Environmental Science And Pollution Research International[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
From waste to resource: yeast residues valorized into nanomodified activated carbon for endocrine disruptor removal.
Ramos JL, de Oliveira Fernandes Monteiro J, Beretta GZ … +2 more , Labuto G, Carrilho ENVM
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int · 2026 Jun · PMID 42250088 · Publisher ↗
The continuous release of endocrine-disrupting hormones into aquatic environments has become an emerging environmental concern due to their persistence and potential ecotoxicological effects, even at low concentrations....
The continuous release of endocrine-disrupting hormones into aquatic environments has become an emerging environmental concern due to their persistence and potential ecotoxicological effects, even at low concentrations. Conventional water treatment processes are often insufficient for the complete removal of these substances, highlighting the need for more efficient and sustainable alternatives. In this study, a magnetic nanocomposite adsorbent based on yeast-derived activated carbon (YAC-MNP) was developed and evaluated for the removal of estrone (E1) and progesterone (PROG) from aqueous solutions. YAC-MNP was synthesized via chemical activation followed by incorporation of magnetite (FeO) nanoparticles, enabling magnetic recovery after treatment. Batch adsorption experiments were performed, and the point of zero charge (pH) was determined as 6.05. The adsorption performance remained stable under acidic conditions (pH 2-6), with no significant variation in sorption capacity, which ranged from 16 to 18 mg/g for E1 and from 11 to 13 mg/g for PROG. Kinetic studies showed rapid adsorption, with equilibrium reached within 30 min for E1 and 90 min for PROG, and the data were best described by the pseudo-second-order model. Equilibrium isotherms were better fitted by models that assume heterogeneous surfaces, such as Hill and Toth, indicating non-uniform adsorption sites. Adsorption efficiency was also assessed using spiked lake water to simulate a more complex matrix, achieving removal efficiency of 67%. Overall, the results demonstrate that YAC-MNP is a promising, low-cost, and magnetically recoverable biosorbent for the removal of hormones from water.
Valorization of Cassia fistula pod waste into mesoporous carbon for the adsorptive removal of dye pollutant.
Mordhiya B, Meena P, Meena PL … +2 more , Sharma R, Pooja
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int · 2026 May · PMID 42247177 · Publisher ↗
Valorization of agricultural waste into functional adsorbents provides a sustainable route for wastewater treatment. In this work, mesoporous activated carbon was synthesized from Cassia fistula pod waste through H₃PO₄ c...
Valorization of agricultural waste into functional adsorbents provides a sustainable route for wastewater treatment. In this work, mesoporous activated carbon was synthesized from Cassia fistula pod waste through H₃PO₄ chemical activation and evaluated for methylene blue (MB) dye removal from aqueous solutions. Comprehensive characterization using XRD, FT-IR, FE-SEM, HRTEM, EDS, zeta potential, and N₂ adsorption-desorption analyses confirmed the formation of a turbostratic carbon framework enriched with oxygenated and phosphorylated surface functionalities, exhibiting Type IV/H3 isotherm behavior with a modal pore size of ~ 3 nm. Batch adsorption studies revealed that MB uptake was strongly dependent on pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and initial dye concentration. Under optimized conditions (C₀ = 30 mg L⁻, pH 10, adsorbent dose = 30 mg per 50 mL, 25 °C), ~ 99.5% dye removal was achieved within ~ 80 min, corresponding to an equilibrium capacity of 90.67 mg g⁻. Adsorption equilibrium followed the Langmuir isotherm (qₐₓ = 84.03 mg g⁻), while kinetics were best described by the pseudo-second-order model. Thermodynamic parameters indicated spontaneous and endothermic adsorption (ΔG° < 0, ΔH° = + 61.32 kJ mol⁻). FT-IR shifts and pH effects suggest a mixed adsorption mechanism involving electrostatic attraction, π-π interactions, and site-specific binding. The adsorbent retained ~ 90% efficiency after four reuse cycles, demonstrating promising laboratory-scale feasibility for dye-laden wastewater treatment.
Environmental pollution from silica sand washing in Algeria: physico-chemical analysis.
Ameri B, Djennad M, Hanini S
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int · 2026 May · PMID 42247176 · Publisher ↗
This study addresses the lack of quantitative data linking silica sand washing efficiency to environmental pollutant emissions at an industrial scale in Sig (Algeria). The novelty lies in integrating multi-analytical cha...
