Cutaneous And Ocular Toxicology[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Resina draconis extract improves wound healing in rats with laser burn.
Shi H, Zhao D, Wu H … +1 more , Yu C
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Jul · PMID 42400377 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Burns can result in damage to the skin and subcutaneous soft tissues, leading to temporary or permanent injuries. Resina Draconis (RD), extracted from the trunk of the dragon blood tree, possesses high medici...
BACKGROUND: Burns can result in damage to the skin and subcutaneous soft tissues, leading to temporary or permanent injuries. Resina Draconis (RD), extracted from the trunk of the dragon blood tree, possesses high medicinal value and exhibits properties that promote blood circulation, antioxidation, and anti-inflammation. However, the effects of RD on wound healing in laser burn remain unclear. METHODS: Rats were exposed to the fractional CO laser to generate a standardized second-degree laser burn, thereby establishing the acute skin barrier disruption model. Changes in tissue morphology were assessed through histological examination (HE) staining. The levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were evaluated through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein expression was confirmed through an immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay. Key protein expression levels were further analyzed by western blotting. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that RD significantly accelerated wound healing in rats with laser burn. Additionally, the enhanced inflammatory response induced by laser burn was markedly attenuated following RD treatment. Furthermore, RD promoted angiogenesis in rats with laser burn. Finally, RD was shown to increase the p-AKT/AKT and p-mTOR/mTOR protein levels, indicating that RD was associated with activation of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: RD extract effectively performed skin barrier repair, restored steady-state regulation and improved wound healing in rats with laser burn. This work is the small animal model and lack of dose response. These findings suggest that RD may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for promoting wound healing during laser burn recovery.
Toxicity assessment of nanocosmetics: techniques and necessity for safety evaluation.
Kulkarni D, Musale S, Sherkar R … +3 more , Puri A, Eknure C, Gurumukhi V
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Jul · PMID 42391090 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The application of nanotechnology to cosmetic formulations has gained recognition due to enhanced stability, efficacy, and aesthetic appeal of products. These engineered nanomaterials are purposefully produce...
BACKGROUND: The application of nanotechnology to cosmetic formulations has gained recognition due to enhanced stability, efficacy, and aesthetic appeal of products. These engineered nanomaterials are purposefully produced to possess nano-specific properties, whereas traditional microsized particles are manufactured primarily to improve formulation texture. However, their increasing use for beautification and medicinal purposes has raised serious concerns regarding nanocosmetic toxicity. This review highlights the distinct physical and chemical characteristics of nanocosmetics that influence skin penetration, cellular interactions, and potential systemic uptake following dermal application, emphasizing the need for comprehensive toxicity evaluation. METHODS: This review compiles appropriate peer-reviewed literature from various scientific databases along with regulatory documents from authoritative sources. The review focuses on toxicity assessment approaches for nanocosmetics, including in vitro, in vivo, and alternative methods. Special emphasis is placed on skin irritation and sensitization models, cytotoxicity assays, genotoxicity assessments, and embryonic toxicity tests for evaluating nanocosmetic-associated toxicity. RESULTS: The review summarizes current approaches for evaluating the skin and ocular safety of nanocosmetic ingredients and discusses the influence of nano-specific physicochemical properties on dermal penetration and biological interactions. It also identifies existing data gaps in current regulatory frameworks, particularly concerning nano-specific safety assessment, physicochemical characterization, and dermal exposure evaluation. These findings highlight the importance of adopting comprehensive and standardized toxicity testing strategies for nanocosmetics. CONCLUSIONS: The increasing application of nanotechnology in cosmetic formulations necessitates robust toxicity evaluation to ensure consumer safety. Strengthening regulatory frameworks by incorporating nano-specific safety assessment and exposure evaluation is essential to promote the safe use of nanomaterials in cosmetic products while supporting their continued development and commercialization.
Evaluation of the interrelationship between inflammatory markers, rosacea, ocular symptoms, and migraine comorbidity.
Etgü F, Gürpınar AB, Erol D … +1 more , Keleş Şahin A
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Jul · PMID 42390920 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Rosacea is a chronic dermatological condition frequently associated with ocular symptoms and neurological comorbidities such as migraine. This study aimed to compare inflammatory and hematological markers betwee...
