Infectious Disorders Drug Targets[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Flavonoids: Potential Novel Inhibitors of .
Kisimba K, Kasumbwe K, Odun-Ayo F … +1 more , Faya M
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 40619653 · Full text
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global health concern and a leading cause of death worldwide. The emergence of drug-resistant TB strains poses a significant threat to public health and is contributing to the growing rate of...
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global health concern and a leading cause of death worldwide. The emergence of drug-resistant TB strains poses a significant threat to public health and is contributing to the growing rate of TB infections globally. Therefore, it is crucial to explore new and safe drugs for TB treatment. Despite significant progress in developing new drugs, many existing treatments and prevention strategies for TB do not achieve the desired positive health outcomes for various reasons. Small-molecule treatments can potentially address drug resistance and provide opportunities for multimodal therapy. This review focuses on recent advancements in understanding the pathogenesis of and the mechanisms of flavonoids in antimycobacterial properties. Given the urgent need for new antimycobacterial agents to enhance the effectiveness of current drugs, investigating flavonoids as potential candidates is promising. Evidence suggests that specific structural characteristics in flavonoids play a significant role in their antimycobacterial effects, among other pharmacological activities. Flavonoids can act through various mechanisms, such as disrupting bacterial cell membranes or inhibiting the production of essential cellular components like DNA. These findings may prompt further research to enhance our understanding of how flavonoids combat tuberculosis, potentially establishing their importance as key compounds in treating the disease.
Two Sides of the Same Coin: Human Papillomavirus-driven Vulval Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Squamous Cell Carcinoma in a Postmenopausal Woman: A Rare Case Report.
Spandana G, Kumar N, Pradeep I … +3 more , Veldi S, Aparna J, Devalla A
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 40600540 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Vulvar cancer, a rare malignancy of the female genital tract, accounts for approximately 4% of all gynaecological cancers. Among vulvar malignancies, Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) constitutes about 90% of t...
INTRODUCTION: Vulvar cancer, a rare malignancy of the female genital tract, accounts for approximately 4% of all gynaecological cancers. Among vulvar malignancies, Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) constitutes about 90% of the cases, frequently arising from precursor lesions, such as Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VIN). This case report describes an unusual presentation of both premalignant and malignant vulvar lesions in a postmenopausal, post-hysterectomized woman, highlighting diffuse p16 positivity on immunohistochemistry. This finding underscores the potential role of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in the pathogenesis of vulvar SCC. CASE REPORT: A 73-year-old multiparous, post-menopausal woman presented with a five-month history of vulvar growth accompanied by intense vulval itching and vaginal discharge. Initially referred by the dermatology department as a case of condyloma acuminatum for gynaecological evaluation, her local examination revealed three distinct lesions on the vulva: an exophytic, cauliflower-like warty lesion on the left labia majora; a blackish, pigmented maculopapular lesion on the right labia majora; and a friable, warty lesion over the clitoris extending beneath the clitoral hood. A wide local excision was performed, and histopathological examination of the left and right labial growths indicated VIN Grade 3. The biopsy from the clitoral lesion revealed features of SCC. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated diffuse p16 positivity in the tumor cells of the clitoral lesion, supporting an HPV-associated etiology. Subsequently, the patient underwent a modified radical vulvectomy with bilateral lymphadenectomy. Histopathological findings confirmed SCC of the vulva, staged as IB, with no lymph node involvement. CONCLUSION: This case emphasizes the diverse presentation of vulvar lesions and the critical role of HPV in vulvar carcinogenesis, particularly in postmenopausal women.
The Importance of Early Source Control in Persistent MRSA Bacteremia: A Case Report.
Demirjian J, Mathew P
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 40539349 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Persistent bacteremia, despite the susceptibility of the causative organism to appropriate antimicrobial therapy, presents a major clinical challenge. In such cases, early identification and control of the...
