L'Encephale[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
An education tool on clozapin: From needs assessment to patient satisfaction.
Straczek C, Lopez-Krahe A, Cohen A … +6 more , Cohen E, Calimouttoupoulle E, Louvet B, Paul M, Pignon B, Pecal Dalle M
Encephale · 2026 Feb · PMID 40617752 · Publisher ↗
Clozapine remains the gold-standard for resistant schizophrenia. However, it is associated with serious adverse events and a low patient adherence that could be enhanced by therapeutic education. Identifying patients' ne...
Clozapine remains the gold-standard for resistant schizophrenia. However, it is associated with serious adverse events and a low patient adherence that could be enhanced by therapeutic education. Identifying patients' needs is a prerequisite for building educational tools. The aims of the study were to build an adapted information tool after evaluating patients' knowledge and expectations regarding their clozapine treatment, and to estimate patients' satisfaction with this tool. Patients' knowledge and expectations were evaluated by means of a short oral and semi-structured interview, based on an 11-item questionnaire developed by pharmacists and psychiatrists. Patients with schizophrenia or a schizo-affective disorder were included from four different care structures of the university psychiatry department. Finally, an education tool was built based on patients' answers and tested among them. Between February 2020 and September 2021, 51 patients (17 women) around 36 years of age were interviewed. 45% were aware of a clozapine indication. Half of the patients did not know how to react in case of forgetting a dose. Although the rhythm of blood tests was understood by most patients (84%), only 29% estimated they had a general knowledge about them. Many patients (73%) could cite no more than two adverse effects. Regarding interactions, 69% had a partial knowledge and 31% none at all. Patients preferred to receive information in the form of a brochure. The subsequent brochure was tested on 15 patients who were satisfied with it. The survey revealed a general lack of knowledge among patients about their clozapine treatment. The tool built based on patients' answers has been adapted and liked by patients.
Antinuclear antibodies profiling in Moroccan patients with schizophrenia: A single center study.
Kassal Y, El Hessni A, Mesfioui A … +11 more , Fritah K, Nakidi N, Boukouaci W, Rkhaila A, Bouassida J, Belbachir S, Laboudi F, Ouanass A, Leboyer M, Tamouza R, Arji N
Encephale · 2026 Apr · PMID 40617751 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVES: The present study investigates the prevalence of antinuclear autoantibodies among Moroccan patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls and examines the potential associations between the presence...
OBJECTIVES: The present study investigates the prevalence of antinuclear autoantibodies among Moroccan patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls and examines the potential associations between the presence of antinuclear autoantibodies and selected sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: A cross-sectional assessment was conducted between May 2020 and December 2022. The study involved a total of 157 patients who were diagnosed with schizophrenia and admitted to the Ar-Razi Psychiatric Hospital of Ibn Sina University Hospital Center of Rabat, Morocco. A total of 115 healthy controls (blood donors) were recruited from the transfusion center of Kenitra, Morocco. Antinuclear autoantibodies screening was performed by an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using HEp-2 cells/liver (Monkey), and 16 specificities of nuclear antigens (ENA) were tested using immunodot assay on an automated platform. RESULTS: The prevalence of antinuclear autoantibodies was significantly higher in patients as compared to healthy control (35 vs. 12.7% with P<0.05) suggesting strongly underlying autoimmune processes in the studied patients. Among the 55 samples tested positive for antinuclear autoantibodies in patients, a total of 29 samples had a positive immunodot result against the following antigens: Jo1, SSA, SSB, Ro 52, AMA-M2, PM-Scl, Sm and Sm/RNP. Logistic regression analysis identified tobacco consumption as the only significant predictor of positive antinuclear autoantibodies (B=2.179, P=0.018). CONCLUSION: This preliminary study provides original data on the prevalence of antinuclear autoantibodies in Moroccan patients with schizophrenia and reveals a strong association between tobacco consumption and antinuclear autoantibodies positivity. The present findings replicate the previously reported association between autoimmune processes and schizophrenia in other geographical areas and warrant extension to other circulating autoantibodies towards a full profiling of autoimmunity in Moroccan patients with schizophrenia.
