female genital tract are rare, comprising a small subset of gynecologic cancers. The concurrent presence of endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma and Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) of the cervix is exceptionally rare. It accounts for less than 1% of reported cases. CASE PRESENTATION: A 75-year-old postmenopausal woman presented with intermittent vaginal bleeding. Imaging studies revealed a bulky uterus with an endometrial lesion suspicious for malignancy. An initial cervical biopsy identified high-grade papillary SCC of the ectocervix with diffuse p16 positivity. However, the MRI revealed a large endometrial mass that invaded more than 50% of the myometrium. The patient underwent a staging laparotomy with a radical hysterectomy. Histopathological evaluation confirmed two distinct malignancies: a moderately differentiated endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma (FIGO Stage IB) with squamous morules and a small, completely excised cervical SCC. No nodal or peritoneal metastases were identified. Postoperatively, the patient received adjuvant external beam radiotherapy and vaginal brachytherapy. CONCLUSION: This case underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, including immunohistochemistry and imaging, in diagnosing synchronous gynecological malignancies. Recognizing the coexistence of distinct tumors is essential for accurate staging and tailored treatment planning to improve patient outcomes.
Hematocervix and Hematometra: A Rare Case Report of HPV-16 Induced Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN).
Mangla M, Kumar N, Nigam JS … +3 more , Devalla A, Roy S, Bukke N
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2026 Feb · PMID 41664401 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Hematocervix and hematometra are uncommon manifestations of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). While cervical stenosis is more commonly associated with senile at-rophy or post-procedural scarring, it...
INTRODUCTION: Hematocervix and hematometra are uncommon manifestations of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). While cervical stenosis is more commonly associated with senile at-rophy or post-procedural scarring, its occurrence in the context of CIN remains exceptionally rare. CASE PRESENTATION: A 49-year-old female presented to the gynaecology outpatient department with complaints of diffuse pain in the lower abdomen for the last 3 months. On examination, the vagina appeared atrophic, and a reddish-blue swelling was noted at the location of the cervix. Cough impulse was positive. On bimanual examination, the uterus was approximately 10 weeks in size, and a glob-ular swelling was palpable in the cervical region, which was soft, cystic, and boggy to the touch. USG and MRI confirmed hematocervix likely due to stenosis of the external os. On dilatation of the exter-nal os, about 250 ml of dark brown chocolate-coloured thick fluid was drained. Cervical biopsy was suggestive of intra-epithelial dysplasia (CIN III). HPV testing was positive for HPV-16. The patient was counselled for LEEP, followed by close surveillance, but instead she opted for a hysterectomy. Histopathology confirmed CIN III with features suggestive of cervical thinning characterized by ep-ithelial atrophy, underlying stromal fibrosis, and chronic inflammatory infiltrates comprising lym-phocytes and plasma cells, indicative of a longstanding inflammatory process. CONCLUSION: Severe cervical thinning and hematocervix are uncommon but significant presentations of CIN. A high index of suspicion, timely histopathological evaluation, and appropriate management are essential in preventing adverse outcomes. This case highlights the importance of a comprehensive assessment in patients presenting with similar findings, particularly in those with risk factors or a history of cervical disease.
Cervical Cancer Complexity: Exploring the Coexistence of CIN3 and Glandular Lesions.
Guidobaldi L, Cafiero C, Stillitano G … +7 more , Ricciardi E, Coppola L, Perfetti A, Colacicco M, Santacroce L, Palmirotta R, Pisconti S
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2026 Jan · PMID 41620919 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Although cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix are declining, the increase in adenocarcinoma and in situ adenocarcinoma raises new concerns and requires improvements in diagnostic and therapeutic s...