This study addresses the lack of quantitative data linking silica sand washing efficiency to environmental pollutant emissions at an industrial scale in Sig (Algeria). The novelty lies in integrating multi-analytical characterization with a mass balance approach to quantify pollutant releases from a 300 t/day processing unit. Raw and washed sand were analyzed using particle size distribution analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Washing wastewater, sludge, soils, and airborne dust were also characterized to assess environmental contamination. A mass balance approach was applied to estimate daily emissions. Results show that SiO increased from 96.98% to 98.24%, while iron oxide (FeO), one of the main chromophoric impurities, was reduced by 93%. However, significant emissions were identified, including 321 kg/day of FeO and approximately 25 t/day of clay. Wastewater exhibited high TSS (35.66 g/L) and TDS (2800 mg/L), while soils showed alkaline pH (9.57) and elevated metal concentrations. Dust contained high crystalline silica, indicating respiratory risks. These findings demonstrate that, despite improved sand quality, the washing process generates substantial environmental impacts. Therefore, integrated wastewater treatment, sludge valorization, and dust control are required for sustainable processing.
The promise and pitfalls of monitoring harmful algal blooms (HABs) with remote sensing in pond-sized waterbodies.
Hur NJ, Jennings KS, McKnight DM
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int · 2026 May · PMID 42247175 · Full text
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) pose water quality risks, including the depletion of dissolved oxygen and human health impacts. Remote sensing is a proven tool for monitoring HABs, yet knowledge is limited about its effectiv...
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) pose water quality risks, including the depletion of dissolved oxygen and human health impacts. Remote sensing is a proven tool for monitoring HABs, yet knowledge is limited about its effectiveness in pond-sized waterbodies, whose size and shape may preclude multi-spectral platforms with large spatial resolutions and increase the probability of mixed pixels. This comparative limnology case study evaluates whether optical remote sensing is a viable tool to monitor HABs in pond-sized waterbodies. We use Sentinel-2 imagery with previously studied chlorophyll-a and cyanobacteria detection algorithms and performed targeted in situ sampling in four small waterbodies in Boulder, CO, USA, from June to August 2021 to validate the algorithms and better understand underlying biogeochemical processes. The chlorophyll-a algorithm indicated persistent algal growth occurred in all waterbodies, yet only Sombrero Marsh chlorophyll-a expressed a statistically significant relationship with the remote sensing output (p < 0.0005, r = 0.80). Meanwhile, the cyanobacteria algorithm resulted in false negatives, only showing potential cyanobacteria at Sombrero Marsh despite in situ samples from all waterbodies indicating cyanobacteria were present. Samples from Sombrero Marsh had the highest chlorophyll-a (average = 132.5 µg/L) and percent cyanobacteria (average = 43.5%). These findings suggest that there is uncertainty in relying on remote sensing for monitoring HABs in small waterbodies unless a high concentration of algae is present on the water surface. However, in a resource- and time-limited system, remote sensing can be a useful tool as an initial assessment for monitoring algal blooms.
Stable NiO-ZnFeO p-n heterojunction nanocomposite for dual-functional photocatalysis and electrochemical sensing applications.
Vishwakumar DS, Krishnegowda J, Katamallappa JH … +1 more , Shivalingappa RP
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int · 2026 May · PMID 42243566 · Publisher ↗
The design of a single semiconductor nanocomposite for combined photocatalytic and sensing applications has gained considerable global attention. Herein, a NiO-ZnFeO (NZF) nanocomposite was synthesized via a simple combu...
The design of a single semiconductor nanocomposite for combined photocatalytic and sensing applications has gained considerable global attention. Herein, a NiO-ZnFeO (NZF) nanocomposite was synthesized via a simple combustion method and systematically investigated photocatalytic and electrochemical properties. X-ray confirmed the coexistence of cubic NiO and spinel ZnFeO phases, while SEM and EDX revealed a porous nanostructure. The band gap energy was determined to be 1.6 eV, attributed to the p-n heterojunction and interfacial interaction. The BET surface area of 205 mg further enhanced the catalytic activity. Consequently, the NZF nanocomposite achieved 91% photocatalytic degradation of Brilliant Blue FCF under optimized conditions. Electrochemical sensing studies of hydrogen peroxide using NZF electrodes demonstrated a wide linear range (0.1-200 µM) and a low detection limit of 2 µM, attributed to synergistic charge transfer and reduced overpotential at the heterojunction interface. Hence, the NZF nanocomposite represents a promising multifunctional material for environmental remediation and electrochemical sensing.
