Frontiers Of Neurology And Neuroscience[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Non-invasive transcranial brain ablation with high-intensity focused ultrasound.
Jenne JW
Front Neurol Neurosci · 2015 · PMID 25531666 · Publisher ↗
The idea to ablate brain tissue with high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) in a highly precise and localized manner is relatively old. For HIFU tissue ablation, ultrasound (US) waves are concentrated to a focal point....
The idea to ablate brain tissue with high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) in a highly precise and localized manner is relatively old. For HIFU tissue ablation, ultrasound (US) waves are concentrated to a focal point. Due to US absorption, the focal area will be heated and consequently thermally destroyed. The spatial accuracy of the non-invasive procedure and the sharp delineation of the induced tissue lesions have led to the term 'focused ultrasound surgery' (FUS). The major obstacle for HIFU ablation in the brain is the skull bone, which absorbs most of the US energy and disturbs the focused US field. The development of large-sized phased array US transducers and adaptive focusing techniques based on computed tomography images have allowed these difficulties to be overcome. With the combination of FUS and MR-imaging and MR-thermometry (MR-guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery, MRgFUS), real-time therapy guidance and control has been established. The safety, feasibility and effectiveness of transcranial MRgFUS were investigated in four initial clinical studies including 4 to 15 patients each. In the first study, which dealt with the treatment of inoperable recurrent glioblastoma, MR was used to monitor localized tissue heating, but no tissue ablation was possible due to technical restrictions of the treatment setup. With improved equipment, the precise induction of thermal lesions in the target area was achieved in studies on neuropathic pain and essential tremor. An instantaneous and persistent significant improvement of disease symptoms was observed in most patients. However, there were serious adverse effects in two cases, where intracranial hemorrhages appeared due to the induction of cavitation. Based on these encouraging clinical results, more extensive clinical studies have been initiated. Transcranial MRgFUS is a fast-growing field of neurological research with high clinical potential.
Sonothrombolysis.
Meairs S
Front Neurol Neurosci · 2015 · PMID 25531665 · Publisher ↗
Ultrasound (US) applied as an adjunct to thrombolytic therapy improves the recanalization of occluded vessels, and microbubbles can amplify this effect. New data suggests that the combination of US and microbubbles witho...
Ultrasound (US) applied as an adjunct to thrombolytic therapy improves the recanalization of occluded vessels, and microbubbles can amplify this effect. New data suggests that the combination of US and microbubbles without tissue plasminogen activator may achieve recanalization with a lower risk of hemorrhage. Further possibilities include specific targeting of thrombus with immunobubbles as well as local drug delivery with US-sensitive liposomes. Clinical studies support the use of US for ischemic stroke therapy, and the first trials of enhancing sonothrombolysis with microbubbles have been encouraging. One emerging clinical application is sonothrombolysis of intracranial hemorrhages for clot evacuation. Microcirculation, irrespective of recanalization, may also be improved by US and microbubbles, and this effect may open new opportunities for the application of sonothrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke. Understanding the mechanisms of therapeutic action and relating this knowledge to issues of efficacy and safety are important objectives of ongoing research. This review will discuss the translational capacities of in vitro studies and preclinical research and will assess the first clinical studies of this promising therapeutic strategy.
Parenchymal imaging in movement disorders.
Fernandes Rde C, Berg D
Front Neurol Neurosci · 2015 · PMID 25531664 · Publisher ↗
The use of B-mode sonography in neurological diagnosis was once considered of limited importance due to the barrier of the skull. However, modern ultrasound systems allow visualization of the brain parenchyma with a high...
The use of B-mode sonography in neurological diagnosis was once considered of limited importance due to the barrier of the skull. However, modern ultrasound systems allow visualization of the brain parenchyma with a high degree of accuracy. Transcranial sonography (TCS) can offer unique information on brain tissue pathology, as it uses different physical principles for imaging acquisition than do other neuroimaging techniques. The method is harmless, is quick to perform at low cost and demands no sedation. The main limitations of this technique are dependence on the quality of the individual bone window and on proper operator training. A huge body of research has shown that patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) display an enlarged hyperechogenic substantia nigra by TCS with a positive predictive value of 92.9%. Healthy individuals (8-15%) may show the same marker, in some cases correlating with decreased striatal dopamine uptake, motor slowing and prodromal markers of PD, indicating that this ultrasound sign may constitute a risk marker for PD. Other movement disorder diagnoses, although less extensively studied for TCS, may benefit from using this method as a supplementary diagnostic tool. This review provides a summary of the typical TCS findings and their value in the differential diagnosis of some movement disorders.
