Cutaneous And Ocular Toxicology[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Scenario-based evaluation of large language models for reference accuracy in dermatology: literature retrieval on latent tuberculosis in psoriasis patients on anti-IL-17/23 therapy.
Altunisik N, Altunisik Toplu S, Turkmen D
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Jun · PMID 41987670 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Large language models (LLMs) could accelerate clinical literature searches, but their reliability is compromised by "hallucinations" generating false references. This study compared three general-purpose LLMs...
BACKGROUND: Large language models (LLMs) could accelerate clinical literature searches, but their reliability is compromised by "hallucinations" generating false references. This study compared three general-purpose LLMs using a standardized dermatology literature retrieval prompt for reference accuracy, relevance, and hallucination rates. METHODS: A clinical scenario on latent tuberculosis management in psoriasis patients on IL-17/23 inhibitors was defined. To establish a reference standard, references (n=74) from the two most recent and comprehensive systematic reviews on the topic were screened. These two reviews were selected as they represented the most current and complete syntheses of evidence on this clinical question; using their reference lists ensured a focused, expert-validated foundation for evaluating LLM outputs. This process yielded 16 studies directly addressing the scenario. Each LLM (ChatGPT, Gemini, Deepseek-V3.2) was prompted to list 15 recent specific references. The 45 retrieved references were manually validated as: "True and Relevant," "True but Irrelevant/General," or "False/Hallucination." Distributions were compared using Pearson's chi-square test. RESULTS: A significant difference was found between models (p<0.010). ChatGPT listed 80.0% (12/15) correct and relevant references with no hallucinations. Gemini produced 80.0% (12/15) hallucinations, while Deepseek-V3.2 generated 100.0% fictional references. Notably, 4 references ChatGPT found correct were valid articles overlooked in the predefined pool; these were verified as relevant, indicating the reference standard may not have been exhaustive. CONCLUSION: LLM performance varies considerably with high hallucination risk. Findings highlight caution and independent verification. Future research should test advanced query techniques and hybrid systems integrating LLMs with academic databases.
Leveraging a TRPV1-overexpressing cell model: an integrated testing strategy for UV filter-induced ocular irritation.
Zhang T, Sun F, Liu Y … +4 more , Zhuang B, Chang J, Deng X, Cheng S
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Jun · PMID 41985167 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Eye discomfort is a common issue for consumers using sunscreen products. While UV filters are suspected of being the main cause, no clear scientific evidence has been found to support this hypothesis. This resea...
PURPOSE: Eye discomfort is a common issue for consumers using sunscreen products. While UV filters are suspected of being the main cause, no clear scientific evidence has been found to support this hypothesis. This research aims to develop a scientifically effective eye irritation screening method to provide a scientific explanation for the eye discomfort caused by UV filters. METHODS: In order to assess the ocular irritation of two UV filters, Octocrylene (OCT) and Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (OMC), a combination of and methods was employed. prediction was conducted using seven computational ADMET prediction models (e.g. AdmetSAR 3.0, ADMETlab 2.0). The i experimental validation included Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (BCOP) and Short Time Exposure (STE) assays, and TRPV1 ion channel activation was probed using TRPV1-overexpressing rabbit corneal epithelial cells (TRPV1-OE SIRC cells). RESULTS: Different toxicology prediction models did not yield consistent results regarding the eye irritation potential of the two UV filters. The results of the BCOP and STE tests showed that both UV filters were nonirritating. Detection of TRPV1 channel activation indicated that OCT can induce Ca influx in cells, resulting in ocular discomfort, while OMC did not. CONCLUSION: These results indicated that this screening method based on the activation of the TRPV1 channel is more sensitive in detecting stinging sensations in the eyes. This mechanism may provide a possible explanation for UV filter-induced eye discomfort and has potential for screening other cosmetic ingredients that cause such discomfort without irritation.
Correlation between serum IL-17 and peripheral blood Treg cells and efficacy of 308 nm excimer light therapy in progressive vitiligo.
Wang J, Luo H, Zhao X … +2 more , Wang C, Jiang S
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Jun · PMID 41978525 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that baseline immune status, specifically the Th17/Treg axis, influences therapeutic outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between serum interleukin-17 (IL-17) and periphera...
