Infectious Disorders Drug Targets[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Herbal Medicine for the Management of Wounds: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies.
Ahmed LA, Hussain A, Barbhuiya PA … +5 more , Zaman S, Laskar AM, Pathak MP, Dutta PP, Sen S
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 39757623 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Cuts and wounds are unfortunate yet inevitable events. Traditional remedies have historically harnessed various plants for wound healing, undergoing clinical and pre-clinical scrutiny. Hence, this systematic...
BACKGROUND: Cuts and wounds are unfortunate yet inevitable events. Traditional remedies have historically harnessed various plants for wound healing, undergoing clinical and pre-clinical scrutiny. Hence, this systematic review focuses on clinically researched herbal formulations for wound healing. METHODOLOGY: Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, databases like Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, J-gate, and Ayush Research Portal were meticulously searched for clinical trials involving wound-targeting herbal formulations, alongside a comprehensive hunt for preclinical plant data. RESULTS: Among 623 screened documents, 26 published clinical trials spotlighting herbal wound healing formulations were identified. All studies showcased significant wound healing progress, with some surpassing standard betadine treatment. Only one study reported an adverse effect. Within the 26 formulations, 45 distinct plant species were employed, with 35 exhibiting wound healing attributes like antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities scientifically. Enhanced collagen content, stabilized fibers, activated fibroblast cells, increased total protein, elevated growth factors, hydroxyproline, hexosamine, and tissue protein demonstrate the efficacy of plants, such as , and in wound healing. CONCLUSION: The findings of the current study indicated that medicinal plants are effective and safe agents for the treatment of wounds, though larger, well-designed trials are needed for definitive role confirmation.
Exploration of Phytochemicals as Anti-biofilm Agents against Pathogenic Bacteria: Their Potential and Challenges.
Banerjee D, Biswas P, Mazumder K … +4 more , Palai S, Hossain CM, Karmakar S, Biswas K
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 39757612 · Publisher ↗
Multicellular surface-attached populations of bacteria embedded in the extracellular matrix are known as biofilms. Bacteria generally preferred to grow as biofilms. Quorum sensing (QS), detection of density of cell popul...
Multicellular surface-attached populations of bacteria embedded in the extracellular matrix are known as biofilms. Bacteria generally preferred to grow as biofilms. Quorum sensing (QS), detection of density of cell population through gene regulation, has been found to play an important role in the production of biofilms. Biofilm formation can increase the severity of infections that can lead to morbidity or mortality. Bacteria living within biofilms have a higher pattern of adaptive resistance to antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance is a barrier in the treatment of biofilmsinduced acute to chronic infections such as post-surgery infections, surgery-associated wound infections, endocarditis, joint infections, burn-related wound infections occurred, ventilator-associated pneumonia, etc. So it is urgent to discover or find out potent new drugs in fight against infectious diseases such as biofilms-associated infections. Medicinal plants or herbs are a rich source for fighting with biofilms-mediated infections. Phytochemicals have exhibited significant effects in the prevention of biofilms formation against different bacteria that are causing infections. Purified compounds such as berberine, tetrandrine, embelin, xanthorrhizol, bakuchiol, etc., exhibited promising biofilm inhibition actions against different pathogenic bacteria. Plant extracts that contain several phytochemicals are evaluated for its biofilm's inhibition property, and have shown significant potential in biofilm formation. Antibiofilm agents act by distinct mechanisms such as inhibiting the adherence of biofilms in a surface, preventing the biofilm formations, disrupting the matured biofilms, etc. This study is intended to reiterate about possibilities of plant extracts and purified compounds in the treatment of the prevention of bacterial biofilms-related infections.
Exploring the Potential Use of in Leprosy and Lepra Reactions: A Molecular Docking Approach.
Thangaraju P, Saraswathy T, Velmurugan H … +7 more , Venkatesan S, Ty SS, Maheshwari P, Sargunam RR, Srinivasan A, Thangaraju E, Thangaraju T
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 39757611 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) is a traditional herb that is currently commercially available for treating a variety of illnesses. By evaluating and verifying docking affinity scores, it is possible to ex...