INTRODUCTION: Persistent bacteremia, despite the susceptibility of the causative organism to appropriate antimicrobial therapy, presents a major clinical challenge. In such cases, early identification and control of the infectious source are essential to prevent complications and reduce mortality. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 59-year-old woman with persistent Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) bacteremia following spinal surgery. Despite multiple days of intravenous antibiotic therapy, her blood cultures remained positive for MRSA. A tagged white blood cell (Technetium-99) scan revealed an abscess in the right sacroiliac joint. Surgical drainage of the abscess led to clinical improvement and resolution of bacteremia. Interestingly, cultures of the abscess fluid grew Enterococcus faecalis rather than MRSA. DISCUSSION: This case underscores the importance of early source control in the management of persistent bacteremia. Even when the pathogen isolated from the presumed source differs from that in the bloodstream, drainage can play a critical role in resolving systemic infection. CONCLUSION: Early source control should be pursued in persistent bacteremia, regardless of initial culture results. Imaging studies may assist in locating occult sources, and successful drainage may contribute to clinical improvement even when the primary bloodstream pathogen is not isolated from the source.
Comparison of Different Diagnostic Modalities for Infection in Patients with Functional Dyspepsia and Peptic Ulcer Disease.
Malhotra S, Agarwal A, Tak V … +6 more , Abhishek KS, Kombade SP, Gadepalli R, Birda CL, Solanki V, Elhence P
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 40525434 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: There are several diagnostic techniques for detecting , the most common of which are upper GI endoscopic biopsies and stool specimens as optimal samples. The goal of this study was to detect and compare in...
INTRODUCTION: There are several diagnostic techniques for detecting , the most common of which are upper GI endoscopic biopsies and stool specimens as optimal samples. The goal of this study was to detect and compare infection using the following techniques: rapid urease test (RUT), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, histopathology, and stool antigen test (SAT), as well as to assess their validity in detecting infection. METHODOLOGY: Patients with dyspepsia who presented to the Department of Gastroenterology's Outpatient Department and In-Patient Department between September 2021 and December 2022 were screened (Rome IV criteria). Endoscopy was used to diagnose and recruit patients with Functional dyspepsia (FD) and Peptic ulcer disease (PUD). Each biopsy sample was subjected to a battery of microbiological testing. Patients were considered infected with if any three of five tests were found to be positive. The outcomes of all diagnostic modalities were documented and analysed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A total of 171 patients were enrolled; the majority of them were male (62.60%), with a median age of 43 years. In 120 cases (70.18%), was identified. The RUT showed the following results: sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy: 91.67%, 74.51%, 89.43%, 79.17%, and 86.55%; PCR (ureC gene): 91.67%, 100%, 100%, 83.61%, and 94.15%; Histopathology: 61.67%, 100%, 100%, 52.58%, and 73.10%; and SAT: 87.50%, 94.12%, 97.22%, 76.19%, and 89.47%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The present study sheds light on the various diagnostic modalities and their efficacy in detecting infection. Since several diagnostics are available for detecting H. pylori infection, the question of which method to use arises. Thus, the sensitivity, specificity, availability, rapidity in obtaining results, and availability of the test, with added value such as detection of pathogenic qualities, must all be considered.
A Deep Neural Network Framework for the Detection of Bacterial Diseases from Chest X-Ray Scans.
Jain S, Jindal H, Bharti M
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 40454498 · Publisher ↗
AIMS/INTRODUCTION: This research aims to develop an advanced deep-learning framework for detecting respiratory diseases, including COVID-19, pneumonia, and tuberculosis (TB), using chest X-ray scans. METHODS: A Deep Neur...
AIMS/INTRODUCTION: This research aims to develop an advanced deep-learning framework for detecting respiratory diseases, including COVID-19, pneumonia, and tuberculosis (TB), using chest X-ray scans. METHODS: A Deep Neural Network (DNN)-based system was developed to analyze medical images and extract key features from chest X-rays. The system leverages various DNN learning algorithms to study X-ray scan color, curve, and edge-based features. The Adam optimizer is employed to minimize error rates and enhance model training. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A dataset of 1800 chest X-ray images, consisting of COVID-19, pneumonia, TB, and typical cases, was evaluated across multiple DNN models. The highest accuracy was achieved using the VGG19 model. The proposed system demonstrated an accuracy of 94.72%, with a sensitivity of 92.73%, a specificity of 96.68%, and an F1-score of 94.66%. The error rate was 5.28% when trained with 80% of the dataset and tested on 20%. The VGG19 model showed significant accuracy improvements of 32.69%, 36.65%, 42.16%, and 8.1% over AlexNet, GoogleNet, InceptionV3, and VGG16, respectively. The prediction time was also remarkably low, ranging between 3 and 5 seconds. CONCLUSION: The proposed deep learning model efficiently detects respiratory diseases, including COVID-19, pneumonia, and TB, within seconds. The method ensures high reliability and efficiency by optimizing feature extraction and maintaining system complexity, making it a valuable tool for clinicians in rapid disease diagnosis.