INTRODUCTION: Although cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix are declining, the increase in adenocarcinoma and in situ adenocarcinoma raises new concerns and requires improvements in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This study investigates the relationship between advanced CIN3 and concurrent cervical glandular diseases, emphasising the importance of high-risk HPV genotypes in the progression of these conditions. METHODS: The clinical data of 104 patients who underwent conization for CIN3 at our centre in the last 10 years were reviewed. Cytological and histological diagnoses were performed according to the 2014 Bethesda system and WHO classification criteria, respectively. The analysis included patient age, HPV genotype of the surgical specimen, length of the cone, resection margin status, and follow-up details. RESULTS: Of the 104 patients, 92 (88.46%) were diagnosed with single CIN3 lesions (group 1), while 12 patients (11.54%) had coexisting glandular CIN3 lesions (group 2). All women tested were found to be positive for high-risk HPV (HPV-HR). The HPV18 genotype was found to be statistically more prevalent in group 2 (41.7%) than in group 1 (13%) (p = 0.011). At the first follow-up, HPV persistence was observed in 14/92 (15.2%) patients in group 1 and 10/12 (83.3%) patients in group 2 (p= 0.00001). Finally, the recurrence rate was 6.5% (6/92) in group 1 vs 30% (3/10) in group 2 (p= 0.012). DISCUSSION: In the management of cervical lesions, glandular pathology may go undetected at initial diagnosis, as it is often not visible on colposcopy or cytology. It is only through excisional treatment, which allows a more detailed analysis of the tissue, that these lesions can be identified. The presence of an associated glandular lesion radically changes the clinical picture and therapeutic management, requiring a more radical approach than that expected for an isolated CIN3 lesion. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study not only highlight the complexity of CIN3 associated with AIS/AC lesions, but also the importance of an integrated strategy that includes early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and rigorous follow-up. The ultimate goal is the improvement of clinical outcomes and quality of life for cervical cancer patients.
The Utility of Testing Serum C-reactive Protein and its Clinical Significance in COVID-19 Patients.
Rasmi Y, Khan J, Islam MS … +1 more , Kotnis A
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2026 Jan · PMID 41588966 · Publisher ↗
The new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has disclosed alarming challenges to global health. The disease demonstrates sev...
The new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has disclosed alarming challenges to global health. The disease demonstrates several clinical issues, from mild symptoms to severe acute respiratory-related problems, including multi-organ failure. The virus is key in COVID-19's pathogenesis, triggering different inflammatory responses. A well-known inflammatory biomarker, C-reactive protein (CRP), has become a possible diagnostic and prognostic marker in COVID-19 patients. This review aims to explain CRP in COVID patients and disease progression. It also shows how it can have a predictive value for clinical outcomes and potential therapeutic purposes. Additionally, we address the limitations and offer recommendations for future CRP studies. Overall, this review underscores the potential of CRP as a promising biomarker for managing COVID-19 and highlights the necessity of further research to understand its clinical significance thoroughly.
Isolation and Microscopic Characterization of Fungal Pathogens from Onychomycosis-Infected Toe Nails: A Case Report.
Digra R, Chauhan N, Bhatia A … +1 more , Chopra S
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2026 Jan · PMID 41588891 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Onychomycosis is a chronic fungal nail infection caused by dermatophytes, yeasts, and non-dermatophyte molds. Confirming the causative organism is critical for guiding appropriate anti-fungal therapy. CASE PR...
BACKGROUND: Onychomycosis is a chronic fungal nail infection caused by dermatophytes, yeasts, and non-dermatophyte molds. Confirming the causative organism is critical for guiding appropriate anti-fungal therapy. CASE PRESENTATION: This study reports the case of a male patient with nail discoloration, thickening, and dystrophy that were clinically suggestive of onychomycosis. Nail clippings were collected, cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar, and examined microscopically. Colonies were identified by lactophenol cotton blue staining and confirmed using scanning electron microscopy. Morphological features, including pseudohyphae, blastoconidia, and chlamydospores, confirmed Candida albicans as the causative agent. The study focused on the laboratory isolation and identification of the causative fungal pathogen from nail specimens, a critical step for accurate diagnosis. CONCLUSION: This case emphasizes the value of simple, economical microscopy-based methods for identifying Candida albicans in onychomycosis and underscores their role in supporting clinical management.
Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of ESBL- and Carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli Isolates in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Patients.
Ramezani A, Yazdanmanesh M, Heidari H … +5 more , Khadiv A, Yazdani F, Houri H, Karami-Zarandi M, Kazemian H
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2026 Jan · PMID 41588890 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is estimated to range from 10% to 20%. The symptoms of IBS have been associated with an increased presence of Escherichia coli bacteria in the bowel. Treatme...
INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is estimated to range from 10% to 20%. The symptoms of IBS have been associated with an increased presence of Escherichia coli bacteria in the bowel. Treatment is often complicated by the growing prevalence of antibioticresistant strains, particularly those producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases. Given the clinical significance of antibiotic resistance in E. coli among IBS patients, this study aimed to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of ESBL- and carbapenemase-producing E. coli isolates. METHODS: The isolates were obtained from stool samples of IBS patients and identified using conventional biochemical methods. Phenotypic tests were conducted to detect ESBL- and carbapenemaseproducing strains. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to identify genes associated with ESBL and carbapenemase production. Additionally, biofilm formation was assessed using a microtiter plate assay. RESULTS: A total of 67 E. coli isolates were recovered from patients. Of these, 37 (55.2%) were phenotypically positive for ESBL or carbapenemase production. PCR analysis revealed that 18 isolates (26.9%) harbored at least one ESBL gene, while 16 (23.9%) carried at least one carbapenemaserelated gene. The most prevalent ESBL gene was blaTEM (23.9%), while blaOXA-23 and blaKPC were the most common carbapenemase genes (each found in 10.4% of isolates). Notably, all isolates exhibited biofilm-forming ability, with nearly half (49.25%) forming strong biofilms. CONCLUSION: The notable prevalence of ESBL- and carbapenemase-producing E. coli among IBS patients may significantly affect patient outcomes, underscoring the need for targeted antibiotic stewardship and monitoring of biofilm-forming, drug-resistant strains.
Preface.
Nissapatorn V
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2026 · PMID 41361383 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Evaluation of the Acaricidal Activity of Coumarin Derivatives Obtained by Chemical Synthesis Against the Cattle Tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) Microplus.
Molano CER, Zambrano JJM, Guerrero NAS … +4 more , Torres SU, Montaña VR, Romero MDM, Suarez NJP
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 Nov · PMID 41220263 · Publisher ↗
<p> Introduction: Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is a parasitic tick that significantly impacts livestock production through economic losses and the transmission of diseases. Resistance to conventional acaricides, s...
<p> Introduction: Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is a parasitic tick that significantly impacts livestock production through economic losses and the transmission of diseases. Resistance to conventional acaricides, such as organophosphates, has prompted the search for alternative control strategies. Coumarin derivatives (Cds), due to their structural diversity and biological activity, have emerged as promising candidates for tick management. </p><p> Methods: Twelve CDs were synthesized via Pechmann condensation under eco-friendly conditions and evaluated for acaricidal activity using the Adult Immersion Test (AIT) on engorged female ticks of the R. (B.) microplus Montecitos strain. Survival was monitored every 24 hours for 96 hours. Data were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards regression and Kaplan-Meier survival estimators to assess the effect of time, concentration, and compound type on tick mortality. </p><p> Results: Survival decreased with increasing Cd concentration. Compounds C2 (5,7-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin), C4 (5-hydroxy-3,4,7-trimethyl-coumarin), and C11 (7-cinnamyloxy-4-methyl-coumarin) achieved the survival rates of ≤3% at 10 mg/ml within 96 hours, showing significantly greater efficacy than the organophosphate ethion, to which the Montecitos strain showed resistance (survival >98%). A hormetic response was observed in some treatments, with low concentrations inducing moderate tolerance. </p><p> Discussion: The acaricidal activity of Cds was closely related to structural features, particularly substitutions at C-4 and C-7 positions. The multifunctional mechanisms of coumarins, including interference with calcium signaling and detoxification pathways, may reduce resistance development. The ineffectiveness of ethion reinforces the need for novel control strategies. Ethanol as a solvent did not affect tick survival, confirming the bioactivity was due to the Cds themselves. </p><p> Conclusion: Coumarin derivatives synthesized under sustainable conditions demonstrate strong acaricidal potential, especially C2, C4, and C11. These compounds could serve as eco-friendly alternatives to conventional acaricides in controlling R. (B.) microplus, particularly in populations resistant to conventional treatments. Furthermore, in vivo and environmental impact studies are recommended to validate their practical application.
Potential Benefits of Nigella Sativa (Black Seeds) in the Management of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19)-Associated New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus (NODM): An Overview.
