L'Encephale[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Beneficial effects of anticholinesterases: Reducing the anticholinergic load, the missing link of the story?
Javelot H, Rousseau A
Encephale · 2025 Jun · PMID 40187985 · Publisher ↗
Anticholinergic effects are often identified as adverse drug effects. They can manifest at the central level with cognitive disorders and peripherally with various symptoms such as dry mucous membranes, constipation, uri...
Anticholinergic effects are often identified as adverse drug effects. They can manifest at the central level with cognitive disorders and peripherally with various symptoms such as dry mucous membranes, constipation, urinary retention, or even tachycardia. Several studies have also shown that a high anticholinergic burden may be associated with an increased risk of dementia, hospitalization and even mortality. On the other hand, anticholinesterase drugs, through their protective action on acetylcholine, improve cognitive functions but may cause adverse effects such as diarrhea, urinary incontinence, and bradycardia. Large retrospective cohort studies have also shown that anticholinesterase drugs are associated with a reduced risk of mortality. We thus hypothesize, based on these opposing effects, that the symptomatic improvements, both central and peripheral, observed with anticholinesterase drugs could be linked, at least in part, to the reduction of the anticholinergic burden. Further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis. These studies should investigate the potential positive correlation between the beneficial effects observed with anticholinesterase drugs and the anticholinergic burden.
New cross-disciplinary sleep medicine residency in France: Results after five years.
Garrivet J, Romier A, Arnulf I … +21 more , Bequignon É, Bettega G, Bokov P, Bonin-Guillaume S, Bourgin P, Dufour X, Esquirol Y, Franco P, Garcia R, Kinugawa K, Launois C, Leger D, Lequeux B, Meurice JC, Micoulaud-Franchi JA, Philip P, d'Ortho MP, Schouman T, Schröder C, Trzepizur W, Geoffroy PA
Encephale · 2025 Dec · PMID 40187984 · Publisher ↗
The new cross-disciplinary sleep medicine residency program (SMR) was created in 2017 in France and effectively implemented beginning in 2019. This first French specific sleep medicine residency program aims to train spe...
The new cross-disciplinary sleep medicine residency program (SMR) was created in 2017 in France and effectively implemented beginning in 2019. This first French specific sleep medicine residency program aims to train specialists in sleep medicine by complementing the knowledge from their original Specialized Studies Diplomas (SSD). The SMR lasts one year, offering comprehensive theoretical cross-disciplinary training and two practical internships of six months each. This study, based on a standardized questionnaire, aims to provide an initial assessment of this training and its impact on the professional careers of physicians who completed the SMR, five years after its implementation. The 42 participants in this study, with an average age of 30.3 years, primarily came from Paris (21.4%) and Strasbourg (16.7%), followed by Bordeaux, Dijon, Lille, and Marseille (7.1%), Besançon, Caen, and Toulouse (4.8%), and Angers, Grenoble, Lyon, Martinique, Montpellier, Nancy, Poitiers, and Reims (2.4%). Psychiatry and pulmonology were the most represented specialties among nine specialties, with the other seven being general medicine, neurology, geriatrics, otolaryngology, cardiology, occupational medicine, and public health. Regarding practical training, combined internships (paired with SSD internship) and internships outside the subdivision were popular, highlighting the importance of diversified training. The majority of participants (76.2%) had defended their medical thesis, with 66.7% of them related to sleep medicine. Additionally, 52.4% worked in a sleep center, and 81% had activities related to sleep medicine. For participants who did not have a permanent position (residents, junior doctors, chief residents, assistants), 72.5% considered a hospital career, and 45% considered an academic career. Regarding research trajectories, 69% of participants had already published at least one scientific article, and 38.1% held or were enrolled in a master's degree in research. The survey revealed a high level of satisfaction among participants (97.6%). In conclusion, the SMR is perceived as enriching and has a direct impact on the academic and professional career paths of its participants. These results highlight the significant role of this new innovating transversal training in the development of sleep medicine in France.
Evaluation of the convergent validity of Young's questionnaires.
Bouvard M, Silvera GO, Casarin S
Encephale · 2026 Feb · PMID 40187983 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVES: Young's schema therapy is based on two questionnaires: the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) and the Schema Mode Inventory (SMI). The YSQ describes 18 early maladaptive schemas (EMSs), and the French-language...