Intracranial perfusion imaging with ultrasound.
Meairs S, Kern R
Front Neurol Neurosci · 2015 · PMID 25531663 · Publisher ↗
In the last several years, great progress has been made in ultrasound perfusion imaging of the brain. Different approaches have been assessed and shown to be capable of the early detection of cerebral perfusion deficits...
In the last several years, great progress has been made in ultrasound perfusion imaging of the brain. Different approaches have been assessed and shown to be capable of the early detection of cerebral perfusion deficits in stroke patients. Real-time low-mechanical index imaging simplifies the acquisition of perfusion parameters and alleviates many of the previous imaging problems related to shadowing, uniplanar analysis, and temporal resolution. With the advent of this new, highly sensitive contrast-specific imaging technique, new possibilities of the real-time visualization of brain infarctions and cerebral hemorrhages have emerged. This review will detail the methodology of ultrasound perfusion imaging, discuss aspects of its safety and present the emerging clinical applications of brain perfusion assessment with ultrasound in acute stroke patients.
Functional TCD: regulation of cerebral hemodynamics--cerebral autoregulation, vasomotor reactivity, and neurovascular coupling.
Wolf ME
Front Neurol Neurosci · 2015 · PMID 25531662 · Publisher ↗
Three main mechanisms influence cerebral hemodynamics, with the aim of adapting the cerebral blood flow to the metabolic demand of the brain. Cerebral autoregulation ensures stable perfusion of the brain, independent of...
Three main mechanisms influence cerebral hemodynamics, with the aim of adapting the cerebral blood flow to the metabolic demand of the brain. Cerebral autoregulation ensures stable perfusion of the brain, independent of the systemic blood pressure. Vasomotor reactivity reflects the hemodynamic responses to modifications of the arterial pCO2/pH of the brain tissue. Neurovascular coupling adapts the perfusion to increased metabolic demand as a consequence of enhanced brain activity to permit reasonable functioning of cells. Different methods using transcranial Doppler sonography have been developed to characterize these mechanisms in healthy subjects and under pathologic conditions. The most established applications in clinical settings are described, and the results of specific research studies are briefly reported.
Intima-media thickness of carotid arteries.
Touboul PJ
Front Neurol Neurosci · 2015 · PMID 25531661 · Publisher ↗
Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a validated predictive marker of increased plaque occurrence and the incidence of major cardiovascular events. However, due to technical issues associated with the measurement of...
Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a validated predictive marker of increased plaque occurrence and the incidence of major cardiovascular events. However, due to technical issues associated with the measurement of CIMT, a well-trained and certified sonographer is needed to overcome causes of variability due to the patient, device, sonographer, and quantification tool. The recently updated Mannheim consensus defined and described how to differentiate CIMT from plaques. These definitions allow for the better analysis and quantification of early atherosclerosis. Indications for CIMT measurements largely include the detection of coronary heart disease risk among intermediate-risk patients. CIMT is frequently used in clinical trials, and recent technical recommendations have been provided to improve the quality of the procedures. The final choice of a CIMT protocol depends on the purpose of the measurement, the research question at hand, the cost effectiveness, the quality of the data and the added value provided by the additional information.
Ultrasound bio-effects and safety considerations.
ter Haar G
Front Neurol Neurosci · 2015 · PMID 25531660 · Publisher ↗
The responsibility for safe ultrasound applications has been devolved to the user with the introduction of displayed safety indices on the scanner screen. It is therefore essential that the mechanisms of interaction of t...
The responsibility for safe ultrasound applications has been devolved to the user with the introduction of displayed safety indices on the scanner screen. It is therefore essential that the mechanisms of interaction of the ultrasound beam with the tissue being interrogated are properly understood and that the potential biological effects are determined.
Physical principles of microbubbles for ultrasound imaging and therapy.
Stride E
Front Neurol Neurosci · 2015 · PMID 25531659 · Publisher ↗
Microbubble ultrasound contrast agents have been in clinical use for more than two decades, during which time their range of applications has increased to encompass echocardiography, Doppler enhancement, perfusion studie...
Microbubble ultrasound contrast agents have been in clinical use for more than two decades, during which time their range of applications has increased to encompass echocardiography, Doppler enhancement, perfusion studies and molecular imaging, as well as a number of therapeutic applications, including drug delivery, gene therapy, high-intensity focused ultrasound treatments and sonothrombolysis. The aim of this article is to review the different types of microbubble agents, their physical behaviours and the mechanisms underlying their effectiveness in imaging and therapeutic applications.