What factors are associated with seclusion in patients with psychosis?
Ali-Diabacte H, Mazari A, Rari E … +3 more , Martelli C, Benyamina A, Romeo B
Encephale · 2026 Feb · PMID 40617750 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Seclusion is a measure used as a last resort in psychiatry to manage high-risk situations of hetero- or self-agression. However, few studies have investigated factors that could be associated with seclusion. T...
OBJECTIVE: Seclusion is a measure used as a last resort in psychiatry to manage high-risk situations of hetero- or self-agression. However, few studies have investigated factors that could be associated with seclusion. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical and socio-demographic characteristics of patients who were prescribed seclusion. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An observational, retrospective study was carried out between January 2019 and December 2020, including patients with psychosis who had been hospitalized. Clinical and socio-demographic characteristics, as well as psychopathological scores were compared between patients who required seclusion and those who did not. A binomial logistic regression including gender, age, symptom severity, knowledge of the French language and judicial history was performed. RESULTS: We included 127 patients (41 of whom were prescribed seclusion). Patients requiring seclusion had more severe symptoms, as indicated by the Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale total scores (98.8±21.95 vs 85.9±25.64; P=0.02), the positive symptoms subscale (28.4±8.89 vs 24±7.63; P=0.02), and the general psychopathology symptoms subscale (48.3±12.03 vs 41.9±12.21; P=0.02). These patients had poor knowledge of French (21% vs 4.7%; P<0.01) and a statistical trend was found in relation to judicial history (24% vs 11%; P=0.07). The differences in symptomatology (P=0.03) and language knowledge (P=0.04) were maintained in the multivariate analysis. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Our study found that the implementation of a seclusion was associated with the severity of symptoms and with a lack of knowledge of the French language. Particular attention should therefore be paid to these specific patients in order to use de-escalation techniques and provide comprehensible explanations to patients who do not speak French.
Role of smoking status on motivation to reduce or stop alcohol consumption in patients with an alcohol use disorder admitted to an emergency department.
Mendy A, Le Faou AL, Ferrand L … +2 more , Limosin F, Airagnes G
Encephale · 2026 Feb · PMID 40617749 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To examine the role of smoking status on motivation to reduce alcohol consumption in patients admitted to the emergency department (ED) with alcohol use disorder (AUD). METHODS: A standardized questionnaire wa...
OBJECTIVE: To examine the role of smoking status on motivation to reduce alcohol consumption in patients admitted to the emergency department (ED) with alcohol use disorder (AUD). METHODS: A standardized questionnaire was administered to patients admitted to the ED of the Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou (Paris, France), whatever the cause of admission, as part of an AUD screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) program. The questionnaire collected demographic, cognitive impairment assessment variables including school curriculum difficulties and medical characteristics, smoking status, cannabis use and the Fast Alcohol Consumption Evaluation (FACE) for AUD risk assessment. Patients aged 18-90years with a FACE score≥4 for women and≥5 for men were selected. An analogue scale from 0 to 10 was used to assess motivation, estimation of the right time, and self-confidence to reduce or stop alcohol consumption. RESULTS: Of the 3903 patients included between 2021 and 2023, 803 (21%) presented with TUA, with 72% excessive drinkers and 28% with a probable alcohol dependence. The study population was predominantly male (n=418, 52%). Current smokers accounted for 43% of patients (n=343), and only 8% (n=27) wished to obtain the contact details of the national quitline Tabac-Info-Service, a percentage twice as high as that observed among smokers at low or no risk of AUD. The average age was 48.7years (SD: 21.6), and smokers had a lower average age than the average for all participants (41years, SD: 17.4). On the other hand, former smokers were older on average (58.3years, SD: 20.6). In all, 36% (n=209) of patients with excessive alcohol consumption were smokers while 59% (n=134) of those with probable alcohol dependence were smokers. In terms of school curriculum, 