INTRODUCTION: Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) is a traditional herb that is currently commercially available for treating a variety of illnesses. By evaluating and verifying docking affinity scores, it is possible to explore the potential of the plant for treating leprosy and lepra-reaction as off-label use. METHODS: The sitoindosides were used as ligands along with thalidomide in docking against targets, such as M. leprae, TNF-Alpha, and Interleukin-6 in order to determine the potential for inhibitory concentration and docking affinity. RESULTS: According to the study, good binding energy values varied from -7 to -11 Kcal/mol. Sitoindoside IX had the highest binding affinity and important binding interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, when compared to Thalidomide and Sitoindoside X against all three receptors. CONCLUSION: The present study confirmed that the Sitoindoside IX and X are a better fit for treating patients with leprosy. These findings are highly intriguing and suggest that this herb should be investigated further to validate these findings in leprosy.
Antioxidant Nutraceuticals: Their Adjunct Role in the Management of COVID-19 Infections and Post-COVID Syndrome.
Mojgani N, Dadar M, Shahali Y … +5 more , Simal-Gandara J, Kumar P, Ashique S, Bhowmick M, Kumar H
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 39757610 · Publisher ↗
The COVID-19 epidemic in recent years has been produced by various coronavirus strains that nearly destroyed world health policies and economics. Emerging viral strains exacerbated the pandemic. Huge investments have bee...
The COVID-19 epidemic in recent years has been produced by various coronavirus strains that nearly destroyed world health policies and economics. Emerging viral strains exacerbated the pandemic. Huge investments have been made in preventative vaccines to combat the disease, but the genetic instability of these viruses has hampered their usefulness. However, in addition to traditional therapeutic approaches, nutraceuticals have been considered efficacious in preventing and or treating COVID-19 and post-COVID syndrome. In this context, nutraceuticals such as vitamins or dietary supplements including multiple vitamins and minerals and propolis have been widely studied for their significant impact on viral respiratory diseases like SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Some of these nutraceuticals having antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and immune-modulatory properties have been highly recommended for use as an adjunct option to moderate the adverse effects associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. In this review, we intend to present the recent understanding and converse scientific implications for the use of nutraceutical antioxidants such as vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and polyphenols like bee propolis, in the management of viral respiratory diseases and post-COVID-19 syndrome. Future challenges and limitations regarding the use and bioavailability of these ingredients, and dose-response studies are further emphasized.
Predictive Analysis of Biofilm Proteins Using Machine Learning: Identifying Novel Drug Targets.
Ghai S, Shrivastava R, Jain S
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 41704083 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Mycobacterium fortuitum is a rapidly growing human pathogenic bacterium that has been linked to a number of clinical conditions. Its ability to quickly develop intricate biofilms makes its treatment challen...
INTRODUCTION: Mycobacterium fortuitum is a rapidly growing human pathogenic bacterium that has been linked to a number of clinical conditions. Its ability to quickly develop intricate biofilms makes its treatment challenging. Development of drug resistance has been reported in cases of M. fortuitum, further reducing treatment options available against the pathogen. OBJECTIVE: In order to identify the proteins involved in biofilm development, this work attempted to analyze the real-time proteome data of M. fortuitum using machine learning strategies. The aim of the study was to provide novel drug targets that may be used to treat patients more quickly and efficiently. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The proteomic data was analyzed using the Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and k-nearest Neighbors (kNN) techniques. Proteins linked to biofilm formation, which were over-expressed and under-expressed, were used in the training set of the models. The trained models were then evaluated using abundant proteins found in M. fortuitum proteome analysis. The pre-processing and optimization were done to improve the performance of the models. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The kNN algorithm achieved the highest accuracy level of 82.98%, followed by SVM at 82.75% and ANN at 78%. Using other machine learning methods, including Random Forest, Naive Bayes, and Logistic Regression, the performance of these models was further verified. The outcomes demonstrated for the prediction of proteins, kNN consistently produced the best accuracy. CONCLUSION: The study shows that machine learning techniques, in particular kNN, can be used for successful analyses of proteome data obtained from M. fortuitum in order to identify proteins associated with the formation of biofilms. This methodology may be used for the prediction of drug targets using a proteome database. Identification of drug targets can help in designing better treatment strategies against the pathogen.