OBJECTIVES: Young's schema therapy is based on two questionnaires: the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) and the Schema Mode Inventory (SMI). The YSQ describes 18 early maladaptive schemas (EMSs), and the French-language version of the YSQ has been validated. The SMI is based on 14 schema modes representing the set of EMSs that are active at a given time and that correspond to an ego state. The SMI is specific for personality disorders. The objective of the present study was to identify correlations between the YSQ and the SMI and between each of these two questionnaires and a personality questionnaire. We expected to find correlations between the YSQ-S3 and the SMI. We also expected that the YSQ-S3 and the SMI would be more strongly correlated with Neuroticism than with the EPQR-A's other dimensions. METHODS: A group of 231 students filled out the French-language version of the short-form YSQ (YSQ-S3), the short-form SMI, and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised-Abbreviated (EPQR-A): 126 participants filled out paper questionnaires and 105 completed the questionnaires online. Correlation coefficients were calculated as a guide to the convergent validity of the two questionnaires. RESULTS: All but two of the modes (Enraged Child and Bully and Attack) were correlated with the various EMSs. The Self-Aggrandiser mode had few links to the EMSs but showed a strong correlation with the Unrelenting Standards schema. Five modes were correlated with 16 EMSs, and six other modes were correlated with between 12 and 15 EMSs. The Vulnerable Child mode was strongly correlated with six EMSs. The Punitive Parent mode presented three strong correlations, and the Detached Protector and Healthy Adult modes each presented two strong correlations. Four other modes were strongly correlated with one EMS each. Neuroticism was correlated with a large number of modes and EMSs. Extraversion appeared to be less strongly linked and showed negative correlations with modes (except for the Happy Child and Healthy Adult modes). Psychoticism was correlated with few modes and very few EMSs. DISCUSSION: The Enraged Child and Bully and Attack modes (defined by extreme anger and aggressiveness) were not correlated with many EMSs. The same was true for the Self-Aggrandiser mode. However, the latter mode was strongly and positively correlated with the Unrelenting Standards schema. The Vulnerable Child mode presented the strongest correlations with various schemas and was most strongly correlated with Neuroticism. An internalized, punitive attitude in the parent (Punitive Parent) was linked to a very negative self-image (S4), subjugation to others (S12), and negativity/pessimism (S15). Neuroticism appeared to be more strongly correlated with psychiatric disorders than with Extraversion. Psychoticism appeared to be very weakly correlated with the EMSs and only slightly more strongly with the modes. The theoretical constructs of certain modes appear to be closer to those of Psychoticism than those of the EMSs. CONCLUSIONS: The correlations between various modes and EMSs confirmed that modes are composed of different schemas: the less a person is subjugated or dependent on others, the more likely they are to present a Healthy Adult mode.
Evolution of methylphenidate prescriptions in the region of Occitanie, France, from 2013 to 2021.
Velay A, Alexis J, Papinaud L … +4 more , Domerg C, Ouakil DP, Willig TN, Kerbage H
Encephale · 2025 Dec · PMID 40187982 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a frequent neurodevelopmental disorder with a lasting functional impact. Our objective was to analyze methylphenidate prescription rates between 2013 and 2...
INTRODUCTION: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a frequent neurodevelopmental disorder with a lasting functional impact. Our objective was to analyze methylphenidate prescription rates between 2013 and 2021 in Occitanie, to study their evolution over time, disparities within the same region, and factors that could influence them. METHODS: Data were extracted via the national insurance health data system, the inter-regime consumption data mart of the Occitanie region. Prevalence and incidence data were reported based on population data from NISES within the same territories. Deprivation indices of municipalities and classification of territories according to rurality were used as analysis variables. RESULTS: Between 2013 and 2021, the overall rate of methylphenidate prescription in Occitanie increased by 97.3% with territorial disparities. In 2019, the prescription prevalence across all age groups studied was 0.19%, and the incidence was 0.06%. The abandonment rate represents 22.32% across all ages. The decrease in deliveries in the second quarter of 2020 coincides with the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSION: Our data are consistent with the results observed at the national level, namely an increase in methylphenidate prescriptions of around 12% per year. Similar results are observed in countries using methylphenidate with initially low prescription rates. The level of prescription reached in Occitanie remains significantly lower than that of comparable Occidental countries, with significant territorial disparities.
Peer-support and group psychoeducation for patients with borderline personality disorder: A feasibility study.
Blay M, Uludag-Martin A, Lagadec S … +2 more , Zenou M, Benmakhlouf I
Encephale · 2026 Feb · PMID 40187981 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a common disorder associated with poor mental health and socio-professional outcomes. Even though it is known to be a treatable condition, almost half of the patients a...
OBJECTIVE: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a common disorder associated with poor mental health and socio-professional outcomes. Even though it is known to be a treatable condition, almost half of the patients are still not responding to current psychotherapeutic treatment programs. Peer-support interventions are thought to be an interesting way to improve these treatments, but data regarding the feasibility of such interventions are scarce. METHODS: The present naturalistic study aimed to assess the feasibility and acceptability of incorporating a peer-support worker (PSW) with a lived experience of BPD as a co-leader in an evidence-based psychoeducation group based on Good Psychiatric Management for patients with BPD, with a pre-post design. RESULTS: Overall, 46 patients were included in the analysis, among whom 34 completed the post-group analysis. Almost all the patients found the presence of the PSW relevant and useful, completion rates were high, and security outcomes were satisfactory. CONCLUSION: Despite numerous limitations, including the naturalistic design, the absence of a control group, and the high level of training of our PSW (that limits the generalizability of our findings to less trained PSW), we believe that our study adds to the current scarce literature on the usefulness of integrating PSW with a lived experience of BPD in evidence-based treatment programs for patients with BPD.