Principles of cerebral ultrasound contrast imaging.
Powers J, Averkiou M
Front Neurol Neurosci · 2015 · PMID 25531658 · Publisher ↗
Ultrasound contrast is gaining acceptance worldwide as an adjunct to conventional ultrasound imaging. It has clinical applications as diverse as liver disease detection and characterization, myocardial perfusion and wall...
Ultrasound contrast is gaining acceptance worldwide as an adjunct to conventional ultrasound imaging. It has clinical applications as diverse as liver disease detection and characterization, myocardial perfusion and wall motion studies, and imaging of cerebral vascularity and perfusion. This paper will focus on imaging techniques used for transcranial ultrasound contrast imaging. The interaction of ultrasound with the microbubbles in the contrast agent is complex and nonlinear. This has led to the development of a variety of imaging modes to improve contrast detection compared with non-contrast optimized modes. This article presents several of these imaging methods in such a way as to help users of ultrasound contrast in the clinic and in research to understand this rapidly developing field.
'Hysteria' today and tomorrow.
LaFrance WC
Front Neurol Neurosci · 2014 · PMID 25273501 · Publisher ↗
'Hysteria' (conversion disorder) remains in modern humanity and across cultures, as it has for millennia. Advances today in tools and criteria have afforded more accurate diagnosis, and advances in treatments have empowe...
'Hysteria' (conversion disorder) remains in modern humanity and across cultures, as it has for millennia. Advances today in tools and criteria have afforded more accurate diagnosis, and advances in treatments have empowered patients and providers, resulting in a renewed interest in somatoform disorders. Future progress in understanding mechanisms may be influenced by developments in functional neuroimaging and neurophysiology. No animal model exists for somatoform symptoms or conversion disorder. Despite the absence of a known molecular mechanism, psychotherapy is helping patients with conversion disorder to take control of their symptoms and have improved quality of life, shedding light on what was once an enigma.
History of physical and 'moral' treatment of hysteria.
Broussolle E, Gobert F, Danaila T … +3 more , Thobois S, Walusinski O, Bogousslavsky J
Front Neurol Neurosci · 2014 · PMID 25273500 · Publisher ↗
This historical review presents the advances made mostly during the last 200 years on the description, concepts, theories, and (more specifically) cure of patients suffering from hysteria, a still obscure entity. The den...
This historical review presents the advances made mostly during the last 200 years on the description, concepts, theories, and (more specifically) cure of patients suffering from hysteria, a still obscure entity. The denomination of the syndrome has changed over time, from hysteria (reinvestigated by Paul Briquet and Jean-Martin Charcot) to pithiatism (Joseph Babinski), then to conversion neurosis (Sigmund Freud), and today functional neurological disorders according to the 2013 American Neurological Association DSM-5 classification. The treatment was renewed in the second half of the 19th century in Paris by Paul Briquet and then by Jean-Martin Charcot. Hysterical women, who represented the great majority of cases, were cured by physical therapy (notably physio-, hydro-, and electrotherapy, and in some cases ovary compression) and 'moral' therapies (general, causal therapy, rest, isolation, hypnosis, and suggestion). At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, psychotherapy, psychoanalysis, and persuasion were established respectively by Pierre Janet, Sigmund Freud, and Joseph Babinski. During World War I, military forces faced a large number of posttrauma neurosis cases among soldiers (named the 'Babinski-Froment war neurosis' and Myers 'shell shock', in the French and English literature, respectively). This led to the use of more brutal therapies in military hospitals, combining electrical shock and persuasion, particularly in France with Clovis Vincent and Gustave Roussy, but also in Great Britain and Germany. After World War I, this method was abandoned and there was a marked decrease in interest in hysteria for a long period of time. Today, the current treatment comprises (if possible intensive) physiotherapy, together with psychotherapy, and in some cases psychoanalysis. Antidepressants and anxiolytics may be required, and more recently cognitive and behavioral therapy. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation is a new technique under investigation which may be promising in patients presenting with motor conversion syndrome (motor deficit or movement disorder). Functional neurological disorders remain a difficult problem to manage with frequent failures and chronic handicapping evolution. This emphasizes the need for therapeutic innovations in the future.
Hysteria around the world.
