Skrzat J, Goncerz G, Ryniewicz W
… +2 more, Kozerska M, Walocha J
Folia Med Cracov
· 2024 Dec · PMID 39970352
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The pterygoid hamulus is a bony process that protrudes from the medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone. In spite of its small size and fragile structure, the pterygoid hamulus is an important anatomical structure in...The pterygoid hamulus is a bony process that protrudes from the medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone. In spite of its small size and fragile structure, the pterygoid hamulus is an important anatomical structure in many clinical aspects. Orofacial pain may be related to inflammation or irritation of the pterygoid hamulus; if not, other possible explanations should be explored. In addition, the pterygoid hamulus is an important landmark in the oral cavity and is utilized in a number of dental and medical procedures. Thus, the purpose of this work was to review recent studies demonstrating the role and significance of the pterygoid hamulus in clinical practice.
Folia Med Cracov
· 2024 Dec · PMID 39970351
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Melanoma treatments are necessary when surgically curable treatments are limited. The major challenge of targeted therapy for treating malignant melanoma is acquired drug resistance. Translation and autophagy pathways ar...Melanoma treatments are necessary when surgically curable treatments are limited. The major challenge of targeted therapy for treating malignant melanoma is acquired drug resistance. Translation and autophagy pathways are interconnected and involved in developing cancer drug resistance. We hypothesized that coordinate inhibition of autophagy and translation would lead to a better anticancer effect. In the present study, we used chloroquine combined with two translation inhibitors (NVP-BEZ235 and CGP57380) acting at different signaling pathway levels, activating the translation. Our study was conducted for human melanoma cell lines with similar genomic alteration (BRAFV600E and PTEN loss). The combination of the drugs suppresses cell invasiveness and growth by inducing apoptosis. We showed multiple direct and indirect interactions, indicating the overlap and interaction between the translation machinery and autophagy. These data suggest that coordinated inhibition of translation and autophagy promotes apoptosis and may be a new therapeutic model for melanoma treatment.
Pasieka P, Wójtowicz E, Wysocki W
… +2 more, Wojas-Pelc A, Jaworek AK
Folia Med Cracov
· 2024 Dec · PMID 39970350
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INTRODUCTION: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin cancer with increasing prevalence in the last years. The most important risk factor for development of BCC is exposure to UV radiation. Surgical excision r...INTRODUCTION: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin cancer with increasing prevalence in the last years. The most important risk factor for development of BCC is exposure to UV radiation. Surgical excision remains the first line treatment, but there are some non-surgical methods of treatment. The aim of this study is to present a case of 100-year-old patient with advanced BCC in temporal area who refused surgical treatment. The noninvasive treatment with imiquimod was successful. CASE PRESENTATION: The 100-year-old male patient was admitted to the dermatological outpatient clinic with an ulceration within the forehead, which had been increasing in size for 3 years. Physical examination revealed shallow irregular ulceration with erythematous pearly-shaped borders in the right temporal area measuring ca. 1.5 cm × 2 cm. Dermatoscopic examination of the lesion showed arborising vessels on the semitransparent background, white structureless area and numerous erosions, leading to an initial diagnosis of BCC. Patient refused any surgical interventions within the lesion including skin biopsy. Consequently, treatment with 5% imiquimod was initiated with cream application for 8 weeks, once daily 5 times a week. 8 months after termination of treatment there were no clinical and dermoscopic signs of recurrence of BCC. The patient remains under dermatological follow-up.