Maideen NMP, Jumale AH, Albasti AK … +4 more , Abdul Kadir DA, Alkhawalda MY, Canani M, Shokr AF
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 Nov · PMID 41220262 · Publisher ↗
After recovering from COVID-19, several patients experienced beta-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, pancreatic dysfunction, reduced insulin production, and New Onset Diabetes Mellitus (NODM). The purpose of this revi...
After recovering from COVID-19, several patients experienced beta-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, pancreatic dysfunction, reduced insulin production, and New Onset Diabetes Mellitus (NODM). The purpose of this review was to examine the potential advantages of black seeds (Nigella sativa or N. sativa) in the treatment of post-COVID NODM. With a focus on pertinent publications, the literature search was carried out utilizing electronic databases such as Medline, PubMed, PMC, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and reference lists. Numerous RCTs, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses have established N. sativa's antidiabetic potential as well as its other pleiotropic effects, such as its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-COVID properties. Through a variety of possible mechanisms, N. sativa may reduce glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c), Postprandial Blood Glucose (PPBG), Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), and other indices. The long-term effects of N. sativa in the treatment of COVID-associated NODM should be investigated in future studies.
SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Vaccine Development: A Focused Review.
Bharadwaj A, Hiremath G, Thakur Y … +2 more , Kumar K, Wahi N
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 Nov · PMID 41208069 · Publisher ↗
The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted global health, society, and economies, prompting unprecedented investments in biomedical research and vaccine de-velopment. Leveraging knowledge from previous coronavirus out...
The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted global health, society, and economies, prompting unprecedented investments in biomedical research and vaccine de-velopment. Leveraging knowledge from previous coronavirus outbreaks, scientists rapidly developed vaccine candidates aiming to elicit strong antibody responses and target alterna-tive receptor-binding motifs. Remarkably, the effectiveness of these vaccines exceeded in-itial expectations, playing a pivotal role in controlling the pandemic. This review explores the latest technological advancements in vaccine development, including mRNA plat-forms, viral vectors, and protein subunit approaches, and highlights the critical importance of the vaccine development process. We analyze challenges encountered during the pan-demic, such as disease prevention, variation in prophylaxis, and rapid clinical evaluation. Insights gleaned from the literature on vaccine research, development, and drug testing provide a foundation for improved strategies in addressing future pandemics and shaping our responses to upcoming public health emergencies.
Global Prevalence of 5-nitroimidazole Resistance in Trichomonas vaginalis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Faizi F, Mohammadi Y, Soleymani E … +1 more , Maghsood AH
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 Nov · PMID 41185508 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Although 5-nitroimidazoles, primarily metronidazole (MTZ), are the primary drugs of choice for trichomoniasis, resistance to metronidazole appears to be increasing. Considering observed differences in drug...
INTRODUCTION: Although 5-nitroimidazoles, primarily metronidazole (MTZ), are the primary drugs of choice for trichomoniasis, resistance to metronidazole appears to be increasing. Considering observed differences in drug resistance across various populations, this systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to determine the global prevalence of 5-nitroimidazole resistance among T. vaginalis. METHODS: We conducted a thorough search of international databases, including Web of Science, Medline, Scopus, SID, Magiran, and Iran-Medex using a variety of relevant keywords and their synonyms. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were selected for the meta-analysis phase. To combine the findings, we employed a random-effects model. RESULTS: Of the 469 studies initially assessed, 16 were selected for the meta-analysis. Based on a random effect meta-analysis (I2 = 94.87 %, P= 0.001), the pooled prevalence rate of resistance to metronidazole was estimated at 14.8% (95% CI: 7.8-26.2%), which was statistically significant. DISCUSSION: The results of this study highlight the emergence of resistance to 5-nitroimidazoles, which poses a significant public health challenge. CONCLUSION: Our findings emphasize the need for further research and the pursuit of new treatment options for resistant strains of T. vaginalis.
A Case of Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 Shedding and HIV Co-infection: Clinical and Diagnostic Challenges.
Singh M, Kaur M, Dogra G … +2 more , Awasthi V, Dua A
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 Oct · PMID 41140080 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV presents unique challenges for patients, including potential barriers to accessing care and social support. In the present case report, an unexpected revelation of HIV statu...