Complex Bodily Hallucinatory Experiences Scale (CBHES): Development, structure and psychometric properties.
Michael GA, Salgues S, Duran G
Encephale · 2026 Feb · PMID 40187980 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVES: Complex bodily hallucinations are not rare in psychiatric, neurological and toxicological conditions and may also be reported even in the total absence of any medical condition. Despite this, they are usually...
OBJECTIVES: Complex bodily hallucinations are not rare in psychiatric, neurological and toxicological conditions and may also be reported even in the total absence of any medical condition. Despite this, they are usually not clinically assessed independently from (and in comparison to) hallucinations in other modalities. The objective of this study was to develop a short scale assessing complex bodily hallucinations. METHODS: Based on previous research and clinical reports, we present a new short scale for the assessment of four themes of such hallucinations, i.e., delusional parasitosis, the feeling of presence, autoscopic phenomena, and body distortions. The scale was completed by 623 participants from the general population. RESULTS: Complex bodily hallucinations are frequent, with 96.6% of the sample reporting at least one. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed that the data best fit a hierarchical model in which the four independent themes are linked to a higher-order factor that we tentatively identifed as bodily self-consciousness. Each one of the four themes was reported in isolation in less than 5% of the sample, but combinations of themes were more frequent. The scale has good internal consistency, a good 3-month test-retest reliability, and good convergent validity. Furthermore, the scale has a good balance between specificity and sensitivity when the 90 percentile of the total score is used as a classification criterion. CONCLUSION: The short scale developed has good psychometric properties and can be used both in clinical and research settings.
[Levels of care and training for "ADHD-Specialized Physicians" for Children and Adolescents in France in 2024].
Willig TN, Bioulac S, Blanc JP … +17 more , Bonnot O, Caci H, Chambry J, Charollais A, Desgrez V, Doyen C, Egaud C, Franc N, Girardon D, Briant FG, Icick R, Joseph F, Magnin E, N'Diaye C, Ribeyrolle JL, Surig L, Purper-Ouakil D
Encephale · 2025 Aug · PMID 40187979 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVES: This article examines international recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. It highlights the roles of physicians at va...
OBJECTIVES: This article examines international recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. It highlights the roles of physicians at various levels of care and introduces the 2024 recommendation from the French High Authority for Health (Haute Autorité de santé [HAS]) to create a formal certification for "ADHD-specialized physicians". These physicians would be qualified to both diagnose ADHD and initiate stimulant prescriptions. The article further outlines a proposed training framework for these specialized physicians in France, detailing the required training hours, educational objectives, and methods for evaluating competencies. METHODS: The study synthesized data from international guidelines on ADHD management collected through systematic searches conducted by the HAS between 2012 and 2023. This analysis focused on how physicians' roles are defined in different healthcare systems. In parallel, an inventory of training programs available in France in 2024 was conducted, categorizing these programs based on content and duration. Training modules were grouped into four categories: diplomas focused on ADHD, general training on neurodevelopmental disorders, introductory training for primary care physicians, and modules dedicated to therapeutic interventions for ADHD. RESULTS: International recommendations exhibit significant variability in the delegation of diagnostic and treatment responsibilities for ADHD. Restrictive models, such as those in the UK and Germany, reserve diagnosis and stimulant initiation for specialists (e.g., child psychiatrists, pediatricians). In contrast, pragmatic approaches, exemplified by Canada and Australia, enable trained primary care physicians to handle straightforward cases. In France, the HAS has proposed an intermediate solution: recognizing "ADHD-specialized physicians" who can operate at a secondary care level. These physicians would manage ADHD diagnoses and initiate prescriptions, addressing challenges such as regional disparities in access to care, and the overburdening of specialist services. The proposed training framework for ADHD-specialized physicians includes 10-21hours of instruction. This program aims to equip physicians with skills in ADHD diagnosis, the identification of comorbidities, interpreting neuropsychological assessments, implementing psychoeducation, prescribing and monitoring pharmacological treatments, and coordinating with educational and healthcare teams. Additionally, it emphasizes non-pharmacological interventions, such as parental training programs and behavioral therapies. An additional component of the program would be a competency-based assessment using Script Concordance Tests (SCTs) designed to measure physicians' ability to apply knowledge in clinical scenarios. CONCLUSIONS: The creation of ADHD-specialized physicians, as proposed by the HAS, represents a pivotal step in improving ADHD care in France. By addressing the gaps in access to diagnosis and treatment, this initiative aligns with successful elements of international models while tailoring solutions to the French healthcare context. A structured training framework and standardized assessment methods will ensure that these physicians can deliver high-quality care. Expanding access to pharmacological treatments through this approach has the potential to significantly reduce delays in ADHD management and enhance multidisciplinary collaboration. This initiative underscores the importance of harmonizing training, accreditation, and care delivery to meet the growing demand for ADHD services.