The Severity of COVID-19 in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patient.
Danao KR, Rokde VV, Mahajan UN
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 39710929 · Publisher ↗
As of early October 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, resulted in approximately 35 million cases and one million fatalities worldwide. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoi...
As of early October 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, resulted in approximately 35 million cases and one million fatalities worldwide. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease marked by the generation of pathogenic autoantibodies and a lack of tolerance to nuclear self-antigens. Hypocomplementemia, or an abnormal blood complement deficit, is a reliable predictor of infection in SLE patients. Moreover, it has been found that immunoglobulin (Ig), particularly IgG and IgM, is lowered in SLE patients, which may be a factor in their heightened susceptibility to infection. Bloodstream autoantibodies, lymphopenia, aberrant T-cells, proinflammatory cytokines, and impaired regulatory systems all lead to an immune response that is aberrant in lupus patients. SLE patients exhibit impaired CD8 T-cell responses, including abnormal phagocytosis and chemotaxis. Recent study has shown that COVID-19 infections significantly boost type I interferon responses. Patients with SLE and Covid-19 infection typically get immune-suppressing drugs viz corticosteroids, Janus kinase inhibitors (JAK), and tocilizumab, which improve their immune systems and diminution susceptible to COVID-19 infections.
Therapeutic Potential of Emodin: A Mini-Review of Its Anti-Biofilm and Antimicrobial Effects.
Teymouri S, Pourhajibagher M, Bahador A
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 39710928 · Publisher ↗
The resistance of biofilms to antimicrobial agents presents numerous challenges. The formation of biofilms leads to enhanced resistance to adverse environmental conditions, as well as to antimicrobial agents. Natural com...
The resistance of biofilms to antimicrobial agents presents numerous challenges. The formation of biofilms leads to enhanced resistance to adverse environmental conditions, as well as to antimicrobial agents. Natural compounds have been of interest as potential therapeutic agents. Emodin, a natural anthraquinone compound, has recently attracted attention for its potential as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent. This ability could potentially help combat biofilm-associated infections and enhance the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapies. This review was carried out to evaluate the effects of emodin on microbial biofilms, determine its effectiveness in inhibiting and reducing biofilm formation, eradicate biofilms, and examine its antimicrobial effects. Our study shows that the use of emodin as an additional therapeutic agent in combating microbial biofilms holds considerable promise. As researchers continue to investigate how emodin interacts with microbial biofilms, there is excitement about the potential applications of this natural compound in addressing biofilm-related issues. However, it is suggested to pay more attention to evaluating the effects of emodin on microbial biofilms in future studies.
Annual SZ: An Alternative Immunotherapy for COVID-19 and Long COVID.
Heidari F, Farahighasreaboonasr F, Hassan ZM … +3 more , Fazeli P, Hosseini M, Ebtekar M
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 39710927 · Publisher ↗
Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in late 2019 and early 2020, the identification of drugs to control severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and its symptoms has be...
Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in late 2019 and early 2020, the identification of drugs to control severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and its symptoms has been a pressing focus of research. Cytokine storm and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are the leading causes of mortality following infection. In this review, we discuss immune pathogenesis and four medications, including Remdesivir, Tocilizumab, Dexamethasone, and Annual SZ for COVID-19. A comparison of the effectiveness and therapeutic usage of drugs as reported in clinical trials and reports was made at different disease levels as well. Clinical studies indicate that Annual SZ with mild side effects was more affordable and might be more effective than other medications. Additionally, Annual SZ was capable of reducing the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines as well as viral attachment and RNA replication.
Current Approaches to Ulcerative Colitis Management: A Comprehensive Overview of Methodologies and Treatments.