PURPOSE: Rosacea is a chronic dermatological condition frequently associated with ocular symptoms and neurological comorbidities such as migraine. This study aimed to compare inflammatory and hematological markers between rosacea patients and healthy controls, and to assess differences in these markers among rosacea patients based on the presence or absence of ocular symptoms and migraine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 150 rosacea patients and age- and gender-matched healthy controls were enrolled. Demographic data and routine hematological parameters were collected for all participants. Neurological evaluations were performed to assess the prevalence of headaches and migraines. Ophthalmological examinations were conducted in the rosacea group to determine ocular involvement. RESULTS: Compared with healthy controls, rosacea patients had higher white blood cell counts (7.22 ± 1.60 vs 6.83 ± 1.38, = 0.03) and neutrophil counts ( = 0.02), and lower eosinophil counts ( = 0.036), mean corpuscular volume ( < 0.001), and red cell distribution width-standard deviation ( = 0.015). Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was higher in rosacea patients ( = 0.001). Headaches and migraine were more prevalent in rosacea patients than in controls ( < 0.0001 and = 0.0006, respectively). Ocular symptoms were present in 51.3% of patients and were more frequent in females ( = 0.03) and in those with migraine ( = 0.03). CONCLUSION: Rosacea was associated with changes in hematological and inflammatory markers, as well as a higher prevalence of migraine and ocular symptoms. These findings support the need for comprehensive evaluation of patients with rosacea.
Evaluation of sun-protective behaviors in geriatric patients with and without skin cancer.
Ferhatosmanoğlu A, Metintaş AO
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Jul · PMID 42384956 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Skin cancer is highly prevalent in older adults; however, data on real-world sun-protective behaviors in this population are limited. Although patients with skin cancer are routinely educated ab...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Skin cancer is highly prevalent in older adults; however, data on real-world sun-protective behaviors in this population are limited. Although patients with skin cancer are routinely educated about sun protection, whether these recommendations are reflected in daily practice remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate real-world sun-protective behaviors by comparing geriatric patients with and without a history of skin cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients aged ≥65 years presenting to a tertiary-care dermatology outpatient clinic completed a structured questionnaire assessing sociodemographic factors and sun-protective behaviors. Histopathologically confirmed skin cancer type (basal cell carcinoma [BCC], squamous cell carcinoma [SCC], or malignant melanoma [MM]) was recorded. Sun-protective behaviors in the skin cancer group were assessed after diagnosis. RESULTS: A total of 903 patients were included (441 women, 462 men; mean age 73.58 ± 7.47 years), of whom 161 (17.8%) had skin cancer. Patients with skin cancer reported higher sunscreen use and lower outdoor exposure between 10:00 and 16:00 compared with those without skin cancer (both < 0.001). Sunglasses use and spending less than two hours in direct sunlight were more common in the non-skin cancer group ( = 0.016 and < 0.001). Among patients with MM, sunscreen use was highest and outdoor exposure was lowest compared to other skin cancer types ( = 0.016 and = 0.022, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with skin cancer, particularly those with MM, reported greater use of sun-protective measures. However, these findings may reflect post-diagnosis behavioral changes and clinical counseling. Further research is needed to understand these behaviors and inform strategies for improving sun protection in older adults.
Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) induces AhR-dependent proinflammatory responses and reactive oxygen species production in human conjunctival epithelial cells.
Kwon HJ, Kim SW, Choi H … +1 more , Cho WK
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42379639 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To investigate the cytotoxic effects of airborne particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) on human conjunctival epithelial cells and to elucidate whether these effects are mediated through activation of th...
PURPOSE: To investigate the cytotoxic effects of airborne particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) on human conjunctival epithelial cells and to elucidate whether these effects are mediated through activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) signaling pathway. METHODS: Human conjunctival epithelial cells were exposed to PM2.5 (0, 12.5, 25, and 50 μg/mL) for 24 hours. Cell viability was assessed using an MTT-based colorimetric assay by measuring absorbance at 450 nm, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was evaluated using DCFH-DA staining followed by quantification of DCF fluorescence intensity. AhR activation was evaluated by analyzing cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions of mRNA via Western blot. The mRNA expression of AhR, its downstream target genes (CYP1A1, CYP1B1, AhRR), and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) was quantified by real-time PCR. AhR involvement was confirmed using siRNA-mediated AhR knockdown cells. RESULTS: PM2.5 induced dose-dependent reductions in cell viability and significant increases in intracellular ROS at 25 and 50 μg/mL. Western blot analysis showed decreased cytoplasmic AhR and increased nuclear AhR following PM2.5 exposure. PM2.5 significantly upregulated AhR, its target genes, and inflammatory cytokines. In AhR knockdown cells, PM2.5 failed to induce nuclear translocation of AhR, upregulation of target genes, ROS production, or inflammatory cytokine expression, indicating that PM2.5-induced oxidative and inflammatory responses are dependent on AhR signaling. CONCLUSION: PM2.5 induces cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation in human conjunctival epithelial cells through AhR activation. These findings identify AhR as a key molecular mediator of PM2.5-induced ocular surface damage and suggest that targeting AhR pathways may provide a potential therapeutic strategy for preventing air pollution-related ocular surface disease.
