Berliner Und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Vibrio spp. in retail shrimps in Vietnam.
Tra VT, Meng L, Pichpol D … +4 more , Pham NH, Baumann M, Alter T, Huehn S
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2016 · PMID 26904896
The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence and the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Vibrio (V.) spp. isolated from retail shrimp in Hanoi, Vietnam A total of 202 shrimp samples were collected from retail...
The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence and the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Vibrio (V.) spp. isolated from retail shrimp in Hanoi, Vietnam A total of 202 shrimp samples were collected from retail markets located in ten urban districts of Hanoi. Among those, 201 (99.5%) samples were positive for Vibrio spp. The most common species detected was V parahaemolyticus (96.5%), followed by V. alginolyticus (56.4%), V. cholerae (2%) and V. vulnificus (1.5%). Multiple Vibrio spp. were found in 114 (56.4%) samples. None of the V. parahaemolyticus isolates carried the virulence-associated tdh (thermostable direct haemolysin) and trh (tdh-related haemolysin) genes. In total, 195 V. parahaemolyticus isolates, four V. cholerae isolates and three V. vulnificus isolates were tested for resistance to eight antimicrobial agents. V. parahaemolyticus isolates showed high rates of resistance against ampicillin (87.2%), while a moderate rate was observed for sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (18.5%) and intermediate resistance towards tetracycline (24.6%). Low resistance rates (0.5%) were recorded against both ciprofloxacin and cefalothin. Only one V. cholerae isolate with resistance to ampicillin and two V. cholerae isolates with resistance to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim were found. All V. vulnificus isolates were susceptible to the eight antimicrobial agents tested. However, the number of V. vulnificus and V. cholerae was small. Multi-resistant isolates were found in V. parahaemolyticus with a low frequency (16.9%). The results of this study revealed the ubiquitous nature of Vibrio spp. in shrimp at retail. To reduce the potential risk of Vibrio infections due to handling or consumption of undercooked seafood, good manufacturing practice as well as safe handling and processing should be encouraged.
Evaluation of the anaesthetic depth during piglet castration under an automated isoflurane-anaesthesia at farm level.
Schwennen C, Kolbaum N, Waldmann KH … +1 more , Höltig D
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2016 · PMID 26904895
Piglet castration under isoflurane-anaesthesia could represent an alternative to the practice of castration without anaesthesia. The objective of this study was to evaluate practicality and effectiveness of an automated...
Piglet castration under isoflurane-anaesthesia could represent an alternative to the practice of castration without anaesthesia. The objective of this study was to evaluate practicality and effectiveness of an automated isoflurane-anaesthesia for castration. A field study on three different farms in Germany (farm A, B: 200 sows; C: 540 sows) was performed. In total, 1429 (1166 anaesthetised and 263 conventionally castrated) male piglets (age: 1-8 days; bodyweight: 0.7-3.7 kg) were monitored. All piglets were treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs directly before castration. Castration and anaesthesia were performed by the farm-manager in presence of a veterinarian. All farmers used the PIGNAP Pro® (Agrosystems GmbH, CH) anaesthetic device (5 vol.% isoflurane, 30% oxygen; flow rate: 2 l/min). Vocalisation and defensive movements of 1166 anaesthetised piglets was rated using a scoring system. Presence or absence of the palpebral- and flexor-reflex was noted. Approximately every second piglet was weighed and oxygen-saturation and pulse- frequency of 231 animals were measured during treatment. Rectal temperatures before and after castration of 264 anaesthetised and 263 conventionally castrated piglets were compared. Only 77% of the anaesthetised piglets showed a sufficient anaesthetic depth based on the assessment of reflexes as well as vocalisations and defensive movements. It was found that the probability for a sufficient depth of anaesthesia decreases with increasing age and weight. The measurements of the pulse-frequency and oxygen-saturation showed an average oxygen-saturation of 98% and an average heart rate of 270/min during anaesthesia. The conventionally castrated piglets had significantly higher rectal temperatures in comparison to the anaesthetised (p < 0.0001). The result of 77% sufficiently anaesthetised piglets is not adequate for commercial application of this technology.