Clinical profiles, treatment adherence, and quality of life in patients with severe mental disorders treated with cyamemazine: A real-world observational study.
Faugère M, Achour V, Maakaron E … +8 more , Verney P, Obadia J, Andrieu-Haller C, Lefrere A, Cermolacce M, Fond G, Lançon C, Korchia T
Encephale · 2025 Dec · PMID 40090830 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Cyamemazine, a phenothiazine antipsychotic with anxiolytic and sedative properties, is commonly used in the management of severe mental disorders (SMDs) such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depr...
BACKGROUND: Cyamemazine, a phenothiazine antipsychotic with anxiolytic and sedative properties, is commonly used in the management of severe mental disorders (SMDs) such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. Despite its unique pharmacological profile, the impact of cyamemazine on clinical outcomes, treatment adherence, and quality of life (QoL) remains inadequately studied. This study addresses the significant gap in understanding the clinical impact of cyamemazine, a widely used yet under-researched antipsychotic. METHODS: This observational study was conducted at a university psychiatry unit in Marseille, France, involving patients with SMDs. Sociodemographic, clinical, and comorbid characteristics were assessed, along with treatment adherence, QoL, and side effects using validated instruments including the Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS) and the Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale (SQoL-18). Multivariate analyses were performed to explore the associations between cyamemazine use and clinical outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 1,248 patients were included with 55 (4.4%) using cyamemazine. Cyamemazine users presented more severe clinical profiles, with higher anxiety, more hospitalizations, and poorer functioning. Although cyamemazine's anxiolytic effects may improve adherence, its sedative and metabolic side effects were associated with reduced QoL and functional impairment. CONCLUSIONS: The study highlights the need for personalized treatment strategies that weigh the benefits of cyamemazine against its potential risks. Integrating pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions could enhance patient outcomes.
Affective responses in adults with severe obesity living or not with a mental disorder during two consecutive 6-min walking exercises.
Pitois L, Baillot A, Pageaux B … +1 more , Romain AJ
Encephale · 2025 Dec · PMID 40090829 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVES: Affective response during physical activity can partly determine its adherence in adults with severe obesity living or not with a mental disorder. This study examined affective responses to physical activity...
OBJECTIVES: Affective response during physical activity can partly determine its adherence in adults with severe obesity living or not with a mental disorder. This study examined affective responses to physical activity in adults with severe obesity living or not with a mental disorder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two groups (24 adults with severe obesity, body mass index=44.4kg/m, SD=6.5; 20 adults with severe obesity and mental disorders, body mass index=44.1kg/m, SD=9.3) completed two 6-min walking exercises with affective responses assessed at each minute. RESULTS: No between-group effect in the distance walked was found. Results showed a significant time effect indicating a decline in pleasure over time in both groups from the first to the second 6-min walking exercise No interaction effects were detected in both 6-min walking exercise. DISCUSSION: Affective responses similarly declined in both groups indicating that obesity, rather than the presence of a mental disorder, is partly responsible for this decline.
Impact of insomnia: Cultural and societal aspects from a European survey.
Royant-Parola S, Poirot I, Geoffroy PA
Encephale · 2025 Dec · PMID 40090828 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVES: This European study explored the cultural and societal aspects of chronic insomnia by means of a survey undertaken in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The primary objectives were to unde...
OBJECTIVES: This European study explored the cultural and societal aspects of chronic insomnia by means of a survey undertaken in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The primary objectives were to understand the impact of insomnia on the daily lives of patients, both personally and professionally, and to evaluate the patients' perceptions and coping strategies thus identifying cultural differences in the management of this disorder. METHODS: Based on online panels targeting insomnia sufferers, the survey included 755 patients aged 35 to 65 years with moderate to severe insomnia for at least three months, occurring at least three times per week (DSM-5 criteria for insomnia disorder, ISI score 15-28). Topics covered included the impact of insomnia on daily life, strategies for coping and managing insomnia, and patients' perceptions and views of insomnia. RESULTS: A total of 755 patients completed the questionnaire. Most respondents were women (70%) and between 35 and 49 years of age (50%). About half of the patients (49%) had severe insomnia, with 49% experiencing it for over three years. Nearly 70% did not initially consider their insomnia serious, and 73% believed their condition would improve over time. Stress (39%), difficulty relaxing in the evening (37%), and a rapid flow of thoughts (37%) were identified as the main causes of insomnia. Insomnia was shown to significantly affect daily life, particularly work performance, relationships, and maintaining healthy habits. British patients were the most affected, with 85% reporting decreased work performance. In France, only 51% reported difficulties maintaining relationships. There were 77% of Britons who felt exposed to dangerous situations, such as drowsiness while driving (47%). Coping strategies varied by country but, overall, breathing exercises (43%), meditation (32%), and reducing caffeine intake (44%) were the most popular. Healthcare consultation approaches also varied. French patients consulted general practitioners (89%) but rarely specialists, while Germans consulted sleep specialists (20%) and psychiatrists (19%). Overall, 61% reported that doctors recommended lifestyle changes. CONCLUSIONS: The survey highlights cultural differences in insomnia perception and management in Europe. Insomnia is often trivialized, thus delaying management. The results underline the need to raise awareness among patients and healthcare professionals of the importance of insomnia and its consequences on mental and physical health. Addressing chronic insomnia requires a multifaceted approach that includes cultural sensitivity, patient education, and proactive healthcare engagement. By understanding and integrating these elements, healthcare providers can better support patients to manage their condition, ultimately improving their quality of life.