Occurrence of anticancer drugs and widely used pharmaceuticals in sewage sludge, compost, and river sediment.
Alitalo OS, Gutovskaia E, Rantalainen AL … +1 more , Pellinen J
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int · 2026 May · PMID 42240727 · Full text
Pharmaceuticals enter the environment mainly via municipal wastewater treatment plants, where some compounds bind to sewage sludge during treatment processes. The contaminated sludge often undergoes fermentation and comp...
Pharmaceuticals enter the environment mainly via municipal wastewater treatment plants, where some compounds bind to sewage sludge during treatment processes. The contaminated sludge often undergoes fermentation and composting and is later used as a soil amendment. This study aims to investigate the fate of five pharmaceuticals letrozole, tamoxifen, carbamazepine, diclofenac, and naproxen, in environmental solid matrices, including sewage sludge, compost, and sediment. An analytical method based on microwave-assisted extraction, SPE, and UPLC-MS/MS was developed and validated. The most abundant compounds in sewage sludge were carbamazepine (29-92 ng/g dw) and diclofenac (46-213 ng/g dw). Tamoxifen occurred at lower concentrations (5-19 ng/g dw), while letrozole and naproxen were generally detected below LOQ levels. Carbamazepine and diclofenac were the only compounds detected in compost samples. In the receiving river sediment, studied compounds were found at low concentrations (< 11 ng/g dw), except letrozole and tamoxifen, which were not detected. The results suggest that carbamazepine and diclofenac bind to sewage sludge and are not degraded during treatment processes, potentially ending up in compost and soils. This emphasizes the need for further research on their environmental impacts at low concentrations in soil.
Advanced oxidation process as a promising approach for microplastic degradation.
Dulla JB, Karpurapu HL, Davuluri SB
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int · 2026 May · PMID 42240726 · Publisher ↗
Microplastics (MPs) are persistent environmental contaminants whose small size, chemical stability, and heterogeneous composition limit the effectiveness of conventional physical separation and biological treatment metho...
Microplastics (MPs) are persistent environmental contaminants whose small size, chemical stability, and heterogeneous composition limit the effectiveness of conventional physical separation and biological treatment methods. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have emerged as promising degradation-based strategies capable of chemically transforming MPs through the generation of highly reactive oxygen species (ROS). This review provides a critical and mechanistic synthesis of recent advances in AOPs-driven MPs degradation, including photocatalysis, Fenton and photo-Fenton systems, electrochemical oxidation, persulfate-based processes, ozone oxidation, and plasma-assisted techniques. Rather than merely listing available technologies, the review systematically compares AOPs based on radical generation pathways, polymer-specific degradation mechanisms, degradation efficiencies, and operational constraints. Key findings reveal that degradation performance is strongly governed by polymer type, crystallinity, aging state, and process conditions, and that no single AOP is universally effective across all the MP classes. Integrated and hybrid AOP configurations-particularly photo-Fenton, photo-electro-Fenton, and persulfate-assisted systems-consistently demonstrate enhanced performance due to synergistic radical production and improved oxidant utilization. The review further identifies critical challenges related to energy demand, catalyst sustainability, scalability, and the formation of secondary transformation products, which may pose additional environmental risks. Overall, this review offers a comparative and mechanistic framework that advances current understanding and supports the rational design of efficient, scalable, and environmentally responsible AOP-based technologies for MPs remediation.
Production and characterization of iron oxide immobilized bioflocculants in the removal of Microcystis aeruginosa from freshwater ecosystems.
Arulraj J, Udappusamy V, Sundararajan P … +5 more , Ganeshan S, Ramasamy NK, Soundararajan R, Rajesh EM, Kaliyannan G
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int · 2026 May · PMID 42237017 · Publisher ↗
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have significantly influenced water pollution and created negative impacts on biotic and abiotic ecosystems. Microcystis aeruginosa was found to be a major cyanobacterium that causes HABs in f...