Rawat A, Srivastava R
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 39710926 · Publisher ↗
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic, idiopathic, inflammatory condition affecting the colon, primarily impacting individuals aged 30 to 40. It typically begins in the rectum and gradually progresses to the proximal regions o...
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic, idiopathic, inflammatory condition affecting the colon, primarily impacting individuals aged 30 to 40. It typically begins in the rectum and gradually progresses to the proximal regions of the colon, characterized by recurrent and remitting mucosal inflammation. Ulcerative colitis is categorized under inflammatory bowel disease, which encompasses various gastrointestinal tract disorders, but its underlying pathophysiology remains unclear. The development of ulcerative colitis is influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, and inflammatory factors. The severity of the disease guides the management of ulcerative colitis. Restorative strategies include the use of TNF-α (anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha) monoclonal antibodies. Janus Kinase inhibitors suppress cell signaling of the innate immune system. As ongoing research continues, the treatment options for ulcerative colitis are continually evolving and improving. Various types of dosage forms (tablets, capsules, suppositories, etc.) are available in the market for managing ulcerative colitis, with the primary goal of achieving and maintaining clinical and endoscopic remission of the disease. Ensuring a high level of patient compliance is crucial when considering the formulation of these dosage forms. This review article seeks to offer a comprehensive understanding of ulcerative colitis while highlighting the existing treatment options on various available dosage forms.
A Case Study of Intradural Extramedullary Spinal Schwannoma and Multiple Thoracic Vertebral Haemangiomas Following COVID-19 Infection and Vaccination: Insights from MRI Imaging.
Majrashi NAA
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 39710925 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Spinal schwannomas are benign intradural extramedullary tumors of Schwann cells, while hemangiomas are common benign vascular tumors found in the vertebral column. CASE REPRESENTATION: This case study prese...
INTRODUCTION: Spinal schwannomas are benign intradural extramedullary tumors of Schwann cells, while hemangiomas are common benign vascular tumors found in the vertebral column. CASE REPRESENTATION: This case study presents a 32-year-old male who developed both a spinal schwannoma and multiple thoracic vertebral haemangiomas following a COVID-19 infection and subsequent vaccination. The patient reported intermittent lumbar and thigh pain over 6-8 months. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed an intradural extramedullary schwannoma at the L5 vertebra and multiple thoracic haemangiomas at the T6-T7 levels. The schwannoma was surgically resected, and pathology confirmed the diagnosis. Postoperatively, the patient's symptoms improved significantly, with no complications. CONCLUSION: This case raises questions about a possible link between COVID-19 and these spinal conditions. Further research is warranted to explore the potential association between viral infection, vaccination, and tumor development.
Intensification of Invasive Fungal Infections and Exploration of Effective Antifungal Drug Delivery Formulations: A Detailed Review.
Sharma SM, Sharma R, Chandrateya P
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 39710924 · Publisher ↗
Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) pose a significant global health threat, particularly among immunocompromised individuals. These infections can lead to severe illness and death, placing a significant financial burden o...
Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) pose a significant global health threat, particularly among immunocompromised individuals. These infections can lead to severe illness and death, placing a significant financial burden on healthcare systems. Fungi were not previously considered a substantial risk to human health, but this perception changed with the rise of the HIV epidemic. The emergence of drug-resistant fungal strains further complicates the management of these infections, highlighting the urgent need for effective antifungal therapies. Innovative approaches in antifungal drug delivery formulations. This article explores the role of effective antifungal drug delivery formulations in combating the rise of IFIs. These formulations, ranging from lipid-based systems like liposomes and lipid emulsions to polymeric nanoparticles and microparticles, offer several advantages over conventional drug delivery methods. Optimizing these formulations may improve drug efficacy, reduce the risk of drug resistance, and enhance patient outcomes. Furthermore, advancements in nanotechnology and targeted drug delivery systems hold promise in overcoming existing limitations and expanding the scope of antifungal therapies.
Repercussion of SARS-CoV-2 on the Sexual Function in Males: An Updated Review.