Effects of a topical zinc oxide- oil formulation on wound healing in diabetic and non-diabetic rats.
Temizer NH, Doğan Ş
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42364243 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a topical zinc oxide- oil formulation on wound healing in diabetic and non-diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight female Wistar rats were randomly allocate...
PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a topical zinc oxide- oil formulation on wound healing in diabetic and non-diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight female Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups ( = 7 each): non-diabetic control (NDC), non-diabetic treated (NDT), diabetic control (DC), and diabetic treated (DT). Three standardized full-thickness excisional wounds were created on the dorsal region of each rat. Treated groups received zinc oxide- cream (0.5 g) topically once daily for 21 days, whereas control groups underwent daily saline cleaning. Wound healing was assessed by wound area measurements on days 7, 14, and 21, together with hydroxyproline analysis and histopathological examination. RESULTS: Wound area decreased significantly over time in all groups ( < 0.001). On day 7, residual wound area percentages were significantly lower in DT(51.54 ± 5.23%) and NDT(53.77 ± 3.16%) than in DC(62.42 ± 6.42%) and NDC(63.15 ± 2.43%; = 0.001). By days 14 and 21, wound areas were markedly reduced in all groups with no significant differences between groups. Hydroxyproline levels increased over time( = 0.004) and were higher in treated groups, especially NDT on day 7. Histopathology also indicated less inflammation and more organized connective tissue formation in treated groups. CONCLUSION: Topical zinc oxide- oil cream improved early wound closure and collagen-related findings, particularly on day 7. However, wound closure became similar among groups by days 14 and 21. Because a vehicle-matched control cream was not included, these findings should be interpreted as preliminary evidence for the complete formulation and require confirmation in vehicle-controlled and adequately powered studies.
The development of a computational model for predicting sensitization potential in cosmetics.
Liu W, Yan C, Shao Y
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42349865 · Publisher ↗
The analysis and testing allergenic ingredients in cosmetics are crucial for quality and safety control. This study presents an improved method based on machine learning ensemble models, a dynamic weighted combination pr...
The analysis and testing allergenic ingredients in cosmetics are crucial for quality and safety control. This study presents an improved method based on machine learning ensemble models, a dynamic weighted combination prediction model for sensitization prediction of cosmetic ingredients, aiming to increase prediction accuracy. We constructed an expanded dataset by integrating data from human, animal, and non-animal sources. The final curated dataset consisted of 2,862 unique cosmetic ingredients. And all sensitization outcomes were uniformly standardized into binary labels following OECD TG 406 criteria. Building on the work of Fuadah et al. in 2024, we developed a more flexible prediction framework. This framework first employed LazyPredict to screen multiple benchmark models, which were then integrated an ensemble method. Our approach, leveraging multiple data sources and models, achieved improved performance compared to previous studies. The new model achieved AUC scores between 0.86 and 0.91 for predicting cosmetic ingredient sensitization. The result is based on internal validation only, and further external validation is needed. A Mann-Whitney U test based on Bootstrap resampling confirmed that the distribution of AUC performance for the new model was statistically superior to that of the previous model, a conclusion supported by the calculated Cliff's Delta effect size. This resulted in an approximately 10% reduction in prediction error compared to the model trained solely on the original LLfNA dataset. This study verifies the complementary nature of different models and data sources, thereby providing a robust methodological foundation for cosmetic safety assessment.
Evaluation of temperament and behavioral characteristics in preschool children with dermatological diseases.
Turkmen D, Ucuz I, Altunisik N … +1 more , Baran FB
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42345340 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: This exploratory study aimed to evaluate the basic temperament and behavioral characteristics of preschool children diagnosed with vitiligo, alopecia areata (AA), and psoriasis, and to compare them with health...