[Use of the AquaDuc T® round drinker with Pekin ducks under field conditions--behaviour as one indicator of welfare].
Rauch E, Firnkäs N, Hirsch N … +4 more , Damme K, Schmidt P, Erhard MH, Bergmann S
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2016 · PMID 26904894
Pekin ducks have an innate affinity for water. They seek water from the first day of life and use it for a multitude of behaviors. Currently implemented requirements to husbandry and the design of an animal-friendly offe...
Pekin ducks have an innate affinity for water. They seek water from the first day of life and use it for a multitude of behaviors. Currently implemented requirements to husbandry and the design of an animal-friendly offer of drinking water in commercial fattening establishments exist neither at EU-level nor in Germany. Aim of the study was to examine the use of the AquaDuc T® (Big Dutchman, Vechta, Germany) and its practical suitability concerning the behavior during the fattening of Pekin ducks under commercial conditions. The examinations took place in three farms (7140-13,515 fattening places). On farm 1 and 3, 16 fattening periods were observed (switch-over design: alternately test and control trial) with each one visited between day 28-32 and 35-39. On farm 2, only ten fattening periods could be examined. The ducks were in general supplied with drinking water via nipple drinkers. For the test trials, the AquaDuc T® drinkers were additionally installed and were accessible for a limited time. To record the natural and undisturbed behavior of the ducks in their housing system, the video recordings were started after we finished the farm visits and in total more than 6300 hours of video material were analyzed. All findings show that Pekin ducks clearly favor the round bell drinkers over the nipple drinkers. They enable the birds to immerse their heads, to drink and strain in a species-specific manner, to take care of the plumage with water and to clean beak and eyes. In the test trials, the drinking activity rose significantly during the operating time of the round drinkers (p < 0.001), whereas the nipple drinkers were used less frequently at the same time. Concerning ethology and health, the round drinkers offer the ducks very good conditions for an animal-friendly water supply. For economic and hygienic reasons, the daily access to the modified round drinkers should be limited.
[Animal hygiene, water quality and animal health using round drinkers as an animal-friendly water supply for Pekin ducks under practical conditions].
Rauch E, Hirsch N, Firnkäs N … +2 more , Erhard MH, Bergmann S
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2016 · PMID 26904893
Mandatory requirements for the keeping of Pekin ducks exist neither in Europe nor in Germany. The medium water is of high importance for ducks and is connected with many species-specific behaviours. In commercial fatteni...
Mandatory requirements for the keeping of Pekin ducks exist neither in Europe nor in Germany. The medium water is of high importance for ducks and is connected with many species-specific behaviours. In commercial fattening establishments the animals are provided drinking water solely by nipple drinkers because up to today, the economic and hygienic aspects of this drinking suppIy are beyong dispute. The aim of the study was to examine the influence of the round drinker AquaDuc T® on animal hygiene and different health parameters in three commercial farms. The examinations took place in three fattening farms (7140-13,515 fattening places). Per farm 16 fattening periods were surveyed (alternately control and test trial) with one visit each between 28th-32nd and 35th-39th day of life. On one farm only ten periods could be examined. The ducks were provided with water by nipple drinkers. Additionally, the AquaDuc T® was installed in the test trials, which was temporarily accessible. Apart from health evaluations of each 100 animals, barn climate (dust and gaseous ammonia content) and quality of drinking water were examined. In summary it can be stated that concerning health evaluation (eye infection/ plugged nostrils) the ducks with access to round drinkers mostly performed better than the animals with access solely to nipple drinkers. In this study the total bacteria count as well as the number of Enterobacteriaceae in CFU/mI was generally higher in the round drinkers compared to the nipple drinkers (average total germ count in CFU/ml: nipple drinker 10,950; round drinker 3,955,846), no negative effect on the health of Pekin ducks could be detected in this study. Sufficient hygiene of the offered drinking systems is essential for the wellbeing of the ducks.
[Literature review of the influences on error rates when identifying equids with transponder and hot-iron branding].