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) remains a major and increasingly pressing concern in hepatology. ALD includes spectrum of conditions, each with unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Excessive alcohol intak...Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) remains a major and increasingly pressing concern in hepatology. ALD includes spectrum of conditions, each with unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Excessive alcohol intake is a leading preventable cause of physical harm, including ALD. The pathogenesis of ALD involves oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid metabolism disruptions, with genetic predispositions playing a major role. ALD progresses from hepatic steatosis to steatohepatitis, and finally liver cirrhosis, which is marked by severe fibrosis and impaired liver function. Advanced ALD stages, particularly alcoholic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis, are characterized by high mortality rates. Management of ALD primarily involves strict abstinence from alcohol, which can reverse early-stage disease or halt progression. Nutritional support, vitamin supplementation, and symptomatic treatment are also essential. Liver transplantation is the only definitive treatment for alcoholic liver cirrhosis, but it is difficult for patients with a history of alcohol abuse to qualify for the procedure. Epidemiological data indicate a growing burden of ALD, especially among younger populations, exacerbated by increased alcohol consumption trends and the COVID-19 pandemic's influence on drinking behaviors. Despite ALD's significant impact, current therapies are limited, highlight- ing the need for innovative treatments and comprehensive patient management strategies. Individualized care, enhanced epidemiological research, and new therapeutic approaches are crucial to improving outcomes for ALD patients.
A number of regenerative materials are currently used to regenerate or preserve the alveolar pro- cess. One of these is autogenous dentin matrix. With many valuable properties such as easy availability, simple preparatio...A number of regenerative materials are currently used to regenerate or preserve the alveolar pro- cess. One of these is autogenous dentin matrix. With many valuable properties such as easy availability, simple preparation, low cost, low risk of disease transmission and no risk of triggering an immune response against the graft, autogenous dentin matrix appears to be a very good material of choice. The following article is intended to provide an overview of the use of autogenous dentin matrix.
The present study sought to investigate the effects of chronic prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) on nociceptive responses to mechanical and thermal stimuli in rats. The Von Frey and Hot Plate tests were employed to assess...The present study sought to investigate the effects of chronic prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) on nociceptive responses to mechanical and thermal stimuli in rats. The Von Frey and Hot Plate tests were employed to assess the nociceptive responses of 10 control rats and 7 experimental rats whose mothers had been administered ethanol from day 5 to day 20 of gestation. In healthy animals, a decrease in pain sensitivity was observed between days 28 and 70, which was not observed in the experimental group. The findings also indicated that rats with PAE exhibited diminished sensitivity to nociceptive stimuli during the early postnatal period, as evidenced by a higher threshold response to mechanical stimuli at day 28 than in the control group. However, those observations did not apply to thermal stimuli. It appears that this may be a result of distinctiveness in neural pain pathways for particular stimuli at the receptor or ion channel level, while a disruption in the equilibrium between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems may be a contributing factor. The results of this study highlight a critical aspect of the harmful systemic effects of alcohol, while also underscoring the need for further research to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, including the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the serotonergic system in modulating pain responses in individuals prenatally exposed to alcohol.
Organizing pneumonia (OP) is defined histologically by the presence of granulation tissue within alveolar ducts and alveoli. Recently, several lymphoid neoplasms have been implicated as a risk factor for OP, however, OP...Organizing pneumonia (OP) is defined histologically by the presence of granulation tissue within alveolar ducts and alveoli. Recently, several lymphoid neoplasms have been implicated as a risk factor for OP, however, OP as a primary manifestation of malignancy transformation has not been widely reported in the literature. Here, we report a case of a patient with a history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who presented with weight loss, low-grade fever, lymphadenopathy, and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates revealed in imaging studies. Video-assisted thoracoscopic lung biopsy showed CLL cells within the pulmonary vessels and areas of OP in the lung parenchyma. Subsequent lymph nodes biopsies were consistent with CLL transformation to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of OP associated with CLL transformation into DLBCL. This case suggests that OP could represent a form of immunological reaction to ongoing Richter transformation.
The median sacral artery (MSA) is the single unpaired dorsal branch of the abdominal aorta. The present case describes the relatively unusual origin of the median sacral artery in common with the fourth pair of lumbar ar...The median sacral artery (MSA) is the single unpaired dorsal branch of the abdominal aorta. The present case describes the relatively unusual origin of the median sacral artery in common with the fourth pair of lumbar arteries via a common trunk in a 74-year-old males' cadaver. Unusual common trunk is prone for iatrogenic injury in surgeries of the lumbar and pelvic region. Owing to the deep seated nature of MSA close to the periosteum of lumbar vertebrae and sacrum, detection of accidental rupture of MSA and ligation thereof becomes a difficult task. MSA is also increasingly being utilized for intra-arterial embolization of pelvic tumours. The proximal portion of the common origin may at times undergo cone shaped dilatation which is referred to as infundibulum or infundibular dilatation and can also transform into aneurysm later. Knowledge of this variation is imperative for spine and pelvic surgeons to avoid unwanted complications.