13% (n=108) had experienced learning difficulties (50% of whom were smokers), 42% (n=339) had repeated a year (44% of whom were smokers), and 18% (n=146) had been suspended or excluded from school (53% of whom were smokers). In terms of neurological history, 35% (n=278) had suffered from memory loss and 19% (n=156) from fainting (42%, 53% of whom were smokers respectively). Less than 10% reported epilepsy episodes (8.7%: n=70) or neurodevelopmental disorders (6.4%: n=51). Among them, 54% and 61% respectively were smokers. Past-month cannabis use concerned 14% of patients (n=112), 85% of whom declared they smoked. In the descriptive analyses, more smokers than non-smokers felt that their admission to ED motivated them to reduce or stop their alcohol consumption, considered that it was the right time to do so, and declared a higher level of self-confidence in achieving this objective. In bivariate analyses, motivation and the right time to reduce or stop drinking were significantly associated with being a smoker, but these results were not found in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that smoking status does not intervene in motivation to change drinking behaviors following a SBI for AUD risk in patients screened with AUD in the ED. These results support the idea that smoking cessation recommendations can be systematized for all patients visiting the ED, without compromising their motivation to decrease or stop their alcohol consumption.
French validation of the POCS scale: A tool for screening intrusive thoughts, obsessions, and compulsions during pregnancy and postpartum.
Lord C, Faure ML, El-Hage W … +2 more , Joly L, Bayle B
Encephale · 2026 Feb · PMID 40617748 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVES: This study addressed the growing recognition of mental health disorders during the perinatal period, in particular obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD symptoms can affect between 3% and 10% of women duri...
OBJECTIVES: This study addressed the growing recognition of mental health disorders during the perinatal period, in particular obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD symptoms can affect between 3% and 10% of women during the perinatal period, a higher prevalence than in the general population. The Perinatal Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (POCS), developed in Canada, is to our knowledge the only validated tool for screening OCD in the perinatal context. This study aimed to validate the French version of the POCS in order to improve early detection of OCD symptoms among French-speaking mothers and fathers. METHODS: The study included 227 pregnant women in their third trimester and 113 in the early postpartum period. The POCS was translated into French using the forward and backward translation method, in collaboration with bilingual experts from France and Quebec. Other measures included validated tools: the Obsessional Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R) for general OCD and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) for depressive symptoms. Data were collected in person and online during the COVID-19 pandemic. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, reliability tests (Cronbach's alpha), and ROC curve analysis to assess the validity and discriminative capacity of the scale. RESULTS: The French version of the POCS showed strong internal consistency and psychometric properties similar to the English version. The POCS had good convergent validity, correlating with the OCI-R and showing a distinct link to depression symptoms via the EPDS. Exploratory analysis demonstrated that a high proportion of that perinatal sample reported OCD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The French version of the POCS is reliable and valid for screening OCD symptoms in women during the perinatal period. The study highlights the need for screening tools specific to this population The POCS is a valuable clinical tool for early identification and intervention regarding perinatal OCD symptoms. Its systematic use in maternal health services could enhance mental health support for mothers during pregnancy and postpartum.
Validation of the French version of the Insomnia Severity Index in a population with psychiatric disorders and sleep complaints.
Stern E, Chamontin M, Maruani J … +4 more , Mouchabac S, Micoulaud Franchi JA, Mauries S, Geoffroy PA
Encephale · 2026 Apr · PMID 40617747 · Publisher ↗
Insomnia disorder is a major health concern, particularly among patients with mood disorders. This study validates the translated version of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) in a French population with psychiatric disor...