Campe A, Schulz S, Bohnet W
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2016 · PMID 26904892
Although equids have had to be tagged with a transponder since 2009, breeding associations in Germany disagree as to which method is best suited for identification (with or without hot iron branding). Therefore, the aim...
Although equids have had to be tagged with a transponder since 2009, breeding associations in Germany disagree as to which method is best suited for identification (with or without hot iron branding). Therefore, the aim of this systematic literature review was to gain an overview of how effective identification is using transponders and hot iron branding and as to which factors influence the success of identification. Existing literature showed that equids can be identified by means of transponders with a probability of 85-100%, whereas symbol brandings could be identified correctly in 78-89%, whole number brandings in 0-87% and single figures in 37-92% of the readings, respectively. The successful reading of microchips can be further optimised by a correctly operated implantation process and thorough training of the applying persons. affect identification with a scanner. The removal of transponders for manipulation purposes is virtually impossible. Influences during the application of branding marks can hardly, if at all, be standardised, but influence the subsequent readability relevantly. Therefore, identification by means of hot branding cannot be considered sufficiently reliable. Impaired quality of identification can be reduced during reading but cannot be counteracted. Based on the existing studies it can be concluded that the transponder method is the best suited of the investigated methods for clearly identifying equids, being forgery-proof and permanent. It is not to be expected that applying hot branding in addition to microchips would optimise the probability of identification relevantly.
[Classical Swine Fever in wild boar in Rhineland-Palatinate: evaluation of the official control measures from 2005-2011].
Romelt M, Klingelhefer I, Konig A … +2 more , Braun B, Reiner G
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 26697717
The present study describes the control strategy for fighting Classical Swine Fever in wild boar in Rhineland-Palatinate from 2005 to 2011 and evaluates its effectiveness. The official control measures were based on the...
The present study describes the control strategy for fighting Classical Swine Fever in wild boar in Rhineland-Palatinate from 2005 to 2011 and evaluates its effectiveness. The official control measures were based on the following three main pillars:--Serological and virological monitoring: By means of serological monitoring Classical Swine Fever outbreaks could be detected very early. Increasing antibody prevalences indicated an imminent Classical Swine Fever outbreak. This could be confirmed by the virological investigations. The geographical evaluations of the virological investigations showed that the outbreaks occurred only in localized areas and a spreading of the virus had not taken place yet or could be prevented.--Oral immunization: After virological detection of Classical Swine Fever Virus oral immunization was started immediately. This oral immunization achieved antibody prevalence rates of 57% on an average. The analysis of the distribution of the antibodies in the vaccination areas concerning the different age groups in the vaccination areas showed that 41% of the young animals, 66% of animals from one to two years and 77% of the adult animals were immunized.--Hunting measures: For the reduction of the wild boar population an all-year, intensive hunt with special attention to the young animals and the female animals was carried out. The hunting bag increased on more than 80 000 wild boar per hunting season. Out of the total 108,772 hunted wild boar were 47% of young animals, 40% of animals from one to two years and 13% of adult animals. Concerning the gender distribution on an average 53% female and 47% male animals were shot. in summary, the current control strategy was effective because there had been no further proof of Classical Swine Fever in wild boar in Rhineland-Palatinate since 2009. Nevertheless, the fight strategy can be optimized even further. For an optimum monitoring the development of a marker vaccine which allows a differentiation of field antibody and vaccination antibody is desirable. The oral immunization would have to be improved in such a way that also the young wild boar can take up increasingly vaccination bait and raise antibody. The introduction of another vaccination in winter should be considered to the preservation of the high level of antibody prevalence.
[Modeling of the financial reserves required by the livestock disease compensation fund of Lower Saxony for rebates in the course of disease outbreaks incorporating spatial restriction zones].
Denzin N, Gerdes U
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 26697716
One of the tasks of the livestock disease compensation funds of the federal states in Germany is the financial compensation of livestock holders for livestock losses and costs incurred for disease control measures due to...
