Rhodopsin proteins are found in all three domains of life, and the two best-known types to date are animal and microbial rhodopsins. Animal rhodopsins are found only in animals, while microbial rhodopsins are found in mi...Rhodopsin proteins are found in all three domains of life, and the two best-known types to date are animal and microbial rhodopsins. Animal rhodopsins are found only in animals, while microbial rhodopsins are found in microorganisms in all domains, and mainly in protists among eukaryotes. All known rhodopsins have a similar structure, consisting of seven transmembrane α-helices and a retinal ligand. Animal and microbial types do not show sequence similarity, suggesting their convergent evolution. Animal rhodopsins are responsible for vision and control of the biological clock, while microbial rhodopsins are responsible for cell phototaxis and also act as hydrogen or ion pumps. These processes may be involved in converting energy from photons into energy used by the cell. A lot more is known about rhodopsins in marine microorganisms than in freshwater ones. The differences between rhodopsins appearing in these two ecosystems can be significant because they are characterized by different environmental conditions, which lead to different optical properties, consequently affecting the sequences and structure of rhodopsins.
In order for a variety of biochemical processes to take place efficiently within the same cell, the existence of discrete areas within the cell is essential. In addition to encapsulated organelles, these include membrane...In order for a variety of biochemical processes to take place efficiently within the same cell, the existence of discrete areas within the cell is essential. In addition to encapsulated organelles, these include membraneless bio-molecular condensates, dynamically changing structures formed from proteins and nucleic acids. These condensates are often formed by liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). Numerous scientific reports in recent years have indicated that liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is an important mechanism allowing plants to identify various biotic and abiotic stresses and respond to them. The following paper reviews the methods currently used to study macromolecular condensates and the function of proteins undergoing LLPS in plants.
In recent years, a progressive increase in the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases has been observed. The etiology and pathophysiology of Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases are diverse; however, univ...In recent years, a progressive increase in the incidence of neurodegenerative diseases has been observed. The etiology and pathophysiology of Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases are diverse; however, universal mechanisms occurring during neurodegeneration warrant attention. Among the best-characterized are chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and altered autophagy processes resulting from abnormal protein aggregation. Neuronal loss of structure and function is accompanied by impaired repair mechanisms. Given the lack of therapies capable of halting neurodegeneration progression, studies aimed at identifying substances that activate natural cellular repair mechanisms or mitigate factors promoting neurodegeneration are of significant importance. Recently, spermidine has attracted considerable interest from research teams worldwide. This study aims to present evidence confirming the broad spectrum of spermidine’s effects in models replicating degenerative changes in the central nervous system, highlighting its influence on mechanisms of neuronal cell death associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
The expected average human lifespan is constantly increasing. The negative effect of this phenomenon is more frequent incidences of age-related diseases. Experimental data have shown that cellular senescence is the cause...The expected average human lifespan is constantly increasing. The negative effect of this phenomenon is more frequent incidences of age-related diseases. Experimental data have shown that cellular senescence is the cause of organismal aging. Cellular senescence is an irreversible cell cycle arrest while maintaining metabolic functions and can occur through the exhaustion of proliferative potential (replicative senescence - RS) or stress conditions (stress-induced premature senescence - SIPS). Both types of senescence cause a number of morphological changes, in particular, in the cell nucleus and gene expression. A gradual decrease of condensed heterochromatin in favor of relaxed euchromatin is observed. This is caused by the loss of histones, a disturbance of the balance between repressive and activating post-translational modifications of histones, the impairment in the activity of histone-decorating enzymes and proteins stabilizing the chromatin structure. This review detailed nuclear architecture and chromatin structure alterations during cellular senescence.