OBJECTIVE: We hypothesized that baseline immune status, specifically the Th17/Treg axis, influences therapeutic outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between serum interleukin-17 (IL-17) and peripheral blood regulatory T cells (Tregs), Vitiligo Area Scoring Index (VASI), and the efficacy of 308 nm excimer light therapy by comparing an active treatment group of progressive vitiligo patients (subdivided into effective and ineffective subgroups) with a control group of stable vitiligo patients. Key variables investigated included baseline and post-treatment IL-17, Treg cell levels, and VASI scores. METHODS: A total of 117 patients with progressive vitiligo treated with 308 nm excimer light were divided into ineffective ( = 31) and effective ( = 86) groups based on 6-month outcomes. An additional 35 patients with stable vitiligo were recruited as a control group. Serum IL-17, Treg cell levels, and VASI scores were measured at baseline and after 6 months of therapy for progressive vitiligo patients, and once for stable vitiligo patients. These parameters were compared between groups. Changes from baseline were analyzed. Risk factors for treatment failure were analyzed using logistic regression based on baseline parameters, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves evaluated the exploratory predictive value of baseline IL-17 and Treg cells. RESULTS: At baseline, the ineffective progressive vitiligo group had significantly higher IL-17 and VASI scores, and lower Treg cell levels compared to the effective group ( < 0.05). After 6 months of treatment, the effective group showed a significant decrease in IL-17 and VASI, and an increase in Treg cells (P < 0.05), while the ineffective group showed no significant changes. Post-treatment IL-17 and Treg levels in the ineffective group remained significantly different from the effective group ( < 0.05). Patients with stable vitiligo had significantly lower IL-17 and higher Treg cell levels compared to both progressive vitiligo groups at baseline ( < 0.05). Baseline VASI scores correlated positively with baseline IL-17 and negatively with baseline Treg cells ( < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression identified baseline autoimmune comorbidities, baseline VASI scores, IL-17, and Treg cells as independent predictors for treatment failure ( < 0.05). ROC analysis revealed optimal cutoff values of 21.15 ng/L for baseline IL-17 (sensitivity 80.65%, specificity 79.07%, AUC 0.875) and 3.75% for baseline Treg cells (sensitivity 83.87%, specificity 74.42%, AUC 0.818). Combined detection of baseline markers achieved a sensitivity of 80.65%, a specificity of 95.35% and an AUC of 0.921. These exploratory predictive models are internally derived and require external validation. CONCLUSION: Baseline and post-treatment serum IL-17 and Treg cell levels, along with VASI scores, correlate with 308 nm excimer light therapy outcomes in progressive vitiligo. These baseline biomarkers, particularly IL-17 and Treg cells, are associated with treatment response. Distinct biomarker profiles exist between progressive and stable vitiligo. Combined baseline marker testing improves the evaluation of treatment potential.
Salvianolic acid B inhibits proliferation, migration and aerobic glycolysis of melanoma cells via regulation of PKM2 in vitro.
Zhu Y, Bian C, Liu Y … +1 more , Xu W
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Jun · PMID 41964477 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential effects of Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) on the viability and glycolytic activity of melanoma cells and elucidate the underlying mechanism of these changes. METHODS: CCK-8, FCM, and c...
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential effects of Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) on the viability and glycolytic activity of melanoma cells and elucidate the underlying mechanism of these changes. METHODS: CCK-8, FCM, and colony formation assays were performed to examine the effects of Sal B on the viability and apoptosis of melanoma cells. Transwell and immunostaining assays were conducted to determine the effects of Sal B on melanoma cell motility and EMT. In addition, glucose consumption, lactic acid production and ATP production were detected using their kits, and Immunoblot assays were conducted to determine the mechanism. RESULTS: Our findings revealed that Sal B inhibits the proliferation of melanoma cells, while also promoting apoptosis. Sal B could also inhibit the migration and EMT of melanoma cells, suppress abnormal glycolysis, and mechanistically, exerted these effects by blocking PKM2 expression. CONCLUSION: Sal B suppressed the viability and abnormal glycolysis of melanoma cells by mediating PKM2 expression.
Uremic pruritus and its relationship with geriatric syndromes in older hemodialysis patients: analysis using the 5-D itch scale.
Yakaryilmaz FD, Turkmen D, Berktas HB … +1 more , Pembegul I
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Apr · PMID 41964296 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Uremic pruritus (UP) is a common and distressing symptom in hemodialysis patients and may contribute to geriatric syndromes such as impaired sleep, depression, cognitive decline, and functional limitation. Ev...