Pal R, Kumar P, Khare E … +6 more , Anand A, Kumar T, Malik R, Chaudhary V, Bhowmick M, Ashique S
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 39710923 · Publisher ↗
SARS-CoV-2, also called coronavirus causes SARS-CoV-2 or severe acute respiratory syndrome, a highly transmissible disease that has rapidly spread worldwide, straining healthcare systems and leading to a substantial numb...
SARS-CoV-2, also called coronavirus causes SARS-CoV-2 or severe acute respiratory syndrome, a highly transmissible disease that has rapidly spread worldwide, straining healthcare systems and leading to a substantial number of fatalities. Interestingly, SARSCoV- 2 has revealed a gender difference, with males dying at a greater rate and with more severe cases than women. It's worth noting that the male reproductive system might be particularly susceptible to damage during periods of moderate to severe sickness, which has been linked to cases of orchitis and erectile dysfunction. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 virus particles have been found in the tissues of the testes and penile of both living patients who have recovered from the virus and in post-mortem analyses of males who have died from it. For males who have recovered from SARS-CoV-2, sexual transmission is not a big concern, even though moderate to severe infections may have detrimental effects on male reproductive health. This includes the depletion of germ cells and Leydig cells that leads to a decrease in the formation of sperm, potentially decreasing the release of male sex hormones. These adverse effects may result in issues such as infertility and sexual dysfunction, which are of growing concern for couples looking to conceive or those in need of assisted reproduction. Numerous investigations have examined SARS-CoV-2's effects on male reproductive health from a variety of perspectives. The purpose of this review is to give a general summary of how SARS-CoV-2 has affected male reproductive health.
Anti-biofilm and Anti-adhesion Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria Derived Biosurfactants against .
Pourhajibagher M, Bahador A
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 39710922 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Biosurfactants are naturally occurring compounds with various applications, biodegradable, non-toxic, and effective in different conditions. This study focuses on the extraction and evaluation of biosurfact...
INTRODUCTION: Biosurfactants are naturally occurring compounds with various applications, biodegradable, non-toxic, and effective in different conditions. This study focuses on the extraction and evaluation of biosurfactants produced by five strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) for their potential to inhibit biofilm formation and adhesion by . METHODS: The strains of LAB-producing biosurfactants such as , and were confirmed by the hemolysis test. The presence of biosurfactants derived from LAB strains and their molecular composition were confirmed, and their cellular toxicity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were investigated. Ultimately, the anti-biofilm and anti-adhesive activities of LAB-derived biosurfactants against S. mutans were determined. Eventually, the effect of biosurfactants on the changes in gene expression associated with biofilm formation of was assessed. All the LAB strains used in this study were biosurfactant producers. The LAB-derived biosurfactants exhibited no cytotoxicity towards the human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cell line. According to the results, the lowest and highest MIC values were observed in the biosurfactants derived from and at 0.78 mg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL, respectively. The MBC values for the biosurfactants derived from , and were 3.12, 3.12, 6.25, 12.5, and 12.5 mg/mL, respectively. The LAB-derived biosurfactants at MBC concentrations exhibited significant inhibitory effects on biofilm formation and adhesion of S. mutans (P<0.05) The highest anti-biofilm and anti-adhesion activities were attributed to the biosurfactants derived from L. plantarum, which were not significantly different from the 0.2% chlorhexidine as a positive control group (P>0.05). Moreover, all biosurfactants could significantly decrease the gene expression level of gtfB (P>0.05). RESULTS: The study found that LAB-derived biosurfactants exhibit significant anti-adhesion and anti-biofilm activities against without any observed cellular toxicity towards HGF cells. CONCLUSION: These promising bioactive compounds can be utilized as natural antimicrobial agents and biofilm inhibitors to prevent microbial biofilm formation and adhesion in various dental applications, offering a safe and effective alternative for controlling dental biofilms and improving oral health outcomes.
Investigating the Prevalence of Bacterial Infections in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Hospitalized in Intensive Care Unit and Determining their Antibiotic Resistance Patterns.