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have significantly influenced water pollution and created negative impacts on biotic and abiotic ecosystems. Microcystis aeruginosa was found to be a major cyanobacterium that causes HABs in freshwater ecosystems. In order to remove HABs, a flocculation mechanism was adopted. As synthetic flocculants exhibit toxicity, microbial-based flocculants were used. Further, in this study, iron oxide (FeO) nanoparticles were immobilized with bioflocculants to enhance the efficacy in removing HABs. Initially, the FeO immobilized bioflocculants were characterized based on UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, DLS, SEM, EDX, HR-TEM, XRD, and VSM analysis. Subsequently, Microcystis aeruginosa was cultivated in optimized conditions and its biomass was calculated. Further, about 96% of the flocculation of Microcystis aeruginosa was observed at optimum pH of 7, temperature of 37 °C, agitated rate of 120 rpm, and complete settling time of 60 min. Moreover, FeO immobilized bioflocculants could be used up to four times, which could help in reducing the treatment cost. Consequently, it was found that flocculation occurred through a bridging mechanism based on zeta potential analysis. Furthermore, a comparative analysis was performed to compare the efficacy of FeO immobilized bioflocculant with commercially available flocculants. It was revealed that FeO immobilized bioflocculant was more efficient than synthetic flocculants. Based on physicochemical parameters, water treated with FeO immobilized bioflocculants was found to be within the permissible limit of Indian Standards for drinking water. Hence, this method could be effectively used for drinking purposes. Further, the antimicrobial activity of FeO immobilized bioflocculants exhibited significant activity against water pathogens. Moreover, molecular docking studies revealed that the active compound Lidocaine of FeO immobilized bioflocculant showed effective binding at threonine-221 of the target with one hydrogen bond interaction. The results of this study suggest that FeO immobilized bioflocculants have potential for removing harmful algal blooms from freshwater ecosystems.
Water-soluble atmospheric dust as a persistent surface electrolyte: environmental controls and implications for carbonate surface interactions in urban settings.
Banerjee D, Singh MR
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int · 2026 May · PMID 42234380 · Publisher ↗
Atmospheric dust is widely recognised as an active component of surface-atmosphere systems; however, its chemical influence on carbonate materials is commonly interpreted in terms of bulk deposition, visible crust format...
Atmospheric dust is widely recognised as an active component of surface-atmosphere systems; however, its chemical influence on carbonate materials is commonly interpreted in terms of bulk deposition, visible crust formation, or episodic pollution events. Such perspectives overlook the water-soluble fraction of deposited dust-a low-mass but chemically reactive component capable of sustaining surface processes under ambient urban conditions. Using a carbonate-based environmental setting exposed to chronic dust deposition as a model context, this study characterises the ionic state, molecular organisation, and surface distribution of the water-soluble dust fraction through an integrated multi-scale approach. Atomic absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with EDS were applied to the same material system. Rather than relying solely on absolute ion concentrations, soluble dust chemistry was evaluated using derived ionic-state indicators, revealing seasonally persistent heterogeneity in ionic mobility and surface availability. FTIR spectra suggest the presence of interfacial water and heterogeneous mineral-oxide environments, while microscopic observations show these components occur as sparse, weakly consolidated, and spatially discontinuous particulate assemblages. The findings suggest that carbonate surface-atmosphere interactions may be influenced under dust-dominated, inferred near-neutral environmental conditions, without the need for strong acidity or visible crust formation. The water-soluble dust fraction can be interpreted as a persistent surface electrolyte system in which chemical influence is governed by ionic-state variability, hydration dynamics, and microstructural openness rather than bulk mass loading. These results highlight the importance of soluble particulate chemistry with implications for long-term surface processes in dust-impacted urban environments.
Eco-friendly cationic celluloses for fouling control in anaerobic membrane bioreactors.
Menon S, Venkatraman K
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int · 2026 May · PMID 42234379 · Publisher ↗
The anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) present an efficient method for wastewater treatment, but the membrane fouling poses a primary barrier to sustained, large-scale operation. This study addresses the fouling mit...
The anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) present an efficient method for wastewater treatment, but the membrane fouling poses a primary barrier to sustained, large-scale operation. This study addresses the fouling mitigation in AnMBR by developing bio-based coagulants from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and rice straw (RS). The cationic derivatives (cMCC and cRS) were synthesized through a two-step process-periodate oxidation of cellulose, followed by cationization with Girard's reagent T. The resultant cationic celluloses exhibited hydrodynamic diameters of 231 nm (cMCC) and 148 nm (cRS) and zeta potentials of + 38 mV (cMCC) and + 26 mV (cRS). The structure of cationic celluloses was confirmed by H NMR and the nitrogen elemental analysis revealed a degree of substitution of 0.6-0.8 and a high cationicity index of 2.98-3.41 mmol/g. A single dose of 5 ppm cMCC and 7 ppm cRS was added at the beginning of a 60-day continuous AnMBR trial. These coagulants effectively neutralized the negative charges on the sludge particles through electrostatic patch interactions. The enlarged flocs (~ 367 μm) reduced pore blocking and formed a loosely bound cake layer, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy of the membrane surface. With coagulant addition, the permeate flux remained stable for nearly 50 days and the fouling rates declined by almost 37% in the cRS reactor and by 53% in the cMCC reactor, while achieving 92% COD removal efficiency with no adverse impact on the reactor performance. These biomass-derived cationic coagulants offer a non-toxic, eco-friendly alternative to commercial additives to improve membrane performance in AnMBR systems.
Analysis of experimental conditions for alkali activation of mining tailings based on literature data.
Bragagnolo L, Prietto PDM, Korf EP
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int · 2026 May · PMID 42234378 · Full text
The growing focus on utilizing mining waste in construction, driven by environmental concerns, underscores its potential significance as global annual tailing production surpasses 7 billion tons. Alkaline activation of m...
The growing focus on utilizing mining waste in construction, driven by environmental concerns, underscores its potential significance as global annual tailing production surpasses 7 billion tons. Alkaline activation of mining waste emerges as a promising approach, providing a sustainable alternative for creating value-added materials. Despite numerous studies on this subject, finding optimal ranges of values for process variables remains challenging. In this context, an evaluation was sought based on experimental conditions from the literature data to understand the relationships between experimental conditions and the mechanical response of alkali-activated products with mining rejects. The analysis reveals that the type of precursor significantly influences mechanical strength. Also, combinations of tailings and co-precursors demonstrate superior performance compared to using 100% tailings. NaOH and sodium silicate prove to be predominant activators, and the addition of co-precursors enhances mechanical strength. The study suggests the need for more flexible conditions, including alternative activators and co-precursors, to reduce environmental and financial costs in real-world applications.
Utilizing tropical tree rings to trace the spatial and temporal distribution of mercury levels in Cebu, Philippines.
Megraso CCF, Batulan KRT, Lauron JC … +4 more , Suico JDC, Sumagang AJKP, Quitayen JR, Lim PJY
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int · 2026 May · PMID 42234377 · Publisher ↗
Tree rings are used for biomonitoring environmental conditions, providing insight into chemical constituents present during a tree's growth. Here, we report the utilization of tree rings and aerial parts (i.e., leaves, s...
Tree rings are used for biomonitoring environmental conditions, providing insight into chemical constituents present during a tree's growth. Here, we report the utilization of tree rings and aerial parts (i.e., leaves, shoots, and fruits) of Muntingia calabura Linn. (locally known as mansanitas or aratiles), as well as soil near the trees, to monitor spatial distribution of the presence of mercury (Hg) in 18 cities and municipalities of Cebu, Philippines. While uncommon, tropical tree rings from core samples also provide insight into the chronology of mercury uptake in M. calabura trees between 2003 and 2016. Samples from a total of 65 sites are collected and analyzed for Hg using a Milestone Direct Mercury Analyzer DMA-80 following US EPA Method 7473 and validated using standard reference materials, i.e., NIST SRM 1515 (apple leaves), NIST SRM 1575a (pine needles), and NIST SRM 2687 (soil). Soil parameters are analyzed using standard US EPA methodologies. Mercury concentrations are found to range from 1.52-20.4 parts per billion (ppb, tree cores), 8.75-105 ppb (leaves), 3.82-166 ppb (shoots), 1.40-8.45 ppb (fruits), and 6.29-247 ppb (soil). Spatial and temporal distribution maps of Hg concentrations in M. calabura generated from the collected data, while not conclusive in terms of source attribution, indicate aerial transport and clearly show significant increases in Hg concentrations near heavily industrialized areas or landfills, as well as a general increase in Hg levels from south to north. Analysis of the Hg concentrations in tree cores shows a decreasing trend from 2003 to 2016, suggesting that Hg levels in the environment have been steadily declining, although lateral translocation of the metal from bark to pith remains a factor that cannot be dismissed. This study demonstrates the viability of utilizing aerial parts and tree rings of M. calabura to detect patterns of spatial and temporal distribution of mercury and potentially other metals. Local governments can take advantage of this knowledge to help formulate policies regarding the control of gaseous emissions and disposal of effluents and sludge from industrial facilities, power plants, and sanitary landfills.