Tuberculous Broncho-Esophageal Fistula in an Adult Male: A Rare Case Managed Conservatively.
Singh J, Kumar N, Borkotoky A … +4 more , Kumar K, Verma S, Dinkar A, Yadav DP
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 40442902 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis (TB) is a widespread infectious disease caused by . It predominantly affects the lungs but can involve any organ in the body. Tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TEF) is one of the rare extrapulmonary...
INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis (TB) is a widespread infectious disease caused by . It predominantly affects the lungs but can involve any organ in the body. Tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TEF) is one of the rare extrapulmonary manifestations of TB. CASE REPORT: A 27-year-old male, otherwise healthy, reported to our outpatient department with complaints of fever, persistent cough, and significant weight loss. Subsequently, he was diagnosed with tuberculous tracheo-oesophageal fistula and pulmonary tuberculosis. DISCUSSION: The patient had an elevated ESR (52 mm) and underwent multiple imaging studies, including two normal barium swallow tests. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGIE) revealed two esophageal ulcers, one with a fistulous tract. Biopsy results suggested chronic esophagitis with granulomatous inflammation. Contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) of the thorax showed esophageal irregularities, air foci, and contrast extravasation into the bronchi, along with mediastinal lymphadenopathy and centrilobular nodules. Clinical and investigative findings suggested pulmonary tuberculosis with a tracheoesophageal fistula. The patient was discharged on a six-month antitubercular regimen with nutritional support via a nasogastric tube. Stent installation was planned if follow-up results were unfavorable. CONCLUSION: Although tuberculosis is highly prevalent in India, TEF of tuberculous origin has been infrequently documented, particularly in young, healthy, immunocompetent individuals. The patient was successfully cured after initiating antitubercular therapy and subsequent follow-up.
Proteomic Analysis and Sequential Events During the in-vivo Acquisition of Drug Resistance in Clinical Isolates of .
Singh A, Sharma D, Gopinath K … +4 more , Gupta AK, Sharma P, Bisht D, Singh S
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 40417764 · Publisher ↗
AIM: This study was undertaken to compare the proteomic profile of sequential isolates of Beijing lineage from a patient who developed drugresistant tuberculosis (TB) in vivo during anti-tuberculosis therapy (ATT). INTR...
AIM: This study was undertaken to compare the proteomic profile of sequential isolates of Beijing lineage from a patient who developed drugresistant tuberculosis (TB) in vivo during anti-tuberculosis therapy (ATT). INTRODUCTION: Various studies have found the Beijing lineage of strongly associated with multidrug resistance (MDR) development. OBJECTIVES: To identify and characterize the differentially expressed proteins during the drug resistance conversion in Beijing lineage clinical isolates. METHODS: Drug-susceptible and drug-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates were confirmed as Beijing lineage. The isolates were grown in Middlebrook 7H9 medium for two weeks, and whole-cell lysate was prepared. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE) was used for proteomic analysis, and differentially expressed proteins were identified using MALDI-TOF-MS. Bioinformatics tools were used for molecular docking, phosphorylation, and pupylation site prediction. RESULTS: Seventeen proteins were found overexpressed in drug-resistant isolates as compared to drugsusceptible isolates, including the six proteins with unknown functions. Molecular docking showed that Isoniazid (INH) and Rifampicin (RIF) interacted with their conserved domains/active sites of these proteins. DISCUSSION: We characterized two paired clinical isolates from a patient, one being INH and RIF susceptible and other resistant. The comparative analysis of over expressed proteins showed that 5 of 17 proteins belonged to the cell wall and cell processes functional group, 3 to virulence, detoxification, adaptation functional group, and 3 to information pathways functional group, 2 proteins belonged to insertion sequences and phage functional group, and 1 each (Rv0242c, Rv2970c and Rv3208A) to lipid metabolism, intermediary metabolism & respiration and regulatory functional group. We found that the Rv1827, Rv2626c, Rv2714, Rv2970c, Rv3208A, and Rv3881c proteins showed significant interaction with INH and RIF. CONCLUSIONS: These over-expressed proteins probably play an important role in drug resistance development, and further studies on drug resistance mechanisms could provide more details. We also believe that these over-expressed proteins could be used as biomarkers for early prediction of drug-resistance development.