Insomnia disorder is a major health concern, particularly among patients with mood disorders. This study validates the translated version of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) in a French population with psychiatric disorders, particularly mood disorders. The ISI was completed by 260 patients with sleep complaints comorbid with psychiatric disorders, including 209 patients with mood disorders. The majority of participants were women (n=168), and the most diagnosed condition in the population was unipolar mood disorder (n=170). Internal and external validity analyses validated the scale's reliability and its validity in relation to sleep quality and a diagnosis of insomnia made by a sleep psychiatrist. These results support the use of the French translation of the ISI in a French population with psychiatric disorders.
Representations and knowledge of residents about ADHD in children in two regions in France.
Willig TN, Brun L, Piollet A … +9 more , Dajon M, Thiollier MC, Assathiany R, Fourneret P, Oustric S, Amouyal M, Masse M, Monge A, Ouakil DP
Encephale · 2026 Feb · PMID 40436673 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: In France, knowledge and awareness of childhood ADHD remain insufficient. To guide the development of training programs for medical residents, we assessed the understanding of ADHD among residents in family...
INTRODUCTION: In France, knowledge and awareness of childhood ADHD remain insufficient. To guide the development of training programs for medical residents, we assessed the understanding of ADHD among residents in family practice, pediatrics, and psychiatry across two major French regions in 2021. METHODS: A SurveyMonkey® survey was distributed to residents in two French regions, gathering information about their training experiences on child/adolescent ADHD, as well as their knowledge and perceptions of the disorder. RESULTS: Among the 251 residents who completed the survey (response rate: 28.5%), 53.4% reported receiving no training on ADHD during their residency. Substantial differences were observed across specialties: 75% of psychiatry residents reported receiving training, compared to only 38% of family practice residents. Even brief training sessions (e.g., one hour) significantly improved knowledge and perceptions of ADHD, with greater effectiveness observed as the duration of training increased. CONCLUSIONS: Residency training on ADHD shows potential for improving access to care as post-training knowledge and perceptions align with those of trained practitioners actively managing ADHD in the same regions. Action plans are recommended to enhance training for family practice residents, with follow-up assessments planned using the same methodology.
Nonpharmacological treatments of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among children and adolescents: A scoping review.
Weber C, Bazzi O, Purper-Ouakil D … +2 more , Fongaro E, Kerbage H
Encephale · 2025 Oct · PMID 40413071 · Publisher ↗
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a worldwide public health burden leading to severe impairment. PTSD has a particularly high occurrence among children exposed to potentially traumatic events. Our study aimed to e...
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a worldwide public health burden leading to severe impairment. PTSD has a particularly high occurrence among children exposed to potentially traumatic events. Our study aimed to establish the current state of the literature regarding nonpharmacological treatments studied to date to reduce post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) in children and adolescents. We conducted the search on three databases: PubMed, Web of Sciences, and Embase, using the following MeSH Terms; stress disorders, post-traumatic, and psychological treatment. We refined the search by applying filters to document type, languages, and age. Initially, 4570 articles were identified, of which 60 met our inclusion criteria and were included in the review. We included studies that focused on children and adolescents with PTSD following a traumatic event that occurred at least three months prior to being assigned to non-pharmacological treatment. Exclusion criteria included case studies, meta-analyses, literature reviews, and grief-focused therapies. Additionally, trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), already well-established as standard treatments, were excluded. Studies were also omitted if PTSD was not formally diagnosed or if the primary outcome measured was unrelated to PTSS. Most treatments relied on psychoeducation, support, coping skills, and trauma narratives using different strategies. We found large studies on combined therapies, prolonged exposure therapy, and school-based therapies-especially with collective traumatic events. For collective traumatic events, our study exposed a preponderant utilization of group therapies. Most studies reported that the therapies tested were efficient. The level of evidence for each therapy was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) system, revealing noteworthy findings, particularly for prolonged exposure therapy. Our study emphasizes treatments that should be further examined in larger studies, and the specificities of psychotherapeutic treatment according to the type of traumatic event, single or collective. Based on our findings, we developed a therapeutic algorithm that can serve as a guideline for managing PTSD in children and adolescents.