The Mussel Watch Program in the Asia-Pacific region: levels of persistent organic pollutants from 1989 to 2025-a review.
Borovkova AD, Donets MM, Belanov MA … +2 more , Masaleva KR, Tsygankov VY
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int · 2026 May · PMID 42234376 · Publisher ↗
The increasing pollution of the environment by anthropogenic xenobiotics poses a significant global threat. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (...
The increasing pollution of the environment by anthropogenic xenobiotics poses a significant global threat. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are of major concern due to their high toxicity, persistence, and capacity for long-range transport and bioaccumulation. Aquatic ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to POP contamination, which can lead to severe ecological degradation and human health risks. The International Mussel Watch program was established to monitor such contaminants in marine environments using bivalve mollusks as sensitive bioindicators. While the program has been active in the Asia-Pacific region (APR) for decades, a comprehensive synthesis of recent data is needed to assess current pollution status and trends. Here, we review recent data on POP levels in bivalves from the APR countries from 1989 to 2025. The major points are the following: (1) Marine ecosystems in the APR remain contaminated by POPs, with OCPs, particularly DDT and its metabolites, being dominant in many areas such as China, Thailand, and Indonesia; (2) PCB contamination is prominent in post-industrial nations like Japan and South Korea, but elevated levels are also found in some developing countries; (3) the qualitative composition of POPs is often dominated by degradation products, indicating historical contamination, though evidence of fresh inputs persists in some locations; (4) temporal trend analysis reveals a general decrease in POP concentrations in several countries, attributed to regulatory measures, yet increasing or stable trends are observed in others, highlighting the need for continued monitoring.
Magnetically recoverable MgFe₂O₄ nanoparticles as efficient catalysts for rapid dye degradation in water.
Cabrera AF, Torres CER, de la Presa P … +1 more , Stewart SJ
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int · 2026 May · PMID 42230474 · Publisher ↗
MgFe₂O₄ nanoparticles synthesized by a simple autocombustion method were assessed as magnetically recoverable catalysts for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) in water. The NPs exhibit a crystallite size of ~ 9 nm, a...
MgFe₂O₄ nanoparticles synthesized by a simple autocombustion method were assessed as magnetically recoverable catalysts for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) in water. The NPs exhibit a crystallite size of ~ 9 nm, a band gap of ~ 2.11 eV, and soft ferrimagnetic behavior, enabling efficient photocatalytic and Fenton-like activity. The effects of irradiation, H₂O₂ concentration, agitation mode, catalyst loading, and exposure time were systematically evaluated. Rapid and complete MB discoloration was achieved within minutes in the presence of H₂O₂, even without illumination, indicating that the process is dominated by a surface-mediated heterogeneous Fenton-like mechanism rather than photocatalysis. Kinetic analysis reveals pseudo-first-order behavior, with rate constants governed by the combined effects of catalyst concentration, oxidant dosage, and dye concentration. Structural stability and excellent recyclability confirm the robustness of the catalyst. These findings position MgFe₂O₄ nanoparticles as a low-cost, efficient, and reusable material for sustainable wastewater under operationally simple conditions.
Influence of rice husk biochar particle size on nutrient uptake and microbial metabolic profiles in sandy loam soil.
Wangdi K, Pansak W, Iamsaard K … +3 more , Khongdee N, Kiravittaya S, Intanon S
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int · 2026 May · PMID 42230473 · Publisher ↗
Rice husk biochar (RHB) is widely used as a soil amendment; however, the influence of particle size on nutrient dynamics, microbial function, and crop productivity in sandy loam soils requires further investigation. Ther...