Precision Assay for Detection and Quantification of Anti-Prostate Specific Antigen Antibodies Using Indirect ELISA.
Kumar N, Kole L, Singh AK
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2026 · PMID 40377158 · Publisher ↗
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or gamma-selenoprotein or kallikrein-3 (KLK3) is a glycoprotein enzyme secreted by the epithelial cells of the prostate glands. It plays a crucial role in male fertility and is commonly us...
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or gamma-selenoprotein or kallikrein-3 (KLK3) is a glycoprotein enzyme secreted by the epithelial cells of the prostate glands. It plays a crucial role in male fertility and is commonly used as a marker of prostate cancer. Antibodies to PSA antigen might play a role in male immune infertility. To date, the tests available in the market provide information only about the presence or absence of these antibodies in body fluids, which is further confirmed by the Western blot test. There are no tests available to quantify the amount of anti-PSA antibodies in human body fluid. Hence, the present patent relates to immunoassay for detecting and quantifying anti-prostate specific antigen (anti-PSA) antibodies in a human body fluid sample. In particular, the immunoassay is an indirect ELISA. The assay has demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity, capable of detecting anti-PSA antibodies in body fluids within a range of 4.61 ng/mL to 431.37 ng/mL. To further validate the assay's specificity, additional experiments have been conducted using various samples, including chicken seminal fluid, and the serum and semen of azoospermic individuals. These samples, standardized to the same volume, have been incubated with a fixed amount of human PSA-coated antigen. Similar experiments have been performed with anti-human, anti-rabbit, anti-mouse, anti-horse, and antigoat antibodies, further confirming the assay's specificity.
Multicentric Reticulohistiocytosis: Clinical Insights, Diagnostic Challenges and Therapeutic Approaches.
Pradhan P, Sahu A, Mukherjee T … +1 more , Mohanty S
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 40370239 · Publisher ↗
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Antioxidant Metabolite Production from Endophytic Fungi of Becc.: A Potential Natural Source of Antioxidants.
Ali A, Murdifin M, Sudirman S … +6 more , Harahap SH, Agustina R, Rahim A, Abidin HL, Rante H, Alam G
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2026 · PMID 40357777 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Ongkea ( Becc.) is a plant species employed as the traditional medicine by the Buton district people in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. This traditional use suggests the plant's potential pharmacological act...