Glaucoma is a disease that leads to optic nerve damage and irreversible loss of the visual field. Gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy (GATT) is a minimally invasive glaucoma surgery technique, where the surgeo...Glaucoma is a disease that leads to optic nerve damage and irreversible loss of the visual field. Gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy (GATT) is a minimally invasive glaucoma surgery technique, where the surgeon opens the trabecular network and Schlemm's canal to improve the outflow of the aqueous humor. This method has shown efficacy in reducing intraocular pressure in patients with primary and secondary glaucoma. GATT has gained popularity due to its minimally invasive nature, compatibility with cataract surgery and relatively low cost. Despite its advantages, the procedure can be associated with many complications such as hyphema, intraocular pressure spikes and corneal edema. In rare cases, it can lead to Descemet's membrane detachment or cystoid macular edema. The success of GATT procedure mostly depends on the surgeon's skill and experience, but also on the patient's risk factors, including age and preoperative intraocular pressure levels. Further studies are required to understand long outcomes and identify the patients, who may be at higher risk of complications.
Studies using estimated blood loss show the association of either human papillomavirus (HPV) or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) with postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). We study the association of HPV or CIN with eithe...Studies using estimated blood loss show the association of either human papillomavirus (HPV) or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) with postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). We study the association of HPV or CIN with either blood loss or PPH as measured by the more precise measure of quantitative blood loss (QBL). We retrospectively studied 2,334 peripartum women with a documented Pap smear prior to de- livery. The main predictor variable had categories for HPV and CIN as compared to normal cytology. Covariates included demographics, medical/surgical history, and pregnancy variables. Model 1 included the whole sample. Model 2 included only those with an operative vaginal delivery or a cesarean delivery. Outcome measures were QBL and PPH measured by QBL. We found in model 1 that those HPV positive and those with CIN were each not significantly associated with QBL. In model 2, those HPV positive were significantly associated with increased QBL (B = 0.11, SE = 0.05, p = 0.047), while CIN was not significantly associated with QBL. In model 1, those HPV positive and those with CIN were each not significantly associated with PPH. In model 2, those HPV positive were significantly associated with increased odds for PPH (OR:11.03, 9% CI:1.77, 68.74, p = 0.01) while CIN was not significantly associated with PPH. In conclusion, the presence of HPV was positively associated with an increase in the QBL and PPH at time of delivery for those with operative vaginal and cesarean deliveries. We suggest that clinicians take HPV results of Pap smears into consideration when considering a patient's risk of PPH.
Orthopantomography (OPG) is a routine imaging method in dental practice and an essential di- agnostic tool in dentistry. However, OPGs are challenging to interpret due to many overlapping structures. Graduates of dental...Orthopantomography (OPG) is a routine imaging method in dental practice and an essential di- agnostic tool in dentistry. However, OPGs are challenging to interpret due to many overlapping structures. Graduates of dental schools should be aware of image distortions caused by various factors and be able to distinguish them from typical structures to make an accurate diagnosis. The aim was to determine the correlation between the knowledge regarding the location of craniofacial structures of the 1st through 3rd- year dental students and the ability to recognized them on OPGs. The study was conducted in 2021 on 131 dental students using the Microsoft Teams program. Each participant had to determine the location of 4 anthropometric points on 4 OPGs. Using proprietary software, the authors determined the Articular angle between them. The researchers performed the statistical analysis. The Bioethics Committee approved the research. The results of students from particular years of studies did not show statistical significance. There was no statistically significant difference between males and females. Only the answers from third-year male students regarding the one Articular angle showed statistically significant differences compared to the rest of the participants. Recognizing joint structures on OPG is very important from the clinical point of view, although it is often overlooked in diagnostics. Students in the first years of dental school acquire the ability to assess and analyze TMJ on OPGs properly. OPGs have many advantages, including high availability, low cost and low radiation dose. In conclusion we can say that in the first three years of studies, dental students' image assessment skills in the craniofacial radiology field remain the same.