Stigma by association revealed in a survey conducted among UNAFAM members.
Giordana JY, Caci H
Encephale · 2025 Aug · PMID 40090827 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Stigma by association (also known as secondary, family, or courtesy stigma) adds to public stigma and self-stigma. First described by Erwin Goffman in 1963, it affects those close to stigmatized individuals,...
BACKGROUND: Stigma by association (also known as secondary, family, or courtesy stigma) adds to public stigma and self-stigma. First described by Erwin Goffman in 1963, it affects those close to stigmatized individuals, particularly people with mental health conditions. King et al.'s scale from 2007 models public stigma based on three components: Discriminatory Reactions, Disclosure Concerns, and Positive Aspects. METHOD: King's scale was adapted for use by family members and administered through UNAFAM's (National Union of Families and Friends of People with Mental Health Conditions) online survey. The sample included 3650 participants (2962 women). Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses were conducted to examine the scale's structure. We explored the effects of sex and kinship on factor scores using ANOVA/ANCOVA models. RESULTS: While confirmatory factor analyses showed significant deviation from the original structure, exploratory analyses largely recovered the three original dimensions. The "Discrimination" dimension revealed experienced and perceived prejudice along with resulting reactions. The "Disclosure" dimension demonstrated persistent difficulties in discussing a family member's mental health condition due to fears of personal and professional consequences. The "Positive Aspects" dimension showed that respondents became more understanding and tolerant toward their family member with a mental health condition, although only 40% reported becoming more resilient through this experience. CONCLUSIONS: The adapted King's scale can now be used to investigate determinants and consequences of stigma by association in other populations, including neurodevelopmental disorders (such as autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder), schizophrenia, mood disorders, substance use disorders, and dementias.
Factor structure and psychometric properties of the French versions of the Big Five Inventory-2 Short (BFI-2-S) and Extra-Short (BFI-2-XS) Forms.
Lignier B, Petot JM, De Oliveira P … +6 more , Nicolas M, Canada B, Courtois R, John OP, Plaisant O, Soto CJ
Encephale · 2025 Dec · PMID 40089439 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVES: In many circumstances, researchers and clinicians need short personality questionnaires that can be administered quickly, either because a patient's attentional abilities preclude the use of longer, more comp...
OBJECTIVES: In many circumstances, researchers and clinicians need short personality questionnaires that can be administered quickly, either because a patient's attentional abilities preclude the use of longer, more comprehensive questionnaires, or because the assessment of personality, while desirable, is not the primary focus of their approach. The purpose of this study was to validate two short forms of one of the personality questionnaires most widely used in international research, the Big Five Inventory (BFI-2), which uses 60 items to measure the Big Five personality factors: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Negative Emotionality/Neuroticism, and Open-mindedness/Openness to Experience, plus 15 facets (three for each major factor). The 30-item short form (BFI-2-S) is intended to assess the five main factors and the 15 facets and the "extra-short" form (BFI-2-XS) in 15 items only allows the five big factors to be assessed. METHODS: We had 1003 students (540 women, 54%) from two universities in central-eastern France complete the full BFI-2. We analyzed the factorial structure of the two sets of items making up the BFI-2-S and the BFI-2-XS using an exploratory structural equation model and assessed the reliability of the scales measuring the big five factors or domains using conventional indices. The reliability of the scales measuring the BFI-2-S facets was estimated based on the significance and magnitude of the correlation between the two items of which they are composed. RESULTS: The complex five-factor structure in which the 15 facets are modeled as residual correlations between the two items of each facet provided an excellent fit to the BFI-2-S data. The reliability of the scales measuring the five main factors was very satisfactory and that of the scales measuring the facets was acceptable to good. The BFI-2-S domain scales were free from differential item functioning related to gender, and the latent means of males and females could be compared. The high correlations of the domain and facet scales with the corresponding scales of the full BFI-2 argues in favor of the validity of the BFI-2-S. With respect to the BFI-2-XS, the simple five-factor structure also exhibited a satisfactory fit, and the five scales also had high correlations with the full BFI-2 corresponding scales. However, the invariance of the items with respect to gender was not as well established as for the BFI-2-S. DISCUSSION: This study's main limitation was the composition of the sample which was made up of students. More research is needed to verify whether these results are generalizable to older and less educated populations. CONCLUSION: The BFI-2-S and the BFI-2-XS provide a quick and reliable assessment of the Big Five personality factors. The BFI-2-S, which also provides an evaluation of six facets that seems reliable, appears to offer the best trade-off between parsimony and quality of evaluation.