BACKGROUND: Uremic pruritus (UP) is a common and distressing symptom in hemodialysis patients and may contribute to geriatric syndromes such as impaired sleep, depression, cognitive decline, and functional limitation. Evidence focusing on comprehensive geriatric assessment in older hemodialysis populations remains limited. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between UP severity (5-D Itch Scale) and geriatric syndromes (functional status, cognitive function, depressive symptoms, nutritional status, and sleep quality) in older hemodialysis patients. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included patients aged ≥65 years who had undergone hemodialysis for at least 6 months. UP was assessed using the 5-D Itch Scale. Comprehensive geriatric assessment comprised Activity of Daily Living (ADL), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Geriatric Depression Scale-15 (GDS-15), Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form (MNA-SF), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Group comparisons were performed using nonparametric tests, and associations were examined using Spearman correlation. RESULTS: A total of 118 older hemodialysis patients were included; 70.4% (n = 83) reported UP. Vitamin D levels were lower in patients with UP. Compared with patients without UP, those with UP had lower MMSE scores, and higher GDS and PSQI scores. 5-D score correlated positively with age, depressive symptoms, sleep disturbance, and ADL dependency; and negatively with dialysis duration and cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS: In older hemodialysis patients, UP is common and is associated with worse sleep quality, more depressive symptoms, lower cognitive performance, and greater functional limitation. Integrating UP screening into routine geriatric assessment may help identify vulnerable patients and guide multidisciplinary symptom management strategies.
Wound-healing effects of bene gum ( yalt): role of growth factor, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory mediators.
Tawfeeq SN, Ahmed KA, Abdullah SS … +10 more , Mohammed MT, Jabbar AAJ, Akçakavak G, Noori Saleh G, Abdul-Monam M, Algefare AI, Alfwuaires MA, Ibrahim Alsharif H, Salem Al-Qaisi T, Alqaisi KM
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Apr · PMID 41952540 · Publisher ↗
AIM: This study evaluates the acute toxicity and wound-healing effects of bene gum on a dorsal wound model in rats. METHOD: An excisional neck wound was created in twenty-four Sprague Dawley rats, and they were randomly...
AIM: This study evaluates the acute toxicity and wound-healing effects of bene gum on a dorsal wound model in rats. METHOD: An excisional neck wound was created in twenty-four Sprague Dawley rats, and they were randomly assigned to four cages: normal saline (A); 0.2 ml of intrasite gel (B); 2.5% bene gum (C), or 5% of bene gum (D). After two weeks, skin samples from the healed area and serum were obtained for histological and biochemical investigations. RESULTS: The topical application of Bene gum (2.5 and 5%) did not show any overt sign of toxicity (local irritation or swelling); yet, it accelerated wound recovery, indicated by lower wound size and a faster rate of wound closure (90.32 and 93.36%, respectively). The histological evaluation of healed skin from bene gum (2.5% and 5%)-treated rats revealed increased deposition of tissue collagen, increased blood capillaries in the granulated tissue areas, and other histologic features consistent with fibroblast activity. Bene gum application increased angiogenetic factors (TGF-β1) by 9.68% and 54.66%, and hydroxyproline/collagen deposition by 41.62% and 97.12%, respectively, relative to vehicle control. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of bene gum (2.5 and 5%) were confirmed by its up-regulating effects on endogenous superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes, interleukin-10, while down-regulating the malondialdehyde (MDA) and pro-inflammatory chemicals (reduced interleukin-6 by 31.40% and 67.11%, and tumor necrosis factor-α by 42.10% and 63.18%, resp.), suggesting modulation of inflammatory mediators associated with wound healing. CONCLUSION: The outcomes back up the traditional use of bene gum as an effective wound healer.
Statin intervention does not slow early-intermediate stage AMD progression.
Kirk C, Smith E, Wozniak A … +3 more , de Alba F, Bu P, Stubbs EB
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Apr · PMID 41950418 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Emerging evidence supports a protective role of statins at preventing the progression of early-intermediate stage non-neovascular (dry) AMD. Clinical findings, however, remain equivocal as to the beneficial effe...
PURPOSE: Emerging evidence supports a protective role of statins at preventing the progression of early-intermediate stage non-neovascular (dry) AMD. Clinical findings, however, remain equivocal as to the beneficial effects of statin use for the management of early-intermediate AMD. METHODS: Here, we conducted a retrospective review of 10 026 patient encounters seen over a 10-year period between January 2009 and December 2019 by the Department of Ophthalmology at Loyola University Chicago Medical Center. RESULTS: Of the 10 026 patient encounters reviewed, 15.7% (1579 patients) had received a clinical diagnosis of early-intermediate stage (non-neovascular) AMD. Of those 1579 patients, the majority (68%) were reported to have at least one co-existing at-risk vascular comorbidity including the presence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or coronary artery disease with two-thirds (66%) having received statin intervention. Regardless of vascular at-risk comorbidity, however, managing blood LDL cholesterol levels with statin intervention did not alter AMD progression in this patient population (HR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.73-1.28, = 0.82). CONCLUSION: Overall, these findings suggest that early-intermediate AMD patients presenting with a co-existing history of at-risk vascular comorbidities are not at increased risk for AMD progression. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE: These retrospective findings do not support the prophylactic use of statins to slow/prevent the progression of early-intermediate stage AMD.