OBJECTIVE: This exploratory study aimed to evaluate the basic temperament and behavioral characteristics of preschool children diagnosed with vitiligo, alopecia areata (AA), and psoriasis, and to compare them with healthy controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 31 patients (12 vitiligo, 15 AA, 4 psoriasis) aged 3-6 years followed in the dermatology outpatient clinic and 26 healthy children of similar age and gender. Parents completed a Sociodemographic Data Form, the Short Temperament Scale for Children (STSC), the Children's Behavior Questionnaire-Short Form (CBQ-SF), and the Early Childhood Inventory-4 Parent Checklist (ECI-4). RESULTS: In the CBQ-SF, high intensity pleasure, inhibitory control, and smiling and laughter subscale scores showed nominal between-group differences in unadjusted analyses. In the STSC, the approach subscale score also showed a nominal between-group difference. In the ECI-4, the ADHD inattentive subtype score showed nominal significance. However, after correction for multiple comparisons, none of these associations remained statistically significant. CONCLUSION: In this exploratory study, preschool children with visible dermatological diseases showed no robust differences in parent-reported temperament or behavioral profiles after correction for multiple comparisons. Although some subscales demonstrated nominal differences in unadjusted analyses, these findings should be interpreted cautiously. These findings contrast with those typically reported in adult populations, suggesting that developmental stage may influence the psychological correlates of dermatological diseases. Given the small sample size and exploratory nature, these preliminary findings need replication before clinical recommendations can be made.
Performance of multimodal Large Language Models in misdiagnosed dermatologic cases: a pilot study on diagnostic accuracy and human error replication.
Şen O
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42340682 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Multimodal Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly positioned as diagnostic assistants in dermatology. However, current research often relies on clear-cut cases, leaving their performance in clinically...
BACKGROUND: Multimodal Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly positioned as diagnostic assistants in dermatology. However, current research often relies on clear-cut cases, leaving their performance in clinically ambiguous, gray zone scenarios insufficiently explored. Specifically, whether integrating visual data helps LLMs correct initial human misdiagnoses or reinforces cognitive biases remains unknown. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of three recent multimodal large language models all queried through their default web interfaces on 5 February 2026, using standardized single-turn prompts in biopsy-confirmed dermatologic cases initially misdiagnosed by clinicians, and to assess the impact of visual integration on human error replication rates. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 30 diagnostic dilemmas confirmed by histopathology. Models were queried using a two-stage protocol: (1) Text-Only and (2) Multimodal. Primary outcomes were Top-1 accuracy, visual gain, and the rate of replicating the clinician's initial error. RESULTS: Gemini 3 achieved the highest multimodal Top-1 accuracy (60.0% (18/30), followed by ChatGPT-5.2 at 56.7% (17/30) and Claude 4.5 Sonnet at 33.3% (10/30). In the inflammatory subgroup, Gemini 3 accuracy increased from 45.5% (5/11) in text-only to 72.7% (8/11) in multimodal mode; this difference was not statistically significant (McNemar's test, p = 0.248). All models showed limited accuracy for malignant lesions using macro-images. CONCLUSIONS: While Gemini 3 shows promise as a de-biasing tool in complex inflammatory dermatoses, multimodal LLMs currently lack the granular precision required for malignancy detection without dermoscopic data. These findings underscore the need for cautious integration of AI in high-stakes diagnostic scenarios.
Serum Ischemia-modified albumin levels in mild to moderate rosacea: an exploratory case-control study.
Şen O, Çakmak SK, Hayran Y … +1 more , Neşelioğlu S
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42333524 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis in which oxidative stress has been implicated as a pathogenic factor. Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) is a serum biomarker of oxidative stress not previously evalu...
BACKGROUND: Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis in which oxidative stress has been implicated as a pathogenic factor. Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) is a serum biomarker of oxidative stress not previously evaluated in rosacea. OBJECTIVE: To explore serum IMA levels in rosacea patients versus healthy controls and examine associations with disease severity and clinical characteristics. METHODS: In this exploratory case-control study, 72 rosacea patients and 72 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled. Serum IMA was measured by the albumin cobalt-binding (ACB) colorimetric method with concurrent serum albumin measurement. Statistical analysis included between-group comparisons, Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) correction, and multivariable linear regression. RESULTS: Mean serum IMA did not differ significantly between rosacea patients (0.72 ± 0.19 ABSU) and controls (0.74 ± 0.14 ABSU; mean difference -0.02 ABSU, 95% CI [-0.08, +0.04]; Cohen's d = 0.12; p = 0.32). Serum albumin was also comparable between groups (p = 0.50). Male patients showed higher IMA than females (0.81 ± 0.13 vs. 0.72 ± 0.17 ABSU; mean difference +0.09 ABSU, 95% CI [+0.01, +0.17]; Cohen's d = 0.55; p = 0.015). A weak positive correlation between persistent erythema severity and IMA was observed (Spearman's r = 0.24, 95% CI [+0.01, +0.45]; p = 0.045), which did not retain significance after FDR correction (p = 0.058). Multivariable regression revealed no independent predictor of IMA. CONCLUSION: erum IMA was not significantly elevated in rosacea. Exploratory findings suggest possible associations with male sex and erythema severity, warranting confirmation in larger phenotype-stratified studies.