Insulin resistance refers to the diminished response of insulin-sensitive tissues to insulin signaling. Recent observational studies increasingly indicate that insulin resistance may be one of the risk factors for the de...Insulin resistance refers to the diminished response of insulin-sensitive tissues to insulin signaling. Recent observational studies increasingly indicate that insulin resistance may be one of the risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease. The article focuses on the molecular basis of this phenomenon. In insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia is observed, followed by impaired glucose metabolism, which subsequently leads to the development of inflammation due to triggering inflammatory signaling pathways and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Inflammation contributes to the formation of reactive oxygen species, which further exacerbate insulin resistance and promote the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. In turn reactive oxygen species indirectly contribute to reduced endothelial NO production, leading to vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure. Insulin resistance also stimulates vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy, a key contributor to hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common renal tumor with a highly aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis. A key process in tumor progression is epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as a result of...Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common renal tumor with a highly aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis. A key process in tumor progression is epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as a result of which cells acquire the ability to metastasize. An important inducer of the EMT process is inflammation. A negative regulator of inflammation is the Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Induced Protein 1 (MCPIP1), which by regulating the immune response may contribute to inhibiting tumor progression. A specific function of the MCPIP1 protein is RNase activity regulating the level of mRNA and miRNA expression. In our studies, we investigated how the MCPIP1 protein affects the EMT process, migratory activity and the level of tumor suppressor genes in clear cell renal cell carcinoma cell lines, tumor tissues of patients and an in vivo xenotransplantation model. We have shown that MCPIP1 regulates the EMT process by preventing cells from acquiring a mesenchymal phenotype. MCPIP1, due to its RNase activity, degrades miRNA-519a-3p, miRNA-519b-3p and miRNA-520c-3p, thereby actively affecting the levels of SFRP4, KREMEN1, ZNRF3, CXXC4 and CSNK1A1 inhibitors and inhibiting the Wnt pathway by inactivating β-catenin and, consequently, inhibiting the EMT process. Furthermore, MCPIP1 regulates the level of Rho proteins, phosphorylation of FAK and Src kinases, and consequently actin remodeling. The obtained results indicate that the lack of MCPIP1 RNase activity activates genes and processes associated with the migratory activity of cancer cells. In summary, the results obtained in this doctoral thesis indicated that MCPIP1 may regulate the progression of clear cell renal cancer at various levels of proangiogenic and prometastatic factors, as well as by influencing the EMT process.
During the September 2024 Science Festival in Warsaw, three unique events were organized in collaboration between the Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, and the Marceli Nenc...During the September 2024 Science Festival in Warsaw, three unique events were organized in collaboration between the Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw, and the Marceli Nencki Foundation for the Advancement of Biological Sciences. These events focused on exploring interactions between biological sciences and visual arts. As part of this collaboration, an exhibition titled “Vibration” was presented at the Hermitage in the Royal Łazienki Park. Additionally, lectures and an exhibition titled “Can Molecular Biology Inspire Visual Artists” were held at the Nencki Institute PAS. A unique event, the “Bio-Workshop”, was organized for high school students at the Graphic Arts Department of the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw. In addition to recounting and detailing these events, this article presents a broader context of the interplay between art and natural sciences. The benefits of creative interdisciplinary activities are discussed, highlighting the potential for mutual inspiration between these two fields, benefiting both artists and scientists.
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is currently the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. This is due to its complex microenvironment and high resistance to treatment. One of the key factors contr...Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is currently the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. This is due to its complex microenvironment and high resistance to treatment. One of the key factors contributing to this resistance is the altered function of mitochondria in tumor cells, including high levels of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), a predominance of mitochondrial fusion processes, and increased autophagy, all of which are closely linked to cancer cell metabolism. The literature suggests three main therapeutic approaches: OXPHOS inhibition, modulation of mitochondrial dynamics, and autophagy suppression. Studies indicate that both reducing OXPHOS activity and inhibiting autophagy sensitize tumors to chemotherapy. Moreover, modulating mitochondrial dynamics effectively suppresses further tumor growth. Despite promising research on targeting mitochondria as a therapeutic strategy for PDAC, further studies are needed to determine the efficacy and safety of these approaches in humans.