INTRODUCTION: Ongkea ( Becc.) is a plant species employed as the traditional medicine by the Buton district people in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. This traditional use suggests the plant's potential pharmacological activity, which may be associated with its endophytic fungi. Endophytic fungi, living symbiotically within plant tissues, are known to produce bioactive compounds that often mirror or enhance the host plant's therapeutic potential. In this study, we investigated the in vitro antioxidant activities of endophytic fungi, optimized the fermentation conditions for maximum production of bioactive metabolites, and compared the intracellular and extracellular antioxidant activities of the metabolites to gain a comprehensive understanding of their potential applications. METHODS: The related genera of endophytic fungi were determined by morphological and molecular analyses of the 18S rRNA gene. The antioxidant potential was assessed using methods involving DPPH free radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, and reducing power assays. Metabolite production was optimized by varying carbon and nitrogen sources. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Based on the phylogenetic tree, the strain of endophytic fungi was assigned to Botryosphaeria sp. FUHM17, being closely related to Botryosphaeria sp. P483 KT213569. The most effective synthesis of antioxidant metabolites was demonstrated when glucose and yeast extract were employed as the respective carbon and nitrogen sources. The optimal production of antioxidant metabolites was observed when glucose and yeast extract were employed as a carbon source of 10 g/L glucose and a nitrogen source of 10 g/L yeast extract, respectively. Intracellular metabolites from selective fungi exhibited 26.67% DPPH scavenging activity after 10 days of culture. In addition, the intracellular and extracellular metabolite extracts had IC50 values of 208.07 μg/mL and 832.22 μg/mL, respectively. Compared to ascorbic acid (IC50: 5-10 μg/mL), the metabolites exhibited moderate antioxidant activity. CONCLUSION: In the present study, the antioxidant metabolite of endophytic fungi was obtained from culture filtrate and biomass extract and confirmed by HPLC analysis. The findings indicated that the metabolites generated by endophytic fungi obtained from Ongkea hold promise as a prospective reservoir of unique natural antioxidants.
Typhoidal and Non-Typhoidal in Urinary Tract Infections: An Investigation of Clinical Occurrence in Immunocompetent Patients.
Kaur M, Aggarwal A, Singh M … +2 more , Gupta V, Sandhu R
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 40237058 · Publisher ↗
Enteric fever is a multi-systemic illness of major public health concern. Also known as typhoid fever, it is caused due to both and Paratyphi species. Salmonella species have the ability to cause acute, latent, or chron...
Enteric fever is a multi-systemic illness of major public health concern. Also known as typhoid fever, it is caused due to both and Paratyphi species. Salmonella species have the ability to cause acute, latent, or chronic disease apart from biofilm formation. The outcome of infection depends on various factors, such as the growth state of Salmonella, the environmental conditions encountered at the time of infection, as well as the infected host, and the immune response elicited. If properly treated, many of the patients recover from the acute phase of enteric fever; however, only 3-5% of individuals can develop a chronic carrier state and can act as a reservoir of infection by continued shedding of bacteria in urine and faeces. In infected individuals, Salmonella colonizes the gall bladder and remains there long after symptoms subside, acting as a reservoir for the further spread of the disease. Symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) due to is uncommon and is rarely encountered especially in an immunocompromised patient with some underlying abnormality involving the urinary tract. In this review, we have tried to explore new directions in the field of causing UTI in immunocompetent patients, particularly as it relates to chronic infection.
Longitudinally Extensive Transverse Myelitis (LETM) and Meningoencephalitis Following Acute Epstein-barr Virus Infection in an Immunocompetent Male: Case Report and Review Literature.
Singh J, Sinha A, Kumar N … +3 more , Kumar K, Dinkar A, Daga R
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 40108929 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) causes heterophile-positive Infectious Mononucleosis (IM), which manifests fever, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, and atypical lymphocytosis. In the Central Nervous System (CNS), EBV...
INTRODUCTION: Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) causes heterophile-positive Infectious Mononucleosis (IM), which manifests fever, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, and atypical lymphocytosis. In the Central Nervous System (CNS), EBV can cause acute encephalitis, cerebellar ataxia, Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM), myelitis, meningitis, and radiculopathy. Reports of acute transverse myelitis linked to EBV infection are limited; therefore, Longitudinally Extensive Transverse Myelitis (LETM) due to EBV infection is extremely uncommon. CASE REPORT: An 18-year-old male, otherwise healthy, was admitted to the medicine department with ten days of fever, headache, and vomiting and five days of altered sensorium. Subsequently, his neurological test showed bilateral upper motor neuron quadriparesis, sensory impairment, and bladder-bowel involvement. Spinal T2W MRI indicated extensive cervical, thoracic, and lumbar hyperintense lesions. Laboratory investigations supported the diagnosis, which revealed a positive IgM Antibody for EBV Viral Capsid Antigen (VCA) in serum and EBV DNA PCR in Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF). The final diagnosis was EBVinduced acute meningoencephalitis with longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis and incidental aortic coarctation. Following methylprednisolone pulse therapy, the patient recovered significantly. CONCLUSION: The present case report aims to share our experience by highlighting awareness of the rarity and treatment outcome of EBV-induced LETM.