Statement of Retraction: Cetirizine, Doxepine, and Hydroxyzine in the Treatment of Pruritus due to Sulfur Mustard: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Apr · PMID 41926682 · Publisher ↗
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Skin injuries related to Octenidine-based antisepsis in neonatal and pediatric populations: a scoping review.
Vanzi V, Caggianelli G, Ciprandi G
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Mar · PMID 41915860 · Publisher ↗
Octenidine-based antiseptics are increasingly used in neonatal and pediatric care for skin antisepsis and wound care, yet their cutaneous safety has not been systematically profiled. This scoping review, based on JBI me...
Octenidine-based antiseptics are increasingly used in neonatal and pediatric care for skin antisepsis and wound care, yet their cutaneous safety has not been systematically profiled. This scoping review, based on JBI methodology, mapped evidence on skin injuries and local complications in neonates and children after octenidine-based use on intact skin or wounds. Of 242 records, six studies, all conducted in Europe (Germany 66.7%, Switzerland 16.7%, Poland 16.7%), were included ( 30 patients). Two studies reported intact-skin antisepsis before procedures in 18 neonates while four papers addressed cleansing of traumatic, surgical, or infectious wounds in 12 infants or children. Formulations were mainly octenidine 0.1% with phenoxyethanol 2% (22/30; 73.3%), with aqueous 0.1% (6/30; 20.0%) and alcohol-based 0.1% (2/30; 6.7%) less frequent. Reported events ranged from transient erythema to bullous/erosive dermatitis, subcutaneous edema, fatty tissue necrosis, and phlegmon-like reactions. Management varied from conservative care to surgery, with scarring or contractures in some cases. The available evidence, limited to case reports, case series, a survey and one small cohort, thereby preventing causal inference and incidence or prevalence estimates due to the absence of denominator data, nonetheless indicates injuries with both aqueous and alcohol-based products, raising concern for a potentially compound-related, rather than vehicle-specific, risk. Clinicians should consider judicious use of octenidine, monitor closely, and consider the potential utility of patch testing for delayed allergic reactions. Priority needs include multicenter studies, standardized skin outcomes, detailed exposure reporting, and pharmacovigilance or registries.
Safety and tolerability evaluation of a novel ophthalmic viscosurgical device containing bacterial-derived hyaluronic acid.
Moreno IY, Kloft LJ, Gwon AE … +1 more , Ling C H
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Jun · PMID 41910206 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the pre-clinical safety and tolerability of a new ophthalmic viscoelastic device (OVD) containing bacterial-derived hyaluronic acid (HA) using an aqueous exchange model i...
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the pre-clinical safety and tolerability of a new ophthalmic viscoelastic device (OVD) containing bacterial-derived hyaluronic acid (HA) using an aqueous exchange model in rabbits. METHODS: Intraocular pressure (IOP) and central corneal thickness (CCT) were measured to assess the ocular response of OVD use during cataract surgery. OVDs containing bacterial-sourced sodium hyaluronate (HA) (Healon EndoCoat brand) were used to exchange approximately 100 µL of the aqueous humor in 6 NZW rabbit eyes in vivo. IOP, central corneal thickness (CCT) and clinical ophthalmic examinations were measured in both eyes at post-operative 12 and 24 hours and days 3, 4, 8, 28 and 90. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the IOP and CCT measurements after aqueous exchange between HEALON EndoCoat and HEALON EndoCoat PRO OVDs. IOP returned to baseline values in both the test and control eyes by 24 hrs. CCT showed no difference between test and control eyes after day 8 and remained the same through days 28 and 90. Early postoperative results showed expected corneal haze, conjunctival congestion and swelling, and inflammatory cells in the anterior chamber of both eyes after aqueous exchange. By day 8, the ocular findings were similar between the two study eyes and within the normal range typically reported. DISCUSSION: The results of this pre-clinical investigation support the safety and tolerability of the new bacterial-derived OVD in rabbits. There were no statistical differences in IOP and CCT measurements between the two OVDs whether the study endpoints occurred at 7 days or 3 months. Although the study was carried out for 90 days, no statistical differences in clinical performance were observed between OVDs after 7 days, indicating that a testing period that extends out to 90 days may not be medically necessary for pre-clinical studies.
Decoding psoriasis: pathological mechanisms, evolving treatments, clinical investigations, and future perspectives.