In the 21st century, nanomaterials play an increasingly important role, being used in many sectors, including: agriculture, medicine, chemical, textile, electronics and energy industries. Traditional nanoparticle (NP) sy...In the 21st century, nanomaterials play an increasingly important role, being used in many sectors, including: agriculture, medicine, chemical, textile, electronics and energy industries. Traditional nanoparticle (NP) synthesis methods rely on chemicals, leading to toxicity and high energy use. Green biological synthesis of NPs offers a safe, more sustainable alternative. The synthesis of NPs using fungi is an interesting, constantly developing field of research due to its simplicity, relatively low economic outlays and energy efficiency. Mycosynthesis eliminates the need for harmful chemicals. Moreover, fungi produce compounds that serve dual functions, acting as both reducing agents and stabilizers for NPs, allowing for stable, non-aggregating structures with enhanced biological activity. The variety of metabolites such as enzymes, polysaccharides, polypeptides, proteins and other macromolecules, have made fungi an excellent tool for nanoparticle synthesis. This paper reviews NP synthesis methods, with a particular focus on the use of fungi in the process.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease leading to progressive degeneration of motor neurons, muscle weakness and respiratory failure. Despite intensive research, the pathomechanisms...Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease leading to progressive degeneration of motor neurons, muscle weakness and respiratory failure. Despite intensive research, the pathomechanisms of ALS have not been fully elucidated. This article presents the current state of knowledge on the genetic and molecular mechanisms of this disease, with a focus on mutations in the SOD1, C9ORF72, TARDBP, FUS, TBK1 genes, as well as recent discoveries in this area. Key pathogenetic processes are discussed, including disruption of RNA homeostasis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and protein aggregation. In addition, current therapeutic strategies are reviewed, including both registered drugs, such as riluzole and edaravone, and modern approaches, such as gene therapy, antisense oligonucleotides, immunotherapy and gene editing technologies, including CRISPR/Cas9. Special attention was given to clinical trials and their potential impact on future treatment options for ALS.
The prolamellar body (PLB) is a complex membrane structure found in plant etioplasts that exhibits a diamond-type cubic symmetry. The PLB features a unique architecture based on two independent aqueous channels of distin...The prolamellar body (PLB) is a complex membrane structure found in plant etioplasts that exhibits a diamond-type cubic symmetry. The PLB features a unique architecture based on two independent aqueous channels of distinct geometries: the larger one remains in contact with the plastid stroma, while the smaller one serves as a precursor to the thylakoid lumen. This structure is formed through a precisely organized arrangement of lipids (mainly MGDG and DGDG), proteins (primarily LPOR), and pigments (including protochlorophyllide and carotenoids). Studies involving mutants with altered biochemical compositions, and analyses of stress factors affecting PLB organization, have clarified the roles of individual components in its formation and stabilization. The PLB’s unique features—such as its large scale (approximately 80 nm), phototransformation capability, and biocompatibility, make it a compelling model for new biomaterials, particularly in controlled-release systems. Recent advances in creating biomimetic structures inspired by the PLB have opened new avenues in nanomaterials engineering.
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a malignant and most agressive brain tumor. However, the current treatment standards and the progress that has been made over the last years in imaging methods and surgical techniques for...Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a malignant and most agressive brain tumor. However, the current treatment standards and the progress that has been made over the last years in imaging methods and surgical techniques for glioma have not resulted in the extension of patients'live (the median is approximately 15 months). This situation has not been changed by the knowledge of unique changes at the molecular level of the tumor or the prospect of gene therapy, which has had grest hopes. These failures have created an urgent need to serach for new therapeutic strategies. Since in recent years there has been an interest in searching for new uses of drugs outside their main indication (co-called ,,drug repositioning'') supplementing the basic glioma therapy with antidepressants may be an example of such a strategy. These drugs, apart from their antidepressant properties, are used among others in the the treatment of neuropathic pain, anxiety, cicardian rhytm disorders and appetite. The results of experimental studies also indicate theit potential anticancer properties.