Molecular Detection of and in the Seminal Fluid and their Relationship with Semen Quality in Healthy and Infertile Men in Shiraz, Iran (2021-2022).
Asgari F, Motamedifar M, Arsanjani AA … +2 more , Azimi T, Mehdinejadiani S
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 39995129 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The present study aimed to carry out the molecular identification of some bacteria in seminal fluid and investigation of their effects on semen quality. METHODS: The research cohort comprised 80 infertile i...
INTRODUCTION: The present study aimed to carry out the molecular identification of some bacteria in seminal fluid and investigation of their effects on semen quality. METHODS: The research cohort comprised 80 infertile individuals and 80 men with no fertility issues. Evaluation of sperm characteristics adhered to the protocols outlined by the World Health Organization. Detection and verification of pathogens were carried out by PCR. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The prevalence of bacteriospermia in the semen of the infertile group exhibited a noticeable increase compared to the control group (p<0.05). The most abundant species in the semen of infertile men was Ureaplasma urealyticum (7.5%, p<0.05), followed by (6.25%, p>0.05). However, Streptococcus agalactiae was not found in any of the abnormal samples. In addition, we showed that Ureaplasma urealyticum significantly affected the motility and morphology parameters. But, the presence of and in semen samples of men does not lead to abnormal sperm production. Besides, there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of volume, but there was a significant difference in morphology, count, and total motility (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Bacteriospermia is linked to modifications in the characteristics of seminal fluid, potentially resulting in a reduction in the fertilization capacity of spermatozoa. Furthermore, is correlated with changes in semen properties that could contribute to a decrease in sperm fertilization potential.
Chandipura Virus: A Growing Public Health Threat in India and Beyond.
Pradhan P, Mukherjee T, Mohanty S
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 39980284 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Clinical and Data Shed New Light on the Therapeutic Advantages of Black Seeds () for the Treatment of Hepatitis C and Hepatitis B Viral Infections.
Maideen NMP, Balasubramanian R, Balasubramanian K … +3 more , Hussain MHJ, Shahul Hameed MF, Senthil R
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 39980283 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) can cause acute and chronic viral infections. Due to their higher costs, potential side effects and drug interactions, and associated risks, some patients w...
BACKGROUND: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) can cause acute and chronic viral infections. Due to their higher costs, potential side effects and drug interactions, and associated risks, some patients with HCV and HBV infections may not be able to afford conventional antiviral medications. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this review paper is to highlight the advantages of Nigella sativa, or black seeds, in the treatment of patients with HCV and HBV infections. METHODS: Medline/Pubmed/PMC, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Ebsco, Embase, and reference lists were searched to locate the research studies that assessed the effects of different black seed (N. sativa) preparations on the telltale signs and symptoms of HCV and HBV infections. RESULTS: Numerous preclinical and clinical investigations have suggested that black seeds (N. sativa) may be effective against HCV and HBV infections. Furthermore, N. sativa, or black seeds, have demonstrated a range of pleiotropic effects, such as antiviral activity against multiple other viruses and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties that can lessen the symptoms and indicators of HCV and HBV infections. CONCLUSION: Patients with HCV and HBV infections may benefit from using black seeds (N. sativa) as an adjuvant therapy in addition to conventional therapy. Additional randomized controlled clinical trials would confirm the safety and effectiveness of Nigella sativa (black seeds) in treating HCV and HBV infections.
Investigation of the Status of Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Virology, Clinical Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prevention, Treatment and Classification of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD): A Systematic Review.