Moin A, Shivally Boregowda S, Chowdappa G … +2 more , Abburu Jayaramu R, Mohamedtoom Awadalkarim A
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Mar · PMID 41877496 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE OF THE ARTICLE: This narrative review summarizes current practices and emerging technologies on psoriasis with an emphasis on key genetic and molecular mechanisms that contribute to disease pathogenesis and infor...
PURPOSE OF THE ARTICLE: This narrative review summarizes current practices and emerging technologies on psoriasis with an emphasis on key genetic and molecular mechanisms that contribute to disease pathogenesis and inform therapeutic development. In particular, genetic associations involving and are discussed in the context of immune dysregulation and keratinocyte hyperproliferation. The review aims to contextualize how these mechanistic insights have influenced existing treatments and continue to guide the development of therapeutic strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This review is based on published experimental studies, clinical trials, and authoritative reviews addressing the genetic, molecular, and immunological aspects of psoriasis. The review discusses therapeutic approaches, including topical agents, phototherapy, and traditional regimens such as Goeckerman therapy, alongside systemic agents and biologics targeting TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-23 pathways. Emerging approaches, including molecular therapeutics and nanotechnology driven drug delivery systems are explored as evolving strategies currently under investigation rather than established standards of care. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The reviewed evidence indicates that advances in genetic and molecular understanding have clarified key mechanisms involved in psoriasis pathogenesis. Genetic markers such as and highlight the role of immune dysregulation and keratinocyte hyperproliferation, which has guided therapeutic development. Conventional treatments namely topical agents, phototherapy, and traditional regimens such as Goeckerman therapy, remain important, particularly for mild-to-moderate disease and selected patients. Building on these approaches, systemic agents and biologics targeting TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-23 pathways have significantly improved outcomes in moderate-to-severe psoriasis. Current research is now exploring molecular therapeutics and nanotechnology driven drug delivery systems as adjunct strategies to enhance efficacy and reduce systemic toxicity. However, these approaches are still evolving and are not yet established standards of care. Despite ongoing progress, challenges related to long-term safety, accessibility, and sustained disease control remain. Integrating mechanistic insights with evolving therapies and multidisciplinary care will be essential for advancing psoriasis management.
L. extract improves wound healing and is associated with VEGF-related marker activation in a rat model of infected dorsal full-thickness skin wound.
Fang C, Pei Y, Qu Y … +3 more , Lu Y, Zhang W, Yang W
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Mar · PMID 41863832 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Infected cutaneous wounds, such as those resulting from perianal abscess surgery, are prone to fecal contamination and delayed healing. L. (POL) is a representative anti-diarrheal medicinal herb that has bee...
BACKGROUND: Infected cutaneous wounds, such as those resulting from perianal abscess surgery, are prone to fecal contamination and delayed healing. L. (POL) is a representative anti-diarrheal medicinal herb that has been reported to exert multiple biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, as well as protection of the gastrointestinal tract. However, the functions of the POL extract on perianal abscess progression, and the associated molecular pathways, remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the function of POL in perianal abscesses and explore its potential related mechanisms. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats ( = 6 in each group) were used to establish a fecal contamination-induced wound infection model. Wounds were topically treated with POL extract (100 μg/mL) by applying extract-coated sterile gauze to fully cover the wound surface, with dressing changes performed once daily for 14 consecutive days. The mRNA expressions of potentially relevant genes were assessed by RT-qPCR. Levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β were measured by ELISA. CD34 expression was assessed using immunohistochemistry (IHC), while the relative protein expression of VEGFA was evaluated by western blot. RESULTS: POL extract resulted in histopathological injury in the wound tissues of rats with perianal abscess. Moreover, treatment with POL extract reduced inflammatory responses, increased CD34 expression, and was associated with activation of VEGF-related markers in rats with fecal-contaminated skin wounds. CONCLUSION: In a rat model of fecal-contaminated dorsal skin wound infection, topical POL treatment was associated with improved histological outcomes, reduced inflammation, and increased VEGF-related markers. These findings suggest a potential role for POL in promoting infected wound healing, although the VEGF involvement is based on associative expression data and requires further mechanistic validation.
Cadmium-induced systemic inflammation and retinal degeneration: histopathological and cytokine analysis in a rat model.
Demirtaş S, Gökdemir GŞ, Şeker U
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Jun · PMID 41843795 · Publisher ↗
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Cadmium causes systemic inflammation and retinal damage, posing a serious threat to visual and public health. BACKGROUND: Cadmium is a harmful heavy metal that builds up in body tissues and cause syst...