Experience and qualitative evaluation of two soothing prototypes in psychiatry.
Chataigner N, Fleury C, Gateau V
Encephale · 2026 Feb · PMID 40413070 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVES: The need for alternatives to restraint and seclusion in psychiatry is widely recognized. To this end, a collaborative research project between patients, caregivers and designers resulted in the production of...
OBJECTIVES: The need for alternatives to restraint and seclusion in psychiatry is widely recognized. To this end, a collaborative research project between patients, caregivers and designers resulted in the production of two containing prototypes (a covering armchair and a sensory totem). The aim of the research project was to understand whether these prototypes offered a calming alternative and could limit the need for restraint. METHOD: Semi-structured interviews were carried out as well as participant observations, and feedback forms were given to participants. Qualitative data analysis was integral and inductive, initially thematic and then oriented according to the "type of ward" variable. RESULTS: The prototypes had beneficial effects on calming and empowering patients; they supported the patient-staff relationship and contributed to team reflexivity. Rather than pathologies, the prototypes responded to appeasement needs and situations of agitation or anxiety. For closed wards, the prototypes were therapeutic and supported patient autonomy in crisis situations. For open wards, they were integrated into the activities offered but needed to be accompanied by caregivers to ensure patient safety. DISCUSSION: The results prompted discussion on three points: 1) research methods in psychiatry and the need to integrate users in research design; 2) conceptions of autonomy in psychiatric care; 3) the place of sensory rooms and soothing techniques in reducing the use of restraint and seclusion.
[Towards an equipped psychiatry].
Jehel L, Guidère M
Encephale · 2025 Dec · PMID 40413069 · Publisher ↗
The article by Moizard and Geoffroy highlights the importance of an integrated approach in psychiatry, emphasizing the need to move beyond the dichotomy between the somatic and the psychic. In their commentary, the autho...
The article by Moizard and Geoffroy highlights the importance of an integrated approach in psychiatry, emphasizing the need to move beyond the dichotomy between the somatic and the psychic. In their commentary, the authors advocated for precision psychiatry, which leverages the latest scientific and technological advancements. They underscored the necessity of equipping psychiatry with advanced technologies, particularly neuroimaging, artificial intelligence, and digital twins. These tools enable a more rigorous and personalized approach to mental healthcare grounded in specific biomarkers and precise modeling of psychiatric disorders.
[Psilocybin in the setting of treatment-resistant unipolar depression: A case report].
Dumenil M, Cordova G, El-Hage W
Encephale · 2025 Dec · PMID 40413068 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Current antidepressants have shown certain limitations in the treatment of unipolar depression. Their long onset of action, interactions, and side effects are obstacles to achieving lasting remission of this...
BACKGROUND: Current antidepressants have shown certain limitations in the treatment of unipolar depression. Their long onset of action, interactions, and side effects are obstacles to achieving lasting remission of this prevalent, often chronic or recurrent, pathology. Faced with this clinical necessity, research efforts have intensified in recent years around psychedelic drugs, with a particular focus on the mental health benefits of psilocybin. To illustrate this promising approach, we present here the clinical vignette of a student living in France for whom psilocybin led to complete remission after recurrent depressive episodes and a two-year course of Escitalopram. CASE PRESENTATION: Juan, a Mexican student, decided to move to France in 2015 to further his education and broaden his horizons. Since his degree in physiotherapy from Mexico did not qualify him to practice in France, he began studying Biology from 2016 to 2020. Unfortunately, during this period, Juan experienced his first episode of major unipolar depression, marked by feelings of incompetence and academic stagnation. In March 2017, he started an initial course of Escitalopram at 5mg, which provided some relief from his depressive symptoms but did not completely alleviate his anxiety and ruminative thoughts. The treatment was discontinued after three months due to a summer travel plan. By January 2018, he encountered a more intense depressive episode for which he resumed Escitalopram at an increased dose