Suicide reattempts in adolescents and young adults after a first suicide attempt. Results from the SURAYA prospective cohort study.
Barakat N, Brunelin J, Abrial E … +11 more , Neige C, Chalancon B, Scholl J, Fourier A, Brossaud J, Hermand M, Besch V, Simon L, Magnin C, Leaune E, Poulet E
Encephale · 2025 Dec · PMID 40089438 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Suicide is a particularly major public health concern among young people as it is the fourth cause of death in youth aged 15-29. Despite various prevention strategies and efforts, the rate of suicide attemp...
INTRODUCTION: Suicide is a particularly major public health concern among young people as it is the fourth cause of death in youth aged 15-29. Despite various prevention strategies and efforts, the rate of suicide attempts among youth has increased over time and has risen even further since the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to ascertain the prevalence of suicide reattempts within 3months in a cohort of young first-time suicide attempters aged 16 to 25years. Exploratory objectives were to investigate potential risk factors associated with reattempts in this population. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, naturalistic, single-center cohort study including 182 patients hospitalized in emergency psychiatry for a first suicide attempt. Data on 31 sociodemographic, clinical and biological factors known to be associated with suicide were collected at baseline. RESULTS: Out of the 182 patients included, 146 participants remained for the 3-months follow-up analysis (mean age: 19.71±2.5years, 71.9% female). Twenty of them reattempted suicide: yielding a prevalence of 13.7% (14.3% of females and 12.2% of males). Only four clinical and biological factors under study were significantly associated with suicide reattempt. CONCLUSION: Our findings underscore the critical need for targeted prevention strategies for adolescents and young adults, as they represent a high-risk group for early suicide reattempts. Further research into the factors associated with recurrent suicide attempts is essential to more accurately characterize the profiles of young individuals who reattempt suicide, thereby informing the development of effective preventive interventions and avoiding negative outcomes.
Usefulness in rehabilitation of the paper Multiple Errands Test to assess executive functions in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar or autism disorders. Results from the REHABase cohort study.
Boucaud-Maitre D, Plasse J, Chéreau-Boudet I … +7 more , Gouache B, Legros-Lafarge E, Massoubre C, Guillard-Bouhet N, Haesebaert F, Franck N, Barbalat G
Encephale · 2025 Dec · PMID 40089437 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Neuropsychological tests measuring executive functions are useful for identifying specific cognitive disorders, but they have limits for characterizing executive dysfunction in everyday activities. This study...
OBJECTIVE: Neuropsychological tests measuring executive functions are useful for identifying specific cognitive disorders, but they have limits for characterizing executive dysfunction in everyday activities. This study aims to investigate the socio-demographic, clinical, and psychosocial features associated with executive functions in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar, and autism spectrum disorders using a Paper Multiple Errands Test. PATIENTS OR MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1071 adults with schizophrenia spectrum disorder, 329 with bipolar spectrum disorder, and 254 with autism spectrum disorder were recruited from the French National Centers of Reference for Psychiatric Rehabilitation (REHABase) cohort between January 2016 and October 2022. Executive function severity was assessed by the multiple errands test. Socio-demographic and clinical data were extracted as well as results from standardized scales for self-stigma, quality of life, well-being, and self-esteem. Data were analyzed using bivariate and Quasi-Poisson regression model. RESULTS: The mean number of errors measured by the paper multiple errands test was 3.1±1.9 in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (n=1071), 2.4±1.8 in bipolar disorder (n=329), and 2.6±1.9 in autism disorder (n=254). Factors significantly associated with the number of errors were (1) age, illness duration, number of hospitalizations, education level, working memory, and insight in patients with schizophrenia; (2) age, illness duration, number of hospitalizations, education level, and working memory in patients with bipolar disorder; and (3) education level and working memory in patients with autism disorder. The number of errors was associated with lower quality of life, well-being and self-esteem, but not self-stigma, in all three disorders. CONCLUSION: The predictors of executive dysfunction observed with the paper multiple errands test were similar to those found with other tests of executive function. The paper multiple errands test is associated with essential psychosocial determinants in rehabilitation, particularly quality of life and well-being, and provides a wide range of information about functioning in community living.
Clinical pharmacy activities specific to patients treated with lithium.
Niot C, Cuvelier E, Leroy A … +6 more , Vaiva G, Maron M, Cottencin O, Odou P, Amad A, Décaudin B
Encephale · 2025 Dec · PMID 40089436 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVES: Medication compliance in lithium-treated patients is poor (43-46%) and may be responsible for relapse or toxicity. Improving understanding of treatment principles leads to increased medication adherence. To d...