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Cadmium causes systemic inflammation and retinal damage, posing a serious threat to visual and public health. BACKGROUND: Cadmium is a harmful heavy metal that builds up in body tissues and cause systemic inflammation and organ damage. This research sought to explore the impact of subacute cadmium exposure on retinal morphology and inflammatory cytokine levels. METHOD: A total of fourteen male rats were randomized into control and cadmium-exposed groups within the scope of the experiment. 3 mg/kg cadmium (CdCl) was administered intraperitoneally to the subjects in the cadmium group for 15 days. At the end of study, serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels were determined by ELISA method. In addition, retinal tissues were examined histopathologically after Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. Retinal apoptotic changes were assessed by semi-quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of Bax and Bcl-2 expression in the inner and outer nuclear layers. RESULTS: According to the findings, cadmium exposure caused a statistically significant increase in serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels. Histopathological examination revealed a marked decrease in the thickness of the inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), and outer nuclear layer (ONL), as well as focal vacuolization and cellular disorganization. Cadmium exposure significantly increased Bax immunoreactivity and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio in both the INL and ONL, while significantly decreasing Bcl-2 expression. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, cadmium exposure increased the systemic inflammatory response, leading to significant histopathological damage in the retinal layers and a dominant proapoptotic Bax/Bcl-2 balance, thereby triggering cellular apoptosis.
Drug survival and safety in chronic urticaria: comparative analysis of omalizumab and antihistamines.
Ermis H, Aksu Arica D, Baykal Selcuk L … +3 more , Arica İE, Ferhatosmanoğlu A, Özel Ü
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Jun · PMID 41790015 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Chronic urticaria (CU) impacts patients through unpredictable episodes of hives and angioedema, affecting their quality of life. This study aims to evaluate tolerability and drug survival rates of omalizumab com...
PURPOSE: Chronic urticaria (CU) impacts patients through unpredictable episodes of hives and angioedema, affecting their quality of life. This study aims to evaluate tolerability and drug survival rates of omalizumab compared to second-generation H1 antagonists and to identify factors influencing the progression of CU. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A single-center, retrospective study was conducted at our dermatology department, focusing on adults diagnosed with CU. Data were collected through clinical assessments, laboratory evaluations, and phone calls, with additional retrospective extraction from electronic health records. As recommended, omalizumab was first added to antihistamines and omalizumab survival was measured among all patients who had ever received it, regardless of whether they had discontinued antihistamines at any point. RESULTS: The study cohort consisted of 93 patients with CU, comprising 70 women and 23 men. Fifty-seven patients received omalizumab, with a median drug survival of nine months for the first cycle of therapy. The remaining 36 patients were treated exclusively with antihistamines, with a median drug survival of 67 months. Asthma and lower baseline basophil counts were significantly associated with longer disease duration. Baseline fibrinogen levels correlated with duration of omalizumab treatment. Complement 4 levels were significantly lower in the omalizumab group than in those treated exclusively with antihistamines. CONCLUSIONS: Both Type 1 (asthma) and Type 2b (lower basophil counts and higher fibrinogen levels) CU features are associated with longer disease duration. These insights facilitate more personalized and effective management strategies for this challenging condition. Discontinuation was more often due to pregnancy or remission rather than safety concerns or lack of efficacy. Limitations of this retrospective single-center study include indirect assessment of disease severity, potential recall bias, heterogeneous treatment regimens, limited adverse event reporting, and lack of pretreatment biomarker measurements.
Efficacy of shortwave radiofrequency-assisted delivery of Quhong Zhiyang ointment in the treatment of facial seborrheic dermatitis: a retrospective study of 72 patients.
Li B, Hua Y, Luo X … +1 more , Li T
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Jun · PMID 41787983 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical efficacy of Quhong Zhiyang ointment via shortwave radiofrequency-assisted delivery in the treatment of facial seborrheic dermatitis. METHODS: Seventy-two individuals who were diagnosed...
OBJECTIVE: To observe the clinical efficacy of Quhong Zhiyang ointment via shortwave radiofrequency-assisted delivery in the treatment of facial seborrheic dermatitis. METHODS: Seventy-two individuals who were diagnosed with seborrheic dermatitis and who received treatment and completed a 3-month follow-up period were enrolled in this retrospective analysis, with 36 patients in each group. The control group was given oral compound glycyrrhizin tablets, vitamin b6 tablets, and topical butyl flufenamic acid ointment; the observation group was given shortwave radiofrequency-assisted delivery of Quhong Zhiyang ointment treatment on top of the control group, with 4 weeks as a course of treatment. The clinical efficacy, symptom score, VISIA score, and Malassezia score were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The total effective rate in the observation group was 94.44% (34/36), which was greater than that in the control group (75.00% (27/36), and the difference was statistically significant ( < 0.05). The scores of the two groups decreased, the improvement in the observation group was greater than that in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant ( < 0.05). After treatment in the observation group, the VISIA-red zone score decreased, and the difference was statistically significant ( < 0.05). After treatment, there was no significant change in the VISIA-wrinkle, texture, and rhodopsin score, and the difference was not statistically significant ( > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The shortwave radiofrequency-assisted delivery of Quhong Zhiyang ointment has significant efficacy in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis and can effectively relieve clinical symptoms, improve local inflammation, and inhibit the growth of Malassezia.