Evaluation of large language models in terms of safety, contraindications, and adverse effect information related to botulinum toxin applications.
Altunisik N, Turkmen D, Kanat Z
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42235011 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for the dissemination of health-related information. However, data regarding the accuracy and adequacy with which they present information on the safety, con...
BACKGROUND: Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for the dissemination of health-related information. However, data regarding the accuracy and adequacy with which they present information on the safety, contraindications, and adverse effects of botulinum toxin (BoNT) applications remain limited. METHODS: In this study, the performance of the ChatGPT-5 mini (OpenAI), DeepSeek-V3.2, and Gemini 3 Flash LLMs in presenting safety and risk-related information on BoNT applications was comparatively evaluated using 10 categorized and structured questions. Responses were independently scored by three dermatologists using a predefined four-point evaluation scale. RESULTS: ChatGPT-5 mini (OpenAI) and DeepSeek-V3.2 achieved higher and more consistent scores in the domains of general safety, contraindications, and adverse effects. In contrast, the Gemini 3 Flash model demonstrated lower performance, particularly in patient safety-critical areas such as systemic spread and toxicity, as well as drug interactions. A statistically significant difference was observed in the distribution of response quality among the models (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that the level at which LLMs present information related to BoNT applications may vary. Therefore, these tools should be considered supportive aids under physician supervision rather than independent sources of clinical decision-making.
Examining the association of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors with autoimmune blistering disorders in the U.S. Military veterans.
Saad-Omer S, Sami N, Mansi IA … +1 more , Kinaan M
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 May · PMID 42189844 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor (DPP4i) are commonly used for management of diabetes. Although there are reports of increased risk of autoimmune skin blistering disorders (AIBD) with DPP4i, data is scarce. A...
BACKGROUND: Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor (DPP4i) are commonly used for management of diabetes. Although there are reports of increased risk of autoimmune skin blistering disorders (AIBD) with DPP4i, data is scarce. Although the exact mechanism through which DPP4i may cause AIBD is unknown, DPP4i may induce anti-basement membrane zone antibodies. Inhibition of DPP4 enzyme may also result in the recruitment of eosinophils into the dermis. OBJECTIVES: Examine the incidence of AIBD in DPP4i users compared to non-users. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included US veterans who initiated either DPP4i or glucagon like-peptide 1 receptor agonist (GLP1-RA) medications, as active comparator, between 2006 to 2021. We formed a propensity score (PS) matched cohort of DPP4i and GLP1-RA users encompassing 46 baseline characteristics. Our primary outcome was the incidence of AIBD, which included bullous pemphigoid (BP) and pemphigus vulgaris (PV) in the PS-matched cohort. RESULTS: The study included 266,315 DPP4i users and 149,183 GLP1-RA users. We propensity score-matched 101,220 pairs of DPP4i and GLP1-RA users without residual imbalances. A total of 154 patients developed AIBD. Of those, 123 were DPP4i users (0.05%) and 31 were GLP1-RA users (0.02%). Use of DPP4i compared to GLP1-RA was associated with increased odds of AIBD (odds ratio [OR]: 1.88, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.02-3.44, = 0.0421) and BP (OR: 1.90, 95%CI: 1.14-3.17, = 0.014) but was not associated with PV (OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 0.65-2.62, = 0.45). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: Our study supports existing literature indicating that DPP4i is associated with an increased risk of BP.
Capillaroscopic assessment of the nailfold in patients with rosacea.
Karaçöl Y, Sezer T, Polat M
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 May · PMID 42148677 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Rosacea is a common chronic inflammatory dermatosis characterized by erythema, papules, pustules, and phymatous lesions in the central facial region. Evidence regarding the pathogenesis of rosacea suggests tha...
OBJECTIVE: Rosacea is a common chronic inflammatory dermatosis characterized by erythema, papules, pustules, and phymatous lesions in the central facial region. Evidence regarding the pathogenesis of rosacea suggests that microvascular changes may occur in affected individuals. This study aims to examine the relationship between capillaroscopic findings and disease characteristics, subgroups and Demodex infestation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included a patient group of 50 individuals diagnosed with rosacea and a control group of 50 individuals without inflammatory diseases. Capillaroscopic evaluations were performed using a Dino-Lite Edge (P/N: AM7515MZT, Taiwan) digital capillaroscopy device, with the second to fifth nailfolds of both hands examined at ×200 magnification. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 37.6 ± 12.0 years (minimum: 18, maximum: 65), comprising 20 males and 30 females. The capillary density was significantly lower in the rosacea patient group ( = 0.003), whereas the capillary density score was significantly higher in the patient group ( < 0.001). The avascular area and neovascularization rates were also significantly higher in the patient group ( < 0.05). Regular capillary distribution was observed in 50% of the patient group and 81.6% of the control group. The proportion of elongated and tortuous capillaries was significantly higher in the patient group ( = 0.001 and < 0.001, respectively). Demodex was detected in 70% (n = 35) of rosacea patients. Among the 50 patients, no significant difference was found in Demodex positivity across rosacea subtypes ( = 0.295). CONCLUSION: Capillary irregularities, avascular areas, neovascularization, and tortuosity were observed at higher rates in patients with rosacea, suggesting these findings may reflect disease-associated peripheral microvascular alterations.