Rice husk biochar (RHB) is widely used as a soil amendment; however, the influence of particle size on nutrient dynamics, microbial function, and crop productivity in sandy loam soils requires further investigation. Therefore, this study aimed to (i) compare the effects of RHB particle size on soil physicochemical properties, (ii) investigate variations in soil microbial functional activity and metabolic profiles under different RHB particle size treatments, and (iii) assess the effects of different RHB particle sizes on water retention and nitrogen leaching, nutrient uptake, and crop productivity. A completely randomized design with eight treatments was established to examine small, medium, and large RHB particles applied with or without chemical fertilizer, including two controls (soil alone and soil with fertilizer), using sandy loam columns. RHB application significantly improved soil physicochemical properties, particularly when combined with fertilizer. Notably small RHB particles significantly increased soil water retention and reduced total nitrogen leaching by more than 50% relative to the fertilizer-only treatment. Although unfertilized RHB treatments promoted greater microbial functional diversity, the combined application of small RHB particles and fertilizer effectively enhanced soil physical properties and nutrient availability, resulting in improved nutrient uptake and biomass production of Brassica alboglabra. Overall, the findings suggest that optimizing RHB particle size may serve as an effective approach to improve nutrient management and mitigate nitrogen loss in sandy loam soils.
A mechanistic and thermodynamics insight of cadmium adsorption on sulfur-functionalized rice husk biomass.
Lata R, Arikibe JE, Rohindra D
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int · 2026 May · PMID 42228245 · Publisher ↗
Rice husk, a waste biomass, was chemically modified with sulfur-containing groups to enhance cadmium ions (Cd) removal from aqueous solution. New rice husk adsorbents were prepared by modifying with sodium diethyldithioc...
Rice husk, a waste biomass, was chemically modified with sulfur-containing groups to enhance cadmium ions (Cd) removal from aqueous solution. New rice husk adsorbents were prepared by modifying with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (RH-SDC) and carbon disulfide (RH-X and RH-XDMF). The introduction of sulfur groups on rice husk was confirmed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), which revealed peaks at 1157 cm⁻ and 1030 cm⁻ attributed to the C = S and C-S stretching vibrations, respectively. Batch adsorption experiments were performed to assess the adsorption capabilities of the modified rice husk, taking into account factors such as pH, contact time, Cd ion concentration and temperature. Maximum adsorption occurred at pH 7 for all the adsorbents. The concentration of Cd ions after adsorption was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The incorporation of sulfur groups enhanced the maximum adsorption capacity of the Cd ion, increasing it from 7.169 mg/g to 24.449 mg/g. The adsorption data aligned well with the Langmuir isotherm model and followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics. The enthalpy (ΔH) of adsorption was endothermic, the entropy (ΔS) was positive while ΔG was negative suggesting the adsorption process was spontaneous and became favorable with increasing temperatures. The activation energy of adsorption (E) was the lowest for RH-X. Modifying cellulosic waste by-products with sulfur groups to enhance the adsorption of Cd ions from aqueous solution is a sustainable strategy for environmental remediation.
Soil microorganisms in the age of plastic pollution: effects of micro- and nano-plastics on soil health.
Kumar D, S AT, Hijam RS … +2 more , Pranay, Kumar V
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int · 2026 May · PMID 42228244 · Publisher ↗
Micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) are emerging contaminants in soil ecosystems that influence microbial communities and key ecological processes through complex physicochemical and biological interactions. This review synt...
Micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) are emerging contaminants in soil ecosystems that influence microbial communities and key ecological processes through complex physicochemical and biological interactions. This review synthesizes current knowledge on MNP-microbe interactions, highlighting the central role of the eco-corona, which governs particle bioavailability and mediates interactions with microbial cells in realistic soil environments. At the nanoscale, MNPs exhibit distinct molecular mechanisms, including surface charge-driven interactions, hydrophobic insertion into lipid bilayers, and cellular internalization, leading to oxidative stress and membrane disruption. The formation of plastisphere biofilms is identified as a critical factor shaping microbial community dynamics and acting as a hotspot for antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) enrichment and horizontal gene transfer (HGT). In addition, the impacts of weathered plastics, additive leaching, and co-contaminant transport are discussed in relation to their enhanced ecological risks. The review also adopts a critical perspective on microbial degradation, distinguishing superficial surface modifications from true biodegradation involving polymer depolymerization and mineralization, and highlights the limited evidence for effective degradation of conventional plastics. Despite recent advances, significant knowledge gaps remain regarding long-term environmental behavior, standardized analytical approaches, and realistic soil conditions, underscoring the need for more integrated and mechanistic research to better understand the ecological implications of MNP contamination.
Development of an eco-friendly mosquito larvicide for dengue/chikungunya vector control.