One of the tasks of the livestock disease compensation funds of the federal states in Germany is the financial compensation of livestock holders for livestock losses and costs incurred for disease control measures due to certain diseases. Usually, one half of these services are financed through financial reserves built up with the contributions paid by the owners of the respective animal species. The other half is covered by the federal state itself. But there is hardly any reference to how to calculate aforementioned financial reserves. Basically, following an approach presented recently regarding estimations concerning the compensation fund of the federal state of Saxony-Anhalt, in a stochastic modeling of the required reserves concerning the fund of Lower Saxony the anticipated costs within the spatial restriction zones allocated to outbreaks were incorporated for the first time. The overall costs (including the federal state's stakes), the share of the comnensation fund (required reserves) and the the partial costs for a total of 25 categories and subcategories and subcategories of livestock species making up the latter were estimated. It became evident that overall costs/the share of the fund were particularly determined among the diseases by foot-and-mouth disease and among the cost factors by the costs incurred for the compensation of livestock value within the areas surrounding the outbreaks in which all susceptible animals are killed (culling zone). The 80th, 90 and 95th percentile of the established probability distribution of the overall costs referred to a financial volume of about 312, 409 and 540 million euro, while the respective percentiles of the probability distribution of the required reserves of the compensation fund amounted to 175, 225 and 296 million euro.
Economic analysis of animal disease outbreaks--BSE and Bluetongue disease as examples.
Gethmann J, Probst C, Sauter-Louis C … +1 more , Conraths FJ
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 26697715
Although there is a long tradition of research on animal disease control, economic evaluation of control measures is rather limited in veterinary medicine. This may, on the one hand, be due to the different types of cost...
Although there is a long tradition of research on animal disease control, economic evaluation of control measures is rather limited in veterinary medicine. This may, on the one hand, be due to the different types of costs and refunds and the different people and organizations bearing them, such as animal holders, county, region, state or European Union, but it may also be due to the fact that economic analyses are both complex and time consuming. Only recently attention has turned towards economic analysis in animal disease control. Examples include situations, when decisions between different control measures must be taken, especially if alternatives to culling or compulsory vaccination are under discussion. To determine an optimal combination of control measures (strategy), a cost-benefit analysis should be performed. It is not necessary to take decisions only based on the financial impact, but it becomes possible to take economic aspects into account. To this end, the costs caused by the animal disease and the adopted control measures must be assessed. This article presents a brief overview of the methodological approaches used to retrospectively analyse the economic impact of two particular relevant diseases in Germany in the last few years: Blue-tongue disease (BT) and Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE).
[Regulatory aspects of the development, licensing, and availability of immunological veterinary medicinal products].
JungbMck C, Werner E, Von Messling V
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 26697714
Vaccines constitute an essential tool for animal health management. In addition to applying traditional vaccine development strategies to new or changing pathogens, the use of innovative approaches in this area is increa...
Vaccines constitute an essential tool for animal health management. In addition to applying traditional vaccine development strategies to new or changing pathogens, the use of innovative approaches in this area is increasing. Recombinant vaccines often have superior safety and efficacy profiles, due to their specific attenuation and the ability to serologically distinguish vaccinated from infected animals. The more detailed understanding of the immune system has also enabled the development of immune-based therapeutics, ranging from immunological castration to tumor therapy, and cell-based therapies for the treatment of cartilage or tendon injuries are increasingly used. In many of these cases, veterinary medicine applications provide important insights for future use in human patients. The associated regulatory challenges lie on the one hand in the integration of the innovative approaches in the existing national and EU legislative framework, and on the other hand in the development of appropriate criteria to evaluate their safety and efficacy. The promotion of innovative products has to be balanced with the safety of the target population as well as contact species and, in the case of food-producing animals, food safety. From the regulatory perspective, simplified licensing procedures represent an attractive alternative on the national level.
[Modified vaccinia virus ankara (MVA)--development as recombinant vaccine and prospects for use in veterinary medicine].
Volz A, Fux R, Langenmayer MC … +1 more , Sutter G
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 26697713
Poxviruses as expression vectors are widely used in medical research for the development of recombinant vaccines and molecular therapies. Here we review recent accomplishments in vaccine research using recombinant modifi...