Gel electrophoresis is one of the most important and most widely used tools in biomedical sciences. However, when students are acquainted with these techniques, information related to practical applications often neglect...Gel electrophoresis is one of the most important and most widely used tools in biomedical sciences. However, when students are acquainted with these techniques, information related to practical applications often neglects the physicochemical foundations of the occurring phenomena. The following article proposes a laboratory exercises scenario conducted in the problem-solving and decision-making strategies, which aims to familiarize beginner students with the physicochemical basis of electrophoresis in a simple and accessible way. By analyzing the scheme presented, students will gain knowledge of the basic sciences, as they will learn about the advantages and limitations of the method in addition to its applications. The experiments are designed in a way that allows students to draw conclusions about the parameters affecting the electrophoresis process and the sources of obvious errors. Moreover, the use of simple ionic dyes eliminates the need for complex apparatus and toxic reagents, which may be harmful. The main outcome of the class is to develop students' skill to design their own simple experiments using this commonly used technique.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents the third most diagnosed cancer worldwide, with 1.9 million new cases reported annually. Notwithstanding the progress made in the field of therapeutic modalities and the advent of early...Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents the third most diagnosed cancer worldwide, with 1.9 million new cases reported annually. Notwithstanding the progress made in the field of therapeutic modalities and the advent of early diagnosis, CRC continues to represent the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality. The interactions between cancer cells and enteric nervous system (ENS) neurons are of great importance for the prevention and/or progression of CRC. Dietary factors play an important role in regulating both processes. The consumption of foods rich in polyphenols, omega-3 fatty acids, and the use of probiotics has been shown to promote proper ENS function, which in turn has been demonstrated to indirectly inhibit the development or progression of CRC. Conversely, a diet comprising a high proportion of saturated fats and refined sugars can induce oxidative stress and inflammation, which exacerbates the disease. Nutritional education and dietary modifications can reduce the incidence of new cases of CRC and improve prognosis. Further research into the potential anti- or pro-cancer effects of food substances is recommended.
Cavalcante Souto IC, Pereira De Almeida R, Fiorin L
… +1 more, Dos Santos Neto OM
Folia Med Cracov
· 2024 Jun · PMID 39254586
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OBJECTIVE: Analyze the influence of oral hygiene guidance for the maintenance of fixed partial dentures (FPD) and the influence of this treatment on the quality of life (QL) of rehabilitated patients. MATERIAL AND METHOD...OBJECTIVE: Analyze the influence of oral hygiene guidance for the maintenance of fixed partial dentures (FPD) and the influence of this treatment on the quality of life (QL) of rehabilitated patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S) and Bleeding on Probing Index (BOP) methods was employed to evaluate oral hygiene (OH), and the OHIP-14 questionnaire to assessment QL. The sample consisted of 33 patients (26 females and 7 males, mean age 51.53 years) in treatment with FPD. The OH and QL assessments were conducted in temporary FPD placing session and 30 days after definitive cementation. R e s u l t s: OHI-S and BOP showed increasing results (p <0.05) comparing initial and final assessments. There was a negative correlation between OHI-S and BOP, in both periods of analysis. The OHIP-14 showed a significant result according to the Likert scale scores, with an impact reduction from 9.33 to 0.57. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that FPD rehabilitations need of properly oral hygiene guidance, that could be influence on oral health status. In addition, the FPD rehabilitation improved the QL of the patients.