Raesi R, Tabatabaee SS, Saadat SH … +3 more , Bokaie S, Daneshi S, Hushmandi K
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 39945258 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is one of the deadliest viral diseases in history, rapidly spreading to other parts of the world. Due to frequent travel, the popularity of tourism, public internation...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is one of the deadliest viral diseases in history, rapidly spreading to other parts of the world. Due to frequent travel, the popularity of tourism, public international contacts, and imported goods, Ebola is considered a threat to people around the world. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the status of epidemiology, pathophysiology, virology, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and classification of EVD. METHODS: This systematic review was conducted in the spring of 2024 by searching English articles using desired keywords in PubMed, Google Scholar, ISC, Scopus, and Web of Science databases without time limits. The search strategy was based on the PRISMA 2020 statement. RESULTS: Frequent outbreaks of EVD have caused numerous deaths and complications. Since the virus may lead to a pandemic, its prevention is of great importance due to its high potential to cause a significant physical and economic burden. CONCLUSION: Hence, there is an urgent need to conduct clinical trials on EVD to develop possible treatments and strategies to prevent any further outbreaks of the disease.
Diagnosis of Genital Tuberculosis Unveiled by Utero-Cutaneous Fistula and Superimposed MRSA Infection: A Case Report.
Mangla M, Kumar N, Sharma A … +4 more , Srirambhatla A, Bukke N, Chavan SKD, Roy S
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 39901676 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Both tuberculosis and Methicillin-Resistant (MRSA) are known to be notorious for causing fistulas due to their characteristics of persistent, difficult-to-treat infections that lead to chronic inflammation,...
BACKGROUND: Both tuberculosis and Methicillin-Resistant (MRSA) are known to be notorious for causing fistulas due to their characteristics of persistent, difficult-to-treat infections that lead to chronic inflammation, abscess formation, and tissue necrosis. There are several case reports highlighting the invasiveness and potential for fistula formation associated with both tuberculosis and MRSA infections independently, but to the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of a utero-cutaneous fistula caused by chronic infection due to MRSA, superadded on genital tuberculosis. CASE PRESENTATION: A 35-year-old female, P3L3, visited the gynaecology outpatient department nine months after her last caesarean section with the complaint of severe pain and blood discharge from the transverse supra-pubic scar during menstruation. On evaluation, she was found to be chronically infected with MRSA and have genital tuberculosis only after histopathologic examination of the fistulous tract and tubo-ovarian abscess. CONCLUSION: This case highlights the importance of considering genital tuberculosis in patients with atypical or refractory post-surgical complications and emphasizes the need for a thorough and multidisciplinary approach to its management.
Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS) Secondary to Monoarticular Septic Arthritis Leading to Multiorgan Failure in a Patient without Underlying Comorbidities: Emphasizing Early Diagnosis and Management Strategies.
Chady A, Brandon C, Michelle S … +2 more , Fahad O, Asad O
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 39886786 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS) is a life-threatening condition caused by bacterial toxins. The STSS triad encompasses high fever, hypotensive shock, and a "sunburn-like" rash with desquamation. STS...
BACKGROUND: Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS) is a life-threatening condition caused by bacterial toxins. The STSS triad encompasses high fever, hypotensive shock, and a "sunburn-like" rash with desquamation. STSS, like Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS), is a rare complication of streptococcal infections caused by Group A (GAS), is the most frequently isolated bacterial species associated with TSS. Risk factors for STSS include older age, skin wounds, recent viral infection with open sores, recent surgery, nasal packing, use of tampons or other devices, such as menstrual cups/contraceptive sponges/diaphragms, or any other chronic illness, like diabetes or alcohol/drug abuse. Our case presents a patient who did not have any of these risk factors. CASE PRESENTATION: A 25-year-old male was admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) after requiring intubation with mechanical ventilation and pressor support in the setting of septic shock. Septic arthritis was suspected, and blood and bone cultures were positive for . Arthrocentesis of the affected knee (with fluid analysis and cytology) was positive for . Infectious disease was consulted and the patient was empirically started on antibiotics. Kidney function continued to worsen, requiring hemodialysis. He no longer demonstrated brainstem reflexes, which prompted neurology consultation to rule out central nervous system dissemination. Superantigens are pyrogenic exotoxins secreted by different strains of and are responsible for the many symptoms of STSS that patients present with. Throat infections by the bacteria, leading to streptococcal pharyngitis, are mediated by toxin release and known to cause scarlet fever and, very rarely, STSS. The postinfectious non-pyogenic, non-suppurative syndromes of GAS are autoimmune in nature, which include rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis, and very rarely, reactive arthritis. This cross-reactivity of antibodies with body tissue via a mechanism of molecular mimicry can follow streptococcal infections, like streptococcal pharyngitis. Renal disease can also occur after a localized skin infection, also known as streptococcal impetigo. Despite the relationship of STSS with throat infections, there seem to be no reported cases of STSS secondary to septic arthritis in adult patients with no pertinent past medical history or other risk factors that could contribute to the condition. CONCLUSION: Streptococcal septic arthritis is an uncommon orthopedic emergency with high morbidity and mortality that requires emergent medical management. Septic arthritis needs to be treated with systemic antibiotics and joint aspiration, also known as arthrocentesis, which may be required more than once for complete recovery and avoidance of joint destruction. STSS is a very rare complication of streptococcal septic arthritis and monitoring of organ failure and hemodynamic instability is paramount for patient's management and survival.