Poxviruses as expression vectors are widely used in medical research for the development of recombinant vaccines and molecular therapies. Here we review recent accomplishments in vaccine research using recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara (MVA). MVA is a highly attenuated vaccinia virus strain that originated from serial tissue culture passage in chicken embryo fibroblasts more than 40 years ago. Growth adaptation to avian host cells caused deletions and mutations in the viral genome affecting about 15% of the original genetic information. In consequence, MVA is replication-deficient in cells of mammalian origin and fails to produce many of the virulence factors encoded by conventional vaccinia virus. Because of its safety for the general environment MVA can be handled under conditions of biosafety level one. Non-replicating MVA can enter any target cell and activate its molecular life cycle to express all classes of viral and recombinant genes. Therefore, recombinant MVA have been established as an extremely safe and efficient vector system for vaccine development in medical research. By now, various recombinant MVA vaccines have been found safe and immunogenic when used for phase I/II clinical testing in humans, and suitable for industrial scale production following good practice of manufacturing. Thus, there is an obvious usefulness of recombinant MVA vaccines for novel prophylactic and therapeutic approaches also in veterinary medicine. Results from first studies in companion and farm animals are highly promising.
Adjuvants for veterinary vaccines--types and modes of action.
Gerdts V
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 26697712
Adjuvants are used to improve the immune response to vaccines. Formulation with adjuvants can result in an earlier onset of immunity, an overall stronger immune response, a specific type of immunity, or a longer duration...
Adjuvants are used to improve the immune response to vaccines. Formulation with adjuvants can result in an earlier onset of immunity, an overall stronger immune response, a specific type of immunity, or a longer duration of immunity to the vaccine. Adjuvants were discovered empirically, and for decades, have been used in both humans and animals without understanding the mechanisms of action. With an improved understanding of the immune system, and in particular the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity, we are now getting better insight into the function of adjuvants. As a result, new adjuvants are being developed that are safe and highly effective for common use in humans and animals, as well as for use in high risk populations such as immunocompromised animals, neonates or very old animals. Furthermore, adjuvants can help to reduce the amount of antigen needed in the vaccine, increase the stability of the vaccine and enable alternatiye administration routes such as needle-free delivery of the vaccine. Here, I will provide an over view of the existing adjuvant technologies for veterinary vaccines and provide an outlook into some of the new technologies in preclinical and clinical development.
Modes of vaccine administration at a glance.
Makoschey B
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 26697711
A number of different vaccination techniques are applied in farm animals. The intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal injection of vaccines are parenteral application methods that are currently used for different att...
A number of different vaccination techniques are applied in farm animals. The intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal injection of vaccines are parenteral application methods that are currently used for different attenuated and inactivated vaccines. The injection may be performed by needle or pressure. Depending on the method of application, the mucosal immunization can be performed intraocular, intranasal and/or oral. In general, the vaccine follows the natural route of infection of the respective pathogen. Attenuated vaccines usually replicate in the primary target organs. Mucosal application of attenuated vaccines via drinking water or spray are routinely applied in poultry. Both techniques offer advantages for mass application. The administration route and the method of vaccination have a great influence on the efficacy and safety of a vaccine. The instructions of the manufacturers must therefore be strictly respected. Unfortunately, there is no ideal administration method applicable for any vaccine in all species.
[Vaccines against livestock parasites: expectations and reality].
Strube C, Daugschies A
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 26697710
Parasitic infections in livestock are of major economic importance. However, increasing resistance against antiparasitic drugs, which is particularly prevalent among parasitic helminths and poultry coccidia, might sooner...
Parasitic infections in livestock are of major economic importance. However, increasing resistance against antiparasitic drugs, which is particularly prevalent among parasitic helminths and poultry coccidia, might sooner or later call the economic viability of certain livestock branches into question. Thus, there is a need to develop new efficient parasite control tools. In addition to efforts to discover new antiparasitic compounds or to implement targeted selective treatment strategies, development of vaccines would be a future-orientated alternative. The current review elucidates to what extend antiparasitic livestock vaccines are reality or still expectations.