Carota A, Calabrese P
Front Neurol Neurosci · 2014 · PMID 25273499 · Publisher ↗
In the 20th century the term hysteria declined and the interest in the hysteria-related diseases decreased in comparison to the florid period of studies that was inspired by Charcot's legacy in the second half of the 19t...
In the 20th century the term hysteria declined and the interest in the hysteria-related diseases decreased in comparison to the florid period of studies that was inspired by Charcot's legacy in the second half of the 19th century. Scientific interest has once again increased in the 21st century, and dissociative and somatoform disorders (previously indicated as hysteria or hysterical neurosis) have come to be regarded as conditions that are known to be much more prevalent than formerly estimated. Available current epidemiological data from several countries on different continents (adopting DSM criteria for diagnosis) suggest not only that the prevalence is probably similar, but also that there is a consistency in their clinical manifestation around the world and across different cultures, social classes, and institutional settings. In line with this uniformity, and also with Charcot's concept of hysteria as a functional disorder, neuroimaging studies suggest that for some of these disorders, there might be some changes of neural connectivity in specific pathways at the origin of the behavioral aspects. Only large-scale multidisciplinary transcultural studies can improve the research and the development of therapeutic interventions for these disorders.
World War I psychoneuroses: hysteria goes to war.
Tatu L, Bogousslavsky J
Front Neurol Neurosci · 2014 · PMID 25273498 · Publisher ↗
During the First World War, military physicians from the belligerent countries were faced with soldiers suffering from psychotrauma with often unheard of clinical signs, such as camptocormia. These varied clinical presen...
During the First World War, military physicians from the belligerent countries were faced with soldiers suffering from psychotrauma with often unheard of clinical signs, such as camptocormia. These varied clinical presentations took the form of abnormal movements, deaf-mutism, mental confusion, and delusional disorders. In Anglo-Saxon countries, the term 'shell shock' was used to define these disorders. The debate on whether the war was responsible for these disorders divided mobilized neuropsychiatrists. In psychological theories, war is seen as the principal causal factor. In hystero-pithiatism, developed by Joseph Babinski (1857-1932), trauma was not directly caused by the war. It was rather due to the unwillingness of the soldier to take part in the war. Permanent suspicion of malingering resulted in the establishment of a wide range of medical experiments. Many doctors used aggressive treatment methods to force the soldiers exhibiting war neuroses to return to the front as quickly as possible. Medicomilitary collusion ensued. Electrotherapy became the basis of repressive psychotherapy, such as 'torpillage', which was developed by Clovis Vincent (1879-1947), or psychofaradism, which was established by Gustave Roussy (1874-1948). Some soldiers refused such treatments, considering them a form of torture, and were brought before courts-martial. Famous cases, such as that of Baptiste Deschamps (1881-1953), raised the question of the rights of the wounded. Soldiers suffering from psychotrauma, ignored and regarded as malingerers or deserters, were sentenced to death by the courts-martial. Trials of soldiers or doctors were also held in Germany and Austria. After the war, psychoneurotics long haunted asylums and rehabilitation centers. Abuses related to the treatment of the Great War psychoneuroses nevertheless significantly changed medical concepts, leading to the modern definition of 'posttraumatic stress disorder'.
The borderland with neurasthenia ('functional syndromes').
Paciaroni M, Bogousslavsky J
Front Neurol Neurosci · 2014 · PMID 25273497 · Publisher ↗
At the end of the 19th century, neurasthenia and hysteria were considered distinct diseases. Specifically, neurasthenia was regarded as a disease of the body, whereas hysteria was regarded as a disease of the psyche. How...
At the end of the 19th century, neurasthenia and hysteria were considered distinct diseases. Specifically, neurasthenia was regarded as a disease of the body, whereas hysteria was regarded as a disease of the psyche. However, immediately before World War I, due to their common characteristics, both hysteria and neurasthenia were thought to be 'functional diseases'. Moreover, it was suggested that heredity and the presence in both of the predisposing condition called 'nervous weakness' were other shared factors. Nervous weakness was considered essential for the definition of neurasthenia, but it was also considered a precondition for the development of hysteria. Because of this, it is still difficult to demarcate a line between neurasthenia and hysteria; therefore, the two diseases should be considered as sharing a common borderland with each other.
Criticism of pithiatism: eulogy of Babinski.
Poirier J, Derouesné C
Front Neurol Neurosci · 2014 · PMID 25273496 · Publisher ↗
Babinski, 'Chef de Clinique' of Charcot from 1885 to 1887, fully supported the ideas of his teacher on hysteria and thought that a dynamic brain cortical lesion is the cause of the disease. After Charcot's death in 1893,...