OBJECTIVES: Medication compliance in lithium-treated patients is poor (43-46%) and may be responsible for relapse or toxicity. Improving understanding of treatment principles leads to increased medication adherence. To do this, targeted and personalised pharmaceutical interviews on lithium were developed and implemented by a clinical pharmacy team in adult psychiatric departments of the Lille university hospital center. The primary aim of this work was to assess medication adherence with lithium, patients' understanding of the drug and of potential adverse effects. A secondary objective was to evaluate the feasibility of these pharmaceutical interviews in practice. METHODS: Implementation of self-assessment questionnaires measuring medication adherence (Medication Adherence Rating Scale) as well as knowledge of lithium and risk of exposure to toxic effects (Lithium Knowledge Test) of patients. Conducting targeted pharmaceutical interviews about lithium, and recording of time spent, satisfaction of medical teams and difficulties encountered. RESULTS: Twenty patients were included in the 6-month study. Every patient benefited from a personalized pharmaceutical interview by a pharmacy intern focused on lithium during his hospitalization. Lithium adherence, patient knowledge and risk exposure to lithium toxicity was 5.5±0.9 (target ≥8), 8.9±0.9 (target >6) and 4.0±0.5 (target <4). The median time required for these new activities was 95minutes per patient. Medical satisfaction was observed in 70% to 100% of cases depending on the criterion assessed. The lack of pharmaceutical time and communication difficulties were the main obstacles encountered. CONCLUSION: Medication compliance in patients treated with lithium is poor as described in the literature. To improve this and to optimise drug management, patients have benefited from targeted and personalised pharmaceutical interviews. The satisfaction of patients and the medical team made it possible to sustain these new pharmaceutical activities.
Clinical characteristics of a sample of 90 detainees for jihadist terrorism.
Monod G, Ambar-Akkaoui M, Levasseur L … +1 more , Pham-Scottez A
Encephale · 2025 Aug · PMID 40089435 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Although research into the process of jihadist radicalization has developed in less than 10 years, few studies on the subject have been carried out by psychiatrists, and the prevalence of psychiatric disord...
INTRODUCTION: Although research into the process of jihadist radicalization has developed in less than 10 years, few studies on the subject have been carried out by psychiatrists, and the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among people incarcerated for terrorism in France is unknown. Our objectives were to estimate the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a sample of people incarcerated for jihadist terrorism and to characterize and compare men and women (socio-demographics, psychiatric diagnoses, trauma, substances, conversion to Islam). METHOD: Ninety adults in detention for jihadist terrorism were included; the data used were extracted from the patient file (gender, age, marital and parental status, level of education, employment, history of specialized follow-up) and from clinical interviews conducted by the same interviewer (history of depression, suicide attempt, psychiatric follow-up, psychotropic medication use, psychiatric hospitalization, current ICD-10 psychiatric diagnosis, substance abuse and withdrawal, trauma, lone or in group terrorism). Categorical variables were described with proportions, and qualitative variables with means, medians and standard deviations. Comparisons were made between men and women using the t-Student test (comparisons of means) or the Chi (comparisons of proportions). Analyses were performed using R Studio software. RESULTS: 30% of incarcerated people had a current psychiatric diagnosis. The most frequent diagnosis was "personality disorder" (11%), followed by "schizophrenia, schizotypal disorders and delusional disorders" (8%) and "neurotic and stress-related disorders and somatoform disorders" (6%). Women had a higher lifetime history of depression and psychiatric follow-up than men, but men were more likely to have a current psychiatric diagnosis. The marital and parental status of men and women also differed: men were better socially integrated, with higher levels of education and access to employment. Women were more likely to have been taken into care by the child welfare system, to have family responsibilities, and to be divorced or widowed. Men were much more likely than women to engage in addictive behaviors and were also much more likely to wean themselves from their substance use. Women had a very high prevalence of trauma, sexual violence and/or domestic or marital violence which was not the case for men. The phenomenon of conversion to Islam concerned a large and identical proportion of men and women. Finally, for the first time in the literature on the subject our study explored the link between male lone actors and the prevalence of psychiatric pathology (90%) and found a very significant association between being a lone actor and having a psychiatric diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Our study thus contributes to the development of new criteria for the detection, assessment and management of people radicalized and committing acts of jihadist terrorism.
Validation of a French Fear of Missing Out Scale.
Andraos E, Graziani P, Del Monte J
Encephale · 2025 Dec · PMID 40089434 · Publisher ↗
This study aimed to translate and assess the psychometric properties of a French Fear of Missing Out scale (PPC). The Fear of missing out is defined as a "pervasive apprehension that others might be having rewarding expe...