Shiralizadeh S, Azimzadeh M, Keramat F … +12 more , Hashemi SH, Majzoobi MM, Arabestani MR, Jalilian FA, Taher A, Khazaei S, Alikhani MS, Karami P, Rahimi Z, Tabar ZK, Shakib MM, Alikhani MY
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 39528453 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: COVID-19 patient hospitalization, particularly in intensive care units, exposes them to bacterial and fungi co-infections, which can have very serious consequences, including increased mortality. In addition,...
BACKGROUND: COVID-19 patient hospitalization, particularly in intensive care units, exposes them to bacterial and fungi co-infections, which can have very serious consequences, including increased mortality. In addition, antibiotic resistance among pathogens is a hidden threat behind COVID-19. METHODS: In the period from 2020 September to 2021 August, bacterial isolates from COVID- 19 patients admitted to the ICU of Sina Hospital in Hamadan, Iran, were collected and identified based on standard biochemical tests. COVID-19 cases were confirmed based on clinical symptoms, computed tomography, and polymerase chain reaction. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were conducted using disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. RESULTS: In total, 207 bacterial isolates were collected, with Klebsiella pneumoniae accounting for 69 (33.33%) and Acinetobacter baumannii accounting for 59 (28.15%). The frequency and percentage of isolated bacteria were as follows: Alcaligenes species 28 (13.59%), Staphylococcus aureus 18 (8.73%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 15 (7.28%), Escherichia coli 11 (5.33%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 3 (1.45%), Enterococcus species 3 (1.45%), and Serratia species 1 (0.48%). About 95.38% resistance to ceftazidime and cefotaxime and 92.31% resistance to ciprofloxacin and cefepime were found in K. pneumoniae isolates. A. baumannii isolates were 100% resistant to cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, and cefepime. About 22.22% resistance to vancomycin and 66.67% resistance to clindamycin, erythromycin, and cefoxitin were seen in S. aureus isolates. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of bacterial co-infections and their antibiotic resistance pattern in COVID-19 patients can help in choosing effective antibiotics for the treatment and prevention of antibiotic resistance.
Serum microRNA Biomarker Expression in HIV and TB: A Concise Overview.
Kushwaha S, Goel A, Singh AV
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 39506419 · Publisher ↗
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), specifically MicroRNAs or miRNAs, are now understood to be essential regulators in the complex field of gene expression. By selectively binding to certain mRNA targets, these tiny RNA molecules...
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), specifically MicroRNAs or miRNAs, are now understood to be essential regulators in the complex field of gene expression. By selectively binding to certain mRNA targets, these tiny RNA molecules control the expression of genes, leading to mRNA degradation or translational repression. The discovery of miRNAs has significantly advanced biomedical research, particularly in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying various diseases and exploring innovative therapeutic approaches. Recent progress in miRNA research has provided insights into their biogenesis, functional roles, and potential clinical applications. Despite the absence of established methodologies for clinical implementation, miRNAs show great promise as diagnostic and therapeutic agents for a wide array of diseases. Their distinctive attributes, such as high specificity, sensitivity, and accessibility, position them as ideal candidates for biomarker development and targeted therapy. Achieving a comprehensive understanding of miRNA biology and functionality is crucial to fully harnessing their potential in medicine. Ongoing research efforts aim to unravel the intricate mechanisms of miRNA-mediated gene regulation and to develop novel approaches for utilizing miRNAs in disease diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of current knowledge on miRNAs, focusing on their biogenesis, regulatory mechanisms, and potential clinical applications. By synthesizing existing evidence and highlighting key research findings, this review aims to inspire further exploration into the diverse roles of miRNAs in health and disease. Ultimately, this endeavour could result in the development of innovative miRNA-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Mucormycosis and COVID-19: Unraveling the Interplay of Fungal Infection in a Global Health Crisis: An Overview.