of 10mg. He continued this treatment until August 2019, although it again proved insufficient for full symptom relief. In January 2020, he faced his most challenging relapse, sometimes unable to get out of bed for weeks. This led him to resume Escitalopram, this time at 15mg, but he struggled with significant side effects, including nausea, fatigue, and numbness. Seeking alternative solutions, in the summer of 2020 Juan tried a non-conventional approach in Mexico using psilocybin, a compound found in hallucinogenic mushrooms, under the supervision of a shaman. Following the first administration in July, he noticed a rapid partial improvement in his symptoms; a second administration two weeks later resulted in a full remission of his depressive symptoms. Juan described his experience as profoundly healing, gaining an inner peace and a deep understanding of his struggles. Since 2020, he has remained in full remission without the need for antidepressants. This case highlights the potential role of psilocybin in addressing treatment-resistant depression and the importance of further research into alternative therapeutic options. DISCUSSION: Psilocybin, a 5-HT2A serotonergic receptor agonist, affects cortical neural networks by reducing amygdala reactivity to negative emotions and altering brain connectivity. According to David Nutt's drug harm scale, psilocybin ranks among the least dangerous substances with a relatively low potential for dependence. Despite its potential benefits, responsible and supervised use is essential. Under carefully prepared conditions, psilocybin's psychedelic effects can promote healing by facilitating introspection and altering depressive brain functioning. In April 2021, a double-blind, randomized trial by a British team at Imperial College London compared psilocybin to Escitalopram, revealing higher response and remission rates for psilocybin : 70% of psilocybin-treated patients experienced a reduction of over 50 % in depression levels, compared to 48 % of those on antidepressants-a 22 % increase. However, with only 59 subjects and a 6-week Escitalopram treatment for the control group, further research with larger samples and extended treatment durations is essential. CONCLUSION: The psychedelic experience appears to have significantly accelerated Juan's clinical remission, enabling him to regain control over his life after years of depression. Although multiple factors may have contributed to Juan's recovery-including his course of Escitalopram-psychedelic effects seem to have served as a powerful tool in overcoming his depression. This case suggests additional therapeutic potentials worth exploring, such as the reduction of alcohol consumption.
Integrative models of psychopathology and psychotherapy: A PRISMA-based scoping review.
Saur R, Fourel E, Dos Santos S … +11 more , Kosinski T, Tapia G, Besche-Richard C, Carré A, Courtois R, Bortolon C, Baeyens C, Marteau-Chasserieau F, Romo L, Morvan Y, Vancappel A
Encephale · 2025 Dec · PMID 40413067 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Since the 1970s there has been increasing interest in integrative approaches to psychopathology. Within this framework, numerous models have been developed. The aim of this manuscript is to inventory these...
INTRODUCTION: Since the 1970s there has been increasing interest in integrative approaches to psychopathology. Within this framework, numerous models have been developed. The aim of this manuscript is to inventory these models, provide a critical evaluation of them, and offer recommendations for their further development. METHOD: We conducted a scoping review based on PRISMA guidelines. The search strategy included keywords related to psychotherapy and/or psychopathology, one keyword related to models or conceptualizations, and one keyword associated with the integrative notion. The selected studies focused exclusively on integrative models of psychopathology and/or psychotherapy. The research was carried out using PsycInfo, PubMed, and EMBASE databases. RESULTS: A total of 61 manuscripts were included in the systematic review. We identified a broad range of conceptual proposals, which can be categorized into three main types of models: 1) Models proposing a general framework for understanding psychopathology, 2) Models focusing on common factors in psychotherapy and 3) Models suggesting that a specific psychotherapy is inherently integrative. CONCLUSIONS: Many of these identified models face criticism for their lack of clear methodological development, limited empirical evidence, and/or restricted applicability to psychotherapeutic interventions. Future models should aim to address these limitations in order to advance the field.
Conceptual competences in philosophy of psychiatry: A cross-sectional survey.