Evaluation of corneal aberrations and meibomian gland function after botulinum toxin A in blepharospasm/hemifacial spasm.
Doganay D, Ismayilov AS, Sevınc D … +1 more , Hamidi NA
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 May · PMID 42141972 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To evaluate the changes in aberrometry values on corneal topography and the function of the meibomian glands following therapeutic Botulinum toxin type A injections in patients with blepharospasm and hemifacial...
PURPOSE: To evaluate the changes in aberrometry values on corneal topography and the function of the meibomian glands following therapeutic Botulinum toxin type A injections in patients with blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective interventional study included 24 eyes of 17 patients treated with Botulinum toxin type A for blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. Corneal topography and meibography were performed before treatment and at 1 month. RESULTS: Botulinum toxin type A was injected bilaterally in seven patients and unilaterally in ten patients, totaling 24 treated eyes. There were no significant differences between pre- and post-injection measurements of flat keratometry (K1) ( = 0.585), steep keratometry (K2) ( = 1.000), mean keratometry (Kmean) ( = 0.809), corneal astigmatism ( = 0.641), astigmatism axis ( = 0.647), central corneal thickness ( = 0.631), anterior chamber depth ( = 0.127), and anterior chamber volume ( = 0.747). However, the root mean square of higher-order aberrations (RMS-HOA) ( = 0.018) and RMS-quadrafoil (Z) ( = 0.012) significantly increased one month after the injection. Although increases were also observed in RMS-coma (Z) ( = 0.225), RMS-trefoil (Z³) ( = 0.147), secondary astigmatism ( = 0.433), and RMS-spherical aberration (Z) ( = 0.150), these changes did not reach statistical significance. After the injection, there was a statistically significant reduction in tear break-up time (TBUT) ( = 0.041), Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) score ( = 0.041), and the area of the meibomian glands (mm) ( < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Botulinum toxin A injection into the orbicularis oculi in both groups may decrease meibomian glands and tear function, increasing corneal aberrations and reducing visual quality after 1 month.
Clinical-pathological diagnostic concordance in inflammatory dermatoses: a single-center retrospective analysis.
Dığış M, Kaya K, Demir B … +2 more , Çalık İ, Aydın F
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 May · PMID 42141892 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Inflammatory dermatoses are a heterogeneous group with overlapping clinical presentations, often requiring histopathological confirmation. The concordance between clinical impression and pathological diagnosis r...
PURPOSE: Inflammatory dermatoses are a heterogeneous group with overlapping clinical presentations, often requiring histopathological confirmation. The concordance between clinical impression and pathological diagnosis remains understudied in routine practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 150 patients who underwent skin biopsy for suspected inflammatory dermatoses between 2020 and 2025. Two concordance definitions were prespecified: primary-impression concordance (agreement between the primary clinical diagnosis and pathological category) and any-differential concordance (presence of the pathological category among any listed pre-biopsy differentials). Diagnostic performance metrics with 95% confidence intervals were calculated by disease category. Logistic regression incorporating disease category identified predictors of primary-impression accuracy. RESULTS: Primary-impression concordance was 64.0% and any-differential concordance 96.0%, yielding a 32-percentage-point gap indicating that clinicians frequently considered the correct diagnosis without selecting it as the primary impression. Agreement between primary clinical diagnosis and pathology was fair (kappa = 0.394). Primary-impression sensitivity was highest for lichen planus (90.9%) and psoriasis (79.8%), and substantially lower for mycosis fungoides (33.3%) and dermatitis/eczema (15.8%). Any-differential sensitivity reached 100.0% for mycosis fungoides and 73.7% for dermatitis/eczema, indicating these diagnoses were routinely considered but seldom prioritized. Disease category was the dominant independent predictor of primary-impression accuracy; the number of differential diagnoses was not significant after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical diagnosis of inflammatory dermatoses shows variable accuracy across disease entities. Dermatologists demonstrate broad diagnostic reasoning but commit to the correct primary impression less often. Histopathological examination remains essential, particularly for dermatitis/eczema and early mycosis fungoides.