Demodex parasite density in patients with melasma: a case-control study.
Baran FB, Altunisik N, Turkmen D … +2 more , Kanat Z, Sener S
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Mar · PMID 41778367 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Although multiple factors contribute to the development of melasma, there are reports suggesting a potential role of Demodex parasites in hyperpigmentation. This study aimed to compare the density and prevale...
BACKGROUND: Although multiple factors contribute to the development of melasma, there are reports suggesting a potential role of Demodex parasites in hyperpigmentation. This study aimed to compare the density and prevalence of Demodex infestation between patients with melasma and healthy controls. METHODS: This case-control study included 35 melasma patients and 35 healthy volunteers. Standard superficial skin biopsies using cyanoacrylate adhesive were taken from the malar regions. Samples were examined via light microscopy, with a density of ≥5 Demodex/cm defined as positive. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found between the melasma and control groups in terms of Demodex mite density or positivity rates. Correlation analysis revealed no significant relationship between mMASI scores and Demodex mite density. As a secondary finding, the mean mMASI score was significantly higher in male participants compared to female participants. CONCLUSION: In this case-control study, we found no statistically significant association between Demodex parasite density and melasma in our study population. While our findings do not support an association in this sample, future large-scale and multicenter studies could further explore the potential role of Demodex in skin disorders that have been suggested by other reports. The single-center design and moderate sample size should be considered when interpreting these results.
Antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects of flavonoids in cSCC.
Xu Y, Wang X, Gao Y … +6 more , Guo YY, Fang ZS, Liu SL, Wang FL, Luo JH, Yan LJ
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41762038 · Publisher ↗
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) lacks effective and well-tolerated pharmacological options for long-term management, highlighting the need for multi-target natural agents. In this study, we hypothesized that a f...
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) lacks effective and well-tolerated pharmacological options for long-term management, highlighting the need for multi-target natural agents. In this study, we hypothesized that a flavonoid-rich extract from exerts (DOE) anti-cSCC effects by regulating apoptosis-related pathways. To test this hypothesis, we employed an integrated strategy combining UPLC-based chemical profiling, network pharmacology prediction, and and validation. UPLC analysis identified five major flavonoids in DOE-Luteolin, Naringenin, Butein, Liquiritigenin, and Formononetin. Network pharmacology predicted the involvement of key pathways, including PI3K/AKT, MAPK, and EGFR. Experimental validation, however, was focused on apoptosis-related markers Bax and Bcl-2, providing partial support for the predicted mechanisms. , DOE significantly reduced cell viability and colony-forming ability. Migration was decreased by more than 80%, and apoptosis increased substantially at higher doses. These findings were confirmed by qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses, which showed a downregulation of Bcl-2 and upregulation of Bax, consistent with the proapoptotic mechanism predicted by network pharmacology. , using a DMBA/croton oil-induced cSCC mouse model, DOE administration resulted in dose-dependent tumor inhibition and improved body weight loss, thymus, and spleen indices. DOE, as a flavonoid extract, significantly inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and promotes apoptosis in cSCC, positioning it as a promising candidate for further development as a complementary or adjuvant therapeutic strategy.
Synergistic cytotoxicity of bentonite-zeolite 4A nanocomposite in human melanoma cells.
Duman N, Evcin A, Çelik S … +2 more , Oraloğlu G, Caner A
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Jun · PMID 41755665 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The cytotoxic effects of bentonite and zeolite 4A nanoparticles (NPs), as well as their nanocomposite (NC), were investigated in human melanoma (G361) cells. Although both materials have demonstrated antica...