Folia Med Cracov
· 2024 Jun · PMID 39254585
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Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common chronic endocrine disorder in women with complex and poorly understood etiologies. The present study aimed to describe the clinical features of PCOS in a sample of...BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common chronic endocrine disorder in women with complex and poorly understood etiologies. The present study aimed to describe the clinical features of PCOS in a sample of Syrian women as well as the risk factors, associated comorbid diseases, and patterns and efficacy of treatment. METHODS: The present study is cross-sectional observational study conducted on a sample of Syrian women diagnosed with PCOS, using self-administered questionnaire during the period between December 25, 2023 and January 18, 2024. Overall, 1666 women with PCOS were recruited through online platforms. RESULTS: Higher frequency of PCOS was observed in young women aged 15-25 years (63.1%) and in single ladies (76.5%). The main chief complaints experienced by patients with PCOS were hirsutism (71.25%), irregular menstrual cycle (70.95%), depressed mood (53.9%), acne (49.52%), abdominal obesity (43.88%), alopecia (38.12%), and weight gain (34.57%). The most common risk factors observed in patients with PCOS were lack of physical exercise (76.4%), unhealthy food habits (51.6%), family history (38.5%), and history of taking anabolic steroids (17.2%). Comorbid diseases were found in 11.5% of PCOS patients. These diseases were hypothyroidism (5.7%), hypertension (3.06%), dyslipidemia (1.68%), heart diseases (1.56%), and diabetes mellitus (0.78%). Most patients were treated with oral contraceptive pills (82.11%) or metformin (64.83%). The efficacy of treatment was observed as complete cure in 430 patients (25.8%) and partial response alleviating symptoms in 819 patients (49.2%), while and no benefit was found in 417 patients (25%). CONCLUSIONS: PCOS is associated with widespread dermatological and metabolic aberrations that pose psychological burden on women and increase their risk for having comorbid diseases. Most patients with PCOS do not receive adequate therapy. Understanding the risk factors and clinical features for each patient is essential to choose the proper treatment.
Pavlov S, Babenko N, Kumetchko M
… +1 more, Litvinova O
Folia Med Cracov
· 2024 Jun · PMID 39254584
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BACKGROUND: One of the promising methods of influencing the wound process is photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy. The optimal parameters of PBM therapy have not yet been found because the molecular mechanisms of light inter...BACKGROUND: One of the promising methods of influencing the wound process is photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy. The optimal parameters of PBM therapy have not yet been found because the molecular mechanisms of light interaction with tissue are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE: Studying the influence of PBM of various parameters on the regulation of reparative process- es of chronic wounds using the example of indicators of aggregation activity of platelets, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and amino-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen (PIIINP) at the remodeling stage. And also the study of the structural and functional features of chronic wound heal- ing in an experiment under various parameters of PBM therapy. METHODS: Experiments were carried out on Wistar rats. Chronic wounds were simulated. Experimental animals were exposed to PBM at a wavelength of 660 nm and an energy density of 1 J/cm2. In serum, PDGF, IL-8, and PIIINP levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The functional activity of platelets was measured using the turbidimetric method. Histological analysis was performed. RESULTS: The work noted the dose-dependent effect of PBM using the example of platelet aggregation at the remodeling stage during the healing of chronic wounds. The use of PBM therapy resulted in increased serum PDGF levels. Histological examination data indicate a positive effect of PBM therapy on the wound healing process. CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness of the use of PBM therapy for the healing of chronic wounds to regulate reparative processes has been proven.