Moheb-Alian A, Akbari A, Nooraei S … +11 more , Bahrulolum H, Farsani ZM, Mokhtari N, Ebadi MS, Farsani AM, Khatami S, Esmaeili M, Keykhaee Z, Heydargoy MH, Rafiei Z, Ahmadian G
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 39484771 · Publisher ↗
The healthcare system has been greatly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in an increase in secondary and co-infections among patients. Factors like pulmonary damage and weakened immune systems make patients mo...
The healthcare system has been greatly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in an increase in secondary and co-infections among patients. Factors like pulmonary damage and weakened immune systems make patients more susceptible to fungal infections. Mucormycosis, an opportunistic fungal infection, prospers in environments with limited oxygen, and elevated glucose levels due to conditions such as diabetes and steroid use, as well as in acidic environments from metabolic acidosis and diabetic ketoacidosis, where it demonstrates heightened germination ability. Recognizing these complications is critical to minimize harm to patients. The insights gained from this review can improve our understanding of how fungal infections develop in connection to COVID-19, leading to better predictive algorithms, tailored care plans, enhanced antifungal treatments, quicker diagnostics, and improved management strategies.
The Role of Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) in Treatment and Management of Sexually Transmitted Viral Infections.
Yilmaz O, Onder A
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 39482915 · Publisher ↗
Tea is obtained from the young leaves and shoots of the evergreen perennial plant (L.) Kuntze, the most popular and frequently consumed product using a natural beverage worldwide. Some kinds of tea products, such as gre...
Tea is obtained from the young leaves and shoots of the evergreen perennial plant (L.) Kuntze, the most popular and frequently consumed product using a natural beverage worldwide. Some kinds of tea products, such as green tea, black tea, and oolong tea, have assorted flavors depending on the manufacturing techniques. Green tea has been studied for many years for its important beneficial effects, including anticancer, antiobesity, anti-diabetes, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and cardiovascular effects. These effects are primarily associated with tea polyphenols, and regular consumption has been reported to decrease the incidence of some chronic diseases. Current studies support that green tea catechins play an important role in healing and improving the pathology of many diseases. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most a highly found polyphenol in the leaves and is of great interest for its protective role in the prevention of diseases. Therefore, this review presents the efficacy and possible mechanisms of EGCG against sexually transmitted viruses. Moreover, EGCG and its derivatives are recognized as safe bioactive phytochemicals for external and internal use in preventing and treating viral STIs and other concurrent infections. Multidisciplinary studies are essential to discover cheaper, safer, and more effective treatments using EGCG and its derivatives to improve the toxicity and formulations of viral STI medications.
Acute Febrile Illness in India: An Epidemiological Retrospective Study.
Kumar K, Tripathi AK, Sharma VK … +2 more , Mishra SK, Patnaik R
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 39473216 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Acute febrile illness (AFI) is a frequent occurrence in India, often complicated by a multitude of pathogenic and etiological factors. In this context, it is important to analyze the biochemical, hematologi...
INTRODUCTION: Acute febrile illness (AFI) is a frequent occurrence in India, often complicated by a multitude of pathogenic and etiological factors. In this context, it is important to analyze the biochemical, hematological, and epidemiological clinical parameters of AFI patients in the North Indian population. METHODS: This study included 1,819 patients of various ages who presented with new-onset acute febrile illness (AFI) between 2017 and 2021. Among these patients, 211, with a median age of 40 years (ranging from 2 to 85 years), were selected for further analysis. At enrollment, clinical examination involved collecting respiratory tract specimens, blood, and urine samples for biochemical analysis, with subsequent data analysis conducted using statistical methods. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The following biochemical parameters were analyzed: C-reactive protein (CRP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), and total protein serum. The hematological parameters included total leukocyte count (TLC), lymphocyte count, monocyte count, eosinophil count, red blood cell count (RBCs), packed cell volume (PCV), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), hematocrit value, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH). Additionally, clinical parameters such as phosphorus, urea, calcium, sodium, uric acid, bilirubin, and potassium were measured. Specific values observed were: SGPT (~113 IU/L in 2018), SGOT (~81 U/L in 2019), GGT (~148 g/L in 2018), and total protein serum (~7 g/L in 2020). The hematological parameters (TLC, lymphocyte, monocyte, RBCs, PCV, ESR, MCV, and MCH). The regression analysis was conducted to explore the temperature recorded at the time of admission, the duration of hospital stays, and biochemical as well as hematological variables of patients suffering from AFI. Karl-Pearson's correlation coefficient and variance inflation factor for each variable mentioned above. CONCLUSION: Biochemical and hematological parameters were analyzed over different years of intake in patients with Acute Febrile Illness (AFI). Further investigation is required to explore the mechanistic pathways of infection, and preventive measures will be implemented using natural products and other therapeutic interventions. Our data will offer the first systematic assessment of the etiological factors, along with regression analysis and the Karl-Pearson correlation coefficient for each variable in AFI patients.