The effect of systemic isotretinoin and doxycycline therapy on hematological parameters patients with acne vulgaris.
Celik C, Celik MS
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 May · PMID 42139071 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin disease frequently treated with systemic agents such as isotretinoin and doxycycline. Although these treatments are known to modulate inflammatory pa...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin disease frequently treated with systemic agents such as isotretinoin and doxycycline. Although these treatments are known to modulate inflammatory pathways, their short-term effects on hematological inflammatory indices remain unclear. This study evaluates changes in hematological inflammatory indices during isotretinoin and doxycycline treatment in patients with acne vulgaris. METHODS: This retrospective study included 237 patients with acne vulgaris treated with either isotretinoin (n = 125) or doxycycline (n = 112). Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), and aggregate index of systemic inflammation (AISI) were assessed at baseline, month 1, and month 2. Changes over time were analyzed using the Friedman test. RESULTS: In the isotretinoin group, no significant changes were observed in NLR, PLR, MLR, SII, SIRI, or AISI values during the 2-month follow-up period (all > 0.05). In the doxycycline group, a significant reduction in NLR was observed over time (Friedman χ = 7.79, p = 0.020). No significant temporal changes were detected in PLR, MLR, SII, SIRI, or AISI values. CONCLUSION: In this retrospective study, short-term isotretinoin treatment was not associated with significant changes in hematological inflammatory indices. Doxycycline treatment was associated with a reduction in NLR. These findings suggest that certain hematological indices may reflect short-term systemic inflammatory changes; however, the results should be interpreted cautiously, and further prospective studies are needed.
Immunohistochemical investigation of transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2) immunoreactivity in patients with psoriasis vulgaris.
Celik MS, Asır F, Aktas H … +5 more , Cetin A, Celik C, Cepik N, Aydeniz Acar GE, Türe Z
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42126927 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Psoriasis vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with epidermal proliferation and angiogenesis. This study evaluated Transferrin Receptor 2 (TFR2) expression in psoriatic skin and...
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Psoriasis vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with epidermal proliferation and angiogenesis. This study evaluated Transferrin Receptor 2 (TFR2) expression in psoriatic skin and compared it with healthy skin using immunohistochemistry. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Skin biopsies from patients with psoriasis vulgaris and healthy controls were immunohistochemically stained for TFR2. Expression in epidermal layers and dermal vascular structures was assessed. DAB staining intensity was quantitatively analyzed using QuPath software. Group comparisons were performed using the independent Student's t test. RESULTS: Healthy skin samples showed weak TFR2 expression, mainly in the basal epidermal layer. In contrast, psoriatic lesions demonstrated markedly increased TFR2 immunoreactivity in the basal and stratum spinosum layers, as well as in dermal vascular structures. The mean DAB-positive area was significantly higher in psoriatic lesions than in controls (55.0 ± 7.3 vs. 18.0 ± 3.4, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: TFR2 expression was significantly increased in psoriatic epidermis and dermal vascular structures. These findings suggest a potential role of TFR2 in psoriasis pathogenesis and iron-related inflammatory pathways.
Analysis of mercury content in cosmetic products available on the Polish market.
Bandurska K, Berdowska A, Zawierucha I
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Jun · PMID 42109023 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Mercury is a highly toxic element and dangerous to human health and even life. Constant exposure to mercury is associated with a high risk of many health conditions. Cosmetic products, which come into direct con...
PURPOSE: Mercury is a highly toxic element and dangerous to human health and even life. Constant exposure to mercury is associated with a high risk of many health conditions. Cosmetic products, which come into direct contact with human skin, should be especially monitored for the presence of heavy metals harmful to health. Despite legal regulations regarding the content of mercury in both color and care cosmetics, this element is still present in many products. The aim of this study was to analyze selected cosmetic products to determine the presence and concentration of mercury. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mercury content was measured in finished cosmetics products readily available in the Polish market: care creams and serum as well as color make-up cosmetics (eyeliner, eye shadow, blush). The analyses were performed using the atomic absorption spectrometry method with the AMA 254 mercury analyzer. RESULTS: Based on the conducted research, it was found that all analyzed cosmetic products contain mercury. Among the tested cosmetics, the highest mercury content was detected in care cosmetic serum that improve skin tone. CONCLUSION: Although the detected mercury content in the tested cosmetics did not exceed the permissible standards, considering the adverse impact of mercury on human health, its presence in all tested products is disturbing. Despite the low levels, mercury is still considered dangerous, especially during long-term exposure, and should be forbidden in cosmetic products.