This study aimed to translate and assess the psychometric properties of a French Fear of Missing Out scale (PPC). The Fear of missing out is defined as a "pervasive apprehension that others might be having rewarding experiences from which one is absent; it is characterized by the desire to remain continually connected to what others are doing". One hundred and thirty-eight participants completed the PPC, a French version of the Internet Addiction Test - Social Media (IAT-RS), a French Smartphone Addiction Scale - Short Version (SAS-SV) and some subscales of the French Revised Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R) to test the validity of the scale. A principal components analysis revealed an 8-item PPC with a single factor and good internal validity. Correlations with the SAS-SV and the IAT-RS revealed moderate positive correlations confirming the convergent validity of the scale and supporting the use of the scale for further research findings related to the SCL-90-R subscales. Additional analyses allowed us to note that PPC fully mediated the relationship between anxiety and smartphone addiction, as well as between depression and smartphone addiction. It was also revealed that PPC partially mediated the relationship between anxiety and social media addiction and depression and social media addiction. The PPC has good psychometric qualities and opens up the possibility of assessing the fear of missing out in French populations and testing its relationships with various psychological disorders such as addictive behaviors.
[What useful qualities and practices should mental health care providers exhibit? A mixed-methods user-led study].
Valery KM, Guionnet S, Boivert P … +9 more , Bonilla-Guerreo J, Caiada M, Destaillats JM, Felix S, Fournier T, Tison E, Violeau L, Berrier PA, Prouteau A
Encephale · 2025 Dec · PMID 40089433 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The Clubhouse Bordeaux initiative, a community of individuals with direct experience of mental health services, decided to identify and examine positive experiences in order to enhance the provision of care...
INTRODUCTION: The Clubhouse Bordeaux initiative, a community of individuals with direct experience of mental health services, decided to identify and examine positive experiences in order to enhance the provision of care that aligns with the preferences of service users. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was twofold: firstly, to identify the professional practices and skills that mental health service users consider to be useful, and secondly, to assess the relative importance of these practices and skills in terms of frequency of occurrence. METHODOLOGY: A survey was conducted online with the objective of gathering information from psychiatric service users in France. The content of the survey was developed through a participatory, user-led study approach. RESULTS: A total of 128 users participated in the survey. Ten practices, such as user involvement in decision-making, accurate diagnosis, person-centered support, and clear information about care, were identified as useful. Similarly, ten professional skills, including trust, empathy, honesty, transmission of hope, and belief in the potential for recovery, were also considered beneficial. However, it was observed that few service users reported frequently benefiting from these practices and skills. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The results indicate that service users seek professionals who are both experts in providing support and trusted equals who facilitate their empowerment. Implementing these practices and skills in clinical practice could better align with the preferences expressed by service users.
French translation and adaptation of the "safety planning intervention" for the prevention of suicide attempts: A four-step method.
Chalancon B, Leaune É, Vacher A … +5 more , Vernet T, Vieux M, Lau-Taï P, Bislimi K, Poulet E
Encephale · 2025 Oct · PMID 40024818 · Publisher ↗
The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified suicide prevention as a significant concern, warranting further investigation and intervention. It has been demonstrated that brief interventions and contact can be an e...
The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified suicide prevention as a significant concern, warranting further investigation and intervention. It has been demonstrated that brief interventions and contact can be an effective means of preventing suicide. Among these interventions, the safety plan has been identified in the scientific literature as an effective method for the prevention of suicidal behaviour. The objective was to produce a translation/adaptation of the safety plan in French that ensures a high level of fidelity with the original instrument and adaptation to the French clinical and cultural context. The four-step translation/adaptation method employed was in accordance with the guidelines set forth by Sousa & Rojjanasrirat (2011). A multidisciplinary committee comprising experts in suicidology, people with lived experience and professional translators was involved in the study. The authors of the original version of the safety plan provided their consent and one of them collaborated in the translation and adaptation stages. In accordance with the recommendations, an initial translation of the safety plan into French was carried out, after which the content was compared and adapted. A back-translation was employed to ascertain the discrepancy between the original and translated versions, thereby determining whether the item should be validated or a new cycle of adaptation, back-translation, and comparison initiated. The translation and adaptation process resulted in a consensus on all items in the safety plan. This version, adapted into French as part of the PROTECT study, recommends that, in the specific context of emergencies, the last stage of the plan, which concerns reasons for living, should not be carried out. The translation of the safety plan provides healthcare professionals with a novel instrument for the prevention of suicidal behaviour. Although it requires time to learn how to use it, the translation ensures that it can be distributed widely, faithful to the original version.
[Participatory research into autism spectrum disorder].
Pieron M, Lacroix A, Chokron S … +1 more , Demily C
Encephale · 2025 Oct · PMID 39956666 · Publisher ↗
Participatory research applied to autism spectrum disorder is an emerging research methodology. In this type of project, researchers and clinicians collaborate with autistic people, their families and professionals on re...
Participatory research applied to autism spectrum disorder is an emerging research methodology. In this type of project, researchers and clinicians collaborate with autistic people, their families and professionals on research projects that are jointly determined, making the most of everyone's strengths, skills and knowledge. The resulting work addresses issues identified as priorities by all partners. The aim is to bridge the gap between research, clinical practice and the experience of autistic people. This opinion piece reviews this methodology, its scientific and societal value, and the ethical issues and limitations it raises. It also sheds light on the particular attention that needs to be paid to methodological aspects and the resources that need to be put in place to ensure that everyone can play their part to the full, scientists and autistic people alike.
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