[Elucidating! But how? Insights into the impositions of modern science communication].
Lehmkuh M
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 26697709
The talk promotes the view that science communication should abandon the claim that scientific information can convince others. This is identified as one of the impositions modern science communication is exposed to. Ins...
The talk promotes the view that science communication should abandon the claim that scientific information can convince others. This is identified as one of the impositions modern science communication is exposed to. Instead of convin cing others, science communication should focus on identifying societally relevant scientific knowledge and on communicating it accurately and coherently.
[Modern immunization strategy and immunomodulation in domestic animal medicine].
Wieler LH
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 26697708
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
[Osteolysis of the hip joint in an eastern river cooter (Pseudemys concinna concinna)].
Schuster E, Engelke E, Zwart P … +4 more , Hackenbroich C, Ludwig D, Fehr M, Mathes K
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 26591390
Lameness in freshwater turtles is rarely seen and is mostly caused by bite injuries, other traumata or inflammatory processes. A 17 year old female eastern river cooter which was pretreated for disseminated shell necrosi...
Lameness in freshwater turtles is rarely seen and is mostly caused by bite injuries, other traumata or inflammatory processes. A 17 year old female eastern river cooter which was pretreated for disseminated shell necrosis a few months ago was presented due to acute lameness of the right hind limb. Diagnostic imaging revealed complete lysis of the hip joint and was classified as necrotizing osteomyelitis by histopathology. Septicemic spreading of pathogens and thus a link to the previous shell necrosis could not be identified. The patient developed wound complications and died a few days after the surgical procedure. Postmortem, a pronounced subacute pneumonia was diagnosed as presumed cause of death, which has not been clinically manifest during the whole medical history.
Ultrasonographic examination of the elbow region in calves and cows--normal appearance.
Borges NC, Weissengruber GE, Huber J … +1 more , Kofler J
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 26591389
The present study describes the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the elbow region in healthy Holstein Friesian calves (n = 12) and Holstein Friesian cows (n = 12). Using 7.5 MHz linear and 5,0 MHz convex probes the...
The present study describes the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the elbow region in healthy Holstein Friesian calves (n = 12) and Holstein Friesian cows (n = 12). Using 7.5 MHz linear and 5,0 MHz convex probes the ultrasonographic appearance and dimensions of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL), medial collateral ligament (MCL), joint pouch (JP), joint capsule (JC), joint space, vessels, muscles, bursa, bone surface, growth plate, articular and apophyseal cartilage were studied and measured. The exam started on the lateral aspect by identification of the LCL and continued to cranial, medial and caudal sides. The diameter of the LCL ranged between 9.2-18.6 mm in cows and 1.7-8.3 mm in calves. The caudo-lateral JP was easily imaged at the level of the humero-radio-ulnar joint caudal of the LCL, however the cranial JP was hardly or not visualized. Experimental injection of 20-40 ml of water post-mortem produced a clear distension and imaging of the joint pouch. Eleven muscles of the elbow region were distinguished in calves and seven in cows. Positive correlations were noticed between the age and the body weight (BW) with all parameters measured in calves. However, in cows, the BW correlated with the skin-bone surface distance and the thickness of the LCL only. It is concluded that ultrasonography allowed consistent imaging of the normal anatomical structures of the elbow region in calves and cows, giving reference values for the evaluation of pathological alterations.
Grazing behaviour and dry matter intake of llamas (Lama glama) and German black- head mutton sheep (Ovis orientalis forma aries) under Central European conditions.
Stölzl AM, Lambertz C, Gauly M
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 26591388
The aim of the present study was to assess the behaviour of llamas (Lama glama) and German blackhead mutton sheep (Ovis orientalis forma aries) when kept under Central European grazing conditions. In total, six adult fem...