INTRODUCTION: The cytotoxic effects of bentonite and zeolite 4A nanoparticles (NPs), as well as their nanocomposite (NC), were investigated in human melanoma (G361) cells. Although both materials have demonstrated anticancer potential, their effects on melanoma remain insufficiently explored. This study aimed to evaluate the cellular responses induced by bentonite and zeolite 4A NPs, individually and in combination, in G361 cells. METHODS: Physicochemical characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). IC₅。 values were determined for bentonite NPs, zeolite 4A NPs, and the NC. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay, while apoptosis was evaluated through caspase-3 activity measured by ELISA. RESULTS: All treatments exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity in melanoma cells. Notably, the NC demonstrated a strong synergistic interaction, enhancing cytotoxic effects and enabling reduced effective concentrations. Despite the pronounced cytotoxicity observed in the NC group, no significant increase in caspase-3 activity was detected compared to control. These findings suggest the involvement of caspase-independent cell death mechanisms, particularly necrotic or non-classical apoptotic processes. CONCLUSION: The bentonite/zeolite 4A nanocomposite exerts synergistic cytotoxic effects in melanoma cells. While the results highlight its therapeutic potential, further mechanistic studies are required to clarify the underlying pathways prior to clinical translation.
Skin sensitization and systemic quantitative risk assessment of nickel in tattoo ink.
Evans VJB, Steimel KEG, Yang LGL … +2 more , Massarsky A, Fung ES
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Jun · PMID 41733549 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Prolonged dermal exposure to nickel (Ni), a heavy metal found in tattoo ink, is associated with allergic contact dermatitis and skin sensitization in susceptible individuals. Although the systemic toxicity of...
BACKGROUND: Prolonged dermal exposure to nickel (Ni), a heavy metal found in tattoo ink, is associated with allergic contact dermatitis and skin sensitization in susceptible individuals. Although the systemic toxicity of Ni following inhalation and dermal exposure has been documented, limited information exists on the toxicological effects of intradermal exposure. Therefore, this study conducted a risk assessment to evaluate the potential for skin sensitization induction and non-cancer systemic toxicity from intradermal exposure to Ni-containing tattoo ink. A systematic literature review was performed to identify studies relevant to intradermal Ni exposure from tattoo ink. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Risk characterization was conducted using margin of safety (MOS) calculations for dermal and systemic exposure scenarios. The dermal MOS was calculated by dividing the acceptable exposure level (AEL) by the consumer exposure level (CEL). The AEL was calculated by applying a safety assessment factor of 300 to the Ni no expected sensitization induction level (NESIL) of 401.07 μg/cm/day. The systemic MOS was calculated by dividing the systemic exposure dose (SED) by an adjusted Office of Environmental Health and Hazard Assessment oral reference exposure level (REL) of 0.0044 mg/kg, accounting for the 40% oral bioavailability. RESULTS: For dermal exposure, the AEL (1.34 μg/cm) exceeded the CEL (0.03 μg/cm), yielding an MOS of 44.67. For systemic exposure, the SED (0.000027 mg/kg/day) was below the adjusted REL, yielding an MOS of 162. Sensitivity analyses confirmed MOS values greater than 1. CONCLUSIONS: Skin sensitization and non-cancer systemic toxicity are not expected from exposure to Ni in tattoo ink.
JJWT promotes antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity for diabetic wound healing through the PI3K/akt signaling pathway.
Liu Z, Guo L, Xu L … +6 more , Fang Y, Zhou M, Zhao M, Zhou Y, Yang Q, Xu L
Cutan Ocul Toxicol · 2026 Feb · PMID 41722025 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Management of wound infection and inflammation in diabetic foot is crucial for its treatment. Jiangjunsan has demonstrated potential anti-inflammatory properties and the ability to promote wound healing. This...
BACKGROUND: Management of wound infection and inflammation in diabetic foot is crucial for its treatment. Jiangjunsan has demonstrated potential anti-inflammatory properties and the ability to promote wound healing. This work aimed to investigate the effects of Jiangjunsan wrapping therapy (JJWT) on microbial colonies, levels of inflammatory factors, and regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway (SPW) in diabetic foot wounds. METHODS: Sixty diabetic foot patients were enrolled into a control group (CG) and a treatment group (TG), with 30 patients in each group. CG received topical magnesium sulfate in addition to standard treatment, while TG received JJWT for two weeks. The quantity of wound microbial colonies and levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 were measured before and after treatment, and Western blot analysis was utilized to assess expression levels of PI3K and AKT in wound tissues. RESULTS: After treatment, TG exhibited a significantly lower microbial colony count than CG ( < 0.05). Both groups showed a great decrease in TNF-α and IL-6 levels post-treatment ( < 0.05), with TG demonstrating lower levels of TNF-α, IL-6, PI3K, and AKT proteins relative to CG ( < 0.05). CONCLUSION: JJWT effectively reduced microbial colony counts in diabetic foot patients, markedly suppressed the expression of TNF-α and IL-6, and enhanced wound healing by modulating PI3K/Akt SPW, indicating strong antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of Jiangjunsan.
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