Gauld C, Aftab A, Auriacombe M … +7 more , Fourneret P, Arbus C, Naudin J, Giroux É, Cermolacce M, Gozé T, Micoulaud-Franchi JA
Encephale · 2026 Feb · PMID 40413066 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVES: The complexity of psychiatry requires an integrated approach that combines empirical practice, experiential insight, and theoretical reflection. This study, integrated within a broader international project,...
OBJECTIVES: The complexity of psychiatry requires an integrated approach that combines empirical practice, experiential insight, and theoretical reflection. This study, integrated within a broader international project, aimed to assess self-reported conceptual competences among French psychiatry students and practitioners, underlining the pedagogical necessity of integrating philosophy into psychiatry education to address both clinical and research challenges. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among French psychiatric residents, practicing psychiatrists, and retired psychiatrists recruited through professional networks and associations. Participants completed an online questionnaire on self-reported conceptual competences in psychiatry consisting of 18 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale, plus a complementary item. The questionnaire was structured into three dimensions: perceived integration of conceptual competences (7 items), perceived execution of conceptual competences (3 items), and declared knowledge of conceptual competences (8 items). A complementary item assessed the declared nature of six psychiatric conditions. RESULTS: A total of 353 participants, primarily women (65.2%) and psychiatry practitioners (53.4%) with an average age of 33.3years, completed the questionnaire showing varied familiarity with conceptual issues in psychiatry. The mean scores across the three dimensions of conceptual competences were as follows: 3.19 for the perceived integration of conceptual competences dimension, 3.14 for the perceived execution of conceptual competences dimension, and 3.81 for the declared knowledge of conceptual competences dimension. Among participants, 90.1% endorsed the need for including philosophical training in psychiatric curricula, with 80.2% supporting skill development in this area. High agreement was observed on the need for multiple perspectives (94.3%). Confidence in conceptual understanding was moderate (41.9%), while critical evaluation confidence was lower (24.4%). DISCUSSION: The findings support the need for incorporating conceptual competences into psychiatry education and practice. Frequent encounters with philosophical challenges in clinical settings, coupled with noted gaps in current training, highlight the critical importance of structured pedagogical approaches in psychiatry to examine these conceptual issues. Longitudinal studies will be needed to evaluate the potential impact of such educational programs on the evolution of participants' conceptual competences across the three dimensions of the questionnaire.
Treatment strategies for clozapine-induced sialorrhea in France: A systematic review.
Rousseau-Voisin A, Javelot H, Lach F … +8 more , Meyer G, Yrondi A, Egron A, Foclher A, Dizet S, Cuvelier E, Gohier B, Bottemanne H
Encephale · 2025 Oct · PMID 40328543 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Clozapine-induced hypersialorrhoea (or hypersalivation) is a common side effect, and at present there is no therapeutic strategy with a validated indication to treat it. The corrective strategies proposed in...
BACKGROUND: Clozapine-induced hypersialorrhoea (or hypersalivation) is a common side effect, and at present there is no therapeutic strategy with a validated indication to treat it. The corrective strategies proposed in the scientific literature have varying degrees of validity. As a result, it is important to regularly update the available data and to make proposals that are in line with the specialties available in each country. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A systematic review of the literature respecting PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) statements was carried out using the PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases with the keywords "Clozapine", "induced", "hypersalivation" or "sialorrhea". Only articles dealing with substances marketed in France and written in French or English were selected. RESULTS: 64 articles were included in this review. The various strategies identified corresponded mainly to treatments with regulatory actions on the cholinergic, noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission systems. This selection of drug strategies available in France for clozapine-induced hypersalivation identified 17 substances. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The level of evidence concerning treatments for clozapine-induced hypersialorrhoea remains limited. As a first option, and if clinically feasible (benefit-risk ratio), a cautious, gradual reduction in dosage is preferred. If this fails, local anticholinergic treatment may be initiated and evaluated following pharmaco-practical recommendations based on the drugs available in France and their level of evidence.