The aim of the present study was to assess the behaviour of llamas (Lama glama) and German blackhead mutton sheep (Ovis orientalis forma aries) when kept under Central European grazing conditions. In total, six adult female sheep and six adult female llamas were observed by direct observation during one week, in which each group was observed for a total time of 24 h. The animals were kept on the same pasture, but the species were raised in separate plots. Forage height before and after the experimental period were determined using a rising plate meter to calculate the average daily dry matter intake (DMI). Llamas had a daily DMI of 0.85%/BW and sheep of 1.04%/BW, respectively. The following behaviours were recorded by direct observation: grazing standing up, grazing lying down, ruminating standing up, ruminating lying down, lying down, lying down lateral and standing. Both species grazed for more than 50% of the time. Ruminating was predominantly performed while standing and lying by sheep (about 50% of the night and 12% of the day) and while lying by llamas (54% of the night and 10% of the day). In conclusion, sheep and llamas differed in grazing behaviour and daily biorhythm. These differences indicate that sheep and llamas may not synchronize their behaviour when co-grazed, though particularly in co-grazing studies the observation period should be extended.
[Pregnancy diagnosis by detection of pregnancy-associated glycopoteins in milk: evaluation of a commercial available ELISA].
Engelke J, Feldmann M, Gundling N … +4 more , Gundelach Y, Egli C, Hoedemaker M, Piechotta M
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 26591387
In order to increase fertility in modern dairy farming, the interval between first insemination and conception should be as short as possible. Therefore, one approach is to diagnose non pregnant animals early to re-insem...
In order to increase fertility in modern dairy farming, the interval between first insemination and conception should be as short as possible. Therefore, one approach is to diagnose non pregnant animals early to re-inseminate them as soon as possible. Commercial milk pregnancy assays are available to detect throphoblast derived bovine pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (bPAG) in milk. The aim of the present study was first to evaluate pre-analytical factors interfering with the correct detection of bPAG in milk. To achieve this aim, the stability of the bPAG was tested after repeated freezing and thawing cycles, as well as after a storage of seven days at room temperature and at 37°C. Secondly, the diagnostic performance of a commercially available PAG-ELISA was evaluated for pregnancy diagnosis between 28 to 60 days after artificial insemination by comparing the results with transrectal ultrasonography in a field study (n = 291 cows). After one freezing and thawing procedure the optical density (OD) increased and afterwards stayed stable. The storage of milk samples at room temperature had no effect on the OD, but after five days of storage at 37 °C the OD dropped sharply. It is therefore recommended to add an appropriate microbicidal preservative for shipment and storage of milk samples for bPAG analysis . The results of the field study showed that PAG-ELISA results and ultrasonography results agreed in 95.7% of the cases. Nine samples were tested as "false negative"and five as "false positive", however a re-check revealed that all "false positive"and "false negative" tested cows suffered from embryonic/fetal mortality. In conclusion, the pregnancy diagnostic by bPAG detection in milk samples is an accurate method to diagnose early pregnancy in lactating cows.
Tick-borne encephalitis in dogs: application of "nested real-time RT-PCR" for intravital virus detection.
Hekrlová A, Kubíček O, Lány P … +2 more , Rosenbergová K, Schánilec P
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 26591386
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus is a tick-transmitted virus causing disorders of the nervous system in humans, monkeys, dogs and horses (rarely). At present the detection of TBE infection in dogs is performed by conf...
Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus is a tick-transmitted virus causing disorders of the nervous system in humans, monkeys, dogs and horses (rarely). At present the detection of TBE infection in dogs is performed by confirmation of seroconversion in paired samples of serum in clinical practice. The intention of the study was the assessment of the possible application of nested real-time RT-PCR for detection of TBE virus in canine blood. The study was carried out in 2011-2012 using samples originating in the Czech Republic, South Moravian region (region with endemic occurrence of TBE). The dogs were randomly selected from the patients visiting the clinic during this time period. Of the total amount of 159 canine blood samples, 20 samples were tested with a PCR-positive result (12.6%). Out of these 20 animals, the neurological clinical symptoms typical of TBE were detected in seven dogs. PCR-positive results were found between March and November. Three dogs were tested with a competitive ELISA-positive result and a "nested real-time RT-PCR"-positive result concurrently. In the group of 159 dogs the value of seroprevalence was found to be 11.3%.
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