Munusamy S, Hari I, Mookiah B … +1 more , Nagarajan SA
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int · 2026 May · PMID 42223884 · Publisher ↗
Due to increasing insecticide resistance and environment concerns associated with synthetic chemicals, this study evaluates the larvicidal potential of essential oils (EO) extracted from seven plant species using hydro-d...
Due to increasing insecticide resistance and environment concerns associated with synthetic chemicals, this study evaluates the larvicidal potential of essential oils (EO) extracted from seven plant species using hydro-distillation against Aedes aegypti larvae. The chemical profiles of the volatile oils were characterized through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major constituents identified were thymol (74.93%) in Plectranthus amboinicus leaves, terpinen-4-ol (27.13%) in Myristica fragrans nuts, citral (27.55%) in Citrus limon leaves, caryophyllene oxide (36.11%) in Hyptis suaveolens leaves, and asarone (85.51%) in Acorus calamus rhizomes. Larvicidal bioassays revealed LC values below 50 ppm (23.40 to 47.34 ppm), with the order of efficacy being A. calamus > M. fragrans > T. ammi > I. verum > C. limon > H. suaveolens > P. amboinicus. Twenty-one binary and thirty-five ternary combinations were tested to determine synergistic, additive, and antagonistic interactions using Wadley's, Ting-Chao Chou, Co-Toxicity Factor, and Chi-square comparison methods. Binary combinations, such as P. amboinicus and M. fragrans and T. ammi and M. fragrans exhibited better synergism, this combination analysed by GC-MS, P. amboinicus and M. fragrans contains, carvacrol (36.23%), thymol (39.04%), and caryophyllene oxide (3.84%). Similarly, the combination of T. ammi and M. fragrans showed thymol (61.96%) and caryophyllene oxide (7.19%). Based on the EO yield and activity the T. ammi and M. fragrans binary combination formulated as soft-gel capsules, this formulation showed 100% larval mortality. EO mixtures work very well, showing they could be good, eco-friendly options to replace chemical insecticides for controlling mosquito larvae in the future.
Electrospun nanofiber membranes for microplastic and nanoplastic removal from aquatic environments: a comprehensive review.
Supaphol P
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int · 2026 May · PMID 42223883 · Publisher ↗
The escalating contamination of aquatic ecosystems with microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) presents unprecedented environmental and health challenges worldwide. Electrospun nanofiber membranes have emerged as pro...
The escalating contamination of aquatic ecosystems with microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) presents unprecedented environmental and health challenges worldwide. Electrospun nanofiber membranes have emerged as promising materials to address this crisis through their unique structural properties, tunable surface chemistry, and versatile removal mechanisms. This comprehensive review examines recent advances in electrospun fiber-based technologies for MP/NP removal, encompassing fundamental electrospinning principles, polymer selection strategies, surface modification approaches, and multi-functional designs. We critically analyze removal mechanisms, including size exclusion, electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic associations, and photocatalytic degradation, while evaluating performance metrics across diverse polymer systems ranging from synthetic polyacrylonitrile and poly(vinylidene fluoride) to bio-based cellulose and chitosan materials. Advanced functionalization strategies incorporating metal oxides, quaternary ammonium groups, and photocatalysts demonstrate remarkable synergistic effects, achieving removal efficiencies exceeding 99% for polystyrene particles of 0.1-25 µm in synthetic and doped natural water matrices under gravity-driven or low-pressure operation (0.04-0.7 bar). Reduced-but still > 85%-efficiencies are reported for sub-100 nm particles and for filtrations performed in real seawater and wastewater. The review addresses scalability challenges and environmental sustainability considerations aligned with the UN Sustainable Development Goals, including explicit linkage to SDG 6.3 wastewater-treatment targets, circular-economy principles, and the substantially lower energy footprint of gravity-driven electrospun membranes relative to reverse-osmosis systems. It also identifies critical research gaps requiring attention. Future directions emphasize integrated multi-functional platforms, green chemistry approaches, replacement of toxic solvents such as DMF by greener alternatives, melt electrospinning, and real-world validation to transition laboratory innovations toward practical implementation for safeguarding water quality and ecosystem health.
Comment on: Occurrence and ecological risk of pesticides in water and sediments in regions with intensive agricultural activities.
Wang L, Zhao S
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int · 2026 Jun · PMID 42219434 · Publisher ↗
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