Parrill AM, Tsiyer A, Fogel J
… +10 more, Gala D, Politi K, Patel H, Bhatt H, Alvarez-Betancourt A, Smith A, Kim Z, Cadet B, Nalesnik J, Mahoney J
Folia Med Cracov
· 2024 Jun · PMID 39254583
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Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis (XGP) is a serious and rare inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. This systematic review analyzes XGP cases. We performed a literature search for "Pyelonephritis, Xanthogranulomatou...Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis (XGP) is a serious and rare inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. This systematic review analyzes XGP cases. We performed a literature search for "Pyelonephritis, Xanthogranulomatous." The primary composite outcome was recovery with post-surgery complications, partial recovery, death, or chronic kidney disease. The secondary outcome was any presentation or treatment complication. Predictor variables consisted of demographics, history, symptoms, and diagnosis/management. Among the 251 patients, the mean age was 36.1 years, and 57.4% were female. The most common symptom and finding were fever (55.0%) and renal stones (53.8%), respectively. There were 15.5% with the composite outcome. There were 51.0% with any presentation or treatment complication. Multivariate logistic regression analysis for the composite outcome showed that kidney of both/horseshoe (OR:3.86, 95% CI:1.01, 14.73, p = 0.048), dialysis required (OR:8.64, 95% CI:2.27, 32.94, p = 0.002), and operative treatment of nephrostomy or nephrostomy followed by nephrectomy (OR:4.57, 95% CI:1.58, 13.17, p = 0.01) were each significantly associated with increased odds. Fever (OR:3.04, 95% CI:1.63, 5.67, p <0.001) and renal stones (OR:2.55, 95% CI:1.35, 4.81, p = 0.004) were each significantly associated with increased odds for any presentation/treatment complication. In conclusion, XGP patients with involvement of both or horseshoe kidneys, dialysis requirements, or treatment of nephrostomy or nephrostomy followed by nephrectomy may require aggressive treatment to mitigate poor patient outcomes.
Folia Med Cracov
· 2024 Jun · PMID 39254582
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In 2019, three regulations of the Minister of Health regarding sports medicine examinations in children, adolescents and young athletes came into force. The publication presents in detail the current scope of tests and t...In 2019, three regulations of the Minister of Health regarding sports medicine examinations in children, adolescents and young athletes came into force. The publication presents in detail the current scope of tests and the frequency of required medical examinations necessary to obtain medical certificates qualify- ing patients to practice sports. The publication also presents the Regulation of the Minister of Health on the required qualifications of doctors authorized to issue medical certificates to athletes. It is very important to properly assess the health of potential and current athletes to ensure their safety while participating in sports competitions. There are diseases that increase the risk of sudden cardiac death which doctors should keep in mind when qualifying athletes for competition. The publication draws attention to the underestimated role of echocardiography and electrocardiographic stress testing.
Mroczek N, Adamczyk K, Konarska K
… +2 more, Migoń M, Mroczek T
Folia Med Cracov
· 2024 Jun · PMID 39254581
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Herein we present the fatal case of premature baby with coincidence of extreme form of ectopia cordis and hypoplastic left heart structures.Herein we present the fatal case of premature baby with coincidence of extreme form of ectopia cordis and hypoplastic left heart structures.
Bilska-Wilkosz A, Głowacka K, Kocemba-Pilarczyk K
… +3 more, Marcykiewicz B, Górny M, Iciek M
Folia Med Cracov
· 2024 Jun · PMID 39254580
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BACKGROUND: Kidney diseases are a major global health problem affecting millions of people. Despite this, there is as yet no effective drug therapy improving outcome in patients with renal disease. The aim of this study...BACKGROUND: Kidney diseases are a major global health problem affecting millions of people. Despite this, there is as yet no effective drug therapy improving outcome in patients with renal disease. The aim of this study was to examine the nephroprotective effect of α-lipoic acid (ALA) in vitro and to examine the effect of ALA administered in vivo on the production of reactive sulfur species (RSS), including hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and compounds containing sulfane sulfur. METHODS: The effect of ALA was studied in vitro by determining the viability of human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) in normoxic and hypoxic conditions as well as in vivo in two groups of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients: non-dialyzed (ND) and undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (PD) after 30 days of ALA supplementation. RESULTS: The results revealed that the viability of HEK293 cells was significantly decreased by hypoxic conditions, while ALA administered during hypoxia increased the viability to the level observed in normoxic conditions. Studies performed in plasma of CKD patients after ALA supplementation suggested that ALA did not affect the parameters of oxidative stress, while significantly increased the level of reactive sulfane sulfur in both ND and PD patients suffering from CKD. The results suggest that ALA can exert nephroprotective effects which are related to sulfane sulfur production.