Babinski, 'Chef de Clinique' of Charcot from 1885 to 1887, fully supported the ideas of his teacher on hysteria and thought that a dynamic brain cortical lesion is the cause of the disease. After Charcot's death in 1893, Babinski gradually revised his position. In a first step, he described many neurological signs in order to clearly distinguish hysterical manifestations from the organic disorders of the central nervous system. The most famous one bears his name, the Babinski sign, an inversion of the plantar cutaneous reflex, testifying to a lesion of the pyramidal tract. In a second step, he defined what remained of hysteria and proposed in 1901 to abandon the term 'hysteria' in favor of the neologism 'pithiatism', defined as a pathologic state resulting in disorders which can be very accurately reproduced by suggestion, and can disappear by persuasion. Babinski therefore retained the exclusive etiological role of suggestion and refuted, unlike Dejerine, the role of emotion. He also sought to separate pithiatism from simulation, but ambiguously he made pithiatics 'semi-malingerers'. During the Great War, with Froment, he described physiopathic disorders and separated them from pithiatic disorders and simulation. After being accepted by many French neurologists, pithiatism, the word as well as the concept, gently died out. There remained little more than a few philosophical uses (especially by Jean-Paul Sartre and Maurice Merleau-Ponty) or metaphorical ones. What remains of the work of Babinski in the field of hysteria is not so much the creation of pithiatism as the masterly description of neurological signs to formally exclude an organic lesion of the nervous system or simulation before looking like hysteria disorders.
Paul Sollier, Pierre Janet, and their vicinity.
Walusinski O
Front Neurol Neurosci · 2014 · PMID 25273495 · Publisher ↗
Paul Sollier (1861-1933) and Pierre Janet (1859-1947) shared the same fate: achieving fame during their lives, then slipping into obscurity. However, their work is highly relevant for describing and explaining hysteria i...
Paul Sollier (1861-1933) and Pierre Janet (1859-1947) shared the same fate: achieving fame during their lives, then slipping into obscurity. However, their work is highly relevant for describing and explaining hysteria in the tradition of Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893). Both men had their teacher's clinical perspicacity, which enabled them to accumulate detailed clinical and psychological descriptions. These were published in books that achieved success in their day. From his descriptions, Sollier deduced a pathophysiology of hysteria in which a psychic inhibition led to a functional deficit in sensory-motor areas. This is partially confirmed by current functional brain imaging techniques. As for Janet, he developed concepts which are still valid today, involving personality dissociation, what he referred to as 'fixed ideas', and the subconscious. Sollier and Janet both saw hysteria as a response to the trigger of an emotional shock, specific to certain personalities. While the fundamental work by Joseph Babinski (1857-1932) on hysterical paralysis did much to enrich neurological semiology, Sollier contributed a novel description of the pathophysiology of hysteria, and Janet elucidated its psychopathological mechanisms.
Sigmund Freud and hysteria: the etiology of psychoanalysis?
Bogousslavsky J, Dieguez S
Front Neurol Neurosci · 2014 · PMID 25273494 · Publisher ↗
Sigmund Freud developed a specific interest in hysteria after his stay with Professor Jean-Martin Charcot during the winter of 1885-1886, although his previous activity mainly consisted of neuropathology and general medi...
Sigmund Freud developed a specific interest in hysteria after his stay with Professor Jean-Martin Charcot during the winter of 1885-1886, although his previous activity mainly consisted of neuropathology and general medical practice. Most of his initial studies on hysteria (hysteria in men, influence of subconscious ideas, role of traumas, and psychological and sexual factors) were indeed 'borrowed' from Charcot and his immediate followers, such as Pierre Janet and Paul Richer. Subsequently, Freud developed with Breuer a theory of hysteria which encompassed a mixture of Janet's 'fixed subconscious ideas' with the 'pathological secret' concept of Moriz Benedikt. After their book Studies on Hysteria (1895), Freud interrupted his collaboration with Breuer and developed the concept of conversion of psychological problems into somatic manifestations, with a strong 'sexualization' of hysteria. Firstly, he believed that actual abuses had occurred in these patients (the 'seduction' theory), but then blamed them for having deceived him on that issue, so that he subsequently launched a 'fantasy' theory to explain the development of hysterical symptoms without the necessity of actual abuses. Like many of his contemporaries, and contrary to his claims, Freud did not follow a scientific process of verified experiments, but rather adapted his theories to the evolution of his own beliefs on psychological conditions, selectively emphasizing the aspects of his 'therapies' with patients which supported his emerging ideas, with often abrupt changes in theoretical interpretations. While it remains difficult to get a clear, synthetic vision of what was Freud's definite theory of hysteria, it is obvious that hysteria really was the origin of what would become Freud's psychoanalytical theory. Indeed, psychoanalysis appears to have been initially developed by him largely in order to absorb and explain his many changes in the interpretation of hysterical manifestations.