Tissue Plasminogen Activator for COVID-19-induced Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Controlled Clinical Trial.
Naderpour Z, Aliannejad R, Mollazadeh R … +11 more , Mehrtash V, Hosseini SE, Amini S, Pak N, Motlaq TM, Khodaei B, Jafarzadeh B, Habibi R, Madreseh E, Vasei M, Solaymani-Dodaran M
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 39878117 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) in patients with COVID-19-induced severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). METHODS: The intervention group con...
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) in patients with COVID-19-induced severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). METHODS: The intervention group consisted of eligible patients with severe ARDS due to COVID-19 admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a university hospital. We selected the control group from admitted patients treated in the same ICU within the same period. The intervention group received intravenous tPA as 10 mg stat, 40 mg over the first 2 hours, and 25-50 mg over the next 10 hours, followed by a therapeutic dose of enoxaparin. The control group only received the therapeutic dose of enoxaparin. The main outcomes were the rise of SpO2 within 24 hours of tPA administration, critical bleeding during tPA administration, 28-day inhospital mortality following admission to the ICU, and length of stay in the ICU. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: We analyzed two sets of 15 patients in the intervention (mean age: 45 years, 73% male) and the control (mean age: 50 years, 53% male) groups. There was a rapid relief of dyspnea and SpO2 rising within 24 hours in seven cases (45%) only in the intervention group with no significant organ-threatening bleeding. Death was observed in 5 of the tPA-treated patients (33.3%) 10 (66.7%) of the controls (adjusted OR (95% CI): 0.17 (0.03, 0.98), p value =0.068). CONCLUSION: The administration of intravenous tPA as 10 mg stat, 40 mg during 2 hours, and 50 mg during the next 10 hours is safe, can cause a rapid relief of dyspnea, and be lifesaving in COVID-19-induced ARDS.
A Clinical Multicenter Trial of Recombinant Human Interferon Gamma in Tuberculosis (GAM2022): Experience with the Use of Human Recombinant Interferon Gamma in TB Practice.
Izosimova VE, Barmina NA, Zharikova MP … +10 more , Alekseyev OY, Ryzhkova OA, Sayfulin MH, Popova NA, Andreyev MA, Gagarina SG, Rysdauletova RM, Kamaeva NG, Samoylova AG, Romanova MI
Infect Disord Drug Targets · 2025 · PMID 39871554 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: In this article, we present the results of a multicenter clinical trial of IFN-γ in patients with drug-susceptible and drug-resistant pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) in routine clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: This...
BACKGROUND: In this article, we present the results of a multicenter clinical trial of IFN-γ in patients with drug-susceptible and drug-resistant pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) in routine clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to confirm the efficacy and safety of IFN-γ administered to patients with TB. METHODS: All patients were diagnosed with TB after being tested by bacterioscopic and molecular genetic methods and had no contraindications to standard chemotherapy. RESULTS: Recombinant human IFN-γ proved high efficacy in multi-center clinical trial in routine TB practice. CONCLUSION: The results show that IFN-γ is efficient and safe in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Clinical Trial Registration #: NCT06118619.
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