BACKGROUND: Co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV presents unique challenges for patients, including potential barriers to accessing care and social support. In the present case report, an unexpected revelation of HIV status was made in an asymptomatic individual who was concurrently infected with SARS-CoV-2. There is insufficient information on asymptomatic but SARS-CoV-2-positive carriers, who have been identified only because of contact tracing and surveillance. Asymptomatic individuals co-infected with SARS-CoV-2 and HIV pose a significant challenge, not only for the patients and their families, but also for the broader community, highlighting the need for enhanced awareness, testing, and contact tracing strategies. CASE PRESENTATION: This study reports a case of a routine surveillance-based asymptomatic patient who was consistently SARS-CoV-2 positive from June to August 2021 by real-time PCR. Clinical investigations revealed that all vital parameters and laboratory tests were within normal limits, except for a notable elevation in D-dimer levels. The patient was vaccinated with two doses of Covishield, with the second dose administered during the quarantine period. The patient was followed up after six months, and we came to know that the patient's condition deteriorated in the month of November 2021, and he was tested HIV positive during his admission to a tertiary care hospital. Later on, he died in March 2022. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting accidental finding of HIV in a SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic patient who was previously false negative. The persis-tence of SARS-CoV-2 in this case highlights the importance of comprehensive diagnostic workups and careful clinical management in patients with co-infections. This report also highlights the high risk of silent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by asymptomatic individu-als, emphasizing the need to include such cases in dynamic surveillance strategies to pre-vent further spread. Along with this, the study highlights the need for further investigation into the interplay between HIV co-infection, COVID-19 vaccination outcomes, and the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 shedding.
The Imiquimod Flare: A Unique Case Report of Generalized Lymphadenopathy with Topical Imiquimod for HPV 16-Induced Vulval High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion.
Devalla A, Konda D, Sharma A … +3 more , Kumar N, Ramavath K, Setty A
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 Oct · PMID 41133828 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Concomitant vulval high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) have rarely been associated in a young woman and should prompt investigation for high-risk H...
INTRODUCTION: Concomitant vulval high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) have rarely been associated in a young woman and should prompt investigation for high-risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV). Conservative treatment strategies for vulval HSIL typically range from skinning vulvectomy to topical applications of immunomodu-lator creams. Imiquimod 5% topical application has been associated with local side effects, including itching and burning. Systemic side effects are extremely rare. The authors report a unique case of generalized lymphadenopathy following topical application of imiquimod 5%. CASE PRESENTATION: A 32-year-old, nulligravida woman of Asian ethnicity presented with subfertility. Incidentally, her general examination showed the presence of raised, multifocal, maculopapular le-sions (Bowenoid papulosis) with biopsy showing usual-type vulval high-grade squamous intraepi-thelial lesion (HSIL). After a brief application of topical imiquimod 5%, she developed sudden, tender generalized lymphadenopathy. Aspiration cytology showed caseation necrosis, and she was hence started on anti-tubercular therapy. Resolution of lymphadenopathy was observed at the one-month follow-up. DISCUSSION: This is the first reported case of acute, tender generalized lymphadenopathy with topical imiquimod in a patient with CIN and vulval HSIL. The underlying mechanism involves alteration of cell-mediated immunity, and the resultant likely functional maturation of epidermal Langerhans cells in vivo is hypothesized. This forms an alternative to surgery, as it is a convenient, self-administered modality that does not affect psychosexual health. Additionally, it has been implicated in HPV virus clearance, unlike surgery, and was hence recommended in this case. CONCLUSION: This report underscores this rare phenomenon that can pose a significant therapeutic challenge to clinicians, necessitating regular and long-term follow-up.
Potential and Efficacy of Bioactive Phyto-components from Herbs in the Treatment of Fungal Infections.
Garg M, Arora A, Sood P … +4 more , Kaur G, Kumari S, Deswal G, Grewal AS
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 Oct · PMID 41114492 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Fungal infections, despite the protective barrier of the human skin, remain a prevalent issue. These infections are often resistant to synthetic antifungal treatments, which can lead to adverse effects. The...