Significant Microbial Pathogenesis Perspective of Biliary Diseases.
Sharma CK
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 39473215 · Publisher ↗
This review explores various biliary tract diseases caused by different organisms, including cholelithiasis, hepatolithiasis, and choledocholithiasis. The biliary tract's primary functions include collecting, storing, co...
This review explores various biliary tract diseases caused by different organisms, including cholelithiasis, hepatolithiasis, and choledocholithiasis. The biliary tract's primary functions include collecting, storing, concentrating, and delivering bile juice produced by the liver. Neurohormonal systems involving the vagus and splanchnic nerves, alongside cholecystokinin, regulate gallbladder movement during fasting and digestion. Under normal conditions, bile acids play a crucial role, with approximately 95% being reabsorbed by the intestinal epithelium and returned to the liver via the portal vein system. The liver, often hailed as a miracle worker, detoxifies, purifies, and regenerates, performi ng essential functions in the body. Recent research indicates that the gallbladder, akin to the intestine, harbors a diverse microbiota. Additionally, the biliary mucosa features chemical, mechanical, and immunological barriers that promote immunological tolerance. Hepatotoxicity remains a significant global health concern and a leading cause of mortality. Providing clear and accurate information on liver toxicity is critical, especially in the context of medication safety and public health. By refining these elements, this review can effectively convey the complexity and importance of biliary tract diseases and liver function in health and disease contexts.
Antimicrobial Resistance of Environmental Non-O1/O139 Isolates: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Altafi M, Beig M, Sami FM … +5 more , Maleki A, Kaviar VH, Shahryari A, Khadivar P, Sholeh M
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 39440733 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The understanding of the antibiotic resistance status of environmental nonO1/nonO139 V. cholerae (NOVC) in relation to other illnesses, which can vary in severity from mild to life-threatening, is limited. Ho...
BACKGROUND: The understanding of the antibiotic resistance status of environmental nonO1/nonO139 V. cholerae (NOVC) in relation to other illnesses, which can vary in severity from mild to life-threatening, is limited. However, it is important to note that NOVC-related infections are increasing and serve as a significant illustration of emerging human diseases associated with climate change. The primary objective of the present study was to assess the rates of resistance observed in environmental NOVC isolates across various years, and regions, and their resistance rates. METHODS: We performed a systematic search of Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases (until May 2024) following PRISMA guidelines. All statistical analyses were carried out using the statistical package R. RESULTS: Our analysis included a total of 34 studies. According to the meta-regression, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, cotrimoxazole, kanamycin, trimethoprim, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and tetracycline resistance rate increased over time. The lowest resistance rates were observed in Austria (amoxicillin; 0.6%), the United States (kanamycin; 0.1% and tetracycline; 0.1%), Morocco (polymyxin B; 12%), and Spain (trimethoprim; 0.3%). Conversely, the highest resistance rates were found in Spain (amoxicillin; 61%), Indonesia (kanamycin and tetracycline; 94.9%), India (polymyxin B; 97.8%), and Morocco (trimethoprim; 48.9%). CONCLUSION: The meta-analysis showed significant variability in antibiotic resistance patterns among environmental NOVC isolates across time and regions, emphasizing the need for targeted, time-specific, and country-specific approaches to address antibiotic resistance globally.
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