Traces of hysteria in novels.
Haan J, Koehler PJ
Front Neurol Neurosci · 2014 · PMID 25273493 · Publisher ↗
There have been many descriptions of presumed 'hysterics' in fiction, many appearing in French literature, but also in a number of other languages. It is clear that contemporary medical ideas and insights about hysteria...
There have been many descriptions of presumed 'hysterics' in fiction, many appearing in French literature, but also in a number of other languages. It is clear that contemporary medical ideas and insights about hysteria had a major influence on its depiction in novels. This is particularly true for naturalistic literature, which has been the subject of previous reviews. Here, we focus on a more recent novel: Human Traces by Sebastian Faulks (2005). What is special about the depiction of hysteria in this work is that the presumed 'hysteric' turns out not to be hysteric at all. In the novel, as well as in this chapter, the diagnosis of hysteria is discussed in the light of theories about hysteria of around 1900. For comparison, we present some examples of true 'hysterics' as they occur in fiction. Since it has become clear that severe nonpsychiatric diseases such as an ovarian teratoma can lead to bizarre phenotypes, the association of 'hysteria' with the womb has to be seen in another light.
Emma Bovary, Hedda Gabler, and Harold Brodkey would not have lived without Charcot: hysteria in novels.
Kaptein AA
Front Neurol Neurosci · 2014 · PMID 25273492 · Publisher ↗
Medical humanities is the interdisciplinary field of humanities (literature, philosophy, ethics, history, and religion), social science (anthropology, cultural studies, psychology, and sociology), and the arts (literatur...
Medical humanities is the interdisciplinary field of humanities (literature, philosophy, ethics, history, and religion), social science (anthropology, cultural studies, psychology, and sociology), and the arts (literature, theater, film, and visual arts), and their application to medical education and practice. In this chapter, the concept of 'hysteria' is put into a medical humanities perspective. We review the concept of hysteria concisely. Two novels and one autobiographical story are used as material in order to study how 'hysteria' is represented in literary work. Madame Bovary (Gustave Flaubert), Hedda Gabler (Henrik Ibsen), and A Story in an Almost Classical Mode (Harold Brodkey) were searched for elements that are characteristic of hysteria. Excessive emotion, dramatics, attention-seeking behavior, physical symptoms of unknown and unidentifiable organic causes, self-centered behavior, and flirtatious behavior are the six elements used to operationalize hysteria. It was found that these elements were present in both a quantitative and qualitative manner in the literary works examined. Acknowledging some limitations and suggesting some research areas and clinical implications, we conclude that literary works are useful in analyzing concepts in medicine. Also, more generally, using literary works seems to have a positive impact on readers, healthcare providers, and researchers in the healthcare domain. Studying novels and related literary work contributes to the body of knowledge of medical humanities.
Public medical shows.
Walusinski O
Front Neurol Neurosci · 2014 · PMID 25273491 · Publisher ↗
In the second half of the 19th century, Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) became famous for the quality of his teaching and his innovative neurological discoveries, bringing many French and foreign students to Paris. A hun...
In the second half of the 19th century, Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) became famous for the quality of his teaching and his innovative neurological discoveries, bringing many French and foreign students to Paris. A hunger for recognition, together with progressive and anticlerical ideals, led Charcot to invite writers, journalists, and politicians to his lessons, during which he presented the results of his work on hysteria. These events became public performances, for which physicians and patients were transformed into actors. Major newspapers ran accounts of these consultations, more like theatrical shows in some respects. The resultant enthusiasm prompted other physicians in Paris and throughout France to try and imitate them. We will compare the form and substance of Charcot's lessons with those given by Jules-Bernard Luys (1828-1897), Victor Dumontpallier (1826-1899), Ambroise-Auguste Liébault (1823-1904), Hippolyte Bernheim (1840-1919), Joseph Grasset (1849-1918), and Albert Pitres (1848-1928). We will also note their impact on contemporary cinema and theatre.
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