INTRODUCTION: Fungal infections, despite the protective barrier of the human skin, remain a prevalent issue. These infections are often resistant to synthetic antifungal treatments, which can lead to adverse effects. The objective of this review is to explore the potential of bioactive phyto-components derived from herbs, particularly essential oils, in the treatment and management of fungal infections. The study emphasizes the effectiveness of herbal formulations as a viable alternative to chemical treatments. METHODS: A comprehensive review of existing literature on natural remedies for fungal infections was conducted. The review focused on various bioactive components from natural herbs, especially essential oils, and their antifungal properties. Relevant studies examining the use of these phyto-components in topical formulations, such as creams and ointments, were included. The effectiveness of these treatments was evaluated based on their ability to penetrate the skin and exert antifungal effects. RESULTS: Several natural herbs were identified as effective in combating fungal infections. Essential oils extracted from these herbs demonstrated significant antifungal activity, particularly when used in topical formulations. DISCUSSION: These bioactive compounds were found to enhance the absorption of the treatment into the skin, thus improving their efficacy in managing fungal infections. Compared to synthetic antifungal agents, herbal treatments showed promising results with minimal side effects. CONCLUSION: Bioactive phyto-components, especially from essential oils of natural herbs, represent a promising alternative for treating fungal infections. They offer several advantages, including improved skin absorption and reduced adverse effects compared to traditional synthetic treatments. Further clinical studies and research are needed to optimize their use and understand their full potential in dermatological applications.
Primary Adrenal Tuberculosis Causing Addison's Disease: A Rare Case Report and A brief Update on Diagnosis and Treatment.
Dinkar A, Singh J, Tejan N … +3 more , Patel ML, Patwa AK, Atam I
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 Oct · PMID 41102963 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Primary adrenal tuberculosis is a rare but significant cause of adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease), particularly in regions where tuberculosis remains endemic. The destruction of the adrenal glands due...
BACKGROUND: Primary adrenal tuberculosis is a rare but significant cause of adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease), particularly in regions where tuberculosis remains endemic. The destruction of the adrenal glands due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis leads to hormonal imbalances, which, if undiagnosed, can result in life-threatening adrenal crises. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a rare case of a 54-year-old immunocompetent male who presented with progressive weight loss, generalized weakness, and hyperpigmentation over five months. Biochemical investigations revealed hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, low morning cortisol, and elevated adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels, confirming primary adrenal insufficiency. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) of the abdomen showed bilateral adrenal enlargement with central necrosis. A CT-guided adrenal biopsy revealed caseating granulomas, confirming adrenal TB. The patient was started on a standard anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT) under the National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) guidelines, along with lifelong hormone replacement therapy. CONCLUSION: This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis and prompt intervention in ad-renal TB to prevent complications. Adrenal TB remains a diagnostic challenge due to its nonspecific presentation. A multidisciplinary approach, integrating TB control programs with endocrinology, is vital for improving patient outcomes.
Phytochemical Investigation and Antimicrobial Activity of .
Kanso MA, Hijazi SM, El-Lakany A … +2 more , Aboul-Ela M, Hijazi MA
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2026 · PMID 41088914 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: This study represents the first report of phytochemical investigation and antimicrobial screening of Galium libanoticum endemic to Lebanon. Despite the presence of more than 700 species of the genus Galium,...
INTRODUCTION: This study represents the first report of phytochemical investigation and antimicrobial screening of Galium libanoticum endemic to Lebanon. Despite the presence of more than 700 species of the genus Galium, this plant has not been investigated previously. Plants of the genus Galium are well known traditionally for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, and antimicrobial activities. In this study, we aimed to carry out, for the first time, the phytochemical investigation of G. libanoticum that has not been explored previously. METHODS: Isolation of bioactive compounds was performed using different chromatographic techniques, and the structure identification was achieved using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and 2D NMR spectroscopy. RESULTS: Results revealed two major components, rutin (1) and asperulosidic acid (2). Both compounds, as well as the crude extract, were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against some common strains. The plant extract showed significant activity against Gram-positive bacteria E. faecalis and S. aureus with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL and 62.5 μg/mL, respectively. DISCUSSION: This antibacterial activity was higher than that reported from other Galium species, suggesting special chemotypes with different constituents that should be investigated. On the other hand, rutin and asperulosidic acid revealed the highest activity against Gram-negative bacteria. CONCLUSION: This study highlighted the medicinal potential of the Galium libanoticum plant and its metabolites and necessitated further studies to isolate the undiscovered constituents that could serve as potential therapeutic remedies, especially in the antimicrobial resistance.
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