Sociodemographic and psychopathological profiles of criminal offenders following psychiatric assessment.
Finelle E, François-Purssell I, Chauvet-Gelinier JC … +1 more , Loiseau M
Encephale · 2026 Feb · PMID 40320323 · Publisher ↗
AIM OF THE STUDY: Our aim was to identify the sociodemographic and psychopathological profiles of individuals undergoing criminal psychiatric assessment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This observational, descriptive, retrospect...
AIM OF THE STUDY: Our aim was to identify the sociodemographic and psychopathological profiles of individuals undergoing criminal psychiatric assessment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This observational, descriptive, retrospective, monocentric study of criminal psychiatric assessments was performed in the Forensic Medicine Department of the Dijon Bourgogne University Hospital between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2023. RESULTS: We included 235 criminal assessments, including 201 pre-sentence assessments. The offenders were mainly male (92.5%) with a median age of 37. According to the assessments, 63.7% of offenders suffered from psychiatric disorders, mostly psychotic. Half of the offenders had a criminal record and fewer than a third were repeat offenders (31.7%). The main offences were violence (20%), sexual offences against minors (12.8%) and robbery (10.4%). The assessments found that around two-thirds of the defendants suffered from psychiatric disorders, mainly psychotic disorders (45.3%), personality disorders (23.4%) and depressive disorders (8.6%). The expert noted impaired discernment in 44.4% of cases, and abolition in 13.6%. Finally, the expert warned of dangerousness in 69.6% of respondents, three-quarters of whom suffered from psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSION: Our study enabled us to describe the typical profile offenders which could be used to implement prevention and targeted care.
Meta-analyses do not always lead to guidelines: Examples of clozapine-induced hypersalivation.
Rousseau-Voisin A, Bottemanne H, Javelot H
Encephale · 2025 Aug · PMID 40320322 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
WHO recommendations on psychotherapy for mental care: The need of group therapy.
Polese D
Encephale · 2025 Dec · PMID 40320321 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Rethinking depression in women: Integrating sex-specific risk factors and treatments.
Bottemanne H, Joly L, Sevoz-Couche C … +1 more , Corruble E
Encephale · 2025 Jun · PMID 40320320 · Publisher ↗
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[A phenomenological approach to psychopathology of imagination: Development of a descriptive instrument - Examination of Anomalous Fantasy and Imagination].
Rasmussen AR, Stephensen H, Nordgaard J … +3 more , Parnas J, Englebert J, Delcourt F
Encephale · 2025 Aug · PMID 40204533 · Publisher ↗
This paper is a French translation of the Examination of Anomalous Fantasy and Imagination (EAFI), an instrument for a semi-structured, phenomenological exploration of psychopathology of imagination, particularly within...
This paper is a French translation of the Examination of Anomalous Fantasy and Imagination (EAFI), an instrument for a semi-structured, phenomenological exploration of psychopathology of imagination, particularly within the schizophrenia-spectrum. In this paper, we provide a French translation of the EAFI together with an introduction about the phenomenology of imagination and its experiential alterations. Furthermore, the paper includes a study of the interrater reliability of the EAFI, which was examined in a diagnostically heterogeneous sample of 20 inpatients. The interrater agreement ranged from 0.6 to 1.0, with an average κ of 0.84. The internal consistency of the EAFI as measured by Cronbach's α was above 0.88. We suggest that the anomalies of imagination explored by the EAFI reflect an alteration of the structure of consciousness and belong to a fundamental, generative layer of psychopathology. These disorders may have relevance for differential diagnostic purposes, especially in first-contact patients.
Nitrous oxide reduced suicidal ideation in bipolar postpartum depression - A case report.
Aleberteau M, Gallet Q, Madieta L … +5 more , Desmidt T, Riquin E, Boniface Poisson G, Gohier B, Kazour F
Encephale · 2025 Oct · PMID 40187986 · Publisher ↗
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