Meldonium functions as an inhibitor of γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the biosynthesis of L-carnitine. By inhibiting mitochondrial β-oxidation of fatty acids under hypoxic conditions,...Meldonium functions as an inhibitor of γ-butyrobetaine hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the biosynthesis of L-carnitine. By inhibiting mitochondrial β-oxidation of fatty acids under hypoxic conditions, meldonium exerts cytoprotective effects on cardiac, hepatic, and pulmonary tissues. Meldonium attenuates the deleterious effects of myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, and diabetes. It is recognized as a promising therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, as well as painful neuropathies. Its neuroprotective properties are attributed to its ability to mitigate age-related alterations in the central nervous system by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Moreover, it inhibits neuronal apoptosis and facilitates cognitive functions, particularly learning and memory processes. Meldonium has been designated as a prohibited doping agent by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), and its use is strictly banned in professional sports. Recent scientific investigations indicate that meldonium may exhibit additional therapeutic potential beyond its currently recognized clinical applications.
There is a bidirectional relationship between the occurrence of depressive disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Both depression can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and patients with cardiovascular disease o...There is a bidirectional relationship between the occurrence of depressive disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Both depression can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and patients with cardiovascular disease often suffer from depression. This article presents four selected pathogenic mechanisms of depression: neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial fragmentation disorders, and the tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) pathway. Further research is needed on the molecular basis of the antidepressant effect of statins, the elucidation of which could help develop new therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of depression associated with cardiovascular diseases.
The usefulness of computers in biological research has been identified already in the sixties of the twentieth century. Subsequent technical progress allowed development of high-throughput experimental methods in biology...The usefulness of computers in biological research has been identified already in the sixties of the twentieth century. Subsequent technical progress allowed development of high-throughput experimental methods in biology. Thanks to them, one can obtain a very large amount of data in a short time, even few days. However, with this progress came a necessity of development of data management, data quality control and analysis methods. Consequently, modern biology to a great extent rely on informatics and at the intersection of these fields emerged bioinformatics. The aim of this article is a review of modern high-throughput methods in plant science, and relevant bioinformatic tools.
For over 100 years, medicine has not developed an effective method for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite countless studies, successes have been rather modest. This situation requires a new approach. In the curre...For over 100 years, medicine has not developed an effective method for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). Despite countless studies, successes have been rather modest. This situation requires a new approach. In the current article, the authors attempt to outline and propose, based on literature and their own research results, the directions of such an approach. We begin with the observation that the strongest risk factor for AD is the aging process of the body, organs, and cells. According to the Informational Theory of Aging, the process of amyloidogenesis, must be the result of earlier molecular events leading to epigenetic chaos. However, the use of anti-amyloid antibodies has shown some moderate successes. Economic considerations suggest, that use of antibodies will not solve the problem on a population-wide scale due to the very high cost. Therefore, small molecule inhibitors of amyloidogenesis are promising molecules for stopping AD dementia processes.
Natural polysaccharides are a promising material for the design of drug delivery systems (DDS). Due to their properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, chemical modifiability, and specific interactions with...Natural polysaccharides are a promising material for the design of drug delivery systems (DDS). Due to their properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, chemical modifiability, and specific interactions with target cells, polysaccharides enable the development of carriers with high selectivity and controlled release of active substances. They are particularly important in the context of targeted therapy for gastrointestinal cancers. This is especially relevant for colorectal cancer, one of the most common and deadly cancers, whose microenvironment is favorable for the use of DDS. Polysaccharides such as pectins, guar gum, cellulose, chitosan, cyclodextrins, and alginate demonstrate the ability to form encapsulates capable of effectively delivering chemotherapeutics directly to cancer cells, thereby reducing systemic toxicity. This article discusses the physicochemical properties of selected natural polysaccharides and presents examples of their clinical application in the treatment of colorectal cancer, highlighting their potential in the development of anticancer therapies.