Cutaneous manifestations in autoimmune thyroid disease: a cross-sectional study.
Kanat Z, Karaca Karagöz Z, Baskaya Dogan F … +3 more , Türkmen D, Altunışık N, Şener S
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Apr · PMID 42008151 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Autoimmune thyroid diseases, mainly Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease, are chronic disorders causing thyroid dysfunction. Thyroid hormones regulate skin, hair, and nails; therefore, various dermatolo...
OBJECTIVE: Autoimmune thyroid diseases, mainly Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease, are chronic disorders causing thyroid dysfunction. Thyroid hormones regulate skin, hair, and nails; therefore, various dermatological manifestations may occur. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of dermatological findings in autoimmune thyroid diseases and their association with laboratory parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional analytical study included 85 individuals aged ≥18 years presenting to the endocrinology outpatient clinic. Diagnosis was based on clinical findings, antibody positivity (anti-TPO/anti-Tg), and, when available, ultrasound. Participants were divided into autoimmune thyroid disease ( = 63) and control ( = 22) groups. All underwent dermatological examination by the same team. Xerosis cutis, hair loss, pruritus, and seborrheic dermatitis were assessed using standard definitions. Laboratory parameters included TSH, fT3, fT4, anti-TPO, and anti-Tg. Statistical analyses included parametric/nonparametric tests, correlation, ROC, and logistic regression (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Dermatological findings were significantly more frequent in the disease group (55.6% vs. 27.3%, p < 0.05). Xerosis cutis showed a significant positive association (r = 0.248, < 0.05), while hair loss, pruritus, and seborrheic dermatitis were not significant. Autoimmune thyroid disease correlated strongly with anti-TPO ( = 0.731) and weakly with TSH ( = 0.292; < 0.05). In multivariable analysis, elevated anti-TPO (OR = 3.18), higher TSH (OR = 1.82), and presence of skin findings (OR = 4.43) were independently associated with disease (Nagelkerke = 0.89). CONCLUSION: Dermatological findings, particularly xerosis cutis, are more common in autoimmune thyroid diseases. Alongside anti-TPO and TSH, skin findings are independently associated and may aid clinical evaluation.
Long-term OCTA-based evaluation of macular microvascular density following intravenous chemotherapy for retinoblastoma.
Mohamed NS, Abdel Aziz NAS
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Jun · PMID 41999293 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To quantitatively assess the macular microvasculature after intravenous chemotherapy (IVC) for retinoblastoma (RB) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). METHODS: A case control study compared th...
PURPOSE: To quantitatively assess the macular microvasculature after intravenous chemotherapy (IVC) for retinoblastoma (RB) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). METHODS: A case control study compared the OCT and OCTA measurements of the macular thickness, macular vessel density (VD) in the superficial (SCP) and deep (DCP) capillary plexuses and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) parameters of sixteen eyes with extramacular group B retinoblastoma (group 1) to those of age matched: a) twenty fellow eyes of unilateral RB children (group 2), b) twenty-two normal eyes of healthy controls (group 3). RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences between the three groups regarding the age at time of the study (12.6 ± 5, 11.7 ± 3.8, 10.8 ± 3.8 years, p = 0.404), the axial length (22.2 ± 0.69, 22.5 ± 0.97, 23 ± 0.96 mm, p = 0.064), or the spherical equivalent (1.11 ± 1.2, 0.87 ± 1.51 and 0.09 ± 1.52, p = 0.097). The differences between the three groups regarding foveal thickness (247 ± 23.8, 238 ± 13, 237 ± 14.7 um, p = 0.381), parafoveal thickness (319.9 ± 14.2, 319.4 ± 11.7, 319.8 ± 11.8 um, p = 0.994), FAZ area (0.308 ± 0.12, 0.314 ± 0.09, 0.338 ± 0.11 mm, p = 0.650), VD of SCP (whole image) (47.1 ± 2.7, 48.6 ± 2.67, 47.5 ± 3.01%, p = 0.252) and VD of DCP (whole image) (50.5 ± 5.09, 52.6 ± 3.04, 52 ± 4.57%, p = 0.350) were not statistically significant. A statistically significant difference existed between the three groups regarding Log MAR visual acuity: median (IQR)=0.176 (0-0.176) for group 1, 0 (0-0.176) for group 2 and 0(0-0) for group 3, p = 0.005. CONCLUSION: At a mean of 10 years following IVC for RB, no statistically significant alterations